Entada abyssinica A.Rich. 5 MSB (RBG Kew). Burkina Faso. MSB (RBG Kew). Tree. Phanerophyte. Deciduous. ABC. TropDry. Mimosoideae. Caesalpinioideae.
Supplementary Material Table S1. Detailed information on the seeds of 50 Fabaceae species anaylsed. Subfamilies according to former (Lewis 2005) and current (LPWG 2017) classifications, numeric code for species in PCOA (Fig. 7), species name, number of replicates (n), seed bank and countries of origin of seed material are shown. The three species used for the germination experiments are indicated in bold font. Ecological factors used for the PCOA include: functional group, life form (according to Raunkiaers’ classification), leaf phenology, climate native to the species (this was obtained according to species native geographical distribution. Then, the corresponding climate, following World Map of Köppen-Geiger Cliamte Classification updated (Kottek et al., 2006) and floristic biome were assigned (four floristic biomes were assigned to summarise original habitats of species). Abbreviations in Table S1: MSB: Millennium Seed Bank (United Kingdom), JBO Jardín Botánico de Olarizu (Spain). A corresponds to equatorial climate, B to tropical, C temperate, D boreo-alpine. TemWet, temperate oceanic; TemDry, temperate mediterranean; TropDry, tropical with seasonal rain; TropWet: tropical humid.
1
Subfamily (Lewis 2005) Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Mimosoideae
Subfamily (LPWG 2017) Cercidoideae (OtherFab) Cercidoideae (OtherFab) Detarioideae (OtherFab) Detarioideae (OtherFab) Detarioideae (OtherFab) Dialioideae (OtherFab) Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae
Sp code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Mimosoideae Mimosoideae Mimosoideae
Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae
14 15 16
Mimosoideae Mimosoideae Mimosoideae Mimosoideae Mimosoideae Mimosoideae Mimosoideae Papilionoideae
Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae Papilionoideae
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae Papilionoideae
47 48 49 50
Species Adenolobus pechuelii (Kuntze) Torre & Hillc. Bauhinia reticulata DC. Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. & Dalziel Colophospermum mopane (Benth.) J.Léonard Afzelia africana Pers. Dialium guineense Willd. Ceratonia siliqua L. Pterogyne nitens Tul. Caesalpinia mollis (Kunth) Spreng. Cassia sieberiana DC. Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. Erythrophleum africanum (Benth.) Harms Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Oliv.) Exell & Torre Entada abyssinica A.Rich Neptunia oleracea Lour. Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. subsp. africana Brenan & Brummitt Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) I.C.Nielsen Faidherbia albida (Delile) A.Chev. Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze Havardia albicans (Kunth) Britton & Rose Havardia pallens (Benth.) Britton & Rose Xanthocercis zambesiaca (Baker) Dumaz-leGrand Sophora arizonica S. Watson Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemão) Ducke Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. Podalyria myrtillifolia (Retz.) Willd. Virgilia oroboides (P.J.Bergius) T.M.Salter Lupinus angustifolius L. Genista hispanica L. Genista scorpius (L.) DC. Genista tinctoria L. Centrosema pubescens Benth. Philenoptera violacea (Klotzsch) Schrire Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb. Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.Stirt. Vigna adenantha (G.Mey.) Maréchal, Mascherpa & Stainier Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. subsp. sesban Anthyllis vulneraria L. Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. Lotus corniculatus L. Lotus pedunculatus Cav. Glycyrrhiza echinata L. Astragalus glycyphyllos L. Onobrychis conferta subsp. argentea (Boiss.) Guitt. & Kerguelen Ononis spinosa L. Melilotus albus Medik. Trifolium pratense L. Lathyrus pratensis L.
n 2 3 5 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 4 5 5
SeedBank MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew)
Country Namibia Burkina Burkina Faso Zimbabwe Burkina Faso Mali Jordan Brazil Venezuela Burkina Faso Brazil Burkina Faso Botswana
5 MSB (RBG Kew) 5 MSB (RBG Kew) 5 MSB (RBG Kew)
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Botswana
5 5 6 5 5 6 3 5
MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew)
Yemen Burkina Faso South Africa Sudan USA Mexico Mexico Zimbabwe
5 5 6 5 5 4 5 7 5 5 2 3 5 5
MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) JBO (Vitoria) JBO (Vitoria) JBO (Vitoria) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) JBO (Vitoria) MSB (RBG Kew)
4 2 5 5 5 6 5 5
MSB (RBG Kew) JBO (Vitoria) JBO (Vitoria) JBO (Vitoria) JBO (Vitoria) MSB (RBG Kew) JBO (Vitoria) JBO (Vitoria)
USA Brazil Burkina Faso South Africa South Africa Greece Spain Spain Spain Sierra Leone Zimbabwe Brazil Spain Central African Republic Mali Spain Spain Spain Spain Lebanon Spain Spain
5 3 5 5
JBO (Vitoria) JBO (Vitoria) JBO (Vitoria) JBO (Vitoria)
Spain Spain Spain Spain
Seed Bank MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew)
Functional Group Shrub Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree
Life Form Chamaephyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte
Leaf phenology Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous
Climate B AB AB B A AB C AC A AB C A
Floristic biome TropDry TropDry TropDry TropDry TropDry TropWet TemDry TropWet TropDry TropDry TemWet TropDry
MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew)
Tree Tree Herb
Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Cryptophyte
Deciduous Deciduous Evergreen
A ABC B
TropDry TropDry TropWet
MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew)
Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree
Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte
Deciduous Evergreen Deciduous Evergreen Deciduous Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen
B A ABC C B ABC AB AB
TropDry TropDry TropDry TemDry TropWet TropDry TropDry TropDry
MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) BGJBO (Vitoria) BGJBO (Vitoria) BGJBO (Vitoria) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) BGJBO (Vitoria)
Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Herb Shrub Shrub Shrub Herb Tree Herb Shrub
Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Phanerophyte Therophyte Chamaephyte Phanerophyte Chamaephyte Hemicryptophyte Phanerophyte Chamaephyte Hemicryptophyte
Evergreen Deciduous Evergreen Deciduous Evergreen Semideciduous Deciduous Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Semideciduous Evergreen Evergreen
ABC B A ABC C C C C C C A ABC A C
TropDry TropDry TropDry TropDry TemDry TemDry TemDry TemDry TemDry TemWet TropDry TropWet TropDry TemDry
MSB (RBG Kew) MSB (RBG Kew) BGJBO (Vitoria) BGJBO (Vitoria) BGJBO (Vitoria) BGJBO (Vitoria) MSB (RBG Kew) BGJBO (Vitoria)
Herb Tree Herb Shrub Shrub Herb Shrub Herb
Chamaephyte Phanerophyte Hemicryptophyte Chamaephyte Hemicryptophyte Hemicryptophyte Geophyte Geophyte
Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen
B AB C C C C D C
TropWet TropDry TemDry TemDry TemDry TemWet TemDry TemWet
BGJBO (Vitoria) BGJBO (Vitoria) BGJBO (Vitoria) BGJBO (Vitoria) BGJBO (Vitoria)
Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb
Hemicryptophyte Chamaephyte Hemicryptophyte Hemicryptophyte Hemicryptophyte
Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Evergreen Evergreen
C C C C C
TemDry TemDry TemWet TemWet TemWet
2
Table S2. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for each variable used in the Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCOA). Significant correlations with each axis are highlighted in bold. N
V
Lx
0.91
0.86
PCO2 -0.08
0.06
PCO1
A
L
Z
0.71
0.85
0.84
0.79
0.12
-0.13
0.01
-0.14
γ-T 0.00
TotChl
β+δ-T
TotT3
0.86
α-T 0.47
0.81
-0.44
-0.18
-0.16
0.64
-0.78
0.01
-0.22
0.58
β-C
3
Table S3 Statistical significance of multivariate analyses. R and p values (in brackets) are shown for Global (all categories within each Factor) and Pairwise (couples of categories within each Factor) Analysis Of SIMilarity (ANOSIM). The contribution of individual variables to significant dissimilarity among categories were provided by SIMilarity PERcentages breakdown procedure (SIMPER) and are shown as percentages. Significant R and p values are highlighted in bold. FACTORS PREVIOUS SUBFAMILY CLASSIFICATION NEW SUBFAMILY CLASSIFICATION Other, Caesalpinioideae
Global Test R (p) 0.09 (0.086)
Pairwise Tests R (p)
SIMPER- Between groups dissimilarity contribution %
0.104 (0.045) 0.01 (0.434)
Other, Papilionoideae
0.177 (0.090)
Caesalpinioideae, Papilionoideae
0.104 (0.033)
TotT3 (10.96%); A (8.83%); TotChl (8.81%); Z (8.81%); L (8.30%)= 45.72%
Shrub, Tree
0.348 (0.005)
β-C (12.52%); N (12.32%); A (10.80%); Z (9.75%); V (9.49%)=54.89%
Shrub, Herb
0.034 (0.279)
Tree, Herb
0.144 (0.041)
Z (10.67%); α-T (10.17%); A (9.97%); γT (9.60%); Lx (9.49%)= 49.9%
Chamaephyte, Phanerophyte
0.463 (0.001)
Chamaephyte, Cryptophyte
-0.374 (0.875)
β-C (10.69%); A (10.38%); N (9.88%); β+δ T (9.79%); Lx (9.43%)= 50.17%
Chamaephyte, Therophyte
-0.32 (0.875)
Chamaephyte, Hemicryptophyte
0.076 (0.167)
Chamaephyte, Geophyte
-0.156 (0.750)
Phanerophyte, Cryptophyte
-0.183 (0.751)
Phanerophyte, Therophyte
0.024 (0.323)
Phanerophyte, Hemicryptophyte
0.245 (0.017)
Phanerophyte, Geophyte
-0.164 (0.702)
Cryptophyte, Hemicryptophyte
-0.414 (0.900)
Cryptophyte, Geophyte
-1.00 (1.000)
Therophyte, Hemicryptophyte
-0.340 (0.900)
Therophyte, Geophyte
0.000 (0.667)
Hemicryptophyte, Geophyte
-0.126 (0.545)
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
LIFE FORM
0.200 (0.006)
0.223 (0.012)
LEAF TYPE
0,053 (0.149)
CLIMATE
0.045 (0.258)
FLORISTIC BIOME
0.174 (0.007)
TropDry, TropWet
-0.066 (0.670)
TropDry, TemDry
0.226 (0.002)
TropDry, TemWet
0.345 (0.009)
TropWet, TemDry
0.140 (0.128)
TropWet, TemWet
0.119 (0.118)
TemDry, TemWet
0.056 (0.252)
AQUATIC PREFERENCE
Z (11.72%); A (10.96%); N (9.76%); γ-T (8.75%); TotChl (8.73%)= 49.92%
A (11.69%); Z (10.95%); N (9.40%); V (9.24%); β-C (8.98%)= 50.26% TotT3 (13.52%); γ-T (9.77%); TotChl (8.94%); N (8.73%); β-C (8.16%)=49.12%
0.037 (0.355)
4
Fig. S1 Occurrence (i.e. % of the species where each metabolite was found) (A), and average content of carotenoids (B) in Fabaceae seeds. Bars represent mean ± SE (n=50 species)
B
100
Average conent [µg g-1DW]
Frequency (% of species)
A
80 60 40 20 0
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
N
V
Lx
A
L
Carotenoids
Z
b-Car β-C
N
V
Lx
A
L
Z
b-Car β-C
Carotenoids
5
Fig. S2 Occurrence (i.e. % of the species in which each metabolite was found) (A), and average content of tocochromanols (B) in Fabaceae seeds. Bars represent mean ± SE (n=50 species)
B Average conent [µg g-1DW]
Frequency (% of species)
100 80 60 40 20 0 a-Toc β-Toc b-Toc g-Toc α-Toc γ-Toc d-Toc δ-Toc a-T3 α-T3
b-T3 β-T3
Tocochromanols
g-T3 γ-T3
d-T3 δ-T3
35
0,20
30
0,16
25 20
0,12
15
0,08
10 0,04
5
0,00
0 a-Toc α-Toc
b-Toc g-Toc β-Toc γ-Toc Tocopherols
d-Toc δ-Toc
a-T3 α-T3
b-T3 β-T3
g-T3 γ-T3
Tocotrienols
6
d-T3 δ-T3
Average conent [µg g-1DW]
A
Fig. S3 Relationship between total carotenoids and total tocopherols contents of Fabaceae seeds. Each data point represents the average of a single species. Carotenoids and tocopherols contents were positively correlated within the Caesalpinioideae subfamily. Fit to a linear regression model and R2 is shown for this case (P
