19-20 MAY 2011

3 rd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES & ENERGY EFFICIENCY

19-20 MAY 2011

Conference Proceedings

Hilton Hotel, Nicosia-Cyprus

3rd International Conference on

Under the Auspices of The Minister of Commerce, Industry and Tourism

Organised by:

Co-organisers:

• Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism, Energy Service • Electricity Authority of Cyprus • Cyprus Scientiﬁc and Technical Chamber • Cyprus Energy Regulatory Authority • University of Cyprus • Cyprus University of Technology • National Technical University of Athens • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki • Frederick University • The Cyprus Institute • Transmission System Operator, Cyprus

www.ccci.org.cy

Main Sponsor: Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism

Sponsors: Electricity Authority Cyprus

Cyprus Energy Regulatory Authority

EMSc (Cyprus) Ltd Abengoa Solar

Σινά 3, Γραφείο 204, 1095 Λευκωσία Τ.Θ. 24612, Τ.Τ. 1301 Λευκωσία, Κύπρος Τηλ.: +357 22466400, Φαξ : +357 22767680 Email: [email protected] Web page: www.mse.com.cy

Communication Sponsor:

Conference Proceedings

Proceedings of the 3nd International Conference on Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency 19 – 20 May 2011, Hilton Hotel Nicosia, Cyprus

ISBN 978-9963-567-02-7

Edited by Ioannis Michaelides

Chairman, Scientific Committee

Associate Professor, Cyprus University of Technology

Ektoras Charalambides Director, MSE Congress Plus

Executive Organising Committee Chairman: Andreas Theofanous Members: George Partasides, Ministry of Commerce Industry and Tourism Andreas Poullikas, Electricity Authority of Cyprus Christos Maxoulis, Cyprus Scientific and Technical Chamber Panayiotis Keliris, Cyprus Energy regulatory Authority George Georgiou, Cyprus University Ioannis Michaelides, Cyprus University of Technology Evangelos Dialynas, National Technical University of Athens Agis Papadopoulos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki George Demosthenous, Frederick University Costas C. Papanicolas, Cyprus Institute George Ashikalis, Transmission System Operator, Cyprus

Scientific Committee Chairman: Ioannis Michaelides, Cyprus University of Technology Members: Ahmet Lokurlu, Germany Andreas Athienitis, Canada Andreas Poullikas, Cyprus Chris Christodoulou, Cyprus Costas Costa, Cyprus Derek Wilson, United Kingdom Despina Serghides, Cyprus Elias Kyriakides, Cyprus Emiel Hanekamp, Netherlands George Georgiou, Cyprus Giorgos Tsilingirides, Greece Istvan Farkas, Hungary Kyriacos Tsiftes, Cyprus Manfred Lange, Cyprus Manthos Santamouris, Greece Peter Allen, Canada Polyvios Eleftheriou, Cyprus Stelios Choulis, Cyprus Theocharis Tsoutsos, Greece Toula Onoufriou, Cyprus Vassilios Geros, Greece Venizelos Efthymiou, Cyprus

Table of Contents CONFERENCE SESSIONS .................................................................................................................. 9 INVITED KEYNOTE LECTURES...................................................................................................... 9 RES 1: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES - GENERAL ............................................................ 10 Increased res penetration within the autonomous electrical systems of non interconnected islands ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Lightning Protection of Large - Extended Photovoltaic Installations ............................................. 13 Renewable Energy Potentials as Alternative Sources of Energy Supply in the Mediterranean Islands .................................................................................................................................................... 26 The greenhouse gases emissions of energy use from livestock breeding in Cyprus ........................ 37 State Estimator Accuracy Improvement Using Synchronized Measurements ............................... 38 Reduction of air pollutant emissions using natural gas in Cyprus’ power generation ................... 39 Overview of the Permitting procedures for RES in Cyprus ............................................................. 40 Modelling and Evaluation of “System Protection Schemes” in the Light of Increasing Distributed Generation for the E.A.C Network ..................................................................................................... 52 A comprehensive methodology for outdoor and indoor degradation studies on photovoltaic modules .................................................................................................................................................. 60 RES 2: SOLAR GENERATION - CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER – VARIOUS RES TOPICS ................................................................................................................................................. 61 Concentrating Solar Power – Technologies, Projects and Future Markets .................................... 62 Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Mediterranean Countries ........................................ 63 Heliostat Error Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 64 Sustainability analysis of a solar thermal power project in Mediterranean application in the island of Crete ....................................................................................................................................... 73 Techno-economic evaluation for a concentrated photovoltaic park in Cyprus .............................. 86 Report on the conclusions of the techno-economic feasibility study for the co-generation of electricity and desalinated water by concentrated solar power (The CSP-DSW project) ............. 96 Recent commercial and demonstration solar tower power plants around the world ..................... 106 Smart Meter Project for higher penetration of RES ......................................................................... 115 Biofuels production and testing in internal combustion engines ...................................................... 116 Combine Heat and Power (CHP) Unit Utilizing Biogas as a Renewable Green Energy Source ... 129 An OTEC concept driven by the sea – air temperature difference .................................................. 138 The Encaged Turbine concept in Oscillating Water Column Plants ............................................... 151

RES 3: WIND GENERATION – WIND POWER INTEGRATION IN SMALL ISOLATED ISLAND SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................................. 164 An Energy Storage System Used in Isolated Power Systems for Increasing the Wind Power Penetration ............................................................................................................................................ 165 Some experimental measurements of the Diffuser flow in a Ducted Wind Turbine assisted by an ejector .................................................................................................................................................... 173 Wind farms and photovoltaic parks in Crete ..................................................................................... 184 Identifying Barriers preventing the Widespread of Wind Power in Europe – The GP-WIND Project ................................................................................................................................................... 185 RES 4: SOLAR GENERATION – SMALL PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS.................................. 195 The use of solar thermal in Greece – systems, applications and market development................... 196 Modeling and measurements of a polycrystalline BIPV roof after ten years of installation ......... 206 Novel Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermal Solar Cells ............................................................................... 217 Organic Photovoltaic Technologies ..................................................................................................... 226 The effect of the use of Solar Home Systems on the income-generating capabilities of rural households of developing countries: Evidence from South Africa ................................................... 234 Vocational Training and Certification of PV Installers - The European initiative PVTRIN ........ 254 EE 1: SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING ...................................................................................... 264 High Combi – Pilot Projects of High Performance Solar Heating and Cooling Systems in European Buildings .............................................................................................................................. 265 Performance Monitoring of a Solar Based Air-conditioning System within IEA-SHC Task-38 ... 275 Performance Study of Solar Greenhouse Heating Using a Dynamic Model ................................... 285 Thermal Behaviour of a Solar Hot Water Storage Tank made of Mild Steel and Coated Internally with PE Using Rotational Moulding ................................................................................. 299 Solar energy availability for drying of biological materials.............................................................. 307 The use of solar thermal in Greece – systems, applications and market development................... 317 An overview of CSP cooling systems................................................................................................... 318 EE 2: MATERIALS, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY ........................ 328 Electrical Energy Consumption Analysis in Tertiary Buildings ...................................................... 329 Management On the Use of Building Typologies to Assess the Energy Performance of the Hellenic Residential Building Stock .................................................................................................... 339 Zero Energy House Design for Cyprus ............................................................................................... 350 Combining Vernacular Techniques with Emerging Technologies ................................................... 350 Web-based Energy Management and Automation Systems for Buildings ...................................... 351

Visual Comfort Evaluation in Educational Spaces of Typical Educational Buildings in Cyprus 352 Adapting to Climate Change in Cyprus: Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment ................. 361 The study of thermal technical behavior of thermal insulating materials based on natural fibers ................................................................................................................................................................ 362 The development of thermal insulating plasters for the insulation of historical buildings ............ 367 Composite materials for constructions of modern power engineering systems with higher resistance to corrosive environment.................................................................................................... 372 Bioclimatic performance of an innovative façade’s sun protection system: the case of CNA ....... 381 Energy Performance Evaluation and Heat Insulation Measures for Typical Educational Buildings in Cyprus .............................................................................................................................. 382 The Urban Heat Island Effect in Cyprus: Existing knowledge and recent findings of the research project TOPEUM ................................................................................................................................. 392 EE 3: ENERGY AUDIT ...................................................................................................................... 393 Energy Performance Certificates - Lessons learned in Europe and national efforts in Greece .... 394 Energy Performance Certificates - Lessons learned in Europe and national efforts in Greece .... 394 Energy Auditing in Three Schools in the Mountainous Climatic Zone in Cyprus ......................... 404 Energy Auditing in Three Schools in the Inland Climatic Zone in Cyprus .................................... 405 Energy Auditing in Three Schools in the Coastal Climatic Zone in Cyprus ................................... 406 The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive as Applied in Cyprus and its Recast.................. 407 Brief Energy Audit and Energy Saving Analysis of Large Commercial Buildings in 5 Districts of Cyprus ................................................................................................................................................... 409 An Overview of the New Hellenic Regulation on the Energy Performance of Buildings (KENAK) ................................................................................................................................................................ 420 EE 4: ENERGY EFFICIENCY – GENERAL ................................................................................... 431 Energy Efficiency or Renewables ........................................................................................................ 432 Voltage Optimisation – Reducing the losses in Inductive systems ................................................... 433 Towards Energy Autonomous Aquacultures: The Case of the Mediterranean Countries ............ 434 Cogeneration in the field of Health ..................................................................................................... 444 Design and Construction of a Small Scale Four-Effect Distillation Unit for Thermal Desalination ................................................................................................................................................................ 456 Characterization of Operation of Transparent Multiple Effect Distillation Unit with Parallel Plate Falling Film Heat Exchanger ..................................................................................................... 463 Long-Term Energy Forecasts for Cyprus up to 2035: Scenarios and Policy Options ................... 464 An Overview of VSC-Based HVDC Systems ..................................................................................... 485

3rd Int. Conference on Renewable Energy Sources & Energy Efficiency, Nicosia, Cyprus, 19-20 May, 2011

An Overview of the New Hellenic Regulation on the Energy Performance of Buildings (KENAK) C.A. Balaras, E.G. Dascalaki, A.G. Gaglia, K.G. Droutsa, S. Kontoyiannidis Group Energy Conservation, Institute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa & Vas. Pavlou, GR 15235, P. Penteli, Greece [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

KEYWORDS - Energy performance, Buildings, Regulations, EPBD, KENAK. ABSTRACT The main legislative instrument for improving the energy efficiency of the European building stock is the European Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD) and the EPBD recast (Directive 2010/31/EC). In Greece, EPBD transposition was enacted by the national law N.3661/2008. The “Regulation on the Energy Performance of Buildings – KENAK” outlines the general calculation approach that is in accordance to European standards. All necessary technical specifications and information for the implementation of KENAK are included in four new technical guidelines (TOTEE 20701/2010) prepared by the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE), which are also supported by a software (TEE-KENAK). Specific issues on the professional qualifications, training, accreditation, control mechanisms and regulatory framework for the experts to perform the energy audits of buildings, and inspections of heating and air-conditioning systems, are handled by a Presidential Decree (PD 100/2010). Implementation was initiated by mandating the energy performance assessment of new buildings for obtaining a building permit as of October 2010 and issuing energy performance certificates as of January 2011. This paper presents an overview of KENAK, the relevant technical guidelines and the supporting software that was developed in collaboration with TEE. A first assessment of the lessons learned and experiences gained from the implementation phase are also outlined. 1

INTRODUCTION

The main legislative instrument for improving the energy efficiency of the European building stock is the European Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD) and the EPBD recast (Directive 2010/31/EC) that was recently published. Over the years, it has been evident that most EU Member States faced several difficulties with EPBD transposition and some are still struggling with practical implementation issues. Greece was the first EU Member State that was condemned by the Court of Justice of the European Union on 17 January 2008 for not having brought into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with EPBD. According to the results of the European Commission's Internal Market Scoreboard, EPBD was the worst performer in terms of transposition before the deadline date with nine countries (Belgium, Greece, France, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Austria, Slovenia) failing to fully transpose EPBD as of May 2008. A comparative analysis of EPBD progress towards implementation in EU-27 Member States reveals a significant diversity [1]. Some countries, e.g. Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, The Netherlands and U.K., had already gained experience with building energy audits and certification of primarily residential buildings prior to EPBD and are leading the European effort. All-together, it is apparent that only some EU-27 Member States have managed to fully implement EPBD [1]. The Concerted Action EPBD (www.epbd-ca.org) and the European portal for 420


energy efficiency in buildings – BUILD UP (www.buildup.eu) provide updated information on national implementation status. The EPBD recast (2010/31/EC) strengthens the energy performance requirements, clarifies and streamlines some of its provisions to reduce the large differences between Member States' practices. The key points of the EPBD recast include: 1. All new buildings must be nearly zero energy buildings after 31 December 2020, while new buildings occupied / owned by public authorities must be nearly zero energy buildings after 31 December 2018; 2. All EU Member States implement a common methodology for calculating the integrated energy performance of buildings using common benchmarks for calculating cost-optimal levels, minimising the building’s lifecycle cost; 3. All existing buildings that undergo major refurbishment (25% of building surface or value) should meet minimum energy performance standards and not only for those above 1000 m2 foreseen in EPBD, while national policies and specific measures should stimulate the transformation of refurbished buildings into nearly zero energy buildings; 4. All EU Member States introduce minimum energy use requirements for all HVAC technical building systems. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should to a very significant level be covered by renewable energy sources (RES), including on-site energy production using combined heat and power generation or district heating and cooling, to satisfy most of their demand. This is going to be a major contribution towards meeting the EU's goals set in the Europe 2020 Strategy [2] known as the 20-20-20 targets: 1. a reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20% below 1990 levels 2. an increase to 20% of RES contribution to EU’s gross final energy consumption 3. a 20% reduction in primary energy use by improving energy efficiency, by 2020 More energy efficient buildings may provide better living conditions and reduce operational costs. The estimated impact of the EPBD recast is energy savings of 60-80 Mtoe in 2020 or 5-6% reduction in total EU energy consumption, which equals the total current consumption of Belgium and Romania, and about 5% less CO2 emissions. The European Commission will support efforts to increase the awareness of the whole chain from authorities, to construction industry and citizens on the saving opportunities, while new financing schemes are introduced to overcome investment barriers. According to the European Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services, EU Member States shall adopt and aim to achieve by 2016 an overall national indicative energy savings target of 9% compared with the average final energy consumption for the five-year period of 2001-2005. This is to be reached by way of energy services and other cost-effective, practicable and reasonable energy efficiency improvement measures. The main areas for potential energy conservation include the building sector and especially energy end-use efficiency in the public sector, promotion of energy end-use efficiency and energy services (e.g. energy service companies – ESCOs and third party financing - TPF arrangements), and EPBD implementation. Along the same lines, the European Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewables sets an ambitious goal for 20% share of energy from RES in the Community’s gross final consumption of energy by 2020. Each country is required to increase its share of RES by 5.5% from 2005 levels, with the remaining increase is calculated on the basis of per capita gross domestic product, thus reaching by 2020 a share of, for example, 10% in Malta up to 49% in Sweden. In particular, the 2020 target is 13% in Cyprus (from 2.9% in 2005) and 18% in Greece (from 6.9% in 2005). The Directive focuses on the promotion of large scale RES installations, but member states are also requested to use "minimum levels for the use of energy from renewable sources in buildings". Architects and engineers are also to benefit from member state 'guidance' when planning new construction projects, while local and regional administrative bodies should be recommended to "ensure equipment and systems are installed for the use of heating, cooling and electricity from RES, and for district heating and cooling when planning, 421


designing, building and refurbishing industrial or residential areas". Finally, EU member states must stipulate the “use of minimum levels of energy from renewable sources in new buildings and in existing buildings that are subject to major renovation”. Several EU Member States have already enacted mandatory ordinances for the use of solar thermal and RES in buildings, including Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain, along with several regions and municipalities adopting similar support measures. Transposition of 2009/28/EC in Greece was enacted by the national law on RES (N.3851/2010 FEK 85/A/4.6.2010). Accordingly, as of 2011 to get a new building permit it is necessary to reach an annual solar fraction of 60% for sanitary hot water (SHW) production from solar thermal systems. In addition, N.3851/2010 sets some very ambitious targets. The national plan is to reach by 2020 a 20% contribution from RES in the national gross final energy consumption, 40% in gross electricity generation and 20% in final energy consumption for heating and cooling. The first results on the effectiveness of these plans will be revealed in early 2012 since each EU Member State shall submit a report to the Commission on progress in the promotion and use of energy from renewable sources by 31 December 2011, and every two years thereafter. The following discussion presents an overview of the Hellenic Regulation on Energy Performance in the Building Sector – KENAK, the relevant technical guidelines and the supporting software that was developed in collaboration with TEE. A first assessment of the lessons learned and experiences gained from the implementation phase are also outlined. 2

HELLENIC EPBD TRANSPOSITION

In Greece, the effort for developing a national regulation on the energy performance of buildings (Regulation on rational use and energy conservation in buildings, commonly referred as KOXEE in Greek) was decided by a common Ministerial Decision MD 21475/4707 (FEK 880/B/19.8.1998) and got a head start with the implementation of the Energy 2001 project. About 15years ago, the first draft regulatory documents were elaborated addressing issues like the energy design study and the energy label of buildings, well before the introduction of EPBD. At the time, all related work was under the auspices of the ex.Ministry for the Environment Physical Planning and Public Works (YPEXODE). Finally, the first draft of KOXEE was completed in late 2003 and was put under limited public review in early 2004. In early 2005, the oversight of the work was undertaken by the ex.Ministry of Development (YPAN); a change that inherently slowed down the process. The most notable result of the time was a change of the draft regulation’s name, from KOXEE to KENAK. Over the following years, numerous committees and interested parties were involved in preparing various studies and draft laws, which were never released for an official public review or consultation. Apparently, the tipping point was the condemnation of Greece by the EU Court of Justice in January 2008, for failing to comply with EPBD. The national law for the EPBD adaptation was presented at the Hellenic Parliament three months later. 2.1

The Hellenic EPBD Law (N.3661)

The official EPBD transposition was enacted in Greece by the national law N.3661/2008 on “Measures for the reduction of energy consumption in buildings and other provisions” that was published in May 2008 (Official Journal of the Hellenic Government FEK 89/Α 19.5.2008). Even then, there was evident disbelief in the general public and the technical world on whether EPBD will finally be enforced in Greece. This was due to continuous cancellations for completing the necessary legislation over the past several years, and for providing the necessary detailed technical regulations and guidelines. A survey among professionals and concerned engineers of a well-targeted and representative Greek audience of 125 participants, in late 2008 revealed that 50% were not aware of the upcoming national regulation – KENAK, and an overwhelming 90% were not satisfied with the relevant information they receive on this issue [3]. The majority of participants believed that there will be 422


problems with national implementation efforts with regard to the adequate and on-time training of the energy inspectors and engineers involved in the design and construction of buildings, the quality control of the audit process on a national level, lack of public awareness and especially among building owners, potential mistrust of building owners towards inspectors, and the need to introduce financial incentives for the implementation of proposed energy conservation measures. Engineers were considered to be the most qualified experts to carry out the process of building energy audits and energy performance assessment. However, training seminars were deemed necessary along with the publication of official technical guidelines from TEE. With regard to the cost for the building audits, participants suggested a cost of 100 Euro for single dwellings to 3000 Euro for large size commercial buildings, emphasizing the need that the cost should be affordable so as not to impede the process. The law is basically a translation of EPBD, providing the general framework, with all major provisions mandated by the European directive. Among the landmark decisions in the development of N.3661 was the agreement to follow the European standards. Of practical importance is also the clause that mandates that the provisions, for example, issuing an energy performance certificate (EPC) can not be waived by an agreement between the parties involved; in other words, they remain mandatory. However, it also mandated that to issue an EPC for an individual unit in a building (e.g. an apartment) with a common central heating system, it would be necessary to audit the entire building. According to N.3661/2008, KENAK had to be issued by mid-November 2008. Specific issues on the professional qualifications, training, accreditation, control mechanisms and regulatory framework for the energy inspectors, are handled by a Presidential Decree (PD 100 FEK 177Α/6.10.2010). A special unit for energy inspectors (EYEPEN) was established within YPEKA by N.3818/10 (FEK 17/A/16.2.2010) to regulate all issues related to energy inspectors. The structure and role of EYEPEN and its role is outlined in PD 72/10 (FEK 132/5.8.2010). Already, one needs to be aware of several revisions that have been integrated in satellite legislative efforts (Figure 1) and are directly related to the contents of N.3661. The national law on RES (article 10 in N.3851/2010) extends the obligation to perform an energy design study to all new buildings, regardless of their size, and resolves the issue of energy audits in buildings with multiple owners (e.g. multifamily apartment buildings) by permitting audits in individual units (properties) of a building (e.g. an apartment). In addition, for new building as of 2011, it is necessary to reach an annual solar fraction of 60% for SHW production from solar thermal systems.

Figure 1: Overview of main legislative instruments for EPBD implementation in Greece. The Green Fund legislation (N.3889/2010 FEK 182/Α/14.10.2010) mandates in article 28 that residences with an intended annual use of less than four months (e.g. summer residences) are not excluded from the obligation to comply with N.3661. Various energy efficiency improvement measures, ESCOs, TPF and other instruments, in order to achieve by 2016 an overall national indicative target of 9% energy conservation, are introduced by N.3855/2010 (FEK 95/Α/23.6.2010) in compliance to the European Directive 2006/32/EC. 423


To ensure that future developments are taken into account and to provide an opportunity to adapt the existing regulations, the N.3661/2010 mandates that the minimum requirements for the energy performance of buildings are revised every five years and that the calculation method is periodically evaluated in accordance to new developments with the European standards, experience gained from its implementation etc. 2.2

The Hellenic Regulation (KENAK)

After two years of consultations, hard work and the instrumental role of TEE, the “Regulation on Energy Performance in the Building Sector – KENAK” (MD D6/B/5825, FEK 407/B/9.4.2010) was finally approved. KENAK outlines the general calculation method and overall approach that is in accordance to European standards [4], introduces the use of a reference building for benchmarking, the requirements for EPCs based on an asset rating accounting for heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitary hot water and lighting, the minimum energy performance requirements and thermal envelope heat loss constraints, etc. The reference building is a carbon copy of the studied building with the same architecture and geometric characteristics, at the same location, orientation, use and operational characteristics, but it automatically adapts the characteristics of the building elements and electromechanical (E/M) installations in accordance to the minimum energy efficiency requirements. KENAK defines the minimum specifications for the design of new buildings through an integrated design approach among the key-players (e.g. architects and engineers) taking into account proper building space layout and orientation (exploiting of local climatic conditions); configuring the surrounding space (improving microclimate); designing and locating the building’s openings for different orientations depending on direct solar gains, daylight and ventilation requirements; arranging interior spaces depending on their use and the comfort requirements; integrating at least one passive solar system (direct solar gains, thermal mass walls, Trombe walls, attached greenhouse, etc; providing proper solar protection; integrating natural ventilation techniques; exploiting daylight for securing visual comfort; failure to comply with any of the above should be supported by proper technical justification. The minimum specifications for the building’s thermal envelope comply with the new Uvalues. KENAK introduced lower U-values that replace the previous building thermal insulation regulation (FEK 362/4.7.1979), which had been in use for 30 years without any adaptation. The new U-values are provided for four climatic zones based on the heating degree days (HDD) for different locations: Zone A (601–1100 HDD), Zone B (1101–1600 HDD), Zone C (1601–2200 HDD) and Zone D (2201–2620 HDD). For example, the U-value for external vertical walls in contact with outdoor air, was 0.7 W/m2.K with the old regulation and is reduced to 0.6 W/m2.K (Zone A), 0.5 W/m2.K (Zone B), 0.45 W/m2.K (Zone C) and 0.40 W/m2.K (Zone D). The minimum specifications for the building’s E/M installations, include heat recovery by at least 50% in central air-handling-units with fresh air supply greater than 60%, proper thermal insulation of all heat and cold distribution pipes or ducts, use of outdoor temperature compensation systems, SHW recirculation with variable speed pumps, coverage of the SHW load by 60% from RES, energy efficient lighting with proper central control in non-residential buildings, thermostatic control in different thermal zones, independent heating and cooling with heat meters, power factor correction in non-residential buildings, etc. The energy design study for new buildings involves the assessment of the architectural design, adequacy of the building’s thermal insulation, design of the E/M installations and automation systems, and finally the building’s energy performance. This is more than just another design necessary in order to get a building permit. The energy design study is prepared by an architect and a mechanical engineer, thus encouraging a more holistic building design and construction approach. The reference building is by definition class-B. All other categories are defined as a percentage of the reference building’s primary energy consumption. The building’s ranking is based 424


on the calculated primary annual energy consumption normalized per unit floor area (kWh/m 2). Finally, the energy audits of buildings, boiler and heating system inspections and air-conditioning inspections are also briefly elaborated. All data is submitted and stored in an electronic database. Although KENAK is the main regulatory document, it does not go into great details with regard to all technical issues. Actually, throughout the document, it calls for the development of the necessary technical guidelines that were anticipated to provide all the necessary practical information. Since the publication of KENAK, the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climatic Change (YPEKA) has published several explanatory circulars providing clarifications on the contents KENAK in order to assist in its implementation (Figure 1). A key development was also the long anticipated change of Article 25 of the Building Construction Regulation that mandates the obligation of complete E/M design studies for all buildings in order to obtain a building permit. In the midst of all these developments, a new national law (N.3843/10 FEK 62/Α/28.4.2010) introduced the concept of the electronic building identification (Building ID) that has initiated the effort to collect and organize the most relevant building’s information. Accordingly, the electronic building ID will include the building permit, official drawings, EPC, floor plans, static design, check lists of all designs and installations, expenditure breakdown, video of the building’s spaces and installations. This electronic registry will be maintained by YPEKA, the design and supervise engineer, and on-location at the building. To ensure that future developments in the European standards or from the experience gained during its implementation are taken into account, if necessary, KENAK mandates that the calculation method is periodically evaluated; its first revision is due by April 2012. 2.3

The Hellenic Technical Guidelines (TOTEE) & Software (TEE-KENAK)

Following the publication of KENAK, the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE) mobilized its vast resources and technical know-how of its members, to prepare four technical guidelines (TOTEE 20701/2010) that were approved by YPEKA (MD 17178 FEK 1387/Β/2.9.2010). The TOTEE finally reveal all the details for the implementation of KENAK. In a total of 481 pages, the four TOTEE (Figure 2): outline the quasi-steady state monthly calculation procedures; specify the characteristics of the reference building in relation to the calculation procedure; provide guidance for the design of new buildings and the use of renewable energy sources; set the minimum thermal insulation requirements and define the calculation procedures for verifying compliance and adequacy of a building’s thermal envelope; provide the necessary Hellenic climatic data for 62 cities in four climatic zones; provide detailed procedures and standardized forms for performing building energy audits, preparing the EPC and performing the HVAC inspections.

Figure 2: Overview of the four technical guidelines (TOTEE) that support the implementation of the new regulation – KENAK, and the three upcoming supporting technical guidelines. 425


TOTEE 20701-1/2010 defines the calculation parameters for the energy design study and for facilitating the building energy audits. The reference building is fully defined, differentiating for different end-use buildings, if necessary. The main objective is to minimize erroneous calculations as a result of a poor assessment of the design engineer or the inspector. The parameters were defined according to the typical technologies in the Hellenic buildings (construction material and E/M systems), operating schedules, indoor operating conditions and indoor conditions in different thermal zones. Some of the parameters are constant for different building end-uses and they are mandatory for the calculations, regardless of the actual operating conditions of the building being designed or audited. Some of them are also defined in accordance to the construction date, the typical building construction and E/M typologies. The specific parameters used for the calculations are tabulated for different end-use buildings, operating hours, indoor conditions etc. The user/occupant building or E/M interactions are not taken into account. The parameters used during the audits are also tabulated in order to minimize the time requirements of an audit or an inspection. Recommendations are also included to support an accurate assessment and the effort to quantify relevant parameters in an existing building. TOTEE 20701-2/2010 replaces the 30 year old thermal insulation regulation and defines all the necessary parameters, calculation method, relevant data for opaque and transparent building elements. Special emphasis is placed on integrating in the calculations of the heat losses the effects of thermal bridges and correction coefficients (e.g. ground, heat exchange with non-heated spaces). TOTEE 20701-3/2010 defines the climatic data necessary for the calculations, at the four national climatic zones and 62 Hellenic cities. The data also provides information for the design conditions, mean monthly data (temperature, heating degree days and cooling degree hours, relative and specific humidity, wind speed, horizontal solar radiation and calculation procedures for tilted surfaces, ground and water temperature. TOTEE 20701-4/2010 provides detailed instructions on how to complete the specific audit forms and for their electronic submission to the official registry, for the building energy audit, boiler and heating system inspections and air-conditioning system inspections, and the building’s EPC. The initial inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems is recommended to precede the initial building energy audit, in order to facilitate the data collection process. The nominal cost for the inspections depends on the installed capacity. For boiler inspections, the nominal cost is 150 Euro for 20-100 kW and 250 Euro for >100 kW; for heating system inspections >20 kW and older than 15 years, the previous nominal costs are increased by 20%. For air-conditioning inspections, the nominal cost is 300 Euro for 12-100 kW and 500 Euro for >100 kW. The final contents of the two-page Hellenic EPC (Figure 3) include on the first-page the general building data, ranking label (building class) based on the calculated primary energy consumption (compared to the reference building), the annual calculated and actual (if available) primary energy consumption and resulting CO2 emissions normalized per unit floor area, and an evaluation of indoor environmental quality. The second-page of the EPC includes the breakdown of the contribution of the various energy sources to the final end-uses, annual primary energy consumption for the different end-uses per unit floor area, at least one and up to three of the most cost effective recommendations for improving the building’s energy performance (including initial cost, calculated annual energy conservation and the abatement of CO2 emissions, and the simple payback period). As of October 2010, all new buildings and existing buildings that undergo major renovations, in order to obtain a building permit must be at least class-B. The EPC is issued upon completion of the building that has been designed and constructed according to KENAK. As of January 2011, the EPC is compulsory for all buildings that are being sold and for entire buildings that are being rented out for the first time to a new tenant. For the time being, the EPC for a building unit (e.g. an apartment) that is being rented out for the first time to a new tenant is postponed till June 2011. The obligation to issue an EPC during the renewal of a lease, i.e. a building or a building unit that is being rented to the same tenant, is excluded in accordance to the EPBD recast. 426


Figure 3: The first official two-page Hellenic Energy Performance Certificate issued for a new apartment building issued on January 12, 2011. An electronic database collects all the data from the energy audits and issues the official EPC, building audit and HVAC inspection reports. As of February 2011, over 5000 EPCs have been issued. The cost of the EPC is different for residential and non-residential buildings, depending on the size of the building. For residential buildings, the cost is: 1 Euro/m2 when the entire building is audited, with a nominal cost of 200 Euro; 2 Euro/m2 when a building unit (e.g. an apartment) is audited, with a nominal cost of 150 Euro; 1.5 Euro/m2 for a house audited, with a nominal cost of 200 Euro. For non-residential buildings, the cost is: 2.5 Euro/m2 when the building is up to 1000 m2, with a nominal cost of 300 Euro; for larger size buildings, the additional cost is 1.5 Euro/m2 of the additional floor area. A software (TEE-KENAK) was developed by the National Observatory of Athens (NOA) for TEE, to support all these actions. The software can be used as stand-alone (e.g. with a user-friendly interface, on line help) and it is composed of five tools: 1. Energy design study; 2. Building energy audit; 3. Boiler inspection; 4. Heating system inspection; 5. Air-condition system inspection. For the building’s energy performance assessment, the goal was to develop a common calculation tool that could also be used by commercial software, to avoid inconsistency problems that may arise from using different software that may provide different results. Accordingly, commercially available software use TEE-KENAK as their core calculation engine and they have been evaluated by the special unit EYEPEN for compliance. The calculation engine of TEE-KENAK was based on the EPA-NR tool, which was developed within the framework of a European project (www.epanr.org). The tool was upgraded to meet national requirements and the final European standards, with a new interface, incorporating the relevant national technical libraries, weather data, user’s guide etc. For the inspections, TEE-KENAK incorporates the necessary electronic forms for collecting the necessary data. In all cases, there is a communication protocol with the electronic database – registry (www.buildingcert.gr) to submit and then receive back the official reports for the building audits, EPCs and inspection reports. Three more technical guidelines (Figure 2) are in the pipeline to further support the implementation of KENAK and the design of energy efficient buildings, namely: 1. Bioclimatic architecture; 2. Combined heat and power; 3. Renewable energy sources installations, along with a revision of all existing technical guidelines for heating, air-conditioning etc. All TOTEE are under continuous maintenance. Already the first public review of two addendums for TOTEE 20701 – 1 & 3/2010 were completed at the end of February 2011.

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2.4

The Hellenic Energy Inspectors

There are two levels of energy inspectors that get license (level-A or level-B) for three categories: 1. buildings, 2. Boilers & heating systems, and 3. Air-conditioning systems. The level-B licence is issued to engineers for all three categories, regardless the installed power capacity. The level-A license is issued to technical engineers for all three categories and buildings with heating/cooling power installations up to 100 kW, During the first year of implementation, temporary accreditation of energy inspectors has been issued to about 5500 qualified experts (the evaluation process is near completion) out of 7344 applications. They were selected among engineers and others with technical education, with 10 year professional or scientific experience in building design and construction, E/M installations, energy audits etc. The review process of all the applicant’s credentials was as elaborate as possible, undertaken by the consultative committee of the energy inspectors (GEPEE) in accordance to the provisions of PD 100/10. Voluntary training seminars are being organized by TEE and other organizations throughout the country to inform temporary inspectors with the KENAK related issues, in effort to also improve the quality of the energy audits they perform and the issued EPCs. EYEPEN is overlooking the quality of the EPCs and the work of the temporary inspectors (e.g., contents and number of EPC issued, average awarded building-classes, etc) to identify any oversights and inconsistencies in the EPCs, in order to secure an acceptable level of quality. EYEPEN is also responsible for issuing warnings to the energy inspectors, imposing penalties and even cancelling their accreditation if they fail to comply with their obligations. All qualified inspectors are listed in a publicly available electronic registry (www.buildingcert.gr). According to PD 100/2010, the accreditation of temporary energy inspectors will be valid until October 2010. Eligible for permanent certification will be engineers and technical engineers, with a minimum 4year proven professional or scientific experience related to the design or construction of buildings etc, participate in mandatory professional training seminars that are currently being developed and pass an examination, planned for the end of 2011. The permanent permits will be valid for 10 years, with an option to renew. To ensure that the inspectors have no conflict of interest, one is not authorized to perform an energy audit, in the event that the inspector was involved in a direct or indirect way in the design, construction, operation, management, maintenance, etc; the inspector has directly or indirectly some kind of ownership rights (or even second degree relatives). 2.5

Lessons Learned

Despite the ordeals, the delays, the upsets, there was always a strong vision and a sincere commitment of numerous dedicated professionals. Throughout the years, several efforts were initiated, generating tremendous amounts of technical information but finally reached a deadlock. Some key issues are discussed next. Follow a step-by-step procedure. The complex process of introducing new national legislation and technical regulations mandate well-coordinated steps. It is practically impossible to sweep through all the key elements in a one-step effort. Start with the necessary supporting national legislation, work on a general technical regulation, proceed with the targeted specific technical guidelines that cover the details, develop the necessary practical tools and software, educate and train end-users, and allocate the necessary time to evaluate final deliverables. Involve the main stakeholders in the process. Missing the involvement and official support of the necessary stake-holders can prove detrimental. In Greece, a prime example was the involvement of the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE). The eventual awakening of the sleeping giant and active participation in the process, was a critical element for the successful completion of the EPBD transposition in Greece. TEE with its vast technical expertise and its dedicated leadership, managed to deliver what was promised. Prime example, the four TOTEE; this was the first time that TEE responded so efficiently with regard to technical guidelines, since the introduction of TOTEE in the 428


mid-80s. The use of the internet to publish and distribute TOTEE and TEE-KENAK software proved a wise choice in order to allow for their prompt distribution. The collaboration of professional software companies that develop design tools for engineers was also positive, by swiftly integrating the new material in their products and providing useful input during the debugging phase of TEE-KENAK. The choice to have this common national software constitutes a wise choice in order to be able to control the quality of a single product and avoid time consuming testing of several independently developed tools. Another issue that had also an impact on the efforts in Greece, was related to who has the main political authority for overlooking the process. In the past, the involvement of two ministries (ex.YPEXODE in relation to buildings and ex.YPAN in relation to energy issues) that were responsible over a certain period for EPBD transposition, apparently introduced some practical coordination difficulties. The successful recent phase of KENAK was undertaken by one ministry (YPEKA) that finally managed to complete the process. Announce and promote new legislation in due time. Over the years, periodic announcements that KOXEE or EPBD or KENAK implementation in Greece was ready to start, publicity efforts targeted to the technical world and the public, were not only in vain but rather had a negative impact. Given the delays over the years, the most direct set-back was the loss of trust that this effort was actually going to be implemented. In addition, the change of the name from KOXEE to KENAK, resulted to unnecessary confusion. Allocate time for testing and training. In Greece, given the time limitations, it was unavoidable to push forward in a short amount of time, a huge amount of new regulations, guidelines, tools and technical material. As a result, although the relevant legislation was under development for several years, already there have been some revisions and adaptations related to N.3661 and KENAK that had to be introduced after their publication. Engineers have been overwhelmed with the introduced changes (e.g. with the new building design process), but they have managed to recover with some hardship, recognizing their role and responsibilities as the key professionals shaping our build environment. Urban planning officers were also put under tremendous pressure, but progressively have rebounded due to their professionalism. Although on a limited scale, YPEKA and TEE have made a tremendous effort to organize short training seminars on KENAK, to alleviate some of the pressure. The use of the internet has also proved a valuable tool, to provide access to all concerned throughout the country, on relevant training material, examples, a check-list for the building energy design study to simplify the approval process during the early stages of implementation, etc. TEE and YPEKA have set up dedicated KENAK webpages, with all relevant legislation, announcements, along with help-desks and hot lines, to assist users. These web sites ensure the timely delivery of information to a central location and facilitate users in their search of relevant material. Finally, an issue of concern is also related to the quality of work of some temporary inspectors, since unavoidably there will be cases of poor performance due to lack of training, despite the effort to maintain a high level of control on the credentials of the applicants. 3

CONCLUSION

EPBD transposition in Greece started as a pioneering effort at the end of the previous century, but the journey has been lengthy, rough and bumpy. On a positive note, the delays offered an opportunity to introduce and already implement several key-points from the EPBD recast in the national legislation and technical regulations. However, during the first stages of implementation, one would expect some practical difficulties. Although in one form or another, KOXEE, EPBD or KENAK were long anticipated, the market and the key-players (the engineering world) were overwhelmed by the thrust and the volume of the introduced changes. Unfortunately, there was no time left for a slow rate integration of the new practices. It is a fact that the European and national commitment for improving the energy performance of buildings is not only a strategic objective but it will have practical benefits for all. Indeed, this is going to be a learning process. The goal should be to swiftly recover from the upsets, fix the problems encountered and move forward, while 429


providing the necessary support to all stakeholders in order to maintain quality in every step of the way. At last, EPBD in Greece is a reality. REFERENCES [1] A.P.F. Andaloro, R. Salomone, G. Ioppolo, and L. Andaloro, Energy certification of buildings: A comparative analysis of progress towards implementation in European countries, Energy Policy 38 (2010) 5840. [2] Europe 2020 - Integrated guidelines for the economic and employment policies of the Member States. European Commission, Brussels. [3] E. Dascalaki, C.A. Balaras, A.G. Gaglia, S. Kontoyiannidis, Κ. Droutsa, Datamine – Discovering the Hellenic Building Stock, Technica 249 (2008) 16. In Greek [4] EN ISO 13790. 2008. Energy performance of buildings - Calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.

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ISBN 978-9963-567-02-7

• Cyprus Chamber of Commerce and Industry

• Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism

• Electricity Authority of Cyprus

• Cyprus Scientific and Technical Chamber

• Cyprus Energy Regulatory Authority

• University of Cyprus

• Cyprus University of Technology

• National Technical University of Athens

• Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

• Frederick University

• The Cyprus Institute

• Transmission System Operator, Cyprus

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