21 Breast-Neoplasms-therapy. 21 Facial-Dermatoses-pathology. 21 Hair-transplantation. 21 Skin-chemistry. 20 Dermatitis-Allergic-Contact-etiology. 20 Hair- ...
BARC/2001/E/ 022
BARC/2001/E/022
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
LASERS IN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS : R&D MAPPING by Sangeeta Deokattey*, V. L. Kalyane*, Vijai Kumar* and Phool Chand** *Library & Information Services Division and **Computer Division
BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE MUMBAI, INDIA 2001
LASERS IN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS : R&D MAPPING by Sangeeta Deokattey*, V. L. Kalyane*, Vijai Kumar* and Phool Chand** *Library & Information Services Division and **Computer Division
ABSTRACT A study of the MEDLINE CDROM database, for the period 1969-2000 was undertaken. The purpose was, to identify core areas of research and development, in the field of applications of lasers to humans, along with other bibliometric indicators of research. A total of 34,833 records were retrieved, downloaded and analysed. The results indicate a steady increase in the number of publications every year, from 1970 onwards, with 1997 (2767 articles) and 1998 (2914 articles) being the most productive years. The most prolific contributors were J. Haut, with 95 publications to his credit, followed by M. Landthaler (82), G. Coscas (79), S.G. Bown (73) and P. Bjerring (70). Collaboration among the authors was high, with a maximum of 15 contributors observed in a few articles. The top ranking journal in the field was Ophthalmology, which published 769 articles starting from 1978. USA was way ahead as the country with the highest journal productivity (around 40% of the total number of records), followed by UK and Germany. A total of 103 articles were published from India. English was the preferred language of publication, with 75% of the records being published in English language. In the use of lasers for humans, maximum number of records were found for adult and middle aged populations. Research focussed on the eye and its various diseases. Lasers were found to be used for therapeutic purposes, in surgery and in the diagnosis of diseases. Carbondioxide laser was most frequently used for medical applications. Though there were quite a few references on the adverse effects of lasers, the therapeutic effects far outweighed them.
Keywords : MEDLINE (1969-2000), Content analysis, Research indicators, Applications of lasers, Medicine, Bibliometrics, Author productivity, Journal productivity, Language of publications, Types of lasers used in Medicine, Core areas of research in laser applications to humans
1 2 3 3.1
3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8 4 5 6 7
CONTENTS Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. Materials and methods……………………………………………………….. Results and discussions……………………………………………………….. Content analysis of the major fields of the MEDLINE CDROM database…. 3.1.1 Growth of publications……………………………………………… 3.1.2 Author productivity………………………………………………… 3.1.3 Journal productivity……………………………………….. 3.1.4 Country of publication of journals…………………………….. 3.1.5 Language of publications……………………………………………. Content analysis of MeSH descriptors of the MEDLINE CDROM Database……………………………………………………………. Human anatomy …………………………………………………… Human developmental stages…………………………………… Diseases afflicting the human body………………………………………………. Diagnostic methods, techniques and equipment………………………………… Therapeutic methods, techniques and equipment……………………………….. Specific applications of lasers…………………………………………………… Types of lasers used in medical research……………………………………… Core subject areas ………………………………………………………… Conclusions……………………………………………………………………….. Acknowledgements References………………………………………………………………….. Appendices………………………………………………………………… Appendix 1 Lotka’s Law Appendix 2 Bradford’s Law Appendix 3 Garfield’s Law Appendix 4 Additional list of journals Appendix 5 Digestive system Appendix 6 Sense organs Appendix 7 Human physiology Appendix 8 Urinogenital system Appendix 9 Nervous system Appendix 10 Cells and cell structure Appendix 11 Musculoskeletal system Appendix 12 Cardiovascular system Appendix 13 Respiratory system Appendix 14 Tissues and embryonic structures Appendix 15 Body fluids and related substances Appendix 16 Endocrine system Appendix 17 Addresses of the ten leading authors in the field of medical applications of lasers, as identified and taken from the MEDLINE CDROM database
LASERS IN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS : R&D MAPPING Sangeeta Deokattey*, V. L. Kalyane*, Vijai Kumar* and Phool Chand** *Library & Information Services Division and **Computer Division 1 Introduction Current Awareness Services (CAS) and Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) form the backbone of Library / Documentation Services. As part of CAS, information professionals continue to provide researchers and users with state of the art reviews, information digests, literature reviews and more recently, mapping of subject domains through content organization. Rapid advances in the field of computerization, have led to the proliferation of several national and international databases in various subject disciplines. This in turn, has facilitated the work of information providers, who now have access to digital information at their finger tips, for easier content management and organization. In the present diffuse internet age, the importance of structured databases such as INIS, MEDLINE, BIOSIS, etc. can be easily recognized and appreciated. The following studies briefly highlight recent research trends in content organization. Trofimenko’s [1] study tracked the evolution and development of Nuclear Physics during a 50 year period. A macrolevel analysis of research in Physics, was undertaken by Bhattacharya [2]. In the field of Biomedical Sciences, Satyanarayana [3] made a comparative study of three CDROM databases and in Life Sciences, Arunachalam [4] analysed the BIOSIS database to map India’s contribution. Other mapping studies include, mapping of Science in India as published in SCI by Basu and Nagpaul [5] ; mapping of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering in India as seen in the CA database by Mehta [6] ; and in the field of Earth Sciences, Sahu [7] analysed the Georef CDROM database to map India’s contribution. Study of a single journal for a ten year period to map the development of Tobacco research in India was undertaken by Suryanarayana [8]. Jain and Garg [9] provided a scientometric model of laser (Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation) research in India. Studies on Neem research in India, and on Accidents and Trauma were undertaken by Kalyane [10,11]. Gu and Zainab [12] made searches on COMPENDEX, IEL and INSPEC CDROM databases for contributions made by the Malaysian researchers in the field of Computer Science and Information Technology. In the field of Library and Information Science, one of the earliest studies was by Kalervo and Vakkari [13] which highlighted trends in international research in 37 core journals, during 1985. Similar studies were undertaken by Atkins [14] and Kajberg [15]. As far as the Department of Atomic Energy is concerned, work on biomedical applications of lasers is being carried out at the Biomedical Applications Section of the Centre for Advanced Technology (CAT), Indore.
1
Objectives : The present study on medical applications of lasers to humans intends to : • document the growth of publications, • note author productivity, • identify core journals and their countries of publications, • check language-wise scatter of publications, • trace specific applications of lasers, • mark types of lasers used in medical research, and • identify core areas in the field of applications of lasers to human beings. 2 Materials and methods The MEDLINE database available on CD-ROM was used to quantify the R&D status in applications of lasers to humans. MEDLINE is one of the major databases in the field of Biomedical literature. The study covers the period from Jan. 1969 to Dec. 2000. Humphrey [16] and O’Rourke [17] have extensively studied the file structure and hierarchical relationships of the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) of MEDLINE. The formulation of search queries for each CD-ROM disk, was as follows: #1 = year of publication #2 = #1 and laser* #3 = #2 and human* (“Human” is a special descriptor or check tag, which appears in the TG field of each record ). Searches on MEDLINE (through the PC-SPIRS interface) yielded 34,833 records. Each record was represented by several fields. Five of these fields namely author, source, country of publication, language of publication and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), were selected. The author and MeSH fields displayed more than one postings and index terms respectively, which were separated from each other, by a semi colon. This data was then downloaded on to the PC, yearwise, into separate files. Thus, 31 files each, were made for 31 years for author, source, country, language and MeSH fields. (i.e. a total of 155 files). Four separate programs were written in C language to facilitate the content analysis of the five fields. The first program REPLACE.EXE converted each semi colon separator in the author and MeSH fields into a new line. The second program COUNTWORD.EXE counted the frequency of occurrence of each term within a field. The third program MERGE.EXE merged the data of all the 31 files of each field into a single data file. Thus the five data files (author total, source total, country total, language total, and MeSH total) contained data on individual terms and their total frequencies of occurrence for all the 31 years. The fourth program SORT.EXE sorted the terms of each data file both alphabetically and numerically. The Content analysis method used in the study, is a well documented [18-24] qualitative as well as quantitative research method. It is primarily concerned with the study of basic concept categories, which occur in any text or document. The researcher searches for structures and patterned regularities in the text and makes inferences on the basis of these regularities.
2
3 Results and discussion 3.1 Content analysis of the major fields of the MEDLINE CDROM database 3.1.1 Growth of publications : In a 31 year period (1970-2000), a total of 34,833 records, all journal articles, were retrieved during the search. The search did not display any records for the year 1969. The years 1997 and 1998 were the most productive years, with 2767 and 2914 articles published respectively. But, in the percentage of publications found specifically for humans, the years 1985 (74.9%) and 1986 (75.6%) were most productive. Table 1 provides the yearwise breakup of journal articles as retrieved from the MEDLINE CDROM database and Figure 1 gives the percentage of records found on medical applications of lasers to humans. Figure 2 provides data on the total number of publications, multi-authored publications and single authored publications in the field. Table 1 : Yearwise frequency of publications as retrieved from the MEDLINE CDROM database Number of records on lasers Year General
Used for humans
% Used for humans
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
175 198 241 252 317 352 427 427 440 534 579 737 812 1106 1467 1654 1661 1831 1973 2340 2653 2671 2765 3106 3120 3384 1733 4269 4503 3202 2980
070 074 088 106 155 158 206 226 235 332 363 477 577 798 1072 1240 1256 1314 1424 1720 1943 1883 1915 2085 2093 2213 1176 2767 2914 2074 1879
40.0 37.3 36.5 42.6 48.8 44.8 48.2 52.1 53.4 62.1 62.6 64.7 71.0 72.1 73.0 74.9 75.6 71.7 72.1 73.5 73.2 70.4 69.2 67.1 67.0 65.3 67.8 64.8 64.7 64.7 63.5
Total
51,909
34,833
67.1
3
Humans Other than Humans
% of Laser Publications
80 70 60 50 40 30 20
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year of Publication Fig 1 : Yearwise percentage of publications on lasers for humans and other than humans as retrieved from MEDLINE CDROM database
Total Single-Authored Multi-Authored
3000
No. of Publications
2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year of Publication Fig 2 : Total no. of publications, multi-authored publications and single authored publications on medical applications of lasers to humans 4
Collaboration among the authors was found to be quite high. As many as 15 authors were seen for a single journal article indicating the emergence of mega-authorship trend. The collaboration coefficient indicates the ratio of the number of collaborative papers to the total number of papers, published in a domain, during a fixed period of time. Figure 3 provides the collaboration coefficient trend.
Collaboration Coefficient
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0 1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year of Publication Fig 3 : Yearwise collaboration coefficients of authorship patterns in publications on medical applications of lasers for humans
3.1 2 Author productivity : Individual contributors in the field of medical applications of lasers were found to be 65,407. Table 2 provides data on productivity of authors, observed values, expected values (α = 2) as per Lotka’s Law ( Appendix 1) and modified Lotka values (α = 2.3) by both graphical as well as mathematical methods. According to Gupta [25], Potter [26], Kalyane and Sen [27], the value of α is modified to fit in or come closer to the ideal Lotka value of 2. Various subject disciplines have shown significant differences in the observed and expected values. Figure 4 gives a graphical representation of Table 2.
5
Table 2 : Productivity of authors observed, expected (α = 2) as per Lotka’s Law and modified (α=2.3) Lotka’s Law, ( when all authors were counted ) in the field of medical applications of lasers No. of authors Expected Modified (α = 2) (α=2.3) 46436 46436
11
No. of authors Expected (α = 2) 42
Modified (α=2.3) 14
10 03
40 37
13 13
36 37
07 01
35 33
12 11
759
38
04
32
10
947 725
528 388
40 41
01 04
29 27
09 09
237 192
573 464
296 232
42 44
04 01
26 23
08 07
11 12
147 117
383 322
186 152
45 46
01 03
22 21
07 06
13
92
274
127
47
03
21
06
14 15
87 57
236 206
107 91
48 49
02 02
20 19
06 06
16 17
66 38
181 160
78 68
50 51
02 01
18 17
05 05
18 19
43 29
143 128
60 53
53 54
01 02
16 15
05 04
20
22
116
47
55
01
15
04
21 22
29 24
105 95
42 37
57 60
01 01
14 12
04 03
23 24
14 23
87 80
34 31
61 64
01 01
12 11
03 13
25 26
11 14
74 68
28 25
65 67
02 01
10 10
03 02
27
14
63
23
69
02
09
02
28 29
10 06
99 55
21 20
70 73
01 01
09 08
02 02
30 31
07 06
51 48
18 17
79 82
01 01
07 06
02 02
32
08
45
16
95
01
05
02
No. of papers
Observed
No. of papers
1
46436
33
2 3
9548 3672
11609 5159
9427 3710
34 35
4 5
1855 1061
2902 1857
1914 1145
6
679
1289
7 8
426 359
9 10
6
Observed
10000
Observed Expected Modified
No.of Authors
1000
100
10
1
0.1 0.1
1
10
100
No. of Papers
Fig. 4 Author productivity observed values, expected (α = 2) values as per Lotka's law and modifiedα( = 2.3) Lotka'slaw values for publications on medical applications of lasers The most prolific author was J. Haut who published 95 papers within a span of 25 years. Table 3 presents details of the ten most prolific authors and Appendix 2 provides addresses of these ten authors. Figure 5 depicts the productivity of the five leading authors. Table 3 : The most productive authors in the field of medical applications of lasers No. of papers 95 82 79 73 70 69 each 67 65 each
Name of the author/s J. Haut M. Landthaler G. Coscas S.G. Bown P. Bjerring J. Marshall and D.B. Apfelberg T. Seiler R.R. Anderson and S.M. Shapshay
7
J. Haut M. Landthaler G. Coscas S. G. Bown P. Bjerring
Cumul. No.of Papers
100
80 60 40 20
0 1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year of Publication Fig. 5 : Publication productivity of the five leading authors in the field of medical applications of lasers
3.1.3 Journal productivity : All the articles on the subject of medical applications of lasers were found to be scattered in 2799 journal titles. Division of the entire data into three equal Bradford zones as shown in Table 4, gave the following results. Instead of following the normal Bradford Law (Appendix 3) of 1 : n : n2 , the ratio turned out to be 59 : 130 : 2610 ; i.e. 1 : n : n10 .The first zone showed 59 journals with 11687 articles; the second zone displayed 130 journals with 11611 articles. Thus, within these two zones the Bradford multiplier was found to be 2.2. But, in the third zone, scattering was found to be very high, with 2610 journals publishing 11535 articles. There have been cases of nonconformity to the Bradford Law. Lancaster et al [28] and Bonitz [29] have also reported unequal Bradford distributions in their respective studies. The data thus followed Garfield’s Law of Concentration (Appendix 4) with 23298 articles, (i.e. 66.8% of the entire records) being published in only 189 journals (i.e. 6.75% of all journal titles), providing strategy for subscription of journals in a library. Further, this data guides prospective authors in channelizing their research output. More than 50 journal titles were devoted exclusively to Ophthalmology. Other subject titles covered were on Cardiology, Otorhinolaryngology, Dermatology, Surgery and Gynaecology and Obstetrics. Appendix 5 lists additional journal titles and the number of articles published in them. Figure 6 provides cumulative frequencies of the five top ranking journals. Table 5 gives the publication productivity of the ten leading journals.
8
Table 4 : Bradford distribution of articles in journals on lasers in medical applications as retrieved from the MEDLINE CDROM database No. of articles 11687
No. of journals 59
Second
11611
130
Third
11535
2610
Ophthalmology Lasers-Surg-Med Am-J-Ophthalmol Arch-Ophthalmol J-Cataract-Refract-Surg
800
Cumulative Frequency
Zone First
600
400
200
0 1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year of Publication
Fig. 6 : Publication productivity for medical applications of lasers in five top ranking journals
9
Table 5 : The most productive journals in the field of medical applications of lasers (1970-2000) Journal Title Ophthalmology Lasers in Surgery and Medicine American Journal of Ophthalmology Archives of Ophthalmology Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery Klin Monatsblaetter fuer Augenheilkunde and Augenarztliche Fortbildung British Journal of Ophthalmology Journal of Refractive Surgery Bulletin of the Society of Ophthalmology France Ophthalmic Surgery (truncated, continued as Appendix 5)
No. of Articles 769 758 658 588 549 386 358 329 289 285
3.1.4 Country of publication of journals : The United States of America was the publisher of the highest number of journal articles in the field. UK and Germany ranked second and third respectively. Table 6 provides details of the publishing leaders in the field. Among the Indian journals, the top ranking title was Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. India published 103 articles starting from 1982. Figure 7 provides cumulative frequencies of the Indian publications. Table 6 : The most productive countries in the field of medical applications of lasers Country USA UK Germany, E. France USSR Germany, W. Switzerland Japan Netherlands Russia
No. of published articles 16705 3590 1983 1488 1455 1100 1028 1019 912 628
10
Percentage 47.9 10.3 5.6 4.2 4.1 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.6 1.1
Cumul. Frequency of Publications
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year of Publication
Fig. 7 Cumulative frequency of the Indian publications for medical applications of lasers
3.1.5 Language of publications : English language dominated the scene with 75.5% of : Cumulation of frequency from7 India on medical the total Figure number8 of records being publishedofinpublications English. Table provides the breakup of applications of lasers to humans the language field.
Table 7 : Language-wise breakup of publications in the field of medical applications of lasers Language English German Russian French Japanese Others
No. of records 26323 2202 2189 1639 749 1731
Percentage 75.56 6.32 6.28 4.75 2.15 4.96
3.2 Content analysis of MeSH descriptors : A total of 38,991 individual MeSH descriptors were obtained from all the records. These descriptors which form part of the controlled vocabulary of MEDLINE, are used to describe the subject contents of records. 11
Each record may be represented by 10-15 such descriptors. Since this is comparatively a large volume of data, the Cluster approach was found to be suitable for analysis. Thus, six different criteria were used to form clusters, based on the hierarchical tree structure of MeSH [30 - 31]. These are : 1 2 3 4 5 6
Human anatomy (dealt in detail) Human developmental stages Diseases afflicting the human body Diagnostic methods, techniques and equipment Therapeutic methods, techniques and equipment Specific applications of lasers
3.2.1 Human anatomy : The human body was grouped into twelve broad systems or clusters, on the basis of different functions, performed by each system. The systems along with the number of descriptors identified for each one of them, during 1970-2000 are as follows : Digestive system (2422) , Sense organs (1348) , Human physiology (1265), Urinogenital system (1225) , Nervous system (975) , Cells and cell structure (957) , Musculoskeletal system (943) , Cardiovascular system (910) , Respiratory system (725), Tissues and embryonic structures (464) , Body fluids and related substances (165) , Endocrine system (151). These clusters provided a listing of the five top ranking descriptors within each system, along with their frequencies of occurrence, as given in Table 8. A partial listing of each system, along with the the number of descriptors allotted to each system and their frequencies of occurrence, is given in Appendices 6-17.
12
Table 8 : System-wise frequencies of five top ranking descriptors for laser applications to humans during 1970-2000 as retrieved from the MEDLINE CDROM database System / Descriptors
Frequency
Digestive System Oesophageal-Neoplasms-Surgery Gastro-intestinal-hemorrhage-Surgery Gastroscopy Oesophagoscopy Stomach-Neoplasms-Surgery (truncated, continued as Appendix 6)
249 186 175 162 159
Sense Organs Cornea-Surgery Fundus Oculi Retinal-Detachment-Surgery Iris-Surgery Cornea-Pathology (truncated, continued as Appendix 7)
1282 752 587 551 440
Human Physiology Skin-Blood-Supply Skin-Neoplasms-Surgery Skin-Pathology Leg-Blood-Supply Skin-Surgery (truncated, continued as Appendix 8)
1200 529 299 293 269
Urinogenital System Cervix-Neoplasms-Surgery Prostatic Hyperplasia-Surgery Cervix-Neoplasms-Surgery Prostatectomy-Method Bladder-Neoplasms-Surgery (truncated, continued as Appendix 9)
339 277 189 179 158
Nervous System Brain-Neoplasms-Surgery Nerve-Fibres-Pathology Meningioma-Sugery Optic-Nerve-Pathology Brain-Pathology (truncated, continued as Appendix 10)
78 79 65 64 55
Cells and Cell Structure Cells-Cultured Cell-Line Cell-Count Hela Cells Cell-Division (truncated, continued as Appendix 11)
409 359 172 112 89
System / Descriptors
13
Frequency
Musculoskeletal System Leg-Blood-Supply Fingers-Blood-Supply Thoracoscopy Foot-Blood-Supply Palate-Soft-Surgery (truncated, continued as Appendix 12)
293 144 90 83 75
Cardiovascular System Microcirculation Laser-Angioplasty Microcirculation-Physiology Microcirculation-Drug-effects Retinal-Vessels (truncated, continued as Appendix 13)
270 233 179 135 130
Respiratory System Laryngeal-Neoplasms-Surgery Bronchoscopy Lung-Neoplasms-Surgery Bronchial-Neoplasms-Surgery Laryngoscopy (truncated, continued as Appendix 14)
435 335 225 220 193
Tissues and Embryonic Structures Epithelium-Pathology Cicatrix-Surgery Cicatrix-Etiology Gastric-Mucosa-Blood-Supply Cicatrix-Pathology (truncated, continued as Appendix 15)
114 101 98 78 75
Body Fluids and Related Substances Exudates and Transudates Aqueous Humor-Metabolism Aqueous Humor-Cytology Blood Aqueous Humor-Physiology (truncated, continued as Appendix 16)
85 74 43 38 37
Endocrine System Adrenal-Cortex-Hormones-Therapeutic use Pituitary-Neoplasms-Surgery Thyroid-Neoplasms-Surgery Thyroid-Neoplasms-Pathology Adrenal-Cortex-Hormones-Admn (truncated, continued as Appendix 17)
48 18 13 10 06
3.2.2 Human developmental stages : The next criterion for clustering was based on the number of studies undertaken for different age groups of human beings as given in Table 9. Table 9 : Human developmental stages and frequencies of occurrence of descriptors on medical applications of lasers from the MEDLINE CDROM database during 1970-2000 Adults
Frequency
Adults Middle Age Aged Adolescence Aged 80 & over
Children
11269 11152 8155 3101 2568
Child Child-preschool Infants Infant-newborn Infant-premature
Frequency 1949 1028 800 570 45
3.2.3 Diseases afflicting the human body : Clustering of descriptors under the heading of diseases showed that the number of descriptors for neoplasms were the highest (2361), followed by Diseases in general (1381) , Diabetes (162) , AIDS (44) and Myopia (23) . There were more than fifty types of neoplasms affecting different parts of the human body. The following were among the most frequently occurring types of neoplasms as seen in Table 10. Table 10 : Frequencies of occurrence of descriptors on neoplasms in the human body as retrieved from the MEDLINE CDROM database Types of neoplasms Skin-Neoplasms Laryngeal-Neoplasms Cervix-Neoplasms Esophageal-Neoplasms Lung-Neoplasms
Frequency 529 435 339 249 225
The MeSH descriptors for Diseases in general, afflicting different parts of the human anatomy are given in Table 11.
14
Table 11 : Frequencies of occurrence of descriptors on diseases in general as retrieved from the MEDLINE CDROM database for medical applications of lasers Diseases Retinal-Diseases Eye-Diseases Skin-Diseases Lung-Diseases Iris-Diseases
Frequency 1178 539 455 194 186
455 194 186
3.2.4 Diagnostic methods, techniques and equipment : There were several descriptors for various diagnostic techniques such as Laser lithotripsy, Differential diagnosis, Confocal microscopy, Biopsy, Computer assisted image processing etc.The five top ranking diagnostic methods are given in Table 12. Table 12 : Frequencies of occurrence of descriptors of top ranking diagnostic methods on medical applications of lasers as retrieved from the MEDLINE CDROM database Diagnostic method Lasers-Diagnostic-use Laser-Doppler-Flowmetry Fluorescein-Angiography Prognosis Endoscopy
Frequency 1489 1176 1077 804 580
3.25 Therapeutic methods, techniques and equipment : The maximum number of records were found on the use of lasers for therapeutic purposes (7021). This was followed by laser surgery (6168). Surgery was performed for the removal of neoplasms and for the treatment of the diseases of the eye such as Corneal diseases, Myopia, Retinal detachment and Iris diseases. Radiotherapy was the third most frequently used therapeutic method, followed by Combined Modelity Therapy and Photochemotherapy. Table 13 provides the details.
15
Table 13: Frequencies of occurrence of top ranking descriptors on therapeutic methods as retrieved from the MEDLINE CDROM database on medical applications of lasers Therapeutic method Lasers-Therapeutic-Use Lasers-Surgery Radiotherapy Combined - Modality - Therapy Photochemotherapy
Frequency 7021 6168 2671 1096 875
3.2.6 Specific Applications of Lasers : A total of 55 different applications of lasers were found in the entire data of MeSH content descriptors. Table 14 provides a listing. Table 14 : Frequencies of occurrence of descriptors on medical applications of lasers for humans as retrieved from the MEDLINE CDROM database during 1970-2000 Freq. MeSH descriptor 7021 6168 3895 2134 1489 1319 1201 1176 1154 1154 482 426 327 307 233 194 191 170 126 119 114 108 101 99 90 84 80 45 39
Freq. MeSH descriptor
Lasers-therapeutic-use Laser-Surgery LasersLaser-Surgery-methods Lasers-diagnostic-use Laser-Surgery-instrumentation Laser-Surgery-adverse-effects Laser-Doppler-Flowmetry Laser-Coagulation Lasers-adverse-effects Laser-Excimer-Photorefractive Keratectomy Laser-Desorption-Mass-matrix-assistedSpectrometry Laser-Coagulation-methods Lasers-methods Laser-angioplasty Laser-Coagulation-adverse-effects Lasers-instrumentation Laser-Coagulation-instrumentation Laser-Doppler-Flowmetry-methods Laser-angioplasty-instrumentation Laser-Doppler-Flowmetry-instrumentation Laser-assisted-balloon-angioplasty Laser-Surgery-nursing Laser-Surgery-standards Laser-Surgery-trends Laser-Surgery-economics Lasers-standards Lasers-classification Laser-Surgery-statistics-and-numerical-data
33 Lasers-utilization 23 Laser-Doppler-Flowmetry-standards 23 Laser-Doppler-Flowmetry-statistics-andnumerical-data 22 Laser-Surgery-contraindications 22 Lasers-history 19 Laser-Surgery-utilization 17 Laser-Surgery-history 15 Laser-Surgery-psychology 13 Laser-Surgery-mortality 10 Laser-Surgery-education 9 Laser-Coagulation-economics 9 Laser-Surgery-rehabilitation 7 Laser-Coagulation-trends 6 Laser-Coagulation-standards 6 Laser-Surgery-classification 5 Laser-Coagulation-statistics-andnumerical-data 4 Laser-Coagulation-classification 3 Laser-Coagulation-nursing 2 Laser-Coagulation-rehabilitation 2 Laser-Doppler-Flowmetry-utilization 1 Laser-Coagulation-contraindications 1 Laser-Coagulation-history 1 Laser-Coagulation-mortality 1 Laser-Coagulation-utilization 1 Laser-Doppler-Flowmetry-classification 1 Laser-Doppler-Flowmetry-economics 1 Laser-Doppler-Flowmetry-nursing 1 Laser-Doppler-Flowmetry-trends
16
3.2.7 Types of lasers used in medical research : Among the various types of lasers used in Medicine, gas lasers were found to be used predominantly, and Carbon dioxide laser was among the most widely used lasers. Table 15 displays the use of gas lasers. Table 15 : Frequencies of occurrence of descriptors on types of gas lasers used in the field of medical applications of lasers Gas lasers Carbon dioxide Argon Helium Neon Krypton
Frequency 1210 874 190 169 87
3.2.8 Core subject areas : Analysis of the MeSH data gave the following results. A total of 38,991 individual descriptors were obtained. These descriptors were clustered into broad categories based on the hierarchical tree structure of MeSH. Maximum number of studies were found for adult and middle aged populations who together, accounted for 64.3% of the total human population. Other target groups in descending order include studies on aged, adolescents, aged 80 and over and lastly, infants and children. With respect to studies on human anatomical parts, the organ eye, found the highest favour, with extensive studies on various parts of eye, it’s diseases and treatment. Studies on skin and skin diseases followed. Among the types of diseases afflicting humans, the maximum number of descriptors were found for neoplasms, followed by Diseases (general), Diabetes, AIDS and Myopia. As far as the use of lasers for humans was concerned, more than 50 individual MeSH descriptors were obtained. The highest number of records were found on therapeutic uses of lasers. Second was laser surgery. Within surgery, eye surgery topped the list, followed by surgery for the removal of neoplasms or tumours. Third was the use of lasers as diagnostic tools, fourth was applications of lasers in laser-doppler flowmetry and lastly lasers used in coagulation. 4
Conclusions
Lasers have been used for a variety of applications. The results indicate, that eye has emerged as the single most widely studied human organ meriting a total of 395 MeSH descriptors. Its various diseases have also been heavily targeted for study. Damage to the retina, due to Diabetes, is quite common among developing countries and therefore, lasers have been used for diabetic retinopathy surgery. In the study of cardiovascular system, lasers have been beneficial for laser assisted balloon angioplasty. Lasers play a major role in surgery too, (surgery-general, resulted in a total of 1876 descriptors) especially for the removal of neoplasms (tumours). Though there have been cases of adverse effects of lasers, the beneficial effects far outweigh the adverse effects.
17
This study attempted to trace through statistical indicators, the development and evolution of a particular subject area. The discrepancy in the observed and expected values for author productivity probably indicates the following : all databases are selective to a large extent. Their coverage of publications, over a period of years, cannot be considered as an ideal, for the evolution and development of a subject area. Databases in general, including MEDLINE, give more importance to journal articles, at the expense of other primary research material, like institutional R&D Reports, Theses and Dissertations, Patents, Monographs etc. In slow growing or relatively static subject areas, there exists a predominance of select researchers and laboratories, with the result, that new authors are seen lesser than usual and even collaboration among authors gets progressively reduced. In the case of journal productivity, there was a marked deviation from the Bradford’s Law. This could be due to the fact, that the subject of study is interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary in nature. Moreover, a longer time frame is required for a subject to attain stability and evolve its own publication trends. The MeSH terminology, was found to be highly indicative and representative of the research work undertaken on a subject, since each frequency count is directly proportional to the number of research articles published on a specific subject. The tree structure further enhanced and pinpointed the hierarchical linkages between broader and narrower subject fields, providing scope for macro as well as microlevel analysis. As far as the practical aspects of this study are concerned, the list of core journals could become the basis for subscription of journals in a library. Researchers working in this field could channelize their research output through these journals. Core subject areas, identified in the study, could be of interest to researchers, in their future research activities. The various types of lasers could be considered for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. 5
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the help and advice received from Dr. Mrs. A.M. Samuel, Director, Biomedical Group, BARC; Dr. N. Venkatramani, Head, Laser and Plasma Technology Division, BARC and Dr. K. Dasgupta, Laser and Plasma Technology Division, BARC. 6
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20
Appendix 1 Lotka’s Inverse Square Law of Scientific Productivity : The first empirical analysis of a collection of publications for the purpose of studying scientific output was carried out by Alfred I. Lotka in 1926. According to this law, there exists a correlation between the authors of scientific papers and their number of contributions. Lotka's Law descr ibes the frequency of publication by authors in a given field. It states that the number (of authors) making n contributions is about 1/n² of those making one; and the proportion of all contributors, that make a single contribution, is about 60 percent. This means that out of all the authors in a given field, 60 percent will have just one publication, and 15 percent will have two publications (1/2² times 60). 7 percent of authors will have three publications (1/3² times 60), and so on. According to Lotka'sLaw of scientific productivity, only six percent of the authors in a field will produce more than 10 articles. Lotka's Law, when applied to large bodies of literature over a fairly long period of time, can be accurate in general, but not statistically exact. Lotka counted the number of scientists who were listed as authors of one, two, three… papers in Chemical Abstracts for the period 1907-1916. After smoothing out the statistical data, he obtained the following dependence. Mathematically it stands as ni = n1/i2, i = 1,2,3…..imax where n1 is the number of scientists who wrote one paper (single paper authors) and imax is the maximum productivity of a scientist. or yn = k/nα where k and α are the constants for a set of data n (number of contributions) = 1,2,3,………m max yn = number of authors contributing n papers each. It has been observed that certain subject disciplines do not strictly adhere to Lotka’s Law i.e. the α value will not be 2. Therefore to what extent author productivity confirms to his law has to be tested. So, the values of α are altered so as to fit or come closer to the ideal Lotka values.
21
Appendix 2 Addresses of the ten leading authors in the field of medical applications of lasers, as identified and taken from the MEDLINE CDROM database J. Haut
Service d’Ophthalmologie, Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophthalmologie des Quinze -Vingts, Paris, France
M. Landthaler
Dept. of Dermatology, Univ. of Regensberg, Germany
G. Coscas
Clinique Ophthalmologique, Universitaire de Creteil, Univ. Paris XII, Creteil, France
S. G. Bown
National Medical Laser Centre, Dept. of Surgery, Univ. College, London Medical School, London UK
P. Bjerring
Dept. of Dermatology, Univ. Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark
J. Marshall
Dept. of Ophthalmology, UMDS, St. Thomas’s Hospital, London, UK
D.B. Apfelberg
Dept. of Plastic Surgery, Stanford Univ. Medical Center, California, USA
T.Seiler
Dept. of Ophthalmology, Univ. Hospital of the Technical University of Dresden, Germany
R.R. Anderson
Wellman Laboratories, Boston, Massachussetts 02114, USA
S.M. Shapshay
Dept. of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, Massachussetts 01805, USA
22
Appendix 3 Bradford’s Law of Scattering : Bradford's Law serves as ageneral guideline to librarians in determining the number of core journals in any given field. It states that journals in a single field can be divided into three parts, each containing approximately, the same number of articles: 1) a core of journals on the subject, relatively few in number, that produces approximately one-third of all the articles, 2) a second zone, containing the same number of articles as the first, but a greater number of journals, and 3) a third zone, containing the same number of articles as the second, but a still greater number of journals. The mathematical relationship of the number of journals in the core to the first zone is a constant n and to the second zone the relationship is n². Bradford expressed this relationship as 1 : n : n². Bradford formulated his law after studying a bibliography of Geophysics, covering 326 journals in the field. He discovered that 9 journals contained 429 articles, 59 contained 499 articles, and 258 contained 404 articles. So it took 9 journals to contribute one-third of the articles, 5 times 9, or 45, to produce the next third, and 5 times 5 times 9, or 225, to produce the last third. According to the Law of Scattering, if Tx represents the number of journals having x references, ; T2x the total number of journals having 2x references and T3x the total number of journals having 3x references,… etc. then Tx : T2x : T3x = 1 : n : n2 where n may be any number depending on the value chosen for x. Appendix 4 Garfield’s Law of Concentration : According to Eugene Garfield, the father of Science Citation Index (SCI), “a basic concentration of journals is the common core or nucleus of all fields ”. It means the tail of literature of one discipline may form the cores or nuclei of the literature of other disciplines. There is a substantial amount of overlap of disciplines, and consequently of journals, especially in Science. With the result that the core of the entire scientific literature may be concentrated in just around 1000 journals. This can be substantiated by the fact that only 250 journals published around half of the 3.85 million references, printed in the SCI, for the year 1969.
23
Appendix 5 : Additional list of journals in the field of medical applications of laser (continued from Table 5) Frequency
Journal title
Frequency
Journal title
267 235 217 206 188 186 186 171 168 166 165 164 161 156 154 150 146 146 145 144 143 139 137 135 129 129 127 127 123 122 122 122 119 118 116 115 111 110 108 103 101 100 99 98 97 97 97 96 96 96 92 92 92 91 90 86 85 84 84 81 80 80 79 78 76 75 75 75
Dermatol-Surg Laryngoscope J-Fr-Ophtalmol J-Urol Retina Vestn-Oftalmol Khirurgiia-Mosk Ophthalmologe Klin-Khir J-Dermatol-Surg-Oncol Ann-Otol-Rhinol-Laryngol Plast-Reconstr-Surg Invest-Ophthalmol-Vis-Sci Gastrointest-Endosc Cytometry Graefes-Arch-Clin-Exp-Ophthalmol J-Biol-Chem Endoscopy Klin-Oczna Chest J-Am-Acad-Dermatol Eye Ophthalmic-Surg-Lasers Obstet-Gynecol Arch-Dermatol Urology Ann-Ophthalmol Nippon-Ganka-Gakkai-Zasshi Fortschr-Ophthalmol Ophthalmologica Br-J-Dermatol Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg Lancet Bull-Soc-Belge-Ophtalmol Int-Ophthalmol-Clin Refract-Corneal-Surg Acta-Ophthalmol-Copenh Ann-Thorac-Surg J-Reprod-Med Am-J-Obstet-Gynecol Ann-Plast-Surg Vopr-Kurortol-Fizioter-Lech-Fiz-Kult Br-J-Obstet-Gynaecol J-Am-Coll-Cardiol Sov-Med Fertil-Steril J-Laryngol-Otol Radiology Vestn-Otorinolaringol J-Invest-Dermatol Clin-Chem Stomatologiia-Mosk Electrophoresis J-Endourol Oftalmol-Zh Am-J-Cardiol Biochemistry Acta-Derm-Venereol Anal-Chem Acta-Ophthalmol-Scand Vestn-Khir J-Clin-Laser-Med-Surg Circulation Arch-Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg AORN-J Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A Dtsch-Med-Wochenschr Aust-N-Z-J-Ophthalmol
75 74 74 72 71 70 70 69 69 68 67 66 66 65 65 65 65 65 65 64 64 64 64 64 63 62 61 61 61 60 59 59 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 56 55 54 54 54 53 53 53 53 53 52 52 52 51 51 51 51 50 49 49 49 49 49 49 48 48 48 48 48
J-Photochem-Photobiol-B Int-Ophthalmol HNO Br-J-Surg Laryngorhinootologie Trans-Ophthalmol-Soc-U-K Phys-Med-Biol Photochem-Photobiol Nippon-Rinsho Ugeskr-Laeger Ter-Arkh Trans-Am-Ophthalmol-Soc Vrach-Delo J-Immunol-Methods Hautarzt Surv-Ophthalmol Med-Phys Fortschr-Med Br-J-Urol Anal-Biochem Chung-Hua-Yen-Ko-Tsa-Chih Ned-Tijdschr-Geneeskd Am-Heart-J Angiology Otolaryngol-Clin-North-Am Cesk-Oftalmol Can-J-Ophthalmol Gan-To-Kagaku-Ryoho J-Refract-Corneal-Surg Int-J-Microcirc-Clin-Exp Jpn-J-Ophthalmol Cornea JAMA Klin-Med-Mosk Probl-Tuberk Anesthesiology Eur-Urol Contact-Dermatitis J-Glaucoma Neurosurgery J-Am-Intraocul-Implant-Soc Biochim-Biophys-Acta J-Histochem-Cytochem Gut Am-J-Gastroenterol Cathet-Cardiovasc-Diagn Dermatol-Clin Adv-Otorhinolaryngol Rapid-Commun-Mass-Spectrom Gastroenterology J-Thorac-Cardiovasc-Surg Vestn-Khir-Im-I-I-Grek Med-Biol-Eng-Comput Presse-Med Microvasc-Res J-Vasc-Surg Med-Tekh Am-J-Surg Br-J-Plast-Surg Urol-Nefrol-Mosk Indian-J-Ophthalmol Ann-Acad-Med-Singapore BMJ IEEE-Trans-Biomed-Eng Prog-Clin-Biol-Res Urologe-A Gynecol-Oncol J-Appl-Physiol
24
(truncated)
Appendix 6 : Digestive system (continued from Table 8) Freq.
Descriptor
Freq.
Descriptor
138 138 131 126 122 117 107 103 99 97 93 88 87 86 78 77 77 75 75 74 71 67 63 62 62 60 58 58 55 53 50 49 48 48 46 46 45 45 43 43 42 42 42 41 41 41 41 40 40 39 38 38 36 36 35 34 34 33 33 33 33 33 33 32 32 32 32
Esophageal-Neoplasms-complications Rectal-Neoplasms-surgery Gastrointestinal-Hemorrhage-etiology Dental-Enamel-radiation-effects Esophageal-Neoplasms-therapy Dentin-radiation-effects Mouth-Neoplasms-surgery Gastrointestinal-Neoplasms-surgery Gastrointestinal-Hemorrhage-therapy Uvula-surgery Esophageal-Neoplasms-pathology Esophageal-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Dentin-ultrastructure Mouth-Diseases-surgery Gastric-Mucosa-blood-supply Esophageal-Neoplasms-radiotherapy Gastrointestinal-Diseases-surgery Dental-Enamel-ultrastructure Palate-Soft-surgery Stomach-Neoplasms-pathology Colonic-Neoplasms-surgery Esophageal-Stenosis-etiology Pharynx-surgery Esophageal-Stenosis-surgery Esophageal-Stenosis-therapy Common-Bile-Duct-Calculi-therapy Esophageal-Neoplasms-mortality Liver-Neoplasms-secondary Colonic-Neoplasms-pathology ColonoscopyLiver-Neoplasms-surgery Dental-Caries-prevention-and-control Dental-Pulp-blood-supply Stomach-Neoplasms-therapy Intestinal-Polyps-surgery Liver-Neoplasms-therapy DuodenoscopyLiver-surgery Dental-Cavity-Preparation-instrumentation Intestinal-Obstruction-surgery Esophagus-surgery Gastrointestinal-Hemorrhage-diagnosis Stomach-Ulcer-complications Common-Bile-Duct-Calculi-surgery Esophagus-pathology Mouth-Neoplasms-pathology Tongue-Neoplasms-surgery Dental-Caries-therapy Gastric-Mucosa-pathology Dental-Bonding Dental-Cavity-Preparation-methods Duodenal-Ulcer-complications Dental-Equipment Stomach-blood-supply Dental-Pulp-radiation-effects Esophageal-Neoplasms-diagnosis Stomach-Neoplasms-complications Esophageal-and-Gastric-Varices-therapy Stomach-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Stomach-Ulcer-surgery Stomach-surgery Mouth-Mucosa-surgery Tooth-Root-radiation-effects Esophagoscopy-methods Liver-Neoplasms-pathology Liver-pathology Duodenal-Ulcer-surgery
32 30 30 29 28 28 28 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 26 26 26 26 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 23 23 23 23 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19
Sigmoid-Neoplasms-surgery CardiaDental-Pulp-Cavity-radiation-effects Gingiva-blood-supply MolarMouth-Diseases-radiotherapy Rectal-Diseases-surgery Anus-Neoplasms-surgery Colonic-Polyps-surgery Gastroscopy-methods Palate-surgery Stomach-Neoplasms-radiotherapy Mouth-Mucosa-pathology Pharyngeal-Diseases-surgery Rectal-Neoplasms-pathology Dental-Enamel-drug-effects Dental-Models Intestinal-Obstruction-etiology Pharyngeal-Neoplasms-surgery Colon-blood-supply Colonic-Diseases-surgery Esophagoscopy-instrumentation Intestinal-Mucosa-blood-supply Intestinal-Mucosa-pathology Tooth-radiation-effects EsophagusLiver-metabolism Periodontal-Diseases-surgery Rectum-surgery Tooth-Root-ultrastructure BicuspidDental-Caries-pathology Dental-Enamel-chemistry Dental-Restoration-Permanent-methods Esophageal-and-Gastric-Varices-surgery Gastrointestinal-System-surgery Dental-Bonding-methods Dental-Caries-diagnosis GastrectomyGastrectomy-methods Gastrointestinal-Diseases-diagnosis Bile-Duct-Diseases-therapy Liver-Cirrhosis-complications Tongue-Neoplasms-pathology Vater's -Ampulla-surgery Dental-Instruments Dental-Pulp-physiology Gastrointestinal-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Dentin-Permeability-radiation-effects Liver-Diseases-surgery Liver-cytology Stomach-Diseases-surgery Stomach-pathology Dental-Restoration-Permanent Digestive-System-Neoplasms-surgery EsophagectomyGastric-Mucosa-metabolism Dentin-Sensitivity-radiotherapy Stomach-Neoplasms-diagnosis Stomach-Ulcer-radiotherapy Tooth-anatomy-and-histology Colon-pathology Dental-Enamel-pathology Gastrointestinal-Neoplasms-therapy Dentistry-Operative-instrumentation IncisorLiver-Neoplasms-diagnosis
(truncated)
25
Appendix 7 : Sense organs (continued from Table 8) Freq.
Descriptor
Freq.
Descriptor
432 404 328 281 261 258 252 212 197 186 181 171 160 159 159 156 152 143 138 130 127 125 122 120 119 118 116 115 112 108 106 105 105 105 105 103 100 100 97 95 94 91 90 89 89 88 88 88 87 86 86 85 84 83 81 79 77 77 77 76 76 75 74 73 73 70 70 68
Retinal-Diseases-surgery Choroid-blood-supply Retinal-Detachment-etiology Eye-Diseases-surgery Macular-Degeneration-surgery Retina-pathology Retina-surgery Corneal-Topography Macular-Degeneration-complications Cornea-physiopathology Ciliary-Body-surgery Retinal-Diseases-etiology Retinal-Perforations-surgery Macula-Lutea Retinal-Diseases-diagnosis Vitreous-Body-surgery Corneal-Transplantation-methods Macula-Lutea-surgery Corneal-Diseases-surgery Retinal-Vessels Lens-Crystalline-surgery Retinal-Vessels-surgery Macula-Lutea-pathology Sclera-surgery Retinal-Diseases-pathology Retinal-Hemorrhage-etiology Choroid-surgery Retinal-Detachment-prevention-and-control Retinal-Neovascularization-surgery Corneal-Diseases-etiology Corneal-Transplantation Lens-Implantation-Intraocular Retinal-Diseases-complications Retinal-Hemorrhage-surgery Vitreous-Body Retinal-Vessels-pathology Eye-Injuries-etiology Macular-Degeneration-diagnosis Macular-Edema-Cystoid-surgery Retina-injuries Retinal-Detachment-diagnosis PupilRetinopathy-of-Prematurity-surgery Choroid-pathology Scleral-Buckling Eye-surgery Corneal-Opacity-etiology Macular-Edema-Cystoid-etiology Eye-Diseases-etiology Cornea-physiology Retinal-Detachment-complications Corneal-Stroma-surgery Anterior-Chamber-surgery Corneal-Diseases-pathology Macular-Degeneration-physiopathology Retinal-Vessels-physiology Cornea-injuries Retina-physiopathology Retinal-Degeneration-surgery Iris-Diseases-surgery Retinal-Perforations-etiology Retinal-Detachment-pathology Aqueous-Humor-metabolism Anterior-Chamber-pathology Macular-Degeneration-pathology Eye-Protective-Devices Choroid-Neoplasms-surgery Eyeglasses-
67 66 64 64 63 61 61 61 61 60 59 59 58 58 56 56 55 55 55 54 53 53 53 52 52 51 51 50 50 49 48 48 47 47 46 46 45 44 44 44 44 43 43 43 43 43 42 41 40 39 39 37 37 37 36 35 35 35 35 34 34 34 34 34 34 32 32
Retinal-Diseases-physiopathology Retinal-Vein-Occlusion-surgery Eye-radiation-effects Iris-pathology Cornea-ultrastructure Eye-Neoplasms-surgery Eyelids-surgery Retinal-Vessels-physiopathology ScleraCorneal-Transplantation-adverse-effects Eye-Diseases-diagnosis Iris-blood-supply Retinal-Neovascularization-etiology Vitreous-Body-pathology Eye-Enucleation Retinal-Vein Ciliary-Body-pathology Macular-Degeneration-etiology Retinal-Perforations-complications Macula-Lutea-blood-supply Eye-Injuries-prevention-and-control Retina-physiology Vitreous-Hemorrhage-surgery Cornea-anatomy-and-histology Retina-radiation-effects Retinal-Vein-Occlusion-complications Retinal-Vein-surgery Eye-Diseases-complications Uveal-Diseases-surgery Eye-blood-supply Eye-Diseases-therapy Retinal-Detachment-physiopathology Eye-Injuries-complications Retinal-Perforations-pathology Lacrimal-Duct-Obstruction-surgery Retinal-Diseases-therapy Choroid-Neoplasms-pathology Anterior-Eye-Segment-surgery Choroidal-Neovascularization-etiology Choroidal-Neovascularization-surgery Corneal-Opacity-surgery Eyelid-Diseases-surgery Anterior-Chamber Aqueous-Humor-cytology Corneal-Stroma-pathology Retinal-Detachment-therapy ChoroidEye-Proteins-metabolism Lens-Crystalline-pathology Corneal-Opacity-pathology Retinal-Hemorrhage-diagnosis Eye-Movements Aqueous-Humor-physiology Cornea-radiation-effects Cornea-drug-effects Macular-Degeneration-therapy Retina-blood-supply Retinal-Perforations-diagnosis Uveal-Diseases-etiology Corneal-Dystrophies-Hereditary-surgery Iris-Diseases-etiology Macula-Lutea-physiopathology Retina-anatomy-and-histology Retinal-Neovascularization-diagnosis Sclera-pathology Eye-Diseases-pathology Macular-Edema-Cystoid-physiopathology
(truncated)
26
Appendix 8 : Human physiology (continued from Table 8) Freq.
Descriptor
Freq.
Descriptor
236 213 172 167 144 136 126 122 107 104 101 99 93 91 89 86 83 79 73 71 70 68 68 68 68 65 64 63 60 56 52 49 48 47 44 43 42 41 40 39 39 38 37 37 37 36 36 34 34 33 33 33 33 32 32 32 31 31 29 28 28 27 27 27 27 26 26 26 26 25
Skin-Diseases-surgery Skin-Neoplasms-pathology Skin-drug-effects Skin-radiation-effects Fingers-blood-supply Skin-Temperature Facial-Neoplasms-surgery Skin-innervation Mouth-Neoplasms-surgery Forearm-blood-supply Skin-Neoplasms-radiotherapy Face-surgery Head-and-Neck-Neoplasms-surgery Body-Temperature Skin-Aging Mouth-Diseases-surgery Foot-blood-supply Skin-metabolism Skin-physiology Skin-Neoplasms-therapy Breast-Neoplasms-pathology Skin-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Skin-Transplantation Skin-injuries Skin-physiopathology Skin-Temperature-physiology FaceHair-Removal-methods Breast-Neoplasms-surgery Skin-Pigmentation Facial-Dermatoses-surgery Skin-Neoplasms-diagnosis Hand-blood-supply Skin-Diseases-pathology ForearmSkin-Diseases-therapy Head-and-Neck-Neoplasms-pathology Mouth-Neoplasms-pathology LegNose-Neoplasms-surgery Skin-cytology Skin-ultrastructure HandSkin-Diseases-radiotherapy Skin-Tests Head-and-Neck-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Skin-ultrasonography Facial-Neoplasms-pathology Skin-transplantation Foot-Diseases-surgery Head-and-Neck-Neoplasms-radiotherapy Head-and-Neck-Neoplasms-therapy Mouth-Mucosa-surgery Body-Temperature-Regulation-physiology Body-Temperature-physiology Lip-Neoplasms-surgery Epidermis-pathology FingersAbdomen-surgery Knee-Joint-surgery Mouth-Diseases-radiotherapy Breast-Neoplasms-diagnosis Breast-Neoplasms-radiotherapy Face-anatomy-and-histology Mouth-Mucosa-pathology Head-and-Neck-Neoplasms-diagnosis Nose-Diseases-surgery Skin-Neoplasms-complications Skin-Neoplasms-congenital Arm-blood-supply
25 25 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 23 23 23 22 22 22 22 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 18 18 18 18 18 17 17 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 13
Knee-Joint Pelvic-Neoplasms-surgery Breast-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Breast-Neoplasms-genetics Breast-Neoplasms-metabolism Dermatitis-Contact-etiology Neck-surgery Skin-Diseases-etiology Skin-Neoplasms-secondary Skin-Physiology ArmNeckSkin-Temperature-drug-effects Skin-anatomy-and-histology Toes-blood-supply Face-blood-supply Skin-Absorption Skin-Aging-pathology Skin-Pigmentation-radiation-effects Breast-Neoplasms-therapy Facial-Dermatoses-pathology Hair-transplantation Skin-chemistry Dermatitis-Allergic-Contact-etiology Hair-Removal Skin-Neoplasms-etiology Facial-Neoplasms-radiotherapy Leg-Ulcer-therapy Mouth-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Nose-surgery SkinSkin-Diseases-diagnosis Body-Temperature-Regulation Hip-Prosthesis Mouth-Mucosa-radiation-effects Skin-Diseases-Vascular-surgery Skin-Neoplasms-blood-supply Body-Temperature-radiation-effects Skin-Neoplasms-physiopathology Extremities-blood-supply Facial-Dermatoses-etiology Leg-Ulcer-surgery Lip-surgery Mouth-Diseases-therapy Skin-Tests-methods Sweating-physiology Body-Mass-Index Body-Weight Breast-surgery CheekEpidermis-metabolism Foot-Dermatoses-surgery Hand-innervation Mouth-Neoplasms-diagnosis Nail-Diseases-surgery Shoulder-Joint-surgery Skin-Diseases-physiopathology Body-Water-metabolism Breast-pathology Cleft-Palate-surgery Dermatitis-Irritant-etiology Facial-Dermatoses-radiotherapy Fingers-surgery Leg-Ulcer-physiopathology Leg-surgery Nails-blood-supply Nose-Neoplasms-pathology Skin-Aging-physiology Abdominal-Neoplasms-surgery
27
(truncated)
Appendix 9 : Urinogenital system (continued from Table 8) Freq.
Descriptor
Freq.
Descriptor
153 150 132 119 104 103 99 94 86 81 76 74 72 70 70 69 68 68 66 63 61 58 55 53 52 51 50 48 48 47 46 44 44 44 41 41 40 40 36 36 36 35 35 35 34 34 34 34 33 33 33 31 30 30 30 29 28 28 27 26 26 26 25 24 24 24 23 23 23
Endometriosis-surgery Ureteral-Calculi-therapy Genital-Diseases-Female-surgery Cervix-Dysplasia-surgery Genital-Neoplasms-Female-surgery Endometrium-surgery Cervix-Uteri-pathology Vulvar-Neoplasms-surgery Cervix-Uteri-surgery Penile-Neoplasms-surgery Urinary-Calculi-therapy Prostatic-Hyperplasia-therapy Bladder-Neoplasms-pathology Cervix-Neoplasms-diagnosis Vaginal-Neoplasms-surgery Vaginal-Smears Bladder-Neoplasms-drug-therapy ProstatectomyUterine-Neoplasms-surgery UrodynamicsKidney-Calculi-therapy Fallopian-Tubes-surgery Prostatic-Hyperplasia-complications Cervix-Dysplasia-pathology Prostatic-Hyperplasia-physiopathology Prostate-pathology Prostatic-Neoplasms-surgery Bladder-Neck-Obstruction-surgery Urologic-Diseases-surgery Vulvar-Neoplasms-pathology Endometriosis-complications Fallopian-Tube-Diseases-surgery UreteroscopyUrethral-Stricture-surgery Prostatectomy-instrumentation Prostatic-Hyperplasia-pathology Cervix-Neoplasms-therapy Uterus-surgery Bladder-Neck-Obstruction-etiology Sperm-Motility Uterine-Hemorrhage-surgery Bladder-Neoplasms-diagnosis Kidney-Neoplasms-surgery Urethral-Neoplasms-surgery Endometriosis-pathology Penile-Neoplasms-pathology Prostatic-Neoplasms-pathology Urinary-Catheterization Bladder-Neoplasms-therapy Ovarian-Neoplasms-surgery Vulvar-Diseases-surgery Cervix-Diseases-surgery Endometriosis-diagnosis Prostatic-Hyperplasia-ultrasonography Urethra-surgery Ureteral-Neoplasms-surgery Bladder-surgery Prostatectomy-adverse-effects Uterus-blood-supply Bladder-pathology Endometriosis-therapy Uterine-Diseases-surgery Cervix-Dysplasia-diagnosis Genital-Neoplasms-Female-therapy Ovary-surgery Prostate-surgery Genital-Neoplasms-Female-pathology Kidney-Transplantation Ovarian-Neoplasms-pathology
23 22 22 22 22 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 18 18 18 18 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 12
Urinary-Calculi-chemistry Genital-Neoplasms-Male-surgery Ureteral-Obstruction-surgery Urologic-Neoplasms-surgery Vaginal-Diseases-surgery Penile-Neoplasms-therapy Ureteroscopy-methods Vagina-surgery Vaginal-Neoplasms-pathology Kidney-Failure-Chronic-therapy Prostatic-Hyperplasia-diagnosis UrethraUrinary-Calculi-surgery Urodynamics-physiology Cervix-Neoplasms-epidemiology Cervix-Neoplasms-radiotherapy Uterine-Hemorrhage-etiology Uterine-Neoplasms-pathology Urinary-Retention-etiology Vulva-pathology Vulvar-Neoplasms-therapy Kidney-Calculi-surgery Ovarian-Cysts-surgery UrographyVaginal-Neoplasms-therapy Genital-Diseases-Female-diagnosis Genital-Diseases-Female-therapy Ovarian-Diseases-surgery Urination-Disorders-etiology Vulva-surgery Cervix-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Cervix-Uteri-cytology Endometrium-pathology Genital-Neoplasms-Female-drug-therapy Ovarian-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Penis-surgery UrinationCervix-Neoplasms-complications Kidney-pathology Kidney-surgery Prostatic-Diseases-surgery Ureteroscopy-instrumentation Uterus-pathology Urogenital-Neoplasms-surgery Bladder-Neoplasms-radiotherapy Kidney-metabolism Prostate-radiation-effects Sperm-Motility-drug-effects Ureteral-Calculi-chemistry Ureteral-Obstruction-etiology Vagina-pathology Bladder-Calculi-therapy Endometrium-drug-effects Genital-Neoplasms-Male-therapy Kidney-Diseases-surgery Kidney-Failure-Chronic-complications Kidney-Neoplasms-pathology Ovary-pathology Prostate-Specific-Antigen-blood Sperm-Count Ureter-injuries Urethral-Diseases-surgery Urethral-Obstruction-surgery Uterine-Neoplasms-complications Uterus-abnormalities Bladder-Diseases-surgery Genital-Diseases-Male-surgery Genitalia-Female-surgery
(truncated
28
Appendix 10 : Nervous system (continued from Table 8) Freq.
Descriptor
Freq.
Descriptor
52 49 49 47 42 39 39 39 39 34 33 32 31 30 30 27 26 25 25 24 24 23 22 22 21 19 19 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Meningeal-Neoplasms-surgery Brain-metabolism Sympathetic-Nervous-System-physiology Spinal-Cord-Neoplasms-surgery Brain-Neoplasms-pathology Brain-Diseases-surgery Brain-blood-supply Cerebrovascular-Circulation Nerve-Fibers-physiology Brain-Neoplasms-therapy Brain-physiology Optic-Nerve-blood-supply Brain-surgery Brain-Neoplasms-radiography Cerebrovascular-Circulation-physiology Brain-Neoplasms-secondary Nerve-Block Brain-Chemistry Sympathetic-Nervous-System-physiopathology Brain-Mapping Brain-Neoplasms-diagnosis Optic-Nerve-Diseases-diagnosis Cerebral-Angiography Optic-Nerve-anatomy-and-histology Autonomic-Nerve-Block Brain-Neoplasms-radiotherapy Brain-physiopathology Autonomic-Nervous-System-physiology Brain-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Nerve-Fibers Peripheral-Nerves-surgery Spinal-Cord-Neoplasms-diagnosis Autonomic-Nervous-System-physiopathology Cerebrovascular-Circulation-drug-effects Cerebral-Ventricle-Neoplasms-surgery Cerebral-Ventricles-surgery Autonomic-Nervous-System-DiseasesBrain-ultrastructure Cerebral-Hemorrhage-surgery Nerve-Fibers-ultrastructure Optic-Nerve-Diseases-etiology Brain-Neoplasms-metabolism Brain-cytology Cerebral-Cortex-physiology Cerebrovascular-Disorders-physiopathology Nerve-Fibers-drug-effects Nerve-Tissue-Proteins-analysis Optic-Nerve-Diseases-pathology Spinal-Neoplasms-surgery Brain-anatomy-and-histology Brain-drug-effects Optic-Nerve-Diseases-complications Somatosensory-Cortex-physiology Brain-Diseases-pathology Cerebellar-Neoplasms-surgery Cerebral-Cortex-blood-supply Cerebral-Cortex-physiopathology Nervous-System-Diseases-surgery Optic-Nerve-Diseases-physiopathology Peripheral-Nerves-physiology Spinal-Cord-pathology Trigeminal-Neuralgia-therapy Brain-Diseases-diagnosis Brain-radiation-effects Cerebral-Aneurysm-surgery Cerebral-Cortex-pathology Spinal-Cord-Injuries-physiopathology Spinal-Cord-blood-supply Trigeminal-Neuralgia-radiotherapy
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5
Cerebrospinal-Fluid-Proteins-analysis Cerebrovascular-Disorders-etiology Nerve-Block-methods Nerve-Tissue-Proteins-metabolism Optic-Nerve-abnormalities Spinal-Cord-Injuries-complications Spinal-Nerve-Roots-surgery Autonomic-Nervous-System-Diseases-etiology Brain-Diseases-etiology Brain-Injuries-physiopathology Brain-radiography Central-Nervous-System-Diseases-surgery Cerebral-Cortex-ultrastructure Cerebrovascular-Disorders-therapy Mechanoreceptors-physiology Meningeal-Neoplasms-radiography Nerve-Fibers-Myelinated-physiology Nerve-Tissue-Protein-S-100-analysis Nervous-System-Diseases-therapy Optic-Nerve-Diseases-surgery Optic-Nerve-physiology Pressoreceptors-physiology Somatosensory-Cortex-physiopathology Spinal-Cord-Diseases-surgery Spinal-Cord-physiology Autonomic-Nervous-System-Diseases-diagnosis Brain-Neoplasms-mortality Cerebral-Hemorrhage-etiology Cerebral-Revascularization-methods Cerebral-Ventricles-pathology Cerebrovascular-Disorders-diagnosis Hippocampus-metabolism Hippocampus-pathology Median-Nerve-physiopathology Meningeal-Neoplasms-pathology Meningioma-pathology Meningioma-radiography Nervous-System-Neoplasms-surgery Optic-Neuritis-surgery Spinal-Cord-Neoplasms-pathology Spinal-Cord-physiopathology Sympathetic-Nervous-System-drug-effects Visual-Cortex-physiology Brain-Diseases-metabolism Brain-Diseases-physiopathology Brain-Neoplasms-ultrastructure Brain-Stem-surgery Cerebral-Ventricles Cerebrovascular-Circulation-radiation-effects Cerebrovascular-Disorders-radiotherapy Median-Nerve-physiology Meningioma-diagnosis Nerve-Fibers-chemistry Nerve-Tissue-Proteins-genetics Nervous-System-Diseases-physiopathology Nervous-System-radiation-effects Optic-Nerve-physiopathology Optic-Neuritis-parasitology Photoreceptors-pathology Photoreceptors-physiology Spinal-Cord-surgery Spinal-Nerve-Roots BrainBrain-Ischemia-physiopathology Brain-Neoplasms-complications Brain-growth-and-development Cerebral-Ventricle-Neoplasms-pathology Cerebrovascular-Disorders-complications
(truncated)
29
Appendix 11 : Cells and cell structure (continued from Table 8) Freq.
Descriptor
Freq.
Descriptor
88 88 81 80 65 63 61 60 58 58 58 49 47 46 43 41 39 38 38 37 36 35 35 34 34 34 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 28 27 27 27 26 26 26 25 25 25 25 24 23 23 23 23 22 21 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 18 18 18 18
Cell-Nucleus-metabolism Antibodies-Monoclonal Cell-Survival-drug-effects Cell-Survival Cell-Separation Cell-Nucleus-ultrastructure Antibodies-Monoclonal-immunology Cell-Division-drug-effects Erythrocytes-physiology Cell-Cycle Cell-Membrane-metabolism Cell-Movement Cytoplasm-metabolism Cell-Survival-radiation-effects Cell-Adhesion Lymphocyte-Transformation Antibodies-Monoclonal-diagnostic-use Erythrocytes-radiation-effects Cell-Division-radiation-effects Neutrophils-metabolism Erythrocytes-metabolism Lymphocytes-radiation-effects Chromosome-Mapping Neutrophils-drug-effects Lymphocytes-cytology Lymphocytes-immunology Cell-Separation-methods Mitochondria-metabolism Erythrocyte-Aggregation Erythrocytes-cytology Cell-Differentiation B-Lymphocytes-immunology Cell-Membrane-ultrastructure Antibody-Specificity ErythrocytesErythrocyte-Deformability Cell-Nucleus-chemistry Neutrophils-physiology Erythrocytes-drug-effects Erythrocyte-Membrane-metabolism Cytosol-metabolism Cell-Line-Transformed Cell-Size Axons-physiology Cell-Membrane-Permeability Neutrophils-immunology Lymphocytes-metabolism Lymphocytes-ultrastructure Chromosome-Aberrations Spermatozoa-physiology Subcellular-Fractions-metabolism Neutrophils-cytology Erythrocytes-ultrastructure Erythrocyte-Membrane-physiology Cell-Membrane-drug-effects Neutrophils-radiation-effects Neurons-Afferent-physiology Monocytes-metabolism Cytoplasm-ultrastructure Cell-Compartmentation Monocytes-immunology Cell-Membrane Cell-Separation-instrumentation AntibodiesAntibodies-Monoclonal-metabolism Neurons-ultrastructure Hela-Cells-radiation-effects Erythrocyte-Membrane-drug-effects Erythrocyte-Membrane-radiation-effects
18 18 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Cell-Division-physiology Antibodies-immunology Neutrophils-ultrastructure Neurilemmoma-surgery Erythrocyte-Indices Cell-Nucleus-drug-effects Cell-Transformation-Neoplastic Mitochondria-ultrastructure Lymphocytes-chemistry Erythrocyte-Count Epithelial-Cells-metabolism Cell-Adhesion-drug-effects Cell-Death Monocytes-cytology Mitochondria-drug-effects Erythrocytes-enzymology Cell-Polarity Antibody-Formation-radiation-effects Neurons-metabolism Neurons-physiology Connective-Tissue-pathology Cell-Adhesion-Molecules-analysis Cell-Fractionation Cell-Membrane-radiation-effects Melanocytes-pathology Lymphocytes-analysis Lymphocytes-classification Lymphocyte-Transformation-drug-effects Cytoplasm-chemistry Chromosomes-Human-ultrastructure Chromatin-ultrastructure Cell-Adhesion-physiology Cell-Membrane-Permeability-drug-effects Cell-Membrane-pathology Antibodies-Monoclonal-pharmacology Mitochondria-radiation-effects Hela-Cells-ultrastructure Erythrocytes-chemistry Erythrocyte-Membrane-ultrastructure Cell-Communication Cell-Membrane-chemistry Cell-Membrane-enzymology Cell-Membrane-immunology Cell-Membrane-physiology Antibodies-Monoclonal-analysis Neutrophils-enzymology Melanocytes-radiation-effects Lymphocytes-drug-effects Lymphocytes-pathology Erythrocytes-immunology Erythrocytes-pathology Epithelial-Cells-cytology Epithelial-Cells-drug-effects Chromosomes-Human Chromatin-metabolism Cell-Count-methods Cell-Cycle-physiology Cell-Movement-physiology Antibody-Formation Antibodies-Monoclonal-therapeutic-use Neutrophils-pathology Neurons-Afferent-drug-effects Neurons-drug-effects Neurons-pathology Monocytes-drug-effects LymphocytesLymphocyte-Transformation-radiation-effects Erythrocytes-analysis
(truncated)
30
Appendix 12 : Musculoskeletal system (continued from Table 8) Freq.
Descriptor
Freq.
Descriptor
66 48 48 40 39 38 37 33 31 30 28 27 27 26 26 25 25 25 25 25 23 23 23 23 22 22 22 21 21 21 20 20 19 19 19 18 18 18 17 17 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 12
Intervertebral-Disk-Displacement-surgery Hand-blood-supply Turbinates-surgery LegNose-Neoplasms-surgery Muscles-blood-supply HandFoot-Diseases-surgery FingersLumbar-Vertebrae-surgery Knee-Joint-surgery Lumbar-Vertebrae Palate-surgery Nose-Diseases-surgery Turbinates-pathology Arm-blood-supply Axons-physiology Joint-Diseases-surgery Knee-Joint Thoracoscopy-methods ArmCartilage-Articular-surgery Intervertebral-Disk-surgery Toes-blood-supply Muscle-Smooth-Vascular-pathology Thoracoscopy-instrumentation ThoracotomyBone-Neoplasms-surgery MaxillaMuscles-physiology Maxilla-surgery Muscle-Skeletal-blood-supply Leg-Ulcer-therapy Muscles-pathology Nose-surgery Bone-and-Bones-surgery Hip-Prosthesis Mandible-surgery Bone-Transplantation Lumbar-Vertebrae-pathology Extremities-blood-supply Leg-Ulcer-surgery Muscle-Contraction Muscle-Skeletal-physiology Bone-Marrow-cytology Foot-Dermatoses-surgery Hand-innervation Muscle-Contraction-physiology Muscle-Skeletal-metabolism Shoulder-Joint-surgery Bone-and-Bones-radiation-effects Fingers-surgery Leg-Ulcer-physiopathology Leg-surgery Nose-Neoplasms-pathology Palatal-Neoplasms-surgery Cervical-Vertebrae FootKnee-Joint-pathology Muscle-Smooth-Vascular-physiology Muscles-metabolism Nasal-Septum-surgery Sternum-surgery Ankle-blood-supply Bone-Marrow-pathology Cartilage-Articular-pathology Leg-Ulcer-etiology MandibleOrbital-Neoplasms-surgery
12 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Skull-surgery Bone-Cements Cartilage-Diseases-surgery Hand-Dermatoses-surgery Hand-Injuries-surgery Intervertebral-Disk-Displacement-pathology Intervertebral-Disk-pathology Jaw-surgery ShoulderSynovial-Membrane-pathology Bone-Conduction Bone-and-Bones-pathology Fingers-innervation Hand-surgery Intervertebral-Disk-Displacement-complications Intervertebral-Disk-Displacement-diagnosis NoseSynovial-Membrane-surgery Temporal-Bone-surgery Cartilage-transplantation Facial-Bones-anatomy-and-histology Intervertebral-Disk-Displacement-radiography Joint-Diseases-therapy Leg-Ulcer-pathology Muscle-Skeletal-innervation Muscle-Smooth-Vascular-physiopathology Muscles-innervation Nose-blood-supply Shoulder-Joint Alveolar-Process-pathology Bone-Marrow-drug-effects Cartilage-Articular-radiation-effects Facial-Bones-surgery Ligaments-Articular-surgery Mandible-anatomy-and-histology Mandible-pathology Muscle-Smooth-Vascular-metabolism Muscles-physiopathology OrbitOrbit-surgery SkullTemporomandibular-Joint-Diseases-surgery Thoracotomy-methods ThoraxBone-Marrow-Transplantation Bone-Marrow-Transplantation-adverse-effects Bone-Plates Bone-and-Bones-analysis Bone-and-Bones-blood-supply Facial-Bones-radiography Fingers-physiology Foot-Diseases-physiopathology Foot-surgery Hand-physiology Jaw-Diseases-therapy Jaw-Neoplasms-surgery Joint-Diseases-diagnosis Joint-Diseases-radiotherapy Knee-Injuries-surgery Leg-Ulcer-radiotherapy Lumbar-Vertebrae-radiography Mandibular-Neoplasms-surgery Muscle-Fibers-physiology Muscle-Skeletal-chemistry Muscle-Skeletal-pathology Muscle-Smooth-Vascular-drug-effects Muscles-surgery Nose-pathology
(truncated)
31
Appendix 13 : Cardiovascular system (continued from Table 8) Freq.
Descriptor
Freq.
Descriptor
125 122 119 108 103 101 96 92 81 79 77 77 70 66 62 61 59 58 56 55 51 51 45 45 45 44 38 38 36 35 35 34 33 33 32 31 31 28 28 28 28 28 27 26 26 25 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 23 23 22 21 21 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 19 18
Retinal-Vessels-surgery Microcirculation-physiopathology Angioplasty-Laser-instrumentation Angioplasty-Balloon-Laser-Assisted Retinal-Vessels-pathology Angioplasty-Laser-methods Femoral-Artery Femoral-Artery-surgery Heart-Valve-Prosthesis Retinal-Vessels-physiology Angioplasty-Laser-adverse-effects Coronary-Vessels-pathology Heart-Rate Retinal-Vein-Occlusion-surgery Popliteal-Artery-surgery Retinal-Vessels-physiopathology Myocardium-pathology Popliteal-Artery Retinal-Vein Coronary-Vessels-surgery Retinal-Vein-Occlusion-complications Retinal-Vein-surgery Aorta-pathology Heart-Catheterization Heart-Rate-physiology Heart-Rate-drug-effects Aorta-surgery BloodFemoral-Artery-radiography Iliac-Artery Lymph-Node-Excision Angioplasty-Balloon-Laser-Assisted-methods Iliac-Artery-surgery Saphenous-Vein-transplantation Coronary-Vessels-radiography Aortic-Diseases-surgery Vasomotor-System-physiology Arteries-physiology Arteries-surgery Femoral-Artery-pathology Retinal-Vein-Occlusion-physiopathology VeinsCoronary-Vessels-injuries Microcirculation-radiation-effects Vasomotor-System-physiopathology Retinal-Artery Arteries-pathology Blood-Vessels-pathology Heart-Assist-Devices Heart-Ventricle-surgery Myocardium-metabolism Retinal-Vein-Occlusion-pathology Heart-Conduction-System-surgery Heart-physiology Retinal-Vein-Occlusion-diagnosis Retinal-Vessels-drug-effects Retinal-Vein-physiopathology Aortic-Diseases-pathology Aortic-Valve Coronary-Vessels-ultrasonography Heart-Catheterization-instrumentation Myocardium-chemistry Retinal-Artery-surgery Iliac-Artery-radiography Ophthalmic-Artery-physiology Popliteal-Artery-radiography Veins-transplantation Umbilical-Arteries-physiopathology Heart-Ventricle
18 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9
Retinal-Artery-physiology Aorta-physiology ArteriesHeart-radiation-effects Lymph-Nodes-pathology Myocardium-ultrastructure Retinal-Artery-pathology Retinal-Vessels-radiography Angioplasty-Balloon-Laser-Assisted-adverseHeart-Failure-Congestive-physiopathology Heart-Transplantation Retinal-Vein-pathology Retinal-Artery-physiopathology Retinal-Vein-Occlusion-etiology Umbilical-Arteries-physiology Arteries-physiopathology Carotid-Artery-Diseases-surgery Heart-Defects-Congenital-surgery Retinal-Vein-Occlusion-therapy Aortic-Valve-physiology Carotid-Arteries-physiology Carotid-Arteries-surgery Coronary-Vessels-physiology Heart-physiopathology Mitral-Valve Angioplasty-Balloon-Laser-AssistedAngioplasty-Laser-statistics-and-numerical-data Blood-Vessels-physiology Coronary-Vessels Coronary-Vessels-physiopathology Endocardium-surgery Femoral-Artery-physiopathology Heart-Rate-Fetal Myocardium-cytology Popliteal-Artery-pathology Saphenous-Vein-surgery Umbilical-Veins Veins-surgery Aorta-Abdominal-pathology Aortic-Valve-Stenosis-physiopathology Arteries-ultrasonography Arteriovenous-Anastomosis-physiology Blood-Vessels-radiation-effects Femoral-Artery-ultrasonography Heart-Surgery Ophthalmic-Artery-ultrasonography Umbilical-Arteries-ultrasonography Umbilical-Veins-cytology Angioplasty-Balloon-Laser-Assisted-statisticsAorta-anatomy-and-histology Blood-Vessels-anatomy-and-histology Carotid-Arteries-physiopathology Coronary-Vessels-anatomy-and-histology Coronary-Vessels-radiation-effects Heart-Conduction-System-physiopathology Heart-radionuclide-imaging Microcirculation-anatomy-and-histology Myocardium-enzymology Retinal-Vessels-anatomy-and-histology Retinal-Vessels-metabolism Vasomotor-System-drug-effects Veins-physiology AortaAorta-Abdominal-surgery Aortic-Valve-Stenosis-surgery Arteries-injuries Blood-Vessels-abnormalities Blood-Vessels-drug-effects
(truncated)
32
Appendix 14 Respiratory system (continued from Table 8) Freq.
Descriptor
Freq.
Descriptor
193 184 174 171 162 121 117 101 96 91 87 83 78 77 74 73 68 66 65 63 61 60 60 58 57 55 55 54 49 48 48 47 47 46 45 44 43 42 42 41 41 39 38 38 37 37 37 35 32 32 31 30 29 29 29 27 27 26 26 26 25 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 23
Tracheal-Neoplasms-surgery Larynx-surgery Tracheal-Stenosis-surgery Laryngeal-Diseases-surgery Laryngeal-Neoplasms-pathology Vocal-Cords-surgery Laryngostenosis-surgery Bronchial-Diseases-surgery Tracheal-Stenosis-etiology Lung-Neoplasms-pathology Bronchoscopy-instrumentation Lung-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Trachea-surgery Bronchoscopy-methods Lung-Neoplasms-complications Tracheal-Diseases-surgery Lung-Neoplasms-radiotherapy Laryngeal-Neoplasms-radiotherapy Larynx-pathology Lung-Neoplasms-therapy Lung-Neoplasms-diagnosis Laryngeal-Neoplasms-diagnosis TracheotomyLaryngeal-Neoplasms-therapy Vocal-Cord-Paralysis-surgery Bronchi-surgery Lung-Neoplasms-secondary Laryngoscopy-instrumentation Laryngostenosis-etiology Turbinates-surgery Voice-Quality LaryngectomyTracheal-Stenosis-therapy Bronchial-Neoplasms-pathology Lung-surgery Laryngeal-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Bronchial-Diseases-therapy Bronchial-Neoplasms-complications Vocal-Cords-pathology Bronchial-Diseases-etiology Tracheal-Neoplasms-complications Lung-Neoplasms-mortality Lung-Diseases-surgery Lung-pathology Bronchi-pathology RespirationRespiratory-Function-Tests Laryngoscopy-methods Laryngectomy-methods TracheostomyVocal-Cords Tracheal-Neoplasms-pathology Bronchial-Neoplasms-therapy Respiration-Artificial Laryngeal-Diseases-diagnosis Lung-Neoplasms-radiography Trachea-pathology Bronchial-Neoplasms-radiotherapy Respiration-physiology Turbinates-pathology Laryngeal-Neoplasms-complications BronchiBronchial-Neoplasms-diagnosis Lung-radiography Tracheal-Neoplasms-diagnosis Tracheal-Neoplasms-therapy Bronchial-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Respiration-Artificial-methods Laryngeal-Diseases-pathology
23 22 22 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 19 19 18 17 17 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9
Voice-Disorders-etiology Laryngeal-Neoplasms-mortality Tracheal-Neoplasms-radiotherapy Bronchoscopy-adverse-effects Laryngeal-Diseases-etiology Voice-Disorders-surgery Bronchial-Diseases-diagnosis Bronchial-Neoplasms-secondary Respiratory-Tract-Diseases-surgery Tracheal-Neoplasms-secondary Bronchial-Neoplasms-mortality Trachea-injuries Laryngostenosis-diagnosis Respiratory-Tract-Neoplasms-surgery Laryngostenosis-therapy Respiratory-Insufficiency-etiology Respiratory-Sounds-etiology Laryngeal-Masks TracheaBronchi-radiation-effects Bronchial-Diseases-pathology Lung-metabolism Tracheal-Stenosis-pathology Vocal-Cords-physiopathology Laryngeal-Diseases-complications Laryngeal-Neoplasms Larynx-injuries Tracheal-Stenosis-diagnosis Tracheoesophageal-Fistula-etiology Vocal-Cord-Paralysis-etiology Vocal-Cord-Paralysis-physiopathology VoiceVoice-Disorders-diagnosis Laryngeal-Diseases-congenital Lung-Diseases-Obstructive-surgery Lung-Diseases-pathology Lung-Diseases-therapy Lung-Neoplasms-metabolism Tracheal-Diseases-diagnosis Tracheal-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Tracheal-Neoplasms-radiography Tracheotomy-adverse-effects Bronchitis-etiology Laryngeal-Neoplasms-microbiology Lung-Diseases-radiography Lung-Transplantation-adverse-effects Tracheal-Diseases-etiology Bronchi-injuries Bronchial-Diseases-radiotherapy Bronchoalveolar-Lavage-Fluid-cytology Laryngeal-Cartilages-surgery Laryngeal-Diseases-physiopathology Laryngeal-Edema-surgery Lung-blood-supply Respiratory-Insufficiency-therapy Larynx-physiopathology Lung-Diseases-Obstructive-physiopathology Lung-Neoplasms-epidemiology Lung-Neoplasms-physiopathology Lung-Transplantation Lung-cytology Lung-physiopathology Lung-radiation-effects Paranasal-Sinus-Neoplasms-surgery Pleura-surgery Tracheal-Diseases-pathology Tracheostomy-adverse-effects Bronchitis-radiotherapy
(truncated)
33
Appendix 15 : Tissues and embryonic structures (continued from Table 8) Freq.
Descriptor
Freq.
Descriptor
68 49 40 38 38 33 31 27 26 26 25 25 25 24 24 24 23 22 21 21 20 19 19 18 18 18 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Epithelium-surgery Nasal-Mucosa-blood-supply Gastric-Mucosa-pathology BloodMuscles-blood-supply Mouth-Mucosa-surgery Membranes-Artificial Mouth-Mucosa-pathology CicatrixMembranes-surgery Epithelium-cytology Intestinal-Mucosa-blood-supply Intestinal-Mucosa-pathology Cicatrix-prevention-and-control Epithelium-physiology Epithelium-ultrastructure Cartilage-Articular-surgery Epithelium-metabolism Muscles-physiology Placenta-blood-supply Gastric-Mucosa-metabolism Muscles-pathology Umbilical-Arteries-physiopathology Bone-and-Bones-surgery Cicatrix-complications Gastric-Mucosa-surgery Intestinal-Mucosa-metabolism Mouth-Mucosa-radiation-effects Gastric-Mucosa-drug-effects Neurilemmoma-surgery Gastric-Mucosa-radiation-effects Mucous-Membrane-pathology Bone-Marrow-cytology Granulation-Tissue-pathology Membranes-pathology Umbilical-Arteries-physiology Bone-and-Bones-radiation-effects Chick-Embryo Cicatrix-Hypertrophic-surgery Cicatrix-therapy Connective-Tissue-pathology Nasal-Mucosa-drug-effects Cicatrix-physiopathology Muscles-metabolism Nasal-Mucosa-surgery Basement-Membrane-pathology Bone-Marrow-pathology Cartilage-Articular-pathology Epithelium-drug-effects FetusGranulation-Tissue-surgery Umbilical-Veins Cicatrix-Hypertrophic-etiology Granulation-Tissue Mouth-Mucosa Umbilical-Arteries-ultrasonography Umbilical-Veins-cytology Bone-and-Bones-pathology Epithelium-chemistry Fetus-blood-supply Fetus-physiology Mouth-Mucosa-blood-supply Cartilage-transplantation Cicatrix-Hypertrophic-pathology Cicatrix-Hypertrophic-therapy Intestinal-Mucosa-drug-effects Intestinal-Mucosa-radiation-effects Muscles-innervation Umbilical-Arteries
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Bone-Marrow-drug-effects Cartilage-Articular-radiation-effects Epithelium-physiopathology Gastric-Mucosa-physiopathology Intestinal-Mucosa-surgery MembranesMuscles-physiopathology Nasal-Mucosa-metabolism Nasal-Mucosa-pathology Placenta-surgery Bone-and-Bones-analysis Bone-and-Bones-blood-supply Basement-Membrane-ultrastructure Bone-Marrow-Transplantation Bone-Marrow-Transplantation-adverse-effects Cicatrix-radiotherapy Connective-Tissue-radiation-effects Epithelium-radiation-effects Intestinal-Mucosa-cytology Mucous-Membrane-surgery Muscles-surgery Neurilemmoma-pathology Placenta-enzymology Placenta-pathology Bone-Marrow-metabolism Bone-Marrow-radiation-effects Cartilage-cytology Cicatrix-Hypertrophic-prevention-and-control Elastic-Tissue-pathology Fetus-surgery Mouth-Mucosa-physiopathology Mucous-Membrane-ultrastructure Muscle-Smooth-metabolism Nasal-Mucosa-physiopathology Adipose-Tissue-pathology Adipose-Tissue-surgery Bone-and-Bones-metabolism Basement-Membrane Basement-Membrane-metabolism Cartilage-radiation-effects Cicatrix-diagnosis Fetus-cytology Fetus-metabolism Gastric-Mucosa-physiology Gastric-Mucosa-secretion Mouth-Mucosa-cytology Muscles-analysis Muscles-chemistry Muscles-cytology Muscles-transplantation Nasal-Mucosa-immunology Nasal-Mucosa-secretion Neurilemmoma-radiography Placenta-metabolism Placenta-ultrasonography Trophoblast-cytology Adipose-Tissue-blood-supply Amnion-metabolism Bone-and-Bones Bone-and-Bones-anatomy-and-histology Bone-and-Bones-transplantation Bone-Marrow-chemistry Cartilage-metabolism Connective-Tissue-anatomy-and-histology Embryo-cytology Epithelium-enzymology Epithelium-immunology Epithelium-injuries
(truncated)
34
Appendix 16 : Body fluids and related substances (continued from Table 8) Freq.
Descriptor
Freq.
Descriptor
16 15 14 14 11 11 11 10 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Tears-metabolism Aqueous-Humor-secretion Tears-secretion Aqueous-Humor Milk-Human-chemistry Body-Fluids-chemistry Aqueous-Humor-chemistry Aqueous-Humor-drug-effects Urine-cytology Cerebrospinal-Fluid-Proteins-analysis Tears-chemistry Saliva-chemistry Aqueous-Humor-immunology HyalinExtracellular-Space-metabolism Cervix-Mucus-physiology Amniotic-Fluid-cytology Tears-physiology Saliva-enzymology Saliva-physiology Exudates-and-Transudates-metabolism Body-Fluids Body-Fluids-analysis Body-Fluids-metabolism Aqueous-Humor-analysis Amniotic-Fluid-analysis Synovial-Fluid-analysis Sputum-cytology Semen-cytology Saliva-analysis Plasma-chemistry Semen-analysis Semen-chemistry Pericardial-Effusion-etiology Cerebrospinal-Fluid-Shunts Amniotic-Fluid Urine-microbiology Tears-cytology Tears-enzymology Sweat-analysis Saliva-immunology Pleural-Effusion-Malignant-therapy Pleural-Effusion-diagnosis Pleural-Effusion-etiology Pleural-Effusion-therapy Lymph-physiology Lymph-radiation-effects Exudates-and-Transudates-chemistry Extracellular-Space Extracellular-Space-physiology Cervix-Mucus-analysis Cervix-Mucus-cytology BileAscitic-Fluid-metabolism UrineUrine-analysis Urine-chemistry Synovial-Fluid-chemistry Synovial-Fluid-immunology Synovial-Fluid-metabolism Sputum-chemistry Sputum-microbiology Semen-Preservation Sebum-secretion SalivaSaliva-drug-effects Saliva-metabolism Saliva-microbiology Saliva-radiation-effects
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Pleural-Effusion-radiography Pleural-Effusion-surgery Plasma-physiology Plasma-radiation-effects Pericardial-Effusion-surgery Pericardial-Effusion-therapy Mucus-physiology Mucus-secretion Milk-Human-enzymology Feces-microbiology Feces-parasitology Cervix-Mucus Cerebrospinal-Fluid-physiology Body-Fluids-physiology Ascitic-Fluid-chemistry Aqueous-Humor-microbiology Aqueous-Humor-radiation-effects Urine-metabolism Urine-physiology TearsTears-drug-effects Tears-radiation-effects Synovial-Fluid-drug-effects Synovial-Fluid-physiology Sweat-physiology SputumSputum-analysis Sputum-immunology Semen-enzymology Semen-physiology Semen-radiation-effects Saliva-Artificial-chemistry Pleural-Effusion-Malignant-diagnosis Pleural-Effusion-chemistry Pleural-Effusion-cytology Pleural-Effusion-drug-therapy Pleural-Effusion-enzymology Pleural-Effusion-epidemiology Pleural-Effusion-immunology Pleural-Effusion-metabolism Pleural-Effusion-radiotherapy Plasma-analysis Plasma-drug-effects Plasma-immunology Pancreatic-Juice-enzymology MucusMucus-analysis Mucus-cytology Mucus-drug-effects Mucus-metabolism Milk-Human Milk-Human-analysis Milk-Human-immunology Lymph-immunology Lymph-metabolism Lymph-secretion Labyrinthine-Fluids Hyalin-metabolism Hyalin-radiation-effects Hemolymph-chemistry Gastric-Juice-chemistry Gastric-Juice-metabolism Feces-immunology Exudates-and-Transudates-analysis Exudates-and-Transudates-physiology Exudates-and-Transudates-radiation-effects Exudates-and-Transudates-ultrasonography Extracellular-Space-enzymology
(truncated)
35
Appendix 17 : Endocrine system (continued from Table 8) Freq.
Descriptor
Freq.
Descriptor
5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Thyroid-Cartilage-surgery ThyroidectomyParathyroid-Hormones-pharmacology Pituitary-Irradiation Thyroid-Gland Thyroid-Neoplasms-complications Thyroid-Neoplasms-genetics Thyroid-Neoplasms-radiotherapy Thyroiditis-Autoimmune-immunology Adrenal-Cortex-Hormones-pharmacology Adrenal-Gland-Neoplasms-pathology Adrenal-Gland-Neoplasms-surgery Adrenal-Glands-cytology Parathyroid-Glands-blood-supply Pituitary-Gland-chemistry Pituitary-Gland-radiation-effects Pituitary-Neoplasms-diagnosis Pituitary-Neoplasms-physiopathology Thyroid-Diseases-immunology Thyroid-Diseases-surgery Thyroid-Gland-pathology Thyroid-Gland-surgery Thyroidectomy-adverse-effects Thyrotropin-blood Thyroxine-blood Adrenal-Cortex-cytology Adrenal-Cortex-metabolism Adrenal-Gland-Neoplasms-metabolism Adrenal-Glands-drug-effects Adrenal-Glands-secretion Adrenal-Medulla-metabolism Chromaffin-Granules-metabolism Endocrine-Glands-physiology Islets-of-Langerhans-cytology Islets-of-Langerhans-metabolism Parathyroid-Neoplasms-surgery Pineal-Body-radiation-effects Pituitary-Gland-pathology Pituitary-Gland-surgery Pituitary-Neoplasms-therapy Thyroid-Cartilage-pathology Thyroid-Diseases-diagnosis Thyroid-Gland-physiopathology Thyroid-Gland-radiation-effects Thyroid-Neoplasms-diagnosis Thyroid-Neoplasms-mortality Thyroid-Neoplasms-therapy Thyroxine-analysis Adrenal-Cortex-Hormones-blood Adrenal-Cortex-Hormones-secretion Adrenal-Cortex-Neoplasms-metabolism Adrenal-Cortex-drug-effects Adrenal-Cortex-physiology Adrenal-Gland-Neoplasms-drug-therapy Adrenal-Glands-growth-and-development Adrenal-Glands-metabolism Adrenal-Glands-pathology Adrenal-Glands-physiology Adrenal-Glands-physiopathology Adrenal-Glands-radiation-effects Adrenal-Medulla-physiology Adrenal-Medulla-transplantation Adrenalectomy-instrumentation Adrenalectomy-methods Chromaffin-Granules-secretion Endocrine-Diseases-complications Endocrine-Diseases-radiotherapy Endocrine-Diseases-therapy Endocrine-Glands-chemistry
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Endocrine-Glands-drug-effects Endocrine-Glands-radiation-effects EndocrinologyEndocrinology-trends Islets-of-Langerhans-immunology Islets-of-Langerhans-secretion Neurosecretory-Systems-physiopathology Parathyroid-Glands-cytology Parathyroid-Glands-drug-effects Parathyroid-Glands-injuries Parathyroid-Glands-metabolism Parathyroid-Glands-pathology Parathyroid-Glands-secretion Parathyroid-Glands-transplantation Parathyroid-Hormones-analysis Parathyroid-Hormones-blood Parathyroid-Hormones-secretion Parathyroid-Neoplasms-complications Pineal-Body Pituitary-Adrenal-System-physiology Pituitary-Adrenal-System-radiation-effects Pituitary-Gland-Anterior Pituitary-Gland-Anterior-blood-supply Pituitary-Gland-Anterior-chemistry Pituitary-Gland-Anterior-cytology Pituitary-Gland-Anterior-enzymology Pituitary-Gland-Anterior-physiology Pituitary-Gland-Anterior-secretion Pituitary-Gland-Anterior-surgery Pituitary-Gland-Anterior-ultrastructure Pituitary-Gland-Posterior-blood-supply Pituitary-Gland-enzymology Pituitary-Gland-radiography Pituitary-Hormones-analysis Pituitary-Hormones-blood Pituitary-Hormones-isolation-and-purification Pituitary-Hormones-radiation-effects Pituitary-Neoplasms-analysis Pituitary-Neoplasms-chemistry Pituitary-Neoplasms-enzymology Pituitary-Neoplasms-epidemiology Pituitary-Neoplasms-genetics Pituitary-Neoplasms-mortality Pituitary-Neoplasms-pathology Pituitary-Neoplasms-radiography Pituitary-Neoplasms-ultrastructure Thyroid-Cartilage-abnormalities Thyroid-Cartilage-anatomy-and-histology Thyroid-Diseases-complications Thyroid-Diseases-pathology Thyroid-Diseases-physiopathology Thyroid-Diseases-radiotherapy Thyroid-Gland-abnormalities Thyroid-Gland-blood-supply Thyroid-Hormones-pharmacology Thyroid-Neoplasms-blood-supply Thyroid-Neoplasms-chemistry Thyroid-Neoplasms-enzymology Thyroid-Neoplasms-etiology Thyroid-Neoplasms-metabolism Thyroid-Nodule-diagnosis Thyroid-Nodule-surgery Thyroiditis-Autoimmune-diagnosis Thyroiditis-Autoimmune-drug-therapy Thyroiditis-Autoimmune-pathology Thyroiditis-Autoimmune-radiotherapy Thyroiditis-Autoimmune-surgery Thyroiditis-immunology
(truncated)
36
