ᄂ៉ۤົጯΏĂ 2005 ѐ 6 ͡ ௐ 34 ഇĂࢱ 147-209
ࡁտᛉᗟኢ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪĈ 1980-2000*
؞ڒπ
*
؞ڒπ ̚δࡁտੰˠ͛ۤົࡊጯࡁտ͕̚አߤࡁտᗟ͕̚ઘࡁտࣶă߆̂ڼ
ጯۤົጯրઘିĞ
[email protected]ğĄώ઼ܼ͛ࡊົ͚ү۰ѣᙯˠ˾ዏଁ ̈́౻̍߹જրЕࡁտࢍ൪۞ტЪјڍĞࢍ൪በཱི NSC 89-2415-H-194-026 ă NSC 902415-H-194-015 ă NSC 91-2415-H-194-009 ă NSC 92-2415-H-194-009 ă NSC 922412-H-001-042 ă NSC 93-2415-H-194-009ğĂү۰дѩܑϯຏᔁ઼ࡊົܜഇ۞͚ Ăү۰Ϻࢋຏᔁ˟ҜઠЩෞᆶăૺ᷿ำăૺॢ܆ă̈́ᐖӀˬҜି۞Բෞ̈́ޙ ᛉĂᆒፍᏉ̈́ૺछၷםӄྤफ़ᄓะ̈́ፋநĂ̈́ᆒፍᏉเݴလ۞Җ߆םӄĄώ͛ழ ႒ᙱҺĂᝌܓԲෞ̈́ޙᛉĄ ќቇ͟ഇĈ 2004/11/8 ĂତצΏ൳Ĉ 2005/4/4 Ą
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͛̚ၡࢋ ώ͛ࢋϫ۞дॲፂߊѣ͛ᚥаᜪ˟˩ѐֽέ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍ ߹જ࠹ᙯ۞ۤົ̈́གྷᑻયᗟĂࢦᕇஉᄏα̂ᛉᗟĈĞ1ğዏଁࢉϠ۞ડ ા̈́ౌξ൴णયᗟăĞ2ğ̰ొዏଁ̈́ᙝᅫ౻̍߹જયᗟăĞ3ğྭ઼ዏ ଁયᗟă̈́Ğ4ğĶ͗ܝฟٸķ۞ޢࡎϬ࠼યᗟĄࢵАĂϤ ٺ1980 ѐ ϐέ៉౻̍߹જ൴Ϡࢦࢋ۞Ķਗ਼ᖼķଐԛĂˠ˧Ϥ็ݑΔ̶߹តࠎ ҌΔొ۞ஐொᖼĂֹέ៉۞ડા̈́ౌξயϠซ˘Վໂ̼൴ण۞યᗟĂ Яѩડાˠ˧ྤώ۞ኳᄃณ̙πᏊ۞યᗟͧͽ݈ՀΐᚑࢦĄѣᙯ̰ొዏ ଁ۞યᗟĂ߆ඉᑕనܳڱซξಞྤੈฟ఼߹̈́ٸĂͽഴ̙͌υࢋ۞ࢦኑ ዏଁćέ៉۞εຽ౻̍߹જдܳซεຽ۰Гಶຽ۞ड़ڍҬ̏னεី۞ ଐԛĂྍன෪΄ˠᇎ͕ćтң֨ͤజ࢝ᗓᖚ۰ሕдયᗟдϏֽซ˘Վೋ ̼ĂѣᏥજ᎕ໂ۞౻જ߆ඉć҃ࣧҝϔ౻̍߹જд೩̿ࣧҝϔ࣎ˠٕ छलۤགྷгҜड़ڍҬͼ̙̂ĂϺߏ˘࣎ࣃࢦෛ۞યᗟĄдྭ઼ዏଁ۞ યᗟొ̶Ă၆έ៉̰ొᇆᜩࠎஎᅈ۰ࠎЪڱܧ̈́ڱγᚱ౻̍યᗟć ޢĂ߽͗ܝฟ۞ޢࡎϬ࠼યᗟࢋҋγᚱ౻̍၆ώ઼౻̍ಶຽ̏ யϠొ̶פड़ڍĂͷγᚱ౻̍၆Ҳԫఙώ઼౻̍۞ಶຽפड़ڍѣొ ̶ͅߍдҲԫఙώ઼౻̍۞̰ొዏଁ྆ࢬĂγᚱ౻̍၆ώ઼౻̍߹જᔵ ՟ѣБࢬ۞ଵᑟүϡĂݒѣБࢬ۞ܡᘣүϡĄ
ᙯᔣෟĈˠ˾ዏଁă౻̍߹જă̰ొዏଁăྭ઼ዏଁăડા̈́ౌξ൴ण
Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, June 2005, 34: 147-209
A Critical Review of Problems Associated with Population and Labor Migration in Taiwan, 1980-2000
Ji-Ping Lin Center for Survey Research, Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica
Abstract Using a combination of the existing literature and the author’s long-term research on migration patterns, this article presents a critical review of the socioeconomic problems associated with population and labor migration to and from Taiwan during the past two decades. Population and labor migration apparently aggravate human resource distribution in terms of quantity and quality, in spite of its positive role in efficient manpower redistribution. A movement toward more openness with and greater circulation of labor market information is an effective means of reducing migration redundancy and the undesirable effects of marginal labor migration. In terms of international migration, problems triggered by the importation of low-skilled foreign labor are more crucial than those associated with the immigration of foreign brides and the emigration of Taiwanese workers to China. Conflicts and contradictions between internal and international migration are manifested via the negative impacts of immigrant workers on employment opportunities for and internal migration of Taiwanese domestic laborers. Key Words: population migration, labor migration, internal migration, international migration, regional and urban development
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˘ăયᗟቡ̈́ࡦഀ ώ͛ࢋϫ۞дᇃ̈́ھրّ۞аᜪ࿅Ν˟˩ѐֽĂέ៉۞ˠ˾ዏ ଁĞpopulation migrationğ̈́౻̍߹જĞlabor migrationğ۞જၗតዏ̈́ ࢉϠ۞ۤົયᗟĄ 1 ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જߏˠ˧ٺ౻જξಞมϹೱ̈́ Г੨ཉ۞࿅Ăᄵ൴ྍ࿅۞Я̄Ξෛࠎ౻જξಞˠ˧ྤώኳᄃณֻᅮ ̙πᏊٙĄᐌࡊԫซՎᄃ൴णăϹ఼ྻᏮੈ఼న߉̈́ड़த۞಼̂ ԼචĂ̈́ܕѐֽშᅫშྮు႙̈́Ăགྷᑻ߿જϒഈШ઼ᅫ̼̈́ҋϤ̼ᔙ ซĂડાགྷᑻ֕ШፋЪ̶̈́̍̏តј˘ሗ߹̈́ᔌ๕Ă߇ˠ˧ྤώ۞ ߹જّϺ͟ৈᕖ̂̈́ΐిĂ၆གྷᑻ൴ण۞ࢦࢋّ˵តྵͽـՀࠎ ࢦࢋĄଣˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ۞ࢦࢋّдٺĂᐌགྷᑻඕၹ۞ᖼݭĂ ౻જξಞ၆ˠ˧ኳᄃณ۞ᅮՐΞᔖҺ۞Ϻົᐌඕၹّ۞አፋ҃Լ តĂࡶ౻જξಞˠ˧ڱѣड़гϤᒺ۞யຽொᖼҌј۞ܜயຽĂົ ܡᘣགྷᑻඕၹᖼݭĞeconomic restructuringsğ֭ᇆᜩזགྷᑻ۞൴ण ĞLewis 1982; Dijk et al. 1989; Todaro 1985; Stark 1991ğĄ έ៉࿅Ν 50 ѐֽ۞གྷᑻ൴ण̏ᇃజγࠧෛࠎࢦࢋቑ̝˘ĞRanis 1992ğĄаᜪ࿅Νέ៉གྷᑻ൴ण۞࿅Ăૄώ˯ߏ˘̰ొயຽඕၹ̙ᕝ
1
Labor migration ۞ࡁտߏ population migration ۞̶͚Ăࡁտࢋࢦдགྷᑻ̈́̍ү
Я৵͔ٙ۞ዏଁĄώ͛۞ migration ͛̚ϡෟົෛࡁտᛉᗟ҃ѣٙតளć population migration ۞͛̚ϡڱ௫ၚ˯ϡĶˠ˾ዏଁķٕĶˠ˾ዏொķĂҭ labor m i g r a t i o n ௫ ၚ ϡ Ķ ౻ ̍ ߹ જ ķ ٕ Ķ ౻ જ ொ જ ķĄ ࠎ Ր ϡ ෟ ˘ Ă ώ ͛ ѣ ᙯ population migration ۞͛̚˘ޠϡĶˠ˾ዏଁķĂ҃ labor migration ϡĶ౻̍߹જķ ˘ෟĄ҃͛ٙ̚Ꮬ۞Ķ౻̍ķ̙֭ߏ็˘ਠ̂ிٙᄮۢ۞ᖡᅳ̍ү۰Ăܼᇃཌྷ ۞౻જˠ˾Ăӈಶຽ۰ĞΒ߁ัăצဌ۰ăҋᒉүຽ۰ă̈́࿌छᛳ̍ү۰ğ̈́ εຽ۰Ą
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā151
តዏ̈́አዋ۞࿅ćд 1980 ѐ̚ഇͽ݈Ă̍ຽొܝĞপҾߏᄦౄຽğ ̪ࠎέ៉གྷᑻ൴ण۞វĂڇޢચຽొ۞ܝјܜજ˧̈́ࢦࢋّ̂֍ ಼೩̿Ă֭ు႙ฟؕ̍ຽొܝĂѩ˘ᔌ๕ ٺ1990 ѐͽޢតՀࠎ ځពĄЯѩĂέ៉གྷᑻඕၹ۞ᖼݭ࿅ૄώ˯Ъ SolowĞ1957ğ۞ј ܜሀёĂӈ˘઼۞གྷᑻ൴णࢦ͕ܼАϤྺຽĂГҌ̍ຽĂޢҌڇચຽ ొ۞ܝ൴ण͞ШĄᒖᜪ࿅Νፋ࣎གྷᑻ൴ण࿅Ăέ៉ˠ˾̈́౻˧አፋ፟ ࠹ט༊ѣᇅّĂˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જд౻જξಞˠ˧አ༼۞Αਕ˯Էႊ ܧ૱ࢦࢋ۞֎ҒĂέ៉࿅Νࡶѣड़۞౻̍߹જ፟טĂགྷᑻυଂ൴ण ֽĞLin 1998ğĄ ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ۞જၗតዏડાགྷᑻඕၹ۞ᖼݭ࿅िि࠹ ᙯĄέ៉۞གྷᑻඕၹฟؕϤྺຽБࢬᖼݭҌ̍ຽ۞ݭၗؕҋ 1950 ѐĄ ༊ॡ߆عଳϡĶซ˾ആ߆ඉķͽܮ൴ण઼̰۞ᅅ̍ຽĞKuo 1983; Li 1988ğĂֹྺຽ౻̍ࢦາ߹Ш൴ण̚۞̍ຽొܝĂ֭ΐి̰ొౌξ̼ ࿅ĄҭΩ˘͞ࢬϤ˿ٺгԼࢭ۞јΑĂྺՅ౻̍γ߹ᄵЯ̈́જ፟Ϻ࠹ ၆ഴ͌ĞSpeare 1974 ć Clark 1989ğĂྍॡഇ۞έ៉౻̍߹જᔵͽྺຽ Ҍ̍ຽొܝϤฏՅҌݱξ۞ዏଁݭၗࠎĂҭ౻̍߹જಶᇴณ҃֏֭ ̙ზ͉̂ĞSpeare et al. 1988ğĄ έ៉̰ొѣΫͽֽఢሀ̂۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ൴Ϡ ٺ1960 ѐ ̚ഇĂͷྍ̰ొˠ˧̝̂ఢሀொᖼᜈܜ྿ 10 ѐ̝˳ĞLin 1998ğĄྍ ̂ఢሀ۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ 1960 ѐ߆˧̂عଯજ൴ण˾ጱШய ຽ۞གྷᑻ߆ඉѣܧ૱̷۞ᙯᓑĄ༊ॡέ៉۞གྷᑻ൴णඉரܼͽ߆ඉّ ረᐽନ߉ĞтረᐽԸྤ୧ּඈğ˧ӛ઼͔γԸྤĂБ˧൴णͽ˾ࠎ ጱШ۞̍ຽϡͽו፬˾ᔇפγ๗Ąྍགྷᑻ൴णඉரд༊ॡቁ၁Էႊ˘ ܧ૱ࢦࢋͷјΑ۞֎ҒĂ่̙ܳј౻˧ะயຽԣిјܜĂ˵ࠎέ៉ޢ ᜈ۞གྷᑻ൴णಧૄؠᖂĞRanis 1992ğĄ
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Ϥٺ౻˧ะ˾ጱШ۞̍ຽԣి൴णĂ౻જξಞ၆ˠ˧̝ᅮՐ̂ ಼೩Ă̂ఢሀ۞ྺຽҌ̍ຽొܝ౻̍ஐொᖼߏٺ൴ϠĂ֭ጱ̂ఢሀ ۞ྺՅҌݱξ౻̍ዏଁĞrural-to-urban labor migrationğ̈́ԣి۞ౌξ̼ ࿅Ąѩ˘ࢦࢋ۞གྷᑻ൴णล߱Ăࡶтѩѣड़ͷԣి۞ొ̈́ܝડાˠ ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જֽ͚೯̍ຽొ۞ޘܝˠ˧ᅮՐĂέ៉۞གྷᑻ൴ण ଂಧ˭͟ޢјΑ۞ૄᖂĞLin 1998ğĄ ҃ 1970 ѐܐௐ˘ѨϮڵП፟̈́ྍѐϐ۞ௐ˟ѨϮڵП፟Ă၆ έ៉۞གྷᑻඕၹயϠᆐধ۞ᑝ̈́ᇆᜩĄௐ˘ѨϮڵПֹ፟̍ຽొܝགྷ ᑻϠய࠹זצ༊۞ޘχᑝĂϤٺயࣃ۞ᒺĂ༊ॡഅ൴Ϡ̈ఢሀϤ̍ ຽҌྺຽొ۞ܝ౻̍ொᖼଐԛĂݱξҌྺՅ۞౻̍а߹ዏଁĞreturn labor migrationğĄҭௐ˘ѨϮڵП፟ޢέ៉۞གྷᑻޝԣޭೇ߿˧Ă˯ ۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ͞Ш̝Ķਗ਼ᖼķΪߏᇶॡ۞ன෪Ăޝԣ۞౻̍߹ જಶޭೇֽࣧĶ߹ķ۞͞ШĂӈ̪ͽྺຽҌ̍ຽొ̝ܝஐொᖼฏՅ Ҍݱξ౻̍ዏଁ۞ݭၗࠎĞLin 1998ğĄҌ 1970 ѐϐĂԧ઼̏ࢬᓜ γϹు႙εӀా͔൴۞઼̰߆གྷඕၹᆐধត̼ăྺຽొܝ౺ዶ౻̍ు ႙ߜაă઼̚χܜ྿ 30 ѐ۞ᗆ઼߆ඉĂֲ̈́ݑڌኜ઼ඈາᎸགྷᑻវᎸ ඈЯ৵Ăέ៉็౻˧ะயຽ̙̏ೇٕӈεΝ઼ᅫᚮ˧ۋĂ߇ੵ ˞ۤົ̈́߆ڼඕၹ̏ฟؕซҖลّ߱̈́ඕၹّ۞አፋٕࢦ̝γĂέ៉ ۞གྷᑻඕၹϺซҖΩ˘گඕၹّ۞ᖼݭĄ ٙͽ 1980 ѐέ៉གྷᑻඕၹᖼ̈́ڼ߆۞ݭགྷᑻࡦഀΞ̶ࠎ઼઼̰ γ̂Я৵Ą઼̰Я৵ࢋܼ็۞ᝋڼ߆ރវטĞauthoritarian polityğ ̏ు႙Ϥ 1970 ѐ̝݈̈́ٙᏜ۞ૻർᝋރĞhard authorityğᖼតࠎٙᏜ ۞హّᝋރĞsoft authorityğĄ၁߉ᇴ˩ѐ۞Ԧᚑ΄Հ ٺ1987 ѐކοྋ ੵĂֹۤົ൴ण̈́གྷᑻ߿˧តՀΐ߿ሐ̈́кᇹ̼Ă࣎ˠ۞ۤົ̈́ᖚ ຽ߹જిޘΐ̂Ăಧ˭͟ޢགྷᑻҋϤ઼̼ᅫ̼۞ૄᖂĞCopper 1988;
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā153
Clark 1989ğĄдۤགྷࡦഀొ̶Ă༊ॡ߆ܝొع၆གྷᑻඕၹᖼ߆۞ݭඉߏ ԓ୕઼̰۞གྷᑻඕၹഈྤώะ͞Ш൴णĂҭϤٺௐ˟ѨϮڵП፟۞ዩ ፁĂྍี߆ඉϲ࣒גϒࠎͽ൴णԫఙ̈́ۢᙊะĞт̄ྤੈ̍ຽğ۞ யຽࠎĞGold 1986; Li 1988ğĄְޢᙋځĂྍี߆ඉ۞ਗ਼ᖼ၆ 1980 ѐ ͽ۞ޢέ៉གྷᑻ൴णѣ˘ߊஎͷᇃ۞ᇆᜩĄ Яѩᔵѝҋ 1970 ѐϐҌ 1980 ѐܐĂέ៉۞གྷᑻඕၹ̏ฟؕᖼ ݭĂҭᖼ۞ݭඕ̈́ڍјड़ځ̙إពâۡ ז1980 ѐ̚ഇͽޢĂέ៉۞གྷ ᑻඕၹؕ֍Ω˘ځ಼̈́̂گព۞ត̼Ą̚ࢦࢋ۞পᇈߏڇચຽΚ઼ ̰Ϡயͨᗝ۞ּͧฟؕԣి˯̿Ă҃̍ຽొܝٙΚּ̝ͧฟؕ˭ć ѩॡΩ˘ࢦࢋপᇈߏ̍ຽొܝಶຽˠᇴΚᓁಶຽˠᇴ۞ּͧ ٺ1980 ѐ ̚ഇ྿זपޢϺ֍ฟؕ˭Ă҃ڇચຽొܝಶຽˠᇴΚᓁಶຽˠᇴ۞ ּͧ֍ԣిᘆ̿Ă߇ 1980 ѐ̚ഇͽޢέ៉۞གྷᑻඕၹഈڇચຽ൴ण ̝ၗ๕̏ܐனბࣔĄϤ ٺ1985 Ҍ 1990 ѐมέ៉۞གྷᑻܧڶې૱ዋЪڇ ચຽ۞൴णĂҭ၆̍ຽొܝĞপҾߏ็۞ᄦౄຽğ࠹ݒ༊̙ӀĂٙͽ ྍॡഇ౻̍߹જপᇈߏฟؕனϤ̍ຽొܝҌڇચຽొܝொᖼ۞ன෪Ą ߇࿅Ν˟˩ѐֽ۞൴णĂ 1980 ѐߏέ៉߆ڼăགྷᑻ̈́ۤົ൴णܧ ૱ࢦࢋ۞˘࣎ᖼହᕇĄ߆ڼ൴ण͞ࢬĂ็ۤົลᆸ̈́ᝋ˧ߛၹฟؕᗫ જ̈́ࢦĂ࣎ˠ̈́ፋវۤົ߹જّΐ̂Ą༊ॡ߆ڼҋϤ̼Ϻ၆ܳซགྷᑻ ҋϤ̼̈́ڇચຽ۞൴णѣ࠹༊̂۞มତϒࢬड़ڍĂྍड़ڍҌ 1980 ѐ̚ ഇ̏ు႙ពᜨֽćགྷᑻ൴ण͞ࢬĂҋ 1970 ѐϐ߆عՙඉొ̏ܝ၅ ᛇĂԧ઼็˾ጱШ౻˧ะயຽ۞ᚮۋᐹ๕ᐌ઼̚Լࢭฟڌ̈́ٸ ֲݑགྷᑻវ̝Ꮈ҃ࢫҲĂᄮࠎѣυࢋΐిଯજགྷᑻඕၹᖼݭĄ༊ॡ၆ ᖼݭඉரѣ࠹༊̂۞ۋᛉĂҭϤٺௐ˟ѨϮڵП፟Ğ1979-1980ğĂՙඉ ొߏٺܝଯᖙࣧАͽ൴णྤώะயຽĞтϮ̼ăՠ֘̈́᐀ᜠඈğࠎ ۞ᖼݭඉரĂԼଳԫఙะඉரĂາѻࡊጯડ۞నϲ߆ྍߏܮඉវ
154
ᄂ៉ۤົጯΏ
̼р۞ּ̄Ą ༊έ៉۞߆གྷ̈́ۤົඕၹ ٺ1980 ѐϐซҖࢦॡĂέ៉۞ડા౻ જξಞ̈́౻̍߹જ̂ᒖဩϺࢬᓜඕၹّ۞ᖼ̈́ݭត̼Ąּтొݑฯг ડϮ̼̈́ࢦ̍ຽஎצѨϮڵП፟ᇆᜩĂΐ˯็யຽొ̰˯ྫྷڱ གྷᑻඕၹᖼ۞ݭՎአĂֹͽฯౌົડࠎ८͕۞ొݑડાགྷᑻฟؕ՟ རćϤڇٺચຽ̈́າᎸ̍ຽ൴णٙࢉϠ۞གྷᑻӀৈĞт̍ү፟ົඈğд гந̶ο˯ࢋะ̚дΔొ۞έΔ̈́າѻгડĂֹΔొгડ۞౻જξ ಞӛ͔˧Հ֍ซ˘Վૻ̼Ą 1990 ѐέ៉۞གྷᑻ൴ण̏ซˢΩ˘࣎າ۞ล߱Ăপᕇߏགྷᑻඕၹ ᖼ۞ݭड़ڍฟؕពன̈́ٙࢬᓜ۞઼ᅫᚮۋᆧ̂Ą 1990 ѐέ៉གྷᑻ۞൴ण ͞Ш̈́ᖼݭඕ࠹̏ڍ༊ځቁĂܼͽڇચຽ̈́ࡊԫயຽࠎĂ౻̍߹જ ܼͽ̍ຽҌڇચຽొ۞ܝˠ˧ொᖼࠎĄѩॡέ៉ٙࢬᓜ۞ۤགྷ̂ᒖဩ តዏ઼γ̏ฟ൴઼छ࿅Ν۞གྷរᙷҬĂּтϤొ̰ٺགྷᑻ߿જ۞Ν̍ ຽ̼Ğdeindustrializationğ̈́Ν͕̼̚ĞdecentralizationğඕڍĂᄦౄຽ ࿆ฟؕੜĂֹ၆৺ˠ˧۞࠹၆ᅮՐΐ̂Ăҭྍາᙷ۞ݭགྷᑻඕ ၹϺົТॡ౹ౄ̂ณ۞Ҳล̍ү፟ົֽ೩ֻ৺གྷᑻ߿જٙࢉϠ۞౻ ચᅮՐĂ҃̚৺۞ಶຽ፟ົĞтҖ߆ˠࣶ෴̍үˠࣶඈğ࠹ົ၆ ۞ᒺĞSassen 1988ğĄ 2 ѩγĂέ៉̰ొགྷᑻϺซ˘ՎഈҋϤ઼̼̈́ᅫ ̼݈ซĂྍႊតѣซ˘Վஎ̼̰ొགྷᑻ߿જ८઼͕ᅫགྷᑻ߿જాඕ ۞үϡĂֱາགྷᑻ८͕ӈٙᏜ۞઼ᅫݱξĞglobal citiesğĂٙᛳய ຽጾѣ˘ВТপᇈĂ֤ಶߏͽޘຽڇચຽࡊԫயຽࠎ ĞSassen 1991ğ ĂέΔξӈࠎ˘ځពּ̄Ą
2
Ν̍ຽ̼Ğdeindustrializationğ̈́Ν͕̼̚Ğdecentralizationğ۞ྋᛖĂኛણ҂
SassenĞ1988: 126-127ğĄ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā155
1990 ѐԧࣇϺࢬᓜΩ˘࣎ܧ૱ࢦ̂۞ྤੈԫఙࢭّតࢭĂྍត ࢭࢉϠ۞ඕߏ˘̝ڍயϠٙᏜ۞າགྷᑻĞnew economyğ̈́ጱྤੈۤ ົĞinformation societyğ۞૦ĞCastells 2000ğĂ֭၆ԧࣇࣧώ௫ͽࠎ ૱۞̍ү̈́اҝщଵăϠயሀёăۤົᖐڼ߆ඕၹயϠࢦ̂ᇆᜩ̈́ ᑝĄٙᏜາགྷᑻĂ CastellsĞ2000ğ۞ؠཌྷܼགྷᑻ߿જྤੈ̼Б ̼۞ޢາϠயሀёĂ֭ѣ౻જăྤώăԫఙξಞඈࢋ৵ͽБّఢ ሀĂᖣϤშྮ̷ፋЪ̈́ࢋ৵߹఼ి็ͧޘሀёԣిඈপّĄࢬ၆˯ តࢭॡĂԧࣇٙࢬᓜ۞ۤົགྷᑻᒖဩ̏ၟ̙Т ٺBellĞ1976ğă KendrickĞ1961ğă SolowĞ1957ğă̈́ TofflerĞ1980ğඈ̍ຽཌྷ Ğindustrialismğٕ̍ޢຽཌྷĞpost-industrialismğጯ۰ٙૻአ۞ࢬШĄ Яѩ 1990 ѐҋϤ̼̈́Б̼̏જـͽБ̙Т۞౻જᅮՐ̈́ ಶຽݭၗĂϤܡٺᘣϠயࢋ৵߹જ۞Я̄Ğт౻જξಞ̙ԆБੈि̈́ ٽᅪᘣඈğдࢬ၆າᎸ۞შྮ̈́ΐˢ WTO ޢĂࢨטు႙ഴٕ͌జχ Ăֱត̼၆ˠ˧ொᖼυயϠඕၹّ۞ᇆᜩĂ౻̍߹જ၆ˠ˧ྤώ̈́ ҖຽҾ۞ᏴፄّົតՀࠎពĂੵ˞̰ొ౻̍߹જ̏யϠඕၹّ۞ ត̼γĂέ៉౻̍߹જΩ˘ࢦ̂តዏߏྭ઼౻̍߹જ၆ώ˿̝ᇆᜩ͟ԛ ពĄ дᖎࢋгаᜪέ៉࿅Ν˟˩ೀѐֽ߆གྷ̈́ۤົ൴णᔌ๕Ă̈́ˠ˾ዏ ଁ౻̍߹જ۞តዏࡦഀޢĂώ͛ତ˭ֽซˢˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟ ۞ᗟĂࢍ̶α̂ొ̶ֽኢĈĞ1ğዏଁ၆έ៉ડા̈́ౌξ൴ण۞ᇆ ᜩ ă Ğ 2ğ ̰ ొ ዏ ଁ Ğ internal migrationğ ય ᗟ ă Ğ 3ğ ྭ ઼ ዏ ଁ Ğinternational migrationğયᗟă̈́Ğ4ğ̰ొዏଁ̈́ྭ઼ዏଁ۞ࡎϬ ࠼Ąώ͛Аኢዏଁ၆έ៉ડા̈́ౌξ൴णᇆᜩ۞ᛉᗟĂࢋϫ۞ߏᖣ Ϥଣ࿅Ν˟˩ѐֽ۞ᓁវ̂ԊតજĂАග۰έ៉ˠ˾ዏଁ۞ܜഇဦ ညᔌ๕Ą̰҃ొዏଁ۞યᗟߏ࿅Ν˟˩ೀѐֽౌ˘ۡхд۞Ăҭྭ઼
156
ᄂ៉ۤົጯΏ
ዏଁયᗟߏέ៉ ٺ1980 ѐϐഇĶ͗ܝฟٸķ̖ޢు႙ពᜨֽ۞Ą Ϥ઼ྭٺዏଁ၆έ៉̰ొ۞ᇆᜩ ٺ1996 ѐ̖͞ޢు႙ពĂ߇̰ొዏଁ ̈́ྭ઼ዏଁ۞ࡎϬ࠼Ϻ ٺ1996 ѐ̖ޢᖼᔌϨሤ̼Ă่̙јࠎۤົགྷ ᑻࢦࢋᛉᗟĂϺࠎ߆ࢋࢦڼᛉᗟĄ ώ͛ߛၹт˭Ăௐ˘ొ̶ࢦ͕ٸдˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ၆έ៉ડ ા ̈́ ౌ ξ ൴ ण ᇆ ᜩ Ğ impact of migration on regional and urban developmentsğٙࢉϠ۞યᗟćௐ˟ొ̶ੵଣέ៉̰ొዏଁ˘ਠયᗟ γĂϺซ˘Վଣᙝᅫ౻̍߹જĞmigration of marginal laborğ࠹ᙯય ᗟĂࢦᕇᕚдεຽ౻̍߹જĞmigration of the unemployedğăజ࢝ᗓᖚ Ğmigration of involuntary job changeğăࣧҝϔ౻̍߹જĞmigration of Taiwanese aboriginesğયᗟć 3 ௐˬొ̶ኢྭ઼ዏଁ۞યᗟĂੵ˞˘ ਠયᗟаᜪ̈́ኢ̝γĂࢦᕇࢦдҲԫఙγᚱ౻͔̍ซĞimportation of low-skilled foreign laborğăώ઼ˠ̖а߹Ğreversal of brain drainğ̈́ γ߹યᗟĞbrain drainğćௐαొ̶۞คߏଣĶ͗ܝฟٸķొ̰ޢ ዏଁ̈́ྭ઼ዏଁ۞ࡎϬ࠼ĂࢦᕇᕚдҲลγᚱ౻̍Ğͽ˭ϡĶγ౻ķ ˘ෟğᄃώ઼౻̍Ğͽ˭ϡĶώ౻ķ˘ෟğ̍ү፟ົࡎયᗟ઼ྭዏ ଁ၆̰ొዏଁ۞ᇆᜩĞimpact of international migration on internal migrationğયᗟćߏޢώ͛ඕኢ̈́࠹ᙯયᗟ۞ซ˘ՎኢĄ
3
ᙝᅫ౻̍ߏ۞ݭऴ๕౻જဥវĂᙝᅫ౻̍՟ѣځޝቁ۞ࠧ͞ؠёĂҭдໄه
˯Ăࡶ˘࣎౻જ۰Яҋٕ֗Яۤົă߆ڼăགྷᑻăޘטă̼̈́͛ඈᒖဩ̝៍މЯ ৵҃д౻જξಞ̝࠹၆ᚮ֖̙˧ۋॡĂӈΞࠧࠎؠᙝᅫ౻̍Ąϫ݈ԧࣇሢۢ۞ᙝᅫ ౻ּ̍ߏּ̄ݭтѐ᛬ઐͷĞٕğˠ˧ྤώઐҲ۞౻જˠ˾Ăপᇈߏԫఙͪ ̈́Ϡய˧ઐҲĂֹ࠹ྵٺ౻જˠ˾Ăᙝᅫ౻̝̍̍ྤྵࠎҲར̈́ಶຽщБ ྵ՟ܲᅪĄ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā157
˟ăዏଁࢉϠ۞ડા̈́ౌξ൴णયᗟ ዏଁડા̈́ౌξ൴णिि࠹ᙯĂዏଁᇆᜩડા̈́ౌξ۞ˠ˾ј ܜăˠ˧ֻᅮăاҝݡኳăົۤགྷᑻ൴णĂ҃ડા̈́ౌξ൴ण۞ඕڍ ͅ࿅ֽົᇆᜩዏଁ۞ݭၗ̈́পᇈĄдኢዏଁડા̈́ౌξ൴ण۞࠹ᙯ યᗟॡĂԧࣇυื˞ྋέ៉۞ડા̈́ౌξ൴ण۞ૄώតዏ࿅Ąέ៉д ̙Т۞൴णล߱Ăౌξវր̈́ડા൴ण࠰Ӕன̙Т۞ࢬᄻć͟ڼॡഇ ࢋצέ͟มྺ̶̼̍۞ޢֽ̈́ـٽഇ̍ຽ̼߆ඉᇆᜩĂέΔǕฯ ݑΔᗕໂĞdual polesğ۞ౌξ൴णၗ๕̈́έΔ۞ડાᐹ๕̏јԛ ĞBarclay 1954 ćౢࡻර 1986 ă 1997ğĄ ጼޢҌ 1980 ѐέ៉۞ડા̈́ౌξ൴णϺѣลّ߱পᇈĄ 1950 ѐࢋপҒߏؼᜈ͟ڼॡഇ൴णၗ๕Ăҭౌξ̼̏͟႙ځពĂ 1960 ѐ Ҍ 1970 ѐܐഇߏԣిౌξ̼ॡഇĂЯܼԣిགྷᑻ൴ण̈́̂ఢሀ ݱฏዏଁٙćҌ 1980 ѐέ៉གྷᑻඕၹซˢΩ˘گᖼݭĂౌົડ͕̚ ౌξј֍̏ܜቤĂҭಛݱᗉԣిјܜćдѩ࿅̚Ăέ៉̂ౌξ ۞ᆸ৺ૄώ˯̪ߏέΔฯౌ̂ξ̶ϲԊࢬĂέ̚д 1950 ѐͽޢ פέݑА݈۞ౌξҜลĞLiao 1988 ćౢࡻර 1997 ćग̋ 1997ğĄ གྷϤˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જĂέ៉ˠ˾۞Г̶੨Ӕன̙Т۞ݭၗ̈́প ᇈĂࢋ۞જၗតજ͞ШߏϤ͟ڼॡഇ۞࠹၆̶ు႙ᖼតјࠎϫ݈۞ ࠹၆ะ̚Ăˠ˾ࢦ͕ฟؕϤొݑు႙ொҌΔొ̈́Шౌξะ̚ĞႩ༄ 1990ğĄϤڼ͟ٺॡഇݑΔᗕໂડા൴ण۞ඕڍĂέ៉ፋ࣎ˠ˾੨ཉϺ ฟؕӔனໂ̼ன෪ćдˠ˾Г੨ཉ۞࿅̚Ăྵপঅ۞ߏέ៉Δొ ଂѝഇѨࢋˠ˾ะ͕̚ు႙ᖼតјࢋˠ˾ะ͕̚ĂޢГེតࠎ έ៉̂۞ˠ˾ะ̚гડĞ߉ 1979 ćౘᆵ߆ 1981ğĄ 4 έ៉д 1960 ѐ̚ഇϤٺԣి۞̍ຽ̼Ăฟؕன̰ొѣΫͽֽ̂ఢሀ۞ݱฏዏ
158
ᄂ៉ۤົጯΏ
ଁĞmassive rural-to-urban migrationğĂ̂ณ۞ྺՅ౻જˠ˾ொᖼҌౌξ ۞̍ຽొܝĂྍ࿅ᜈ˩ܕѐĂ֭၆έ៉ડા̈́ౌξ൴णயϠͧ எᅈᇆᜩĞSpeare 1974 ć Speare et al. 1988; Mullan et al. 1998; Lin 2000ğĄ ᔵ 1970 ѐ۞ѨϮڵП፟ౄјొ̶ౌξـฏՅ۞а߹ሗĂҭϤ ٺѩॡฏՅ̏εΝͽ݈ӛৼ౺ዶа߹ˠ˧۞ਕ˧Ăа߹ዏଁॡ֭՟ѣ ၆ฏՅડા൴ण̈́ડાˠ˧Г̶੨ѣ၁ኳᚥ̈́ځពᇆᜩ˧ć 1970 ѐ Ϻߏέ៉߆ົۤ̈́ڼགྷᑻ൴णࢦࢋᖼ۞ݭѐĂᔵ߆ඉခᐽາᎸயຽ ഈྤώ̈́ԫఙะ۞͞Ш൴णĂҭϤٺᖼ۞ݭड़إڍϏனĂέ៉۞ડ ા̈́ౌξ൴ण͞Ш֭՟ѣ͉̂តજĂˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જݭၗૄώ˯Ϻ ՟͉̂ԼតĂΪߏዏଁᇴณฟؕు႙ࢫҲć߇ LinĞ2000ğҋ 1930 ѐ̚ഇҌ 1980 ѐܐഇĂέ៉ፋ࣎ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જܼӔனݑΔ̶ ߹۞ݭၗĞણ҂ဦ 1ğĄ ݈ॡഇ྆Ăౘᆵ߆̈́ၐϒԈĞ1984ğ൴னౌξјߏܜౄјˠ˾ዏ ଁ۞γдЯ৵̝˘Ăགྷᑻ൴णٙயϠ۞າᎸҖຽјࠎˠ˾ொˢ۞൏ᕇĂ ಶຽ፟ົᙷ̝ݭमளጱ၆̙Тିֈޘ౻જᅮՐćࡁտពϯˠ˾ӛ ৼડࢋͽѐᅅ̈́ିֈޘ۰۞ொˢࠎĂҭˠ˾γொડЯࠎѐᅅ ̈́ିֈޘˠ˾γொጱˠ˾јҁ̼̈́ˠ˧ྤώ˭ࢫඈયᗟĂ ֹˠ˾γொડ۞Ϡய˧Я҃ઐҲĄтڍொˢౌξгˠ˾ඈޞಶຽॡม ࿅ٕܜಶຽӧᙱĂౌξ۞็ొٽܝԛј̙·̶ಶຽ۞ଐ̈́ڶมତౄ јۤົયᗟĄ 4
έ៉ଂ 1895 ѐซˢ͟ώ۞઼ޓგᔑ̝ޢĂЯࠎ͟ώതϔ߆߆عඉјΑ۞̷ᕝέ៉
۞઼̚ᓑᘭĂέ៉۞ˠ˾˜ు႙ႊតࠎ˘࣎۞ౕދͼܕրćᔵέ៉ˠ˾д 1945 ѐϐഇז྿̂ࡗ̱Ѻ༱Ăҭ 1895-1945 ѐมέ៉ˠ˾۞јܜதߏܧ૱ତܕҋ јܜத۞Ą
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā159
ဦ1
ˠ˾ዏଁᔌ๕Ĉ 1935-1985
ችԈซĞ1986ğ൴னౌٺξ̼࿅̚ĂฏՅᄃౌξมಶຽాඕ۞ યᗟࢋߏঘזಶຽ۰ᄃݱฏгඕၹ۞ᙯᓑّĄдౌξ̼࿅̚Ă ಶຽˠ˾۞۩ม̶ο˘ਠౌАะ̶҃̚ޢĂౌົડˠ˾ۤົགྷᑻгҜ ۞۩ม̶οܼӔனҲۤགྷгҜ۰АଂฏՅொົౌـડᙝฏᗉĂۤޞ གྷ୧ІᄃгҜԼซޢГொˢ͕̚ౌξ۞ଐԛćϤٺฏՅಶຽˠ˧̂ณொ ౌـξ۞ඕڍĂጱฏՅ۞ۤົ̈́ྺຽඕၹౌזצᑝĄౘჹշĞ1990ğ ଣᖼ ۞ޢݭ1980 ѐέ៉Чᙷݭዏଁ۰̝পᇈͽ̈́ዏଁᏴፄّߏӎѣ ႙ซّćࢋࡁտ൴னߏˠ˾ᖼݭϐഇ۞έ៉Ăѐ᛬۞ᏴፄّӔன႙ซ ݭၗĂ҃ᖚຽᄃିֈΪдೀᙷዏଁ̚ѣពᇆᜩ˧Ăૄώ˯ߏᄮࠎֱ ඕזצߏڍϠฉഇ۞ᇆᜩĄᙝ༄܆Ğ1991ğࡁտ 1979 Ҍ 1988 ѐมέ៉ ЧᎩξˠ˾ஐዏଁณĂ൴னۤགྷ൴णमດ̂ˠ˾ஐዏଁதमளດ̂Ą
160
ᄂ៉ۤົጯΏ
LinĞ1998ğ Lin ̈́ LiawĞ2000ğֶҖ߆ੰࢍ 1990 ѐߤ̈́ ።ѐ̰ొዏଁአߤĂ൴ன 1980 ѐ̚ഇͽޢέ៉౻̍߹જࢋݭၗܼˠ ˧ྤϤгડҌΔొгડĞপҾߏέΔᎩξ̈́ॿᎩğ۞ஐொᖼĂ ྍีዏଁݭၗ 1930-1970 ѐม౻̍ШݑΔ̶߹۞ݭၗԆБ̙ТĂЯ ѩ 1980 ѐΞჍࠎέ៉౻̍߹જĶਗ਼ᖼķ۞ѐĞણ҂ဦ 2ğĄѩࢦ̂ ˠ˧੨ཉតዏ၆ 1990 ѐέ៉߆གྷăۤົ̈́ડા൴णѣஎᅈᇆᜩĂֹ 1990 ѐߏέ៉ˠ˾̶οГѨ߾ൕ۞ࢦࢋॡഇĄտតዏ̂Ԋܼέ៉̰ ొགྷᑻඕၹᖼݭડા౻જξಞ۞ඕၹّត̼Ăέ៉າᎸ̍ຽ̈́ڇચຽ кะ̚дΔొгડĞтາѻࡊጯડέΔξğĂ̈́ొݑડાགྷᑻඕၹ ᖼݭአፋిޘᓁវགྷᑻඕၹᖼݭՎአ̙˘ٙĄ 5 Lin ̈́ LiawĞ2000ğ۞ࡁտซ˘ՎĂέ៉ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ ၆யຽ̈́ડાགྷᑻඕၹᖼݭԷႊܧ૱ࢦࢋ۞ϒШ֎ҒĂপҒ̝˘ߏዏ ଁ۞ड़தޝĂዏଁ۞͞Шயຽ̈́ડાགྷᑻඕၹአፋ۞൴ण͞Ш˘ ćּтొݑгડ۞ࢦࢋౌξฯξд 1975 ѐ̝ޢஐொˢˠ˾ځព˭ ࢫĂΔొгડ۞έΔᎩξјࠎӛ͔˧۞гડĂᇆᜩቑಛ ٺ1990 ѐ ̚ഇࠤޢҌᕖणҌॿгડĂֹ̚ᗾॿౌົડјࠎ˩ܕѐֽˠ˾јܜ ԣి۞гĂଂ 1990 ѐҌ 2000 ѐˠ˾ࢍᆧΐ˞ 31.4% ̝кĞҖ߆ੰ ࢍ 2000ğ Ą ౻̍߹જ၆ડાˠ˧ྤώኳᄃณ۞јѣ̂ޝᇆᜩĂܐ৺̈́ాᜈ౻ ̍߹જܼϒШ۞ିֈᏴፄĂа߹߹જߏШିֈᏴፄćҭᇆᜩ˧̂
5
ฯડાᐹ๕۞ੜ่̙ྫྷགྷᑻѣᙯĂ߆ߏ˵ڼΞਕЯ৵̝˘ĄಶགྷᑻЯ৵҃
֏Ăฯ۞ੜࢋߏצѨϮڵП፟۞ᚑࢦχᑝᐹ๕۞౻˧ะăࢦ̍ຽăϮ ̼̍ຽćಶ߆ڼЯ৵҃֏ĂĶ࡚ᚊफְІķ၆༊ॡે߆۞઼ϔᛨ߆វߏ࠹༊ᚑࢦ۞ ߄ጼĂΞਕ݇ऴ˞༊ॡે߆۞઼ϔᛨ͟ޢ၆ݑέ៉ડાགྷᑻ൴ण۞͚ޘĄ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā161
ဦ2
ˠ˾ዏଁᔌ๕Ĉ 1986-2000
۰˘ਠ҃֏ߏܐ৺౻̍߹જĂΪѣ͌ᇴଐࢦ˭ڶኑ౻̍߹જ̖ѣځព۞ ᇆᜩćܐ৺౻̍߹જ۞߹જ͞ШߏฏՅౌـξĂа߹߹જౌߏξـฏ ՅĂాᜈ߹જౌߏξมˠ˧۞ொᖼĞLin and Liaw 2000ğĄ ΩϤ ٺ1980 ѐϐҌፋ࣎ 1990 ѐέ៉۞ડાགྷᑻඕၹ̈́ડા౻ જξಞಶຽඕၹ̏யϠλ̂ត̼Ăາ۞གྷᑻඕၹ̏யϠـͽБ̙Т ۞౻જᅮՐ̈́ಶຽݭၗĂֹˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જĞኢߏડાٕயຽğ ۞ିֈᏴፄّតপҾពĄૻধ۞ዏଁିֈᏴፄّ၆έ៉ડા̈́ ౌξ൴णѣ˘ࢬड़ڍĂӈౄјέ៉ડા۞ˠ˧ྤώኳณ̶οซ˘Վೋ ̼۞યᗟĞLin and Liaw 2000ğćּтྺຽгડܼ۞ݭˠ˾ஐ߹εг ĂҭϤ߹ٺεˠ˾ͽିֈޘ۰ࠎĂ߇ዏଁߏౄјྺຽгડˠ˧ ྤώೋ̼યᗟࢋॲćέΔξ၆Ҳିֈޘ۰ѣૻޝধ۞ଵᑟү
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ϡĂࢋӛৼ۰ͽିֈޘ۰ࠎĂ߇ዏଁ၆έΔξ۞ˠ˧ྤώԼ චԷႊ˘ϒШ֎ҒćέΔᎩ̈́ॿгડᔵӛৼˠᇴᓁณ̂ĂҭϤٺ ӛৼ۞ˠ˾ିֈᏴፄّ̙ځពĂ߇ዏଁ၆ˠ˧ྤώኳ۞Լච֭՟͉̂ үϡćฯξ่̙ӛৼˠ˾ᓁᇴ̙кĂͷዏଁ۞ିֈᏴፄّ̙֭ព Ă߇ዏଁ၆ฯξˠ˧ྤώ۞ኳณְ၁˯ᇆᜩ̙̂Ą ߸လ༉ඈˠĞ2003ğଣડાዏଁᄃгડҾ౻જξಞ̝ม۞ᙯܼĂ Ӏϡ˘ਠӮᏊሀݭĞgeneral equilibrium modelğĂΒӣൺഇ࣎ˠдߊؠξ ಞᆊॾ˭ٙү۞ዋՙඉᄃܜഇٙѣξಞአፋᔌШӮᏊ̶ొĂඕڍ൴ னέ៉ЧᎩξ۞ዏଁҖࠎஎצགྷᑻᄵЯ۞ᇆᜩĄֱᄵЯΒ߁гડҾ۞ ࠹၆ಶຽ፟ົă࠹၆ᓟྤᄃ࠹၆யຽඕၹѣӀ۰Ăਕૉӛ͔ዏଁ۰ ዏˢćயຽඕၹ۞Լតጱ۞࠹၆ᓟྤᆧΐĂ͔ٙ൴۞ዏଁજ˧࠹ྵٺ ৷ო࠹၆ᓟྤ˯͔̿ٙ൴۞ዏଁજ˧ՀࠎૻধĄᔳӣ߆ࢋࡶعπᏊડા มˠ˾۞मளĂአፋгડ۞யགྷඕၹᅈͧࢫҲડાّٙඁՀࠎѣड़Ą ѩγĂϤٺԣిᎸ̈́͟ৈ̈́۞ྤੈშྮ၆ྤੈ߹఼̏யϠΩ˘ ̂ࢦگតࢭ̈́ᇆᜩĂ؞ڒπ̈́ߟࢰтĞ2004ğଣ౻̍߹જ̈́ྤੈ߹જ ۞ᙯܼĂ൴ன౻̍߹જ̈́ྤੈ߹જ۩ม۞ݭၗ࠹༊˘Ăྤੈд౻̍߹ જՙඉ࿅̚Էႊ֎۞ࢋࢦޝҒĂ౻̍߹જ̈́ྤੈ߹જ۩ม۞ݭၗ࠹༊ ˘Ăߏྤੈ·̶۞г͞Ă༊г۞ˠϔਕҹטࢨ۞ੈྤڇĂ౻̍߹ જ۞ּͧಶćྍࡁտშྮྻϡ̙֭υ၆ҹ࣎ڇˠྤੈ۞פ ॡ۩ࢨטயϠӮኳүϡĂϤྻੈྤٺϡ̈́౻̍߹જᗕࢦᏴፄᇆᜩ˭Ăέ ៉۞౻જξಞˠ˧੨ཉഇົซ˘ՎӔனໂ̼۞ன෪Ą ᖎ֏̝Ăགྷᑻඕၹ۞ᖼݭБ̼۞ሗځពԼតέ៉ડાགྷᑻ൴ णඕၹͽ̈́౻̍߹જ۞ᔌ๕Ăέ៉൴णྵࠎቤၙ۞ડા࠰ࢬᓜˠ˾߹ε યᗟĂፋ࣎έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ̪ᖞߏౌـξะ̚ĂপҾߏΔొ гડĄέΔξពϯ۞ૻޝᏴፄିֈޘ౻̍পኳĂ၆ٺҲିֈޘ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā163
ٕߏҲԫఙ۰ѣځព۞ଵᑟүϡćΩϤ ٺ1980 ѐޢഇڇચຽ۞ԣి ൴णĂϺֹέΔξซ˘Վӛ͔Ğ̙ኢߏ̰ొԺٕྭ઼ዏଁğிкି ֈ۞ޘϨᅳຽˠ̖߹ˢĂᙷҬ۞ଐԛϺனдͽາѻξĞέ៉۞ۣ ğࠎ८͕۞ᙝгĄ ᔵˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જѣܳซˠ˧ྤώٺ౻જξಞ̚ொᖼ۞ϒ ࢬड़ڍĂҭΩ˘͞ࢬݒѣೋ̼ડાมˠ˧ྤώ۞ኳᄃณ̙πᏊ۞ͅШड़ ڍĄĶᗕ˺ķड़ڍ၆έ៉ડા̈́ౌξ൴णயϠໂ̼ன෪̈́൴ण۞ ᙱԊࢬćּт࿅Ν˟˩ѐֽĂˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ۞̂צৈ۰༊ᛳͽ έΔξࠎ८͕۞Δొгડ̈́າѻгડĂˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ၆ᆧΐέ Δξˠ˧ྤώхณ۞ᚥ̙֭̂ĂҭϤٺέΔξ၆Ҳିֈޘ۰ѣޘ ۞ଵᑟड़̈́ڍ၆ିֈޘ۰хдૻধӛৼड़ڍĂˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ ၆έΔξˠ˧ྤώኳ۞Լซѣం̂۞ϒࢬड़ڍĄ ҭέ៉ͽొݑฯξࠎ८͕۞гડĂϤ 1930 ѐฟؕ۞ᜈјݭܜ ၗҌ 1980 ѐ̚ഇ֍ޢౝˢ൴णઃ႖ଐԛĂˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ၆ݑ ొгડˠ˧ྤώኳณ۞ᇆᜩ˧಼̂ഴҲĂ҃౻̍߹જ۞ࢋᏮछੵ ˞˘ֱྺ۞ݭຽᎩγĂ˵Βӣૄษလཌྷඈགྷᑻૄᖂྵᓠऴ۞гડĂ ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ၆ֱг͞ˠ˧ྤώ۞ኳณೋ̼ன෪࠹༊ځពĂ ၆ֱг͞ડા൴णயϠࢬ̂ޝड़ڍĄ
ˬă̰ొዏଁ̈́ᙝᅫ౻̍߹જયᗟ ώ༼ࢦᕇАаᜪέ៉̰ొዏଁ۞˘ਠયᗟĂତࢦᕇॗҌᙝᅫ౻ ̍߹જ۞યᗟĞࢋଣεຽ̈́జ࢝ᗓᖚ۰۞౻̍߹જયᗟࣧҝϔ౻ ̍߹જયᗟğĄࢵАĂኢଂநኢഇ̈́͵ࠧЧ઼၁ᙋඕ࠻ֽڍĂˠ˾ ዏଁĂপҾߏ౻̍߹જĂߏՐ̈́ܳซ࣎ˠ̈́छलࡅ۞ࢦࢋ͞ёĂּ
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т ዏ ଁ ۰ ۞ ֗ ٙ ఼ ૱ ͧ ܧዏ ଁ ۰ ߏ ࠎ ځᙋ Ğ Sjaastad 1962; DaVanzo 1977; Grant and Vanderkamp 1980ğĄҭ̂छٙنர۞ߏĂྻϡ ዏଁֽܳซ࣎ˠ̈́छलࡅ̙֭ߏಏ৷۞ຍᙸયᗟĂࢦᕇдٺዏଁ۞ՙ ඉ̈́࿅ߏӎٺҋᙸ̈́ѣਕ˧;ኜҖજĂΐ˯ዏଁߏѣૻধᏴፄّ ۞࿅Ăԧࣇ࠻۞זĶјΑķ९ְּ၁˯ߏѣߙ۞ޘᏴፄّઐᄱ Ğselection biasğćೱήྖᄲĂࡶ՟ѣਕ˧ซҖዏଁԺٕዏଁܼҋܧҋ ᙸّ۞ՙඉĂ۞ݭᙷዏଁඕڍĞmigration outcomeğΞਕྵࢉٽϠ ˘ֱۤົયᗟĂЯѩࣃԧࣇซ˘ՎᙯڦĄ ࠹ྵ˘ٺਠ౻̍Ăᙝᅫ౻̍ߏ۞ݭऴ๕ဥវĞdisadvantaged groupğĄᔵᙝᅫ౻̍՟ѣځޝቁ۞ࠧ͞ؠёĂҭдໄ࣎˘ࡶ˯ه౻જ ۰Яҋٕ֗Яۤົă߆ڼăགྷᑻăޘטă̼̈́͛ඈᒖဩ̝៍މЯ৵Ă ֹٺ౻જξಞ۞࠹၆ᚮ֖̙˧ۋॡĂӈΞࠧࠎؠᙝᅫ౻̍Ąϫ݈ԧࣇ ሢۢ۞ᙝᅫ౻̍ߏּ̄ݭѐ᛬ઐٕˠ˧ྤώઐҲ۞౻જˠ˾Ăপ ᇈߏԫఙͪ̈́Ϡய˧ઐҲĂटٽεຽ̙̈́ٽГಶຽĞreemploymentğĂ ٕགྷ૱ٺҲޘಶຽĞunderemploymentğ۞ېၗĂЯѩ࠹ྵٺ౻જ ˠ˾Ăᙝᅫ౻̍۞̍ྤྵࠎҲར̈́ಶຽщБྵ՟ܲᅪĄ ώ͛ଣᙝᅫ౻̍߹જ۞ࢋநϤߏĂ࿅Ν˟˩ѐֽέ៉གྷᑻඕ ၹᔵ̏ഈྤώ̈́ԫఙะ͞Шᖼݭâਠ౻જˠ˾Ϻਕצৈྍٺඕၹត જֽ۞ӀৈĂͷкਕྫྷ˯གྷᑻඕၹᖼ۞ݭཙՎĂЯѩԧࣇૄώ˯̙ϡ ͉࿅ፉ͕˘ਠ౻̍۞አዋયᗟĄҭયᗟߏ࿅Ν˟˩ѐֽۤົགྷᑻඕၹᖼ ݭ࿅ܢயϠĶઘүϡķ̈́Ķੱ൭ķϺឰԧࣇ;࠹༊មˠ۞ۤົј ώĂࢉϠ͟ৈᚑࢦ۞ۤົયᗟ̈́৾ᕘĂܕѐֽඕၹّεຽ˯̿࣎˘ߏܮ ޝр۞ּ̄ĄտࣧЯĂԧ઼۞ᙝᅫ౻̍߹જ۞፟ט˞યᗟिि࠹ ᙯĄϤٺᙝᅫ౻̍д౻જξಞᚮ֖̙˧ۋĂ౻જ۰࠹ྵ̝˭ࣇ ྵᙱึӀགྷϤ౻̍߹જᒔ̍үᔛࡗĞjob offerğĂֹᙝᅫ౻̍ಶຽٽ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā165
јࠎ˘ۤົયᗟĂЯѩซҖᙝᅫ౻̍߹જ۞аᜪࡁտĂ၆߆ඉనࢍ̈́ યᗟྋՙĂົѣ۞̂ޝड़ϡĄ
Ğ˘ğ̰ొዏଁ۞˘ਠયᗟ ࠎ˞ͅߍዏଁՙඉ۞Җࠎਕ˧ົۤયᗟᙯᓑĂྵநຐ۞͞ёߏͽ ዏଁགྷរ̝ѣĂዏଁ̶ࠎܐ৺ዏଁĞprimary migrationğ̈́ࢦኑዏଁ Ğrepeat migrationğᙷ̂Ăܐ৺ዏଁܼ՟ዏଁགྷរ۞ˠٙઇ۞ዏଁĂ ҃ࢦኑዏଁߏѣዏଁགྷរ۰۞ГѨዏଁĄ 6 ѣዏଁགྷរ۞ˠГѨዏଁ ޢĂ̙ߏொаࣧϠгĞٕ˯Ѩاҝгٕ̍үгĂፆүؠݭཌྷෛࡁտᅮ ࢋٕྤफ़ّኳ҃ؠğĂಶߏᚶᜈொזҾ۞г͞Ă݈۰Ⴭ̝ࠎа߹ዏଁ Ğreturn migrationğĂޢ۰Ⴭ̝ࠎాᜈዏଁĞonward migrationğĄЯࠎ ˬᙷ۞ݭዏଁ۰̝ˠॾপኳѣ࠹༊̂۞मளĂ߇дઇ࠹ᙯࡁտॡĂԧ ࣇ่̙ᅮࢋ̶Ᏸ˘࣎ˠߏӎѣዏଁགྷរĂ˵ࢋซ˘Վડ̶ࠎңѣˠՙؠ а߹ĂѣˠݒᚶᜈዏଁҌҾĄ ݈ࡁտд઼γޝкĂҭέ៉࠹༊ց֍Ăࢋયᗟдྤफ़ࢨ טĄέ៉ࡁտᙷયᗟ۰ѝᛳႩ༄Ğ1984 ă 1988ğĂ̝؞ڒޢπ ĞLin 1998ğซҖ̂ఢሀ̈́րّࡁտĂέ៉۞ܐ৺ăа߹ă̈́ాᜈዏଁ ۞၏̖ͽޙϲĂޢᜈ࠹ᙯࡁտϺౙᜈனĦּ֍ߦڒϠඈ Ğ2002ğħĄ 7 ॲፂ Lin ̈́ LiawĞ2000ğ۞ࡁտĂέ៉۞౻જˠ˾ࡗѣ
6
઼̰γጯఙࠧ̏ᙋ၁Ăѣዏଁགྷរ۞ˠͧ՟࠹ᙯགྷរ۞ˠՀटٽГѨዏଁĂྍன
෪ࡊ݈Ϛ݈ͧࡊ۰ՀٽϚཋ۞ְ၁࠹༊ତܕĄտࣧЯĂѣዏଁགྷរ۰ͧ གྷរ۰Հٽೠ೪னੈྤ̈́ڶјώĞinformation costsğྵҲѣޝ̷۞ᙯܼĦּ ણ ҂ DaVanzoĞ 1981, 1983ğă LongĞ 1988ğă Ⴉ ༄ Ğ 1984ğă Lin ̈́ Liaw Ğ2000ğħĄ 7
˘րЕ࠹ᙯࡁտĂྎ Lin ඈˠĞ1999ğă Lin ̈́ LiawĞ1999, 2000ğă Lin ̈́ Tsay
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76% ՟ѣЇңዏଁགྷរĂֱዏଁགྷរ۰̝ዏଁͧதĞӈܐ৺ዏଁğ ࡗѣ 8% ć҃ѣ࿅ዏଁགྷរ۞ 24% ౻જˠ˾྆ĂዏଁͧதĞӈࢦᖬዏଁğ ྿ 14% Ă̚ѣ 39% Ᏼፄа߹ዏଁĂ 61% ᏴፄాᜈዏଁĄ͞ࢬ۞ ࡁտඕڍâ࣎ˠਕӎዏଁࢵАืҹڇҋ֗Я৵ࢨטĂҭ༊˘࣎ˠ ՙؠฟؕዏଁޢĂϤ̏ٺགྷ࿅౻̍߹જᏴፄّĞselectivityğ۞ᎡᏴĂ࣎ ˠЯ৵̝ࢦࢋّົࢫҲĂࢋՙؠЯ̄ߏξಞّ̈́ົۤЯ৵ćࢦኑ ዏଁஎ࣎צˠ࿅Νዏଁགྷរă౻જξಞྤੈ̈́୧ІăᏐ̓შྮĞkinship networkğăડાّྤώĞlocation-specific capitalğᇆᜩĄ έ៉ܐ৺౻̍߹જ۞࣎ˠՙඉ࿅࠹༊ಏ৷Ăҭࢦኑ౻̍߹જޝݒ ኑᗔĂࢦኑ߹જ̝፟טኑᗔޘ၁ጱЯٺа߹߹જĂాᜈ߹જព࠹၆ ಏ৷ధкĄܐ৺̈́ࢦኑ౻̍߹જ͞Ш 1990 ѐ݈གྷᑻඕၹᖼ઼̈́ݭᅫ̼ ౄј۞າᎸಶຽ፟ົ۩ม̙Ӯኳ̶οѣ̷࠹ᙯĂዏଁ۞ՙඉૄώ˯ܼ ᛳநّ۞གྷᑻҖࠎĂҭ˵ܧ̙͌צགྷᑻЯ৵ᇆᜩĞLin and Liaw 2000 ć Liaw and Lin 2001ğĄௐ˘Ѩዏଁޢεຽഇมດܜ۰̈́ௐ˘Ѩዏଁ݈̍ү إϏቁؠ۰ྵٽ၆ௐ˘ѨዏଁඕڍຏזĶε୕ķĂࠎĶ࣒ϒķ˯Ѩዏଁ ᄱՙඉĂྵٽᏴፄа߹҃ాܧᜈԣిዏଁĂϤֱٺˠࢋܼҲˠ˧ ྤώ۰ĂֹࣇྵٽεΝГޘШγଣ৶າξಞ۞Ķঈķć҃Ăࢦ ኑዏଁࣧЯ̙˘ؠ၆˯Ѩዏଁඕڍຏזε୕ѣᙯĂϺѣొ̶ࣧЯߏҾ ѣྵָ፟ົቡ߇ĞLin et al. 1999; Lin and Liaw 1999ğĄ Ϥܐٺ৺౻̍ዏଁ۰̂ౌߏĶ՟གྷរķ̈́ĶܐϠ̝ᘘ̙ࠦķ۞ѐ ᅅˠĂγତצ᎐ቚᔵѣࢲᐍĂҭܐѨ۞౻̍ዏଁϺߏˠϠጯ௫གྷ រ̈́གྷ።Ă၆ޢـᏴፄГዏଁԱזዋ̖ዋٙ۞̍үѣߙޘᑒӄć Яѩࡶܐ৺౻̍ዏଁ۞ඕ΄̙ڍˠ႕ຍٕҾ۞г͞ѣՀр፟ົĂ҃˭˘
Ğ2000ğă Liaw ̈́ LinĞ2001ğĄ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā167
ՎυืᏴፄాᜈዏଁҌҾ۞г͞ĂϤֱٺˠ఼૱ܼΞّૻ۞ѐᅅ ˠĂѣĶ݂ᐍķ۞ˠॾপኳ̈́ξಞዋᑕ˧ૻ۞পّĂЯѩԧࣇ̙ϡ͉ ࿅ፉ͕ᙷયᗟĞLiaw and Lin 2001ğĄ ҭࡶܐ৺౻̍ዏଁ۰Я၆ዏଁඕڍε୕ٕአዋ̙։҃Ᏼፄа߹ĂЯ ࠎࡁտඕڍពϯᙷݭа߹۞ˠϤٺ࿅Ν̙јΑགྷរົѣ͕ந˯ౚᇆĂ ϤٺĶ˘ഈజఏݕĂ˩ѐُ̡ᘰķड़ᑕĞeffect of ńonce burned, ten cautious’ğĂа߹఼ޢ૱ົεΝࣧАĶ݂ᐍķ۞পኳĂّॾតјѣࢲ ᐍᔌᔖĞrisk avoidanceğ̈́ࢲᐍೋĞrisk aversionğĂ̈́ξಞዋᑕّត म۞้ШĂ၆ГѨـγ൴णົѣࠦࢵࠦԍ۞ଐԛĄҭϤֱٺˠ۞࣎ˠ ୧Іְ၁˯֭՟֤ᆃᒷĂΪߏ࿅Ν۞གྷរ̈́ྤੈ̙֖ٙĂЯѩ߆ඉన ࢍ˯ࢋপҾڦຍခᐽᙷ۞ݭˠĶ̙ࢋُĂᑕᚶᜈГࢦາኼ˘ՎķĂ ঐੵ͕ந˯۞ౚᇆĂӎॡม˘˳ĂֱˠΞਕࠎԧࣇдฏ˭г͞ ૱࠻۞זĶྼ͘рยķٕĶᐞᆿಉԠķ̝ˠĂјࠎΩγ۞˘ۤົ યᗟĞLin et al. 1999ğĄ
Ğ˟ğᙝᅫ౻̍߹જયᗟĈεຽ౻̍ăజ࢝ᗓᖚ۰ă̈́ࣧҝϔ ౻̍ ତԧࣇଣᙝᅫ౻̍߹જ۞યᗟĂࢦᕇдεຽ̈́జ࢝ᗓᖚ۰۞౻ ̍߹જયᗟࣧҝϔ౻̍߹જયᗟĄܕѐֽέ៉۞εຽ̙ͪᕝШ˯ᘆ ̿Ăεຽયᗟдέ៉̏ు႙ೋ̼јާᅮྋՙ۞ۤົགྷᑻયᗟĄεຽ౻̍ Гಶຽ۞͞ёᔵޝкĂҭኢͽң͞ёĂࣇ୬Гಶຽ۞Аՙ୧І ఼૱ࢋགྷ።౻̍߹જĂࡶԧࣇڱೠ೪εຽ౻̍߹જ፟טĂϫ݈߆ඉྋ ՙεຽ۞ड़ڍυ̂χԶљĄтңֹܳεຽ۰ГಶຽͽԼචεຽયᗟĂј ࠎ˘̷࣎࢝۞યᗟĄ ྋՙεຽયᗟ۞͞ёޝкĂҭኢң͞ёĂεຽ౻̍Гಶຽॡ̂
168
ᄂ៉ۤົጯΏ
ౌࢋགྷ።౻̍߹જ۞࿅Ąεຽ౻̍གྷϤ౻̍߹જдҾᒔ̍үᔛࡗ ѣӄഴ͌εຽćҭдৌ၁͵ࠧ྆ĂϤٺኜт࣎ˠ̈́छल۞Я৵ăಶຽ ξಞྤੈ̙·̶ă̈́࣎ˠᒔநྤੈਕ˧̙ТĂΐ˯౻જξಞགྷ ᑻăۤົ̼̈́͛ඈඕၹّमளĂ·̶ಶຽߏ̙Ξਕ۞Ăεຽ౻̍۞ಶຽ યᗟ၁ᅫ˯ॲώ̙Ξਕтѩᖎಏ۞ᒔྋՙĄ ઼γଣεຽ౻̍߹જ۞͛ᚥ࠹༊кĂ઼γ͛ᚥ 1980 ѐٙ۞ז ၁ᙋࡁտඕڍкᄮࠎĈϤٺεຽ౻̍ࠎ˞ᒔ̍үᔛࡗĂεຽதᏴፄ ౻̍߹જ้Шૄώ˯ܼӔனϒ࠹ᙯĂͷડાٕҖຽεຽͪдᜭજ౻̍ ߹જ۞ϒШଯ˧̙ࡶ࣎ˠεຽЯ৵ֽ۞ࢦࢋĞણ҂ Herzog ඈˠĞ1993ğ ۞˘ቔЩ͛ᚥаᜪ̈́ෞğĄ ܕBoehm ඈˠĞ1998ğࡁտ઼࡚۞ּ ̄൴னĂεຽ౻̍࿅౻̍߹જ۞͞ё̪ߏᒔГಶຽ̈́̍үᔛࡗ۞ ָ͞ёĄ ҭѣᙯέ៉εຽ౻̍߹જ۞࠹ᙯࡁտϫ݈̙֭к֍Ă઼̰ົྵͻ εຽ౻̍߹જ͞ࢬࡁտ۞ొ̶ࣧЯߏĂͽ݈εຽ̙ߏົۤ۞̂ࢦޝགྷ ᑻᛉᗟĂҭࢋࣧЯᔘߏྤफ़۞ࢨטĄᔵтѩĂ̪ѣֱࡁտࣃ˘ ೩ćּтڒয়လĞ1991ğᑕϡ̍үຩವሀࡁݭտεຽഇมԱ̍זү፟ ົ۞ᙯܼĂࢋඕኢߏԱ̍זү፟ົεຽഇมхд˘ϒШᙯܼćౘځ ࢡĞ1992ğ೩˘ӮᏊຩವሀݭĂଂநኢଣԛјεຽத۞ࣧЯĂ ࢋඕኢߏεຽ̍ˠ̈́ѣ۩۞ᇄથౌ՟ѣ֖ૉ۞જ፟Ӆ˧ವԱ̍ү፟ ົ̈́٢๒̍ˠĄ ఄᇊࠠĞ1993ğͧྵдᖚຩವĞon-the-job searchğεຽຩವ Ğunemployment searchğ۞ड़தĂс൴னεຽ۰۞ຩವड़தពͧдᖚ۰ ĂࣧЯߏεຽ۰ྵдᖚຩವ۰ྻϡྵкᇹ۞ຩವ͞ڱĂͷྤ̍ܲ ϺྵҲٙĄเέ͕̈́ڒԠځĞ2001ğ۞ࡁտ൴னĂշّྵѣΞਕ ଂܧ౻જ˧ซˢಶຽεຽېၗĂጯ።۰ྵٽଂεຽېၗซˢಶຽ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā169
ېၗĂ҃ѐࡔ̙̂ٽଂಶຽېၗᖼೱҌܧ౻જ˧ېၗĂ˵̙ٽϤε ຽᖼҌಶຽېၗĄ ؞ڒܕπ̈́ౢࡻරĞ2003ğͽ 1981-2000 ѐĶˠ˧ྻϡᑢǕᖸ አߤķྤफ़ࠎૄᖂĂଣ࿅Ν˟˩ѐֽέ៉εຽ౻̍߹જፋ࣎តዏ۞̂ ԊĂֹԧࣇ၆εຽ౻̍߹જ۞၁ᅫଐԛྵͽـՀਕೠ೪Ą 8 ྍࡁտࢦ ᕇдଣεຽ౻̍ಶຽᒖဩតዏ۞ᙯܼăεຽ౻̍߹જ၆ܳซεຽ۰ Гಶຽ۞ड़̈́ڍតዏă̈́εຽ౻̍ˠ˧ொᖼ̈́੨ཉ۞តዏඈˬ࣎ࢬ ШĂࡁտ۞ࢋ൴னߏĈд 1980 ѐॡĂѣ 96% ۞߹જεຽ۰តࠎಶ ຽ۰Ă่ѣ 4% д౻̍߹જޢᔘᜈεຽć࠹ྵ 1980 ѐ۞߹જεຽ ۰Ă 1980 ѐ߹ܧજεຽ۰۞ГಶຽјΑத่ѣ 58.4% Ăᜈεຽ۰ ྿ 16.1% ĄҌ 1990 ѐॡĂ߹જεຽ۰ѣ 84.2% ГಶຽĂѣ 15.9% ᜈ εຽć࠹ྵྍٺഇ۞߹જεຽ۰Ă߹ܧજεຽ۰ГಶຽதΪѣ 56.8% Ă ᜈεຽ۰྿ 20.6% ĄЯѩ݈ࢬඕڍᄲ˞ځ౻̍߹જߏεຽ۰Гಶ ຽ۞ࢦࢋᙯᔣЯ৵Ą ྍࡁտ౻̍߹જдέ៉ᔵѣܳซεຽ۰Гಶຽ۞ड़ڍĂҭ౻ ̍߹જдܳซεຽ۰Гಶຽ۞ड़ ٺڍ1990 ѐ̙ࡶ 1980 ѐਠѣड़Ă Ҭͼѣεី۞ன෪ĄּтĂ 1980 ѐ̈́ 1990 ѐ߹ܧજεຽ۰Гಶຽ ۞ּͧमள̙̂Ă̶Ҿࠎ 58.4% ̈́ 56.8% Ăᜈεຽ۞̶ּͧҾࠎ 16.1% 20.6% Ăੜ౻જξಞ۰̶Ҿࠎ 25.5% ̈́ 22.6% ćҭ 1980 ѐ ̈́ 1990 ѐ߹જεຽ۰Гಶຽ۞ּͧѣពमளĂд 1980 ѐѣ 96% ۞߹જεຽ۰ГಶຽĂ่ѣ 4% ᜈεຽĂҭ ˞ז1990 ѐ߹જε ຽ۰Гಶຽதࢫࠎ 84.2% Ăᜈεຽ۰ᆧΐ ז15.9% Ąඊ۰ᄮࠎέ៉
8
ѣᙯĶˠ˧ྻϡᑢůᖸአߤķྤफ़ऱயϠ࿅ăᑕϡ͞Ш̈́ࢨטĂྎ؞ڒπ̈́
ౢࡻරĞ2003ğĄ
170
ᄂ៉ۤົጯΏ
౻̍߹જдܳซεຽ۰Гಶຽ۞ड़ ٺڍ1990 ѐΞਕѣεីன෪۞ϲኢֶ ፂĂܼॲፂ݈ࢬ۞˘࣎ࢦࢋ൴னĂӈ 1990 ѐεຽ౻̍߹જ၆ಶຽ፟ົ តજ̝ୂຏّͧ 1980 ѐ۞ଐԛՀĂ˵ಶߏᄲ 1990 ѐεຽ౻̍߹ જͧ 1980 ѐεຽ౻̍߹જՀѣड़ĂҭϬ࠼۞ߏĂ 1990 ѐ౻̍߹જ дܳซεຽ۰Гಶຽ۞ड़ ࡶ̙ݒڍ1980 ѐֽ۞ѣड़Ă˵ಶߏᄲεຽ౻ ̍߹જ۞Гಶຽ፟טд 1990 ѐΞਕฟؕனયᗟĄ ؞ڒπĞ2003ğ࣎ࡁտΩ˘࣎۞ࢋࢦޝ൴னߏĂ 1980 ѐ̈́ 1990 ѐεຽˠ˧۞ொᖼݭၗপᇈ̏யϠ۞̂ޝត̼Ąдεຽˠ˧੨ ཉតዏొ̶Ă 1980 ѐεຽ౻̍ࢋஐொгࠎآڌ܅ᜋำလݑг ડĂপҾߏآڌ܅ᜋгડĂ߹જड़தϺ࠹༊ćາѻࡺॷгડ༊ॡܼ Ӕனஐ߹ˢĂ߹જड़தܑϯྍг۞εຽ۰γ߹ਕ˧ޝऴͷӛৼγг
ဦ3
Гಶຽεຽ౻̍߹જᔌ๕Ĉ 1981-1990
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā171
εຽ౻̍ਕ˧ૻޝĄҌ 1990 ѐĂࢋஐ߹ˢгតࠎέΔॿ̚ၓ ԸгડĂዶ࠰ࠎεຽ౻̝̍ஐொгĂͽآڌ܅ᜋгડពĂҭ܅ آڌᜋгડ۞߹જड़த̙̏ࡶ 1980 ѐਠֽ۞˞Ą ѩγĂ 1980 ѐ̈́ 1990 ѐεຽ౻̍۞ொᖼݭၗ̏யϠ۞̂ޝត ̼Ğણ҂ဦ 3 ̈́ဦ 4ğĂࢋត̼ߏεຽ౻̍ઇྭડዏଁĞinter-regional migrationğ۞ͧࢦ಼̂ഴ͌҃ઇડ̰ዏଁĞintra-regional migrationğ۞ ͧ ࢦ ځព ΐ ̂ ă ε ຽ ౻ ̍ ߹ જ ϫ ۞ г Ᏼ ፄ ۞ к ᇹ ّ Ğ diversity of destination choiceğഴ͌ă̈́Δέ៉јࠎεຽ౻̍ઇྭડዏଁॡࢋ۞ ϫ۞гĄ҃ͷέ៉۞ಶຽ۰̝εຽࢲᐍְ၁˯֭՟ѣซ˘Վೋ̼۞ଐ ԛĂέ៉ܕѐֽԣిᆧΐ۞εຽˠ˾Ăੵ˘ֱൺഇЯ৵۞ו፬̝γĂ ࢋߏ࿅Ν˩ೀѐֽεຽˠ˾ЯГಶຽᙱ಼̂ޘᆧΐͽ̈́ੜ౻જξಞ۞
ဦ4
Гಶຽεຽ౻̍߹જᔌ๕Ĉ 1991-2000
172
ᄂ៉ۤົጯΏ
ຍᙸࢫҲ҃ుѐ᎕۞ඕڍĄ ᙝᅫ౻̍߹જΩ˘࣎ࣃᙯ۞ڦયᗟߏజ࢝ᗓᖚ۰۞યᗟĄችܦᐷ ̈́؞ڒπĞ1999ğ Tsay ̈́ LinĞ2000ğ۞ࡁտ൴னĂಶགྷᑻొܝĞӈ Җຽğม۞౻જ˧ொᖼ҃֏Ăѣ 14% ᛳజ࢝ᗓᖚ۰Ă҃జ࢝ᗓᖚࣧЯĂ ࡗ 72% ܼᙯᇄຽٙĄࡶགྷᑻొܝඕၹߏѣྺຽҌ̍ຽĂ̈́ГҌڇ ચຽ̝ลᆸّĂ൴னགྷᑻొܝม۞౻̍߹જĞӈٙᏜ۞ຽม౻̍߹જ Ğinter-industrial labor mobilityğğลᆸّߏхд۞ć˵ಶߏᄲâਠଐڶ ۞౻̍߹જ͞ШߏྺຽҌ̍ຽ̍ຽҌڇચຽ۞ஐொᖼĂҭ၆జ࢝ᗓᖚ ۰҃֏Ăຽม߹જ͞Шݒҋᙸᗓᖚ۰߹જ͞ШԆБ࠹ͅĂӈଂڇચ ຽҌ̍ຽĂ̈́̍ຽҌྺຽ۞้ШĄЯѩགྷᑻඕၹᖼݭٙજ۞౻̍߹જ ۞ቁѣܳซ̈́೩̿࣎ˠࡅ̈́ۤགྷгҜ۞ϒШүϡĂҭ၆జ࢝ᗓᖚ۰҃ ֏ĂϤٺజ࢝ᗓᖚ۰Гಶຽ۞߹જ̂͞Ш˘ਠ߹જ۰̙ТĂ߇జ࢝ᗓ ᖚ۰ГಶຽޢĂ࣎ˠࡅ̈́ۤགྷгҜΞਕѣĶࢫ৺ķன෪൴ϠćϤٺ ྍன෪ߏ˘ሕд̙ᘦۤؠགྷЯ̄ĂЯѩಶ߆ඉࢬ҃֏జ࢝ᗓᖚ۰༊ࣃ ߆ܝొعซ˘Վ۞ᙯڦĄ 9
9
ҖຽᖚຽĞҜğౌߏᙷҾតᇴĞnominal variableğĂࣧώ֭՟ѣĶҲķ̶̝ć
ࡶͽۤົጯ۰૱ϡ۞ᖚຽᓏ୕Ğኢߏ៍ٕٙᏜ៍މğࠎּĂԧࣇ௫ͽᖚຽ۞ٙ ͪăۤົгҜඈᇾΐͽଵԔĂֹ̝јࠎѣѨԔĞordinalğপኳ۞តᇴĂ ޢϡྍѨԔֽܑϯᖚຽᓏ୕Ҳćனдೱ࣎֎࠻ֽޘҖຽĂְ၁˯Җຽдԧࣇۤ ົᖚຽᙷҬĂˠࣇϺ၆Җຽѣົۤ۞៍މෞᆊ̈́ઐрĄЯࠎజ࢝ᗓᖚ۰̍үள જ߹ޢજ̂͞ШĞڇચຽొܝƖ̍ຽొܝƖྺຽొܝğҋᙸᗓᖚ۰ԆБ࠹ͅĂϤ ٺҖຽมѣٙमĂᕇҌ͌ᄲ˞ځజ࢝ᗓᖚ۰̍үளજྤ̍ޢπӮֽᄲߏ˭ ࢫ۞âਠ۞ଐԛԆј̙ТĂ߇ಶٙ҃֏Ăజ࢝ᗓᖚ۰ቁѣࢫ৺ଐԛயϠĂ ˫Яࠎٙ˭ࢫΞਕҡᐌ࣎ˠۤགྷгҜ̝ࢫҲĂ߇ֹ̖͛̚ϡĶࢫ৺ķ˘ෟĄ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā173
ତԧࣇଣࣧҝϔ౻̍߹જ۞࠹ᙯયᗟĄ 10 ѣᙯࣧҝϔ౻̍߹જ ۞ᛉᗟĂ࿅Ν࠹ᙯࡁտࢦᕇࢋߏኢгડّዏଁĞૺፍߋ 1974ğĂ͛ ̼ዋᑕᄃಶຽӧဩĞᕿঔ 1983 ć౮Јͤ 1985 ă 1987 ă 1994 ă 2001ğ Ăٕۤົลᆸ߹જĞች༄ ځ1984ćเላԠ 2001ğඈયᗟĄͽ˯ࡁտ ࢋࣧҝϔዏଁౌזξĂώኳ˯ܼࠎವԱ̍ү፟ົᏖՐϠ߿Լ චĂ̙࿅Ϥ̼͛ٺमள̈́ᄬ֏ᅣĂटٽౄјˠ˧ٕۤົྤώ۞࠹၆ऴ๕Ą ॲፂૺፍߋĞ1974ğአߤĂέΔࣧҝϔொϔٙ۞ֽـ၆෪ܼͽࣧҝ ϔࠎĂͷкΗ̙ߏВТዏଁಶߏ࠹̢̬࿅ֽ۞ĂពϯѣТᙷ࠹ჸ ڶېĄ౮ЈͤĞ1985ğᄮࠎࣧҝϔγொࣧЯдٺඕၹ۞Ķଯٛड़ڍķ Ğpush-pull effectğĈ̋гྺຽ۞ё̈́ಶຽ፟ົ̙֖ࠎଯ˧Ă҃ౌົડ ̍થຽ൴྿౻˧ᅮՐᆧΐࠎٛ˧Ąࣧҝϔࣧاг̝ଯ˧఼૱̂ٺٛ ˧Ăҭࣧاг۞γдٛ˧ϺΞਕјࠎዏଁࢋࣧЯćּтᏐ̓შྮᙯܼ གྷ૱Էႊγдٛ˧֎ҒĂࣧҝϔдТฏםӄ˭ĂᏐˠᓑᘭགྷ૱តјγொ ۞ٛ˧Ą҃˩ܕೀѐֽĂ̋гฏ۞߹εˠ˾̙ᕝᆧΐĂϺΞਕߏܑϯγ ொࣧҝϔ̂кᇴߏྵϖ˳۞̈́ܧൺഇ۞ዏଁĞᔁ 1991ğĄ ధк࠹ᙯࡁտౌ൴னזέ៉ࣧҝϔዏଁົౌזડͽᏖՐ̍үĂҭЯ ̼͛ăཏ̈́ˠ˧ྤώ۞ᙯܼ҃ពд౻જξಞ̚Ҝྵاᙝቡ̈́ۤົ غᆸ۞гҜĂͷдགྷᑻ̙ഀঈॡϺᛳࢬזצٽᇆᜩ۞ཏĞ౮Јͤ 1987 ćᕿঔ 1983ğĄϤٺέ៉ࣧҝϔ౻̍ିֈޘ࿆ઐҲĂкᇴࣧ ҝϔ౻̍ଂְૄᆸ౻જ̍үĂዋᑕ̍үਕ˧Ҳ˘ٺਠ౻̍Ăΐ˯ܜഇҜ غົۤٺᆸĂऴ๕ဩԆБͅߍдಶຽӧဩ˯ĄΩγĂݱฏ൴ण۞ кᇹځޘពજˠ˧ྤ۞ჸड़ᑕĂٽԛјˠ˧ྤώ౻જ˧кჸ
10
ॲፂĮ˝˩˘ѐέ៉ࣧҝϔಶຽڶېአߤಡӘįĞҖ߆ੰࣧҝϔ؎ࣶົ 2002ğĂշ
ّࣧҝϔεຽத྿ 14.76% Ẵّࣧҝϔࠎ 15.02% Ą
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ᄂ៉ۤົጯΏ
ะົౌٺડćҲˠ˧ྤώ౻જ˧ͻᖣϤ౻̍߹જ۞፟טĂ҃႖дࣧ ฏĞڒ᎖ᆵ 2002ğĄΩγϺѣࡁտඕڍିֈ၆ࣧٺҝϔ౻̍߹જߏ ϒШᏴፄّăѐ᛬ߏШᏴፄّĄᐌயຽ൴णĂລ੨າѻξΗጱវய ຽ၆ٺԫఙࣶ۞̂ณᅮՐĂ˵ౄј̚ᖚିֈࣧޘҝϔ౻̍ஐ߹ˢྵ к۞পঅன෪ĞᆒፍᏉ 2004ğĄ ᔵࣧҝϔዏଁхд˘ֱયᗟĂҭዏଁ၆Լචࣧҝϔ̝ۤགྷгҜ̪ ѣ̂ޝᑒӄĂࣧҝϔ۞ዏଁ˘ਠˠ˾ዏଁ࠰ߏநّᏴፄ۞ඕڍĂ ઼̰γ۞நኢഇ̈́၁ᙋࡁտ˘ĂӈዏଁߏԼච࣎ˠٕछलۤགྷгҜ ̈́ٙͪநຐ۞͞ё̝˘ć̙࿅ࡶଂ࠹၆֎࠻ֽޘĂᔵࣧҝϔᅈ ྵ˘ਠˠѣྵዏଁ้ШĂҭϤࣧٺҝϔ̝ᓁវۤགྷгҜ̈́ٙͪҌ ̫̪̙ࡶ˘ਠۤົ̂ிĂ߇ዏଁд͞ࢬ۞ड़ڍ၆έ៉ࣧҝϔ࠹၆˯֭ ̙ߏ֤ᆃពĄ ტЪ˯Ă၆˘ٺਠ̰ొዏଁ۞યᗟĂ߆ඉ۞నࢍᑕপҾຍഴ͌ Ķᄱķ۞ܐ৺ዏଁ̈́Ķ̙υࢋķ۞ࢦኑዏଁĂᇹ̖ਕѣड़ܳซዏଁ дአ༼౻જξಞˠ˧ྻϡ۞ड़த̈́ഴҲዏଁۤົјώົۤયᗟĄдᙝ ᅫ౻̍߹જ۞યᗟొ̶Ăྵ̷࢝ᅮࢋᗃ۞યᗟߏĂౄјεຽ౻̍߹જ дྋՙεຽ۰Гಶຽ̶፟ొטεីࣧЯࠎңć҃జ࢝ᗓᖚ۰࠹ྵٺҋᙸ ᗓᖚ۰Ăдᗓᖚ࣎ޢˠࡅ̈́ۤགྷгҜΞਕ۞ĶШ˭ՕķયᗟࢋপҾ ڦຍĂநϤߏజ࢝ᗓᖚ۰ࠎᇴிкĂࣇᔵإѣ̍үĂҭϏֽѣ࠹༊ ۞Ξਕّซ˘Վࠎεຽ۰̈́ಉԠ̍ү۰Ă߇జ࢝ᗓᖚ۰ΞෛࠎϏֽ ሕд۞̙ᘦົۤؠЯ̄Ăࣃԧࣇซ˘Վᙯͽڦ֨Ϗֽ൴Ϡયᗟćன ̫ࣧҝϔ౻̍߹જ̂۞યᗟߏ౻̍߹જдԼචࣧҝϔࡅ۞ϒࢬड़ڍ ઐҲĂॲࣧٺҝϔ۞ۤົ̼͛ඕၹ̈́ˠ˧ྤώ۞ࢨטĂдࢬ၆έ ៉யຽඕၹซ˘ՎតዏॡĂԼචಶຽඃဩಶืАଂၰ఼౻̍߹જ۞፟ ט͘Ą
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā175
αăྭ઼ዏଁ۞યᗟ 1980 ѐϐέ៉۞߆ڼྋᚑѣซ˘Վજགྷᑻົۤྋᚑ۞ड़ ڍĂֹܳέ៉࿅ΝܕѺѐೀ߆۞ౕދܕགྷົۤវրΐి၆γฟ̈́ٸ ፋЪĂ༊̚ព۞ត̼̝˘ߏέ៉۞ౕދˠ˾វր̈́౻જξಞฟؕ၆ ઼ᅫࢦາฟٸĞLin 1998ğĄ༊έ៉ϒซҖ̂ఢሀ۞߆གྷۤົវր̂តࢭ ۞ТॡĂΩ˘ۢͽگᙊགྷᑻ̈́ྤੈࡊԫٙજ۞Б̼ᑝϺीֽ â۞گາགྷᑻ൴ण̈́Б̼ϺயϠ۞ࢋࢦ࣎າྭ઼ዏଁᔌ๕Ă ௐ˘࣎ᔌ๕ߏϤྭ઼Ћຽ̍ᇄన౯γொҌϠயјώҲຆ۞઼छٙજ ۞౻̍߹જĂௐ˟࣎ᔌ๕ߏϤٺҽጼඕՁ઼ֹࠧซ˘ՎሀቘĂฟ൴̚ ઼छШ̏ฟ൴઼छᏮ౻̍ͽᑓྃޢ۰౻˧̙֖ĞPotts 1990ğĄ ˯តજֹྭ઼ዏଁд 1990 ѐ۞έ៉ۤົགྷᑻវր྆Էႊດֽ ດࢦࢋ۞֎ҒĂͷᇆᜩ˧͟ᔌᕖ̂Ăܕѐֽԧ઼߆ٸعᆵྭ઼થຽொϔ ̈́ᚯనொϔཌĂߏࠎྭ઼ዏଁ̈́ྭ઼౻̍߹જдέ៉͟ৈࢦࢋ۞ځᙋĄ Ϥگٺາ઼ᅫ̼ሗ߹઼ֹ̏ࠧซ˘ՎሀቘĂྭ઼ዏଁ̈́ྭ઼౻̍߹જ ̙Гည࿅Νొ̰ዏଁكѩഺ̶ځĂέ៉ܕѐֽࢬᓜ۞າᎸྭ઼ዏଁ યᗟĂ༊̚ࢦࢋ۞ᛳĞ1ğ̂ณᏮˢҲԫఙγ౻ăĞ2ğགྷᑻඕၹᖼݭ ٙજ۞ˠ̖а߹Ă̈́Ğ3ğ઼̚གྷᑻፋЪޘΐஎ͔ٙ۞Ωᙷˠ̖ γ߹યᗟĄ
Ğ˘ğྭ઼ዏଁ۞˘ਠયᗟ ݈યᗟࢦࢋ۞༊ᛳ̂ณ͔ซҲลγ౻۞યᗟĄέ៉༊͔ܐซγ ౻۞ૄώ̙ࣧߏਕ๋च઼זˠ۞ಶຽᝋĂ߇γ౻ᑕߏԷႊྃ·ّ۞֎ ҒĂϺ̙Ӹᘣԧ઼யຽ̿৺Ğӓڒăͳ৵៉ 2001ğćᐌҲลγ౻ дέᇴณᆧкĂ၆έ៉۞౻જξಞ̈́ۤົ̼̝͛ᇆᜩᆸࢬ̈́̂ޘ
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ᄂ៉ۤົጯΏ
ᆧĂϤٺγ౻ˠᇴ̙ᕝᆧΐĂ҃έ៉ܕѐ۞εຽத̙ݒᕝᘆ̿ĂЯѩۤ ົฟؕயϠγ౻ߏӎ̏ᇆᜩזώ౻ಶຽ፟ົ۞ۋᛉ̈́ኳႷγ౻߆ඉ۞ዋ ༊ّĄέ៉ѣᙯγ౻۞ࡁտ࠹༊кĂٙଣ۞ᆸࢬ˵ܧ૱۞ᇃĂ̙̚ ͌ࡁտࢦдγ౻၆ώ౻ಶຽ۞ᑝĄѣᙯγ౻၆ώ౻ಶຽᑝયᗟ۞ ࡁտ༼˭ٺĶ͗ܝฟٸķ۞ޢࡎϬ࠼̚ઇྎႽ۞аᜪ̈́ኢĂ ྆ԧࣇАֶԔଣέ៉ྭ઼ዏଁ۞˘ਠયᗟĂତซ˘Վኢˠ̖γ߹ ᄃа߹યᗟĄ дଣέ៉۞ྭ઼ዏଁયᗟॡĂԧࣇࢋА˞ྋ˘˭ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍ ߹જдֲ߷гડٙԷႊ۞֎ҒĄ PrasaiĞ1993ğֲ߷гડ۞ྭ઼౻ ̍߹જតજᔌ๕гડϠய˧តજѣᙯĂྍࡁտቑᘞࢋߏଣдզ ăࢶപă͟ώăֽҘֲăາΐέ៉ඈ઼छ۞౻̍߹જଐڶĂֲ ߷າᎸ̍ຽ઼छྭ઼ዏଁ۞ᔌ๕ѝனд 1970 ѐѝഇ۞͟ώĂ FieldsĞ1994ğᄮࠎֲ߷гડዏଁ൴ण۞ᖼԶᕇߏֲ߷າᎸ̍ຽ઼छ Ğέ៉ăᔹ઼ăາΐăࢶപα̈ᐷğϤ౻જᏮᖼតז౻જซ˾۞࿅ ćέ៉ྭ઼ዏଁᛳྵࠎ̖ܕ൴Ϡ۞ன෪Ăҭέ៉ྭ઼ዏଁ۞পᕇߏ ொˢᇴณ̂ޝͷᆧΐ۞ిܧޘ૱ԣిĂࢋ۞ྭ઼ዏଁொˢֽߏֽҋ ֲݑڌгડ۞౻̍Ą γ౻дέ៉۞ᅮՐ͟႙ᆧ̂̈́ˠᇴ͟႙ᆧкέ៉̰ొۤົགྷᑻې ̈́ڶˠ˾ඕၹតજѣᙯĄ Lee and WangĞ1996ğ۞ࡁտаᜪέ៉γ౻߆ ඉԛј࿅͔̈́ٙซ۞γ౻পኳĂ֭੫၆ဌϡᄃგநγ౻۞Ԕନ߉ ඈࢦ̂યᗟઇଣĂΒ߁̂ณ௲۞γ౻યᗟćϤٺඊ۰ᄮࠎڱܧγ౻ ޝᙱአଠĂЯѩ೩υืซ˘Վࢨטဌϡγ౻Ąችځራ̈́ౘလᇊĞ1997ğ ࡁտͽགྷᑻۤົጯ۞៍ᕇ̷ˢֽᑭෛγ౻Ꮾˢٙၹј۞ˠ˧ξಞĂᄮࠎ ౻˧Ѕ̬ᖐ઼זצछ߆ඉᇆᜩ҃Ӕனপঅ۞ܧநّ۞ξಞҖࠎĄ έ៉۞ྭ઼ዏଁ̙ኢߏྭ઼ொˢĞimmigrationğٕྭ઼ொ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā177
ĞemigrationğĂѣֱጯ۰ᄮࠎ̙֭Ⴝߏ઼ᅫˠ˧ֻᅮયᗟ̙πᏊٙய Ϡ۞Ăొ̶ࣧЯܼྭ઼ዏଁߏاᝋజથ۞ޢ̼ݡඕڍĄּтĂഅ㊫܆ Ğ1997ğᄮࠎߙ઼ֱछ۞اᝋు႙జෛࠎߏ˘ี೩ֻගྤώጾѣ۰۞ পᝋĂ߇ྭ઼ዏଁϺΞͽෛࠎொϔથ۞̼ݡඕ˘̝ڍćсซ˘Վྻϡд έ៉ྭ઼થຽொϔ۞ࡁտĂፂͽᑭෛொϔ̶֗тңјࠎ˘ξಞ˯۞થ ݡĂͽ̈́ொϔξಞᗽᕝّٙயϠ۞યᗟĄΩγĂᆒӖĞ2002ğᄮࠎ࿅ Ν၆ٺγ౻۞ߊѣ͛ᚥ̂кᇴߏҋགྷᑻጯٕგநጯ۞៍ᕇĂγ౻ᛉᗟ జෛࠎξಞֻᅮٕߏᆊॾયᗟćсᄮࠎγ౻̝ٙͽຆᆊߏ࠹ྵ઼̰ٺ౻ ̍۞πӮ̍ྤ҃֏Ăҭߏࡶͧྵૄߏ઼ֱֲٕ̚ݑڌгડĂពಶ ̙ߏ֤ᆃĶຆᆊķ˞Ą ༊ྭ઼ዏଁдέ៉۞ᇆᜩ˧͟ৈᆧ̂ॡĂ઼ྭڱܧொˢϺត͟ᔌ ពĄ SelyaĞ1992ğҋଂ 1986 ѐฟؕέ៉̏གྷѣ̂ณڱܧγ౻۞ ซˢĂд 1989 ѐॡέ៉Ҥࢍѣ 200,000 ࣎̍ˠ۞ൺĂҤࢍՏѐᜈѣ ൺ 50,000 ࣎̍ˠĄ TsayĞ1992ğ۞ࡁտ̂ొ̶۞ڱܧγ౻ߏͽ࿈ ഇ͞اёซˢέ៉Ăϡ۞͞ءᇴፂ൴னֽҘֲăහޠᄼăОκ ઼ߏࢋ۞઼ֽĂ̂ࡗ ͼܕ40,000 ࣎۞ڱܧγ౻̪႖дέ៉ଂְҲ ԫఙ۞౻˧̍үĂֱҲԫఙ۞វ˧̍үߏέ៉ˠྵࠎ̙ᙸຍଂְ۞̍ үĄ
Ğ˟ğˠ̖γ߹̈́а߹۞યᗟ ˠ˾઼ٺᅫมዏଁ۞ன෪ᄃЧ઼ม۞གྷᑻۤົ൴णᒖဩăயຽ൴ण ߆ඉͽ̈́࠹ᙯЯᑕ۞ˠ˧ؼឦ߆ඉѣం̂ᙯాĄధк઼छ࠹ۋӛ͔Б යࡻ݈اـĂགྷϤொϔ߆ඉགྷᑻ፟ົ۞೩ֻĂ઼ֱछكѩᚮۋொ ϔ۞ˠ˧ᄃྤώĞBorjas et al. 1996ğĄధкѣᙯέ៉ྭ઼ዏଁࡁտкะ ̚дέ៉ˠ˾ொ۞ࢬШ˯Ğјщ 1984 ćᔁăችԈซ 1989ğĄഅ
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ᄂ៉ۤົጯΏ
㊫܆Ğ1997ğॲፂ̚ࡁੰĶۤົຍШአߤķ۞ྤफ़Ăέ៉ѣ྿ˣ ̶̝˘۞ˠѣொϔঔγ۞ຍᙸćϤֱٺˠ఼૱ߏିֈޘăٙ ă̈́ຽԫਕ۞ѐᅅˠĂࡶொϔঔγ၆έ៉҃֏ߏˠ˧ྤ۞ ຫεĄ ྭ઼Ћຽ̈́γ઼ۡତԸྤĞForeign Direct Investment, FDIğ၆έ៉ ˠ̖γ߹̈́а߹۞ᇆᜩࠎஎᅈĄ KanjanapanĞ1992ğଂྤώםӄᄃܧ ྤώםӄ۞ொϔ៍ᕇĂಶγ઼Ըྤ۞ྤ߹ܛˢᄃγ઼ຽˠ̀۞ዏଁซ Җ̶ژćс൴னέ៉д 1980 ѐγྤᄃຽ۞ொϔᇴณ̙кĂд 1988 ѐ˵่ѣ 960 ˠ҃̏Ăγ઼ຽˠ̖۞ซˢგࢋߏ࿅ྭ઼̳ΦĂ ֭ΞਕವՐྤώᄃԫఙะ۞யຽĄ ҃ྭ઼̳Φԫఙ౻̍۞ྭ઼ዏଁࣧЯְ၁˯ߏ࠹༊к̮ኑᗔ ۞Ă PeixotoĞ2001ğྭ઼̳Φ۞઼ᚱᄃۤົăᖐඕၹᙷݭăགྷᒉ ሀё̈́࣎ˠඈЯ৵ౌົᇆᜩזˠࣶ۞ዏଁĄ TzengĞ1995ğͽдέ۞࡚ થ̳Φࠎࡁտ၆෪Ă൴னዏଁ۰۞࣎ˠপᇈĞт࣎ˠਕ˧ă઼ᚱăཏ ّҾğົᇆᜩྭ઼ˠ˧ዏଁ̈́జࠁ۞ঔγ̍ү̝˯ćྍࡁտซ˘ Վᐌдέγથ̳Φ҃ொاঔγ۰ࡗ 3% ᛳགྷநგநˠࣶĂ 3% Ҍ 6% ࠎຽԫఙˠࣶĂֱྭ઼ዏଁ۰఼૱ଂϓ̳Φ̳̄זΦٕд̳̄Φ มᖼொĂྵ͌൴ϠϤ̳̄Φአזϓ̳Φ۞ྭ઼ዏଁĄ ଂέ៉ொ۞થຽொϔ࠹ᙯࡁտ̚Ă൴னдࣧاгѣགྷᑻਕ˧۞ொ ϔ၆ٺொˢг˵ົயϠ࠹༊۞ᇆᜩ˧Ăѣֱරˠຽˠ̀Հซ˘Վܳј ொˢг̈́اࣧгม̷۞ᙯܼĄϫ݈ொـΔ࡚ᄃ፫߷۞රˠዏଁ۰к ᛳԫఙᄃથຽொϔĂͽԫఙăԸྤֶᏐࠎࢋજ፟ͷགྷ૱ܔـϓ઼ᄃ ொϔ઼̝มĂᄃ࿅ΝொϔݭၗԆБ̙ТĂኑᗔّ˵ྵĞݹᜋࢆඈ 1998 ć Tseng 1995ğĄϺѣࡁտ࠹ྵ઼࡚ٺώ˿Ϡ۞઼࡚ˠĂර ˠொϔઐрຽ۞ٕგந۞ᖚຽĂ 1990 ѐ࿅ 72% ۞έ៉ொϔଂְ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā179
ຽ۞ٕგந۞̍үĞChen 1998ğĄ Ҍ઼ྭٺγொ۞ຽˠࣶયᗟĂ ChenĞ1995ğᑭෛଂέ៉ྭ઼ዏଁ ۞઼࡚זˠ˾ԫఙᄃਕ˧۞ᏴፄّĂࡁտିֈޘ۰ѣྵ ۞፟ົซҖྭ઼ዏଁĂͷᏴፄொ۞έ៉ˠ࠹၆ٺϏொ۰ѣྵ۞ ԫఙᄃିֈޘćдనዏଁ۰Ᏼፄொજזϫ۞гࢋߏԓ୕྿זϠ ̼ٙ̂̈́ྵזˠ˧ྤώ۞ಡ࿌Ą ChenĞ1995ğซ˘Վ൴ன՟ொ ϔ۞έ៉ˠ̝ᓟྤ̶ο઼࡚ͧˠٕொˢ઼࡚۞έ៉ˠྵࠎ၆ჍĂ઼࡚ Ϡέ៉ொ۰۞ᓟྤ̶οౌᛳΠઐᙷݭĂຍקጾѣԫఙ۞ˠዏଁ ѣྵಡ࿌Ą ChenĞ1998ğซ˘Վྻϡ઼࡚ྤ͞ءफ़ᑭរֽҋέ៉ă ࢶപă۞઼̚රˠொϔဥវ۞পኳᄃд઼࡚Т̼த۞मளĂࡁտ ֽҋˬг۞઼࡚රˠ۞ѐ᛬ă̍ྤͪăିֈޘăҖຽᄃᖚຽ̶ο ѣໂ̂۞̙ТĂˬ࣎ொϔဥវ۞̍ྤ̶οᄃ઼࡚Ϡ۞̍ˠ࠹ྵ̝˭ ܼӔனតளྵ̂۞ଐڶĄ ઼γிкࡁտ൴னధкྭ઼ዏଁ఼૱ົѣాᗆொϔĞchain migrationğ ۞ன෪யϠĄ˵ಶߏᄲĂዏଁॡˠࣇ၆छलᓑᘭ۞ᆊࣃᄃయЇຏ̈́࠹̢ ͚೯۞ଐຏĂౌົᇆᜩࣇזᏴፄاҝгĂЯֱ҃ொϔ̶οྵࠎะ ̚ĂГѨ۩มჸะ۞࿅ܧ૱ځពćּтĂݹᜋࢆඈˠĞ1998ğ̈́षၷ ૣ̈́ݹᜋࢆĞ2001ğ۞ࡁտ൴னĂέ៉γொҌΐो̂̈́፫߷۞ொϔĂᇴ ณܧ૱̂ͷ̶οг˵ѣځពะ̚ᔌ๕Ăాᗆொϔ۞ड़ܧڍ૱ពĄҭд IpĞ2001ğ၆රˠொϔ፫߷ซҖͧྵ̶ژĂ൴னέ៉ொϔ۰кᛳିֈ ޘ۰ĂࢋͽԸྤٕથຽொϔ͞ёொا፫߷Ăҭொا፫߷۞ර ˠ࠹ͧ౻જણᄃதྵߏݒҲ۞ĂЯࠎಶຽЯ৵҃ѣֽк፫߷ொϔ ޢᏴፄа߹Ҍέ៉Ą ࠹ྵ˘ٺਠ۞ྭ઼ொ̈́ྭ઼ொˢĂˠ̖γ߹၆ˠ̖Ꮾ઼҃֏ય ᗟΞਕົͧྵ̂Ąҋ 1960 ѐͽֽĂధкฟ൴઼̚छВТன˞˘࣎ன
180
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෪Ă֤ಶߏԫఙ̍ˠШγዏଁ̏זฟ൴઼छ۞ଐԛ൴ϠĂಶߏԧࣇٙ ఼Ⴭ۞ˠ̖γ߹યᗟĞPrasai 1993ğĄέ៉࿅Ν˵གྷ።࿅ˠ̖γ߹۞ӧ ဩĂЯߏ࿅Ν߆ڼЯ৵҂ณĂֹ࿅Νέ៉Ӕனˠ˾ொ۞ᔌ๕Ăˠ ˾ொˢᇴณߏͼĄέ៉࿅Ν۞ˠ̖γ߹ЯܼጯϠ઼Ğࢋ ϫ۞гߏ઼࡚ğϏᕩĄ ChangĞ1992ğ઼ϏᕩࣧЯஎົۤצăགྷ ᑻ࣎ˠඈЯ৵ٙᇆᜩĂϤٺ႖γϏᕩ۰ࢋߏࣣலຽ۞ጯϠĂ֭ܧ ቚѣ৵۞ࡊጯछٕߏ̍रඈຽԫఙˠ̀Ăٙͽൺഇֽ࠻έ៉ˠ˧ྤ ώ߹ε۞યᗟ̙֭ზᚑࢦĄ ᔵҌ 1990 ѐέ៉˘ਠˠ˾ᜈγ߹Ăҭ࿅Ν۞ˠ̖γ߹ଐԛ ࠹ྵĂέ៉ˠ̖γ߹ଐԛְ၁˯ฟؕனනቤଐԛĂΐ˯߆ڼҋϤ̼ᄃ གྷᑻඕၹᖼݭĂέ៉ொϔ߆ඉдĶொଂᆵăொˢଂᚑķ۞ࣧ˭Ăொ ϔপّଂ็රဋொϔᖼࠎݭԫఙّăԸྤّ۞৺ۢᙊّ۞ொϔĂֹ γ઼ˠዏଁҌέ៉̈́ࣧώॠ઼اγ۞රˠа߹έ៉۞ᇴณు႙ᆧк Ğݹᜋࢆඈ 1998 ćችԈซ 2000ğĄ ࠹ྵٺ࿅Νᚑࢦ۞ˠ̖γ߹Ă 1980 ѐϐ̈́ 1990 ѐܐέ៉ฟؕ னˠ̖а߹۞ଐԛĂֱа߹ˠ̖а˞າ۞ԫఙăથຽԸྤྤώ̈́ ѣᆊࣃ۞ྭঔშྮᙯܼĞChang 1992 ć Iredale 2000ğĄέ៉ˠ̖а߹۞ ࠹ᙯࡁտкะ̚д 1980 ѐԧ઼߆عтңଳפ᎕ໂ߆ඉӛ͔έ៉ຽˠ ̖а઼ͽਗ਼ᖼέ៉ˠ˧ਈა۞ඃဩĄ າѻࡊጯડᖼតࠎ̫͟Бࡊԫຽ۞ࢦᗉ̈́ᙝгડ۞൴ण ߏࠎέ៉ˠ̖а߹ּ̄۞ݭĄॲፂາѻࡊጯડგநԊၟҌ 1994 ѐ ۞غࢍĂ̏ѣ࿅ 77 มࡊԫ̳ΦܼϤঔγˠ̖аֽ౹ϲĂ҃ז 1998 ѐͤغѣ 2,859 ঔγˠ̖а߹זѻࡊĂ̚кΗֽҋۣĂ߇ፋ࣎ າѻࡊጯડ۞൴ण።Ξͽᄲᄃ઼࡚ΐэۣ۞ˠ̖а߹มѣ̷ ۞ᙯాĄֱঔγа߹۞ˠ˧д 1990 ѐ̝ޢĂ၆έ៉າགྷᑻϠயវր
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā181
҃֏ĂԷႊࡁ൴۰۞֎ҒĂ֭јࠎࢦࢋາԫఙᄃາ۞གྷᒉ͞ё۞ֽ Ğषซ⟳ 1999 ć Baum 1994ğĄ Tsay ̈́ LinĞ2003ğซ˘Վֹϡ 1990 ѐέ៉۞͗˾̈́ҝшߤྤ फ़Ă੫၆ 1985-1990 ѐมྭ઼а߹ዏଁĞinternational return migrationğ ซҖࡁտĄࡁտ൴னа߹Ҍέ៉۰̚ѣ 10.4% ֽܼҋ઼̚Ă࠹ྵг ડ۞а߹۰Ăֽҋ઼̚۞а߹۰ͽշّࠎĂѐ᛬఼૱ྵ̂ͷିֈ ྵޘҲĂϤٺ༊ॡέ៉၆઼̚Ըྤܛᗝ̂ޝߏ̙إĂ߇Բа߹۰ѣ˘ ̂ొ̶ᑕᛳੜЁҁһćֽ҃ҋ઼छ۞а߹۰఼૱ѐࡔྵᅅͷጯ።ྵ Ăа઼ޢѣ࿅ 60% ܼдڇચຽొ̍ܝүĄᓁ҃֏̝Ăа߹۰̚ѣޝ ̂۞ּͧߏጾѣྵ۞ିֈޘĂ၆ᆧΐέ៉ˠ˧ྤώхณѣ̂ޝ ᚥć࣎ࡁտϺ൴னາѻξߏ˘࣎ͅߍέ៉ˠ̖а߹ன෪۞ָ९ּĂ Яࠎາѻ۞а߹۰̚Ăጯ።ࠎࡁտٙͽ˯۰Κ 78% Ă͚ྭ઼а߹۰ ࠎିֈයࡻ̈́ԫఙ۰۞ְ၁Ą ტЪ˯͛ᚥĂԧࣇۢ 1990 ѐέ៉ࢦ̂ត̼̝˘ߏࣧώ࠹༊ ۞ౕދˠ˾វր̈́౻જξಞฟؕ၆઼ᅫࢦາฟٸĂΐ˯ۢᙊགྷᑻ̈́ྤੈ ࡊԫٙજ۞Ω˘گБ̼ᑝĂֹྭ઼ዏଁ۞֎Ғ̈́ᇆᜩ˧дέ៉ ۞͟ᔌࢦࢋĄ 1990 ѐگາᎸ۞ྭ઼ዏଁሗĂ༊̚ࢦࢋ۞ᛳᏮˢ ͔̈́ซ̂ณҲԫఙγ౻ăགྷᑻඕၹᖼݭٙજ۞ˠ̖а߹Ă̈́ొ̶ˠ̖ γ߹યᗟĄྭ઼ዏଁົ၆ொˢ઼ٕϓ઼۞གྷᑻăۤົඈధкᆸࢬயϠం ̂۞ᇆᜩĂࢋтңአӀၑᅮࢋం̂۞ംᇊĂΞഇ۞ߏྭ઼ዏଁ ̏јࠎέ៉ٙυืࢬᓜ۞ࢦ̂ۤົયᗟĄ
̣ăĶ͗ܝฟٸķ۞ޢࡎϬ࠼ έ៉ҋ͟ڼॡഇҌ 1980 ѐϐഇ̝มĂੵ˞ௐ˟Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼޢ
182
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1945-1950 ѐมѣ̂ณ۞̂ౙˠ˾ொˢͽγĂέ៉۞ˠ˾វրૄώ˯ܼ ᛳݭ۞ౕދၗĂ߱ഇมέ៉۞ˠ˾јܜࢋֽҋ̰ొ۞ҋᆧΐĂ ͵ࠧధк઼छགྷរ࠹ྵ̝˭Ăྭ઼ዏଁ̙֭ߏᇆᜩέ៉ˠ˾ј۞ܜᙯᔣ ࢋ৵Ą݈ࢬ೩זĂ 1980 ѐϐέ៉߆གྷ̈́ۤົវטᆐধតજֹܳέ៉ࢦ າࠧ͵វրତĂΐ˯̰ొඕၹّតજ̈́ڇચຽᎸିֈѐࢨؼ ܜĂֹέ៉д 1980 ѐϐഇࢬᓜᚑࢦ۞ˠ˧ൺĄࠎྋՙЋຽޘ ̍યᗟ̈́Яᑕ̱ѐ઼ޙඈࢦ̳̂В̍ޙనĂ߆عЯ҃८ࣞᒉౄຽ͔ซ γ౻Ğӓڒăૺ 1991ğĄέ៉ϒё८͔ࣞซγ౻ߏࠎέ៉઼ᅫ Ķ͗ܝฟٸķ۞ჹბĂҋѩྭ઼ዏଁ۞ᇆᜩ˧͟ᆧĂϺมତ͔ 1990 ѐ έ៉̰ొۤགྷ൴ण۞˘ֱࡎϬ࠼Ą ԧ઼дϒё͔ซγ౻ֽέ̍үޢĂέ៉γ౻ᇴณҋ 1990 ѐܮܐฟ ؕԣి˯̿ĂҌ 2004 ѐ 8 ͡غЪ͔ڱซγ౻̏྿ˬ˩༱ˠͽ˯Ą 11 Ϥٺ 1990 ѐԧ઼εຽதϺӔன˯̿ᔌ๕Ăΐ˯זצགྷᑻඕၹᖼݭă̰ొ߆ གྷ̈́ۤົޘטᆐধតࢭĂ઼̈́ᅫഀঈೈᒖ۞ᇆᜩĂ 1996 ѐޢέ៉εຽத ฟؕుՎ˯֭̿ฟؕ˭̙اĞLee 2002; Ղྕ 2003ğĄЯѩγ౻ߏӎ̏ ᇆᜩזώ౻ಶຽ፟ົ̈́γ౻၆ԧ઼ፋវགྷߏޙӎฟؕயϠࢬड़ڍĂд ઼̰ฟؕតј˘࣎࠹༊ѣۋᛉّ۞߆ඉᛉᗟĄ 12 ࢬ၆͟ᆧ۞ᑝĂγ౻၆ώ౻ᇆᜩ۞ጯந̶ژΞໄ̶ࠎଐֽڶ ኢĂӈܳซώ౻ᝋৈ۞ϒࢬ̢ྃड़ڍĞcomplementary effectğ̈́ຫच ώ ౻ ಶ ຽ ۞ ࢬ ആ ड़ ڍĞ displacement effectğ ܡ ᘣ ड़ ڍ
11
Җ ߆ ੰ ౻ ̍ ؎ ࣶ ົ ࢍ Į ౻ જ ࢍ ͡ ಡ įĞ http://dbs1.cla.gov.tw/stat/
catlg00.htm Ăפϡ͟ഇĈ 2004 ѐ 8 ͡ 31 ͟ğĄ 12
࠹၆˘ٺਠͽགྷᑻड़ৈࠎ͔ซγ౻۞ᏊณᇾĂഅ㊫܆Ğ2003ğͽ઼߆֎۞ڼ
ޘଣ͔ซγ౻۞࠹ᙯયᗟĄ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā183
Ğdiscouraging effectğĄϤ۞˭̙اٺεຽதĂέ៉۞ጯࠧдࡁտγ౻ ၆ώ౻ᑝॡҋѣ࠹༊۞ּͧߏдଣγ౻၆ώ౻ಶຽ۞ᇆᜩĂЯѩ ߏώ༼аᜪ۞ࢦᕇĄΩγĂдࡁտዏଁયᗟॡĂጯࠧ็˯௫ၚ ̰ొዏଁ̈́ྭ઼ዏଁ༊ј࣎ϲ۞ࢬШֽநĂᄮࠎ˟۰ߏ̢̙࣎ ࠹̒۞ᛉᗟĂҭ็۞ޥჯன̏ᙋߏځᄱ۞Ăְ၁˯̰ొዏଁ̈́ ྭ઼ዏଁ˟۰ߏ۞ֶ࠹ޘĂ҃ͷ఼૱хдߙ۞ޘࡎϬ࠼ĂЯ ѩώ༼Ω˘ࢦᕇᕚдྭ઼ዏଁ၆έ៉̰ొዏଁ۞ᇆᜩĄ
Ğ˘ğγ౻၆ώ౻ಶຽᇆᜩ۞યᗟ ઼̰ѣᙯγ౻၆ώ౻ಶຽᇆᜩ۞၁ᙋࡁտඕ࠹ܼڍ༊̶۞ڡĄӓ ͳ̈́ڒ৵ᝈĞ2001ğᄮࠎநኢ˯͔ซγ౻Ξਕ၆ώ౻யϠആ̢ٕྃड़ ڍĂ˵ΞਕᄃྤώٕԫఙயϠ̢જĂ҃ͷ˵ΞਕࢉϠ̙։۞γొड़ ڍĂҭᇆᜩࠎң۞ؠۺඍ९ĄѦำᚈ̈́ၐĞ1992ğࡁտព ϯ͔ซγ౻၆઼̰གྷᑻ۞ᇆᜩੵ˞̙Ӏயຽ̿৺γĂϺڱॖаొ̶౻ ˧ะயຽĞтৱᖐຽğ۞ӧဩĂҭΩ˘͞ࢬݒ೩઼̰ᓁϠயͨᗝă ӀማăԸྤ̈́ᆧΐᓁ̍ྤٙᐼᄊ۞ड़ڍĂՀΞࢫҲ઼̰ტЪۏᆊĄ ̈́ӓࡁ۞ڒտĞ1996ğពϯĂγ౻၆ώ౻̍үᇆᜩߏആٕ ྃ·ड़ౌڍᙱͽҿᕝĂҭፋវ҃֏ဌϡγ౻ѣӄᆧΐώг౻̝̍ಶຽĄ ̙࿅ष࡚ඈˠĞ1998ğࡁտγ౻ᄃЧᙷ౻જม۞ആ̢ٕྃᙯܼĂ൴ன γ౻ᄃ઼̰Чᙷ౻̍มѣആ۞ᙯܼĂ˵ѣّ̢ྃ۞ᙯܼĂѩ˘ആᄃ ̢֭ྃхᙯܼᔳӣ˞͔ซγ౻̙֭ົೋ઼̼̰Чᙷ౻̍۞ಶຽ፟ົᄃᓟ ྤͪĂࠤҌΞਕົனԼච۞ଐڶĄ ̙࿅˘ֱࡁտγ౻၆ώ઼౻̍Ğͽ˭ᖎჍώ౻ğಶຽ۞ᇆᜩĂ൴ன γ౻၆ώ౻ѣயϠಶຽ۞ആड़ڍĞಏ៝ 1996 ć Tsay and Lin 2001 ćᖡ ࡊϒ 2001ğćּтĂಏ៝Ğ1996ğ۞ࡁտ൴னγ౻ᄃώ઼Чᙷ౻̍มх
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д࠹༊ᘦ۞ؠആᙯܼĂඕኢߏ̂ณဌϡγ౻̙Ӏྤ઼̰ٺώ̈́ ԫఙ౻ֹ̝̍ϡ̙̈́Ӏ઼̰ٺயຽ̿৺ĂЯѩޙᛉᑕАࣜඕγ౻८ֹࣞ ϡ۞ᓁณĂГుՎࢫҲγ౻ֹϡณͽҺဌϡγ౻၆઼̰ऴ๕౻̍ಶຽ፟ ົயϠ̙ӀᇆᜩĄᖡࡊϒĞ2001ğͽலͩѡቢ៍၅͔ซγ౻ᄃεຽᙯ ܼĂᄮࠎγ౻၆ώ౻ಶຽᔵѣࢬᇆᜩĂҋ 1994 ѐͽֽγ౻̏Ϥྃ·֕ Шആώ౻۞ड़ڍĂҭࢋдࣧАဌϡγ౻Җຽ̍ү۞ώ౻Ᏼፄࣧᖚຽ ۞፟ົഴ͌ĂҭҖຽ೩ֻ˞າ۞ಶຽ፟ົĂ߇ࢬᇆᜩϏពனĄ ૺپРĞ2002ğᄮࠎ͔ซγ౻၆઼̰ቁ၁ѣൺഇ۞གྷᑻड़ৈĂҭ ܜഇ҃֏ົݒ၆ಶຽξಞயϠࢬᇆᜩĂϤώֽ۞ྃ·ّᖼតјആ ّĂ၆઼ˠಶຽᄃᓟྤயϠ̙ӀᇆᜩćѩγϺΞਕܡᘣЋຽயຽ̿৺̈́ ᆧΐۤົјώĄј̝ࡗ̈́֙ࠏษĞ2002ğ۞ࡁտᄮࠎ͔ซγᚱႾ᜕̍ᄃ छलᑒไ̙Ⴝົֹܳ՟̍ү۞ّ̃ัԸˢಶຽξಞĂҭ၆ٺጾѣ̍ ү۞ّ̃ั̝ಶຽົயϠϒШ۞ᘦؠड़ڍĄߺڒтĞ2000ğ۞ࡁտ ൴னזĶγไ߆ඉķࣤ݇˞дέ៉ٺล৺ٕཏऴ๕ّ̝̃Ăֹд ౻જξಞԛјᚮۋᙯܼĂ҃̚ќˢ۞छल҃ͅӀٺѩĄ дγ౻၆ώ౻εຽ۞ᇆᜩొ̶Ăችܦᐷ̈́؞ڒπĞ2000ğ۞ࡁտѣ ྵჟ۞ࢍზĄྍࡁտඕڍĂдଠטҝགྷᑻඕၹᖼ۞ݭЯ৵˭Ăγ ౻၆ώ౻۞ಶຽቁ၁ѣࢬүϡĂܕѐԣిᆧΐ۞ૄᆸ౻̍εຽଐԛĂ ѣొ̶ࣧЯߏϤٺγ౻၆ࣇಶຽ۞ആүϡٙౄј۞ćγ౻၆ώ౻ಶ ຽ۞ࢬᇆᜩࢋனдγ౻ะ۞ҖຽĂӈᄦౄຽăᒉౄຽăົۤ ̈́࣎ˠڇચຽĞ၆ᛳᄦౄຽ۞፟̄ຽᒉౄຽ۞Ηԫఙ̍Ҳԫఙ ̍ᇆᜩ̂ğĂҭдҾ۞Җຽγ౻۞ࢬᇆᜩ̙֭ពĄ ችܦᐷ̈́؞ڒπĞ2000ğ۞ࡁտᔵᙋ၁γ౻၆ώ˿ຽ̍ү۰ѣ̢ ّྃĂҭγ౻၆ώ˿ຽˠࣶ۞ّ̢ྃߏѣྭγ౻ะҖຽ۞পّć ˵ಶߏᄲĂγ౻၆ώ઼ຽ̍ү۰ّ̢̝ܼྃனдܧγ౻ะ۞Җ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā185
ຽĂдγ౻ะ۞ҖຽĂ̙࠻ֽّ̢҃ྃͅćࡁտ۞ሀᑢࢍზඕڍ ពϯĂࡶրّአ༼дᄦౄຽăᒉౄຽă࣎̈́ົۤˠڇચຽ۞γ౻ˠ ᇴĂγ౻Տᆧഴ 15,000 ˠνΠĂᓁវεຽதࡗᆧഴ 0.1 ࣎Ѻ̶ᕇćࡁտ ۞߆ඉຍஉߏдγ౻ะ۞ҖຽĂϤٺγ౻၆ຽˠࣶಶຽځព̢ྃ ّĂҭ၆ૄᆸ౻̍ѣפүϡĂϤૄٺᆸ౻̍ᇴкٺຽˠࣶĂЯѩ γ౻၆γ౻ะҖຽ̝ᇆᜩߏၑ̂ٺӀćҭдγ౻̙ะ۞ҖຽĂϤٺ γ౻၆ຽˠࣶѣّ̢ྃ̈́γ౻၆ૄᆸ౻̍ځពפүϡĂ߇͔ ซγ౻ߏӀ̂ٺၑĄ Ҍٺγ౻၆ώ౻̍үளજĞjob turnoverğ۞ᇆᜩొ̶Ăችܦᐷ̈́ڒ ؞πĞ1999ğ۞ࡁտពϯγ౻၆ώ౻̝̍үளજ̏யϠᇆᜩĂ̙Тᙷݭ ̝ώ౻၆γ౻ѣ̙Т۞Ķͅᑕķć˘ਠ҃֏Ăኢߏεຽٕតೱ̍үĂ צγ౻ࢬᇆᜩ۞ώ౻ࢋߏγ౻Тኳّ۞Ҳˠ˧ྤώૄᆸ౻̍Ă ҭຽགྷநˠࣶצٺγ౻ٙ೩ֻ۞౻ચĄд၆ώ౻តೱ̍ү۞ᇆᜩ ొ̶Ăγ౻၆ώ˿ຽགྷநˠࣶѣ˘ؠ̢ྃ۞ޘүϡĂҭݒ၆ώ˿ѐ ̈́ܜҲᆸ౻̍ѣߙ۞ޘଵᑟүϡĂপҾߏγ౻၆ᒉౄຽ̚ѐͽ˯Ҳ ᆸշّ౻̍ѣ۞ૻޝଵᑟүϡćҌٺຽม߹જొ̶Ăγ౻ྵк۞Җຽ֭ ՟ѣֹຽม߹જ۞ώ౻ྵᙱொˢྍҖຽĂҭγ౻၆Тኳّ۞ώ౻̝߹ ˢĞּтҲିֈ۞ޘజ࢝ᗓᖚ۰ԓ୕߹ˢᒉౄຽ۞Ҳԫఙ౻̍ğѣ ˘ؠܡ۞ޘᘣүϡĄ ݈ࡁտјڍѣֱ̙˘̝Ăඊ۰ᄮࠎࣧЯ̙ߏؠཌྷ̈́நኢ̙ ТĂ҃ߏγ౻ᇆᜩ̙ٺТॡഇѣ̙Тड़ڍٙĄγ౻၆ώ౻۞ᇆᜩົѣ ॡม۞ᅍّؼĂ˵ಶߏᄲγ౻၆ώ౻ᇆᜩ̙ߏ˘͔ซγ౻ಶົϲג னĂඊ۰࣎ˠ៍၅ࡗѣ˟Ҍˬѐ۞ᅍؼड़ڍĂγ౻ ٺ1994 ѐ݈ᓁᇴ̙֭ ߏ̂ޝĂјޘిܜϺ̙ԣĂҭ ٺ1994-1998 ѐมᇴณฟؕԣిјܜĂ̝ ޢᘦؠჯд 30 к༱ˠĞ̙ӣڱܧγ౻ğĂ߇ᇆᜩд 1996 Ҍ 1998 ѐͽ
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ޢฟؕు႙ពனĄ
Ğ˟ğγ౻၆ώ౻̰ొዏଁᇆᜩ۞યᗟ дኘזγ౻၆ώ౻̰ొዏଁ۞ᑝ݈Ă៍˯هԧࣇᅮАࢋѣ˘ᄮ ۢĂ֤ಶߏኢ઼̰γĂγ౻ٺЇ˘౻જξಞ̶̝οѣ˘࣎ࢋࢦޝপ ᇈĂӈγ౻఼૱ะ̚д͌ᇴೀ࣎ҖຽгડĄЯѩγ౻၆઼̰౻જξಞ ̝ᑝಶ൘тֽҋγ͉۩۞Ϯᇠᑝг˘ਠćࡶྍϮ̙ߏ˘ਠ̈ ϮॡĂг۞ĶᇠᑝķĞimpactğᕇੵٚ࠹צ༊̂۞ᑝ̝γĂᇠᑝயϠ ۞ĶᑝگķĞshocking waveğϺົֹྍᑝᕖҌБ҃யϠБࢬّ ۞ᇆᜩĂมତֹܳгᒖဩ̈́ۏயϠซ˘Վ۞ࢦ̈́ԼតĂྍ៍ᕇӈ ٙᏜᇠᑝޢயϠ۞ĶႛႠड़ᑕķĞthe ripple effectğĄӀϡ˯ͧಔĂ༊ߙ ֱপؠҖຽٕгડזצγ౻Ķᇠᑝķ۞˧ૉ̂ॡĂᇠᑝᕇੵயϠĶ Ϯӫķ̝γĂצᑝ̝ώ౻ϺົтТᇠᑝࢳޢᗓ۞ۏኳ҃α߹જĂซ ҃யϠ̰ొ౻જξಞˠ˧ྤБࢬГ̶੨۞ड़ڍĄ ˞ྋγ౻၆ώ౻̰ొዏଁ۞ᇆᜩĂϫ۞дଣྭ઼ዏଁ၆γ౻ତצ ઼̰ొ౻જξಞˠ˧ྤГ̶੨۞߾ൕड़ڍĄѣᙯྭ઼ዏଁ၆̰ొዏଁ ۞ᇆᜩâਠ۞నߏ༊̂ณγ౻യซॡĂ่̙၆γ౻ჸะг۞ώ౻ዏ ଁົயϠଯ˧Ă˵Ξਕͤܡ౻જξಞ౻̍۞߹ˢĂซ҃ጱ̰ొፋ វۤົགྷᑻវրˠ˧ࢦ̶੨۞ड़ڍĄ઼γጯࠧд͞ࢬѣޝᖳಱ۞ࡁտ јڍĄ ּт Manson ඈˠĞ1985ğ൴னொˢݑΐэ۞ግҘ࣯౻̍၆༊г ຽˠ̀யϠ̍ү˯۞̢ྃड़ڍĂҭ၆༊гҲԫఙ౻̍ݒயϠആड़ڍĄ FilerĞ1992ğࡁտ 272 ઼࡚࣎۞ౌົડĂ൴னొ̶ౌົડ۞̰ొ౻̍߹ જ઼ྭዏଁ߹ˢӔனШᙯᓑĄ FreyĞ1996ğ Frey ඈˠĞ1996ğซ ˘Վ̶ିֈ̈́ԫఙࡁֽޘտྭ઼ዏଁ၆઼̰ٺዏଁ۞ആड़ڍĂ൴
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā187
னྭ઼ዏଁ၆઼࡚ώ˿౻જξಞ̏யϠពᇆᜩĄ Ӏϡ઼࡚ 1990 ѐ۞ߤྤफ़Ă Frey ̈́ LiawĞ1998ğ Liaw ඈˠ Ğ1998ğซ˘Վ൴னγ౻၆઼࡚Ҳˠ˧ྤώ۞ώ౻ቁ၁ѣ˘ଵϋүϡĂ ҭ၆ˠ˧ྤώ۰ݒѣߙّ̢ྃ۞ޘĄ҃ͷҲԫఙγ౻၆ώ౻ொ ۞ଵᑟड़ڍĞdisplacing effect on out-migrationğ̂ٺ၆γгώ౻ொˢ ۞ܡᘣड़ڍĞdiscouraging effect on in-migrationğć˵ಶߏᄲĂ઼࡚Ҳԫ ఙώ౻ٽజ̍ࣧүгγ౻ٙ҃פγொҌҾĞ఼૱ҌᓜܕЧэğĂ ઼࡚γ౻၆γгࢋொˢ۞ώ౻ᔵѣܡᘣّĂҭड़֤ߏ̙ڍᆃૻধĄ࡚҃ ઼γ౻၆઼࡚ٺώ౻۞ଵᑟ၆෪ܼͽҲԫఙăళϨˠăҁˠࠎć Ϥצٺଵϋ۰д߹જ้ޢШ߹Шዐܕ౻જξಞĂЯѩ၆ྍξಞ۞πӮᓟ ྤͪ̈́ˠ˧ྤώݡኳѣ˘ࢬᇆᜩĄ ҭΩ˘͞ࢬĂ CardĞ1997ğ൴னଠొ̰טዏଁ۞ՙඉЯ৵̝ޢĂྭ ઼ዏଁ၆઼࡚̰ొ౻̍эᅫዏଁ֭՟யϠЇңᇆᜩć Wright ඈˠĞ1997ğ Ӏϡ 1980 1990 ઼࡚ߤྤफ़൴ன઼࡚̂ౌົડώ౻۞ஐ߹εࢋܼ ጱЯࠎགྷᑻඕၹតዏĂ̙֭ߏ઼ྭצ౻̍ொˢ۞ᇆᜩć Fairlie ̈́ Meyer Ğ1997ğֹϡ઼࡚ˠ˾ߤࡁտ 94 ࣎̂ౌົгડĂ઼ᅫ౻̍߹ˢ၆ ઼࡚̰ొዏଁΞͽᄲߏᇆᜩ่ٕߏֱᇆᜩĂҭߏ၆ٺշّโˠٕߏ ّ̃ҋᒉүຽ۰ߏѣព۞ᇆᜩĄ ѣᙯγ౻၆έ៉ώ౻߹જᇆᜩ۞ࡁտĂдέ៉҃ͅ࠹༊ѣࢨĂϫ݈ ࢋјֽڍҋ LinĞ2002a, 2002bğ۞ࡁտĄ LinĞ2002ağ۞ࡁտ൴னĂ γ౻၆ώ౻۞̰ొዏଁቁ၁̏யϠᇆᜩĂপҾߏҲˠ˧ྤώ۞ώ౻ćტ Ъώ౻۞ዏᗓሀݭĞdeparture modelğ̈́ϫ۞гᏴፄሀݭĞdestinationchoice model of migrantsğ۞ࡁտјڍâਠ҃֏γ౻၆ώ౻՟ѣБࢬ۞ ଵᑟүϡĞpushing effectğĂҭ၆Тኳّ۞߹જώ౻̝ொˢݒѣБ ࢬ۞ܡᘣүϡĂྍଐԛд઼࡚۞൴ன࠹ͅĄ
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188
LinĞ2002bğซ˘Վͽ LinĞ2002ağ۞ࡁտјૄࠎڍᖂĂଣࡶ߆ ඉّአ༼γ౻ᇴณޢԧ઼̰ొˠ˧Г̶੨ົтңБࢬĶࢦາ߾ൕķ۞ યᗟĄࡁտඕڍពϯγ౻ࡶᆧΐ 10% Ă FLVĞforeign labor volumeğ гડ۞ஐ౻̍ዏଁഴ͌ 0.07% Ăҭ̚ FLV гડ̈́Ҳ FLV гડ̝ஐ౻̍ ዏଁ̶Ҿᆧΐ 0.15% ̈́ 0.29% ćϤٺγ౻၆ώ౻дொˢ۞ܡᘣүϡᅈ ̂ٺ၆ώ౻дொ۞ଵᑟүϡĂγ౻၆έ៉̰ొ౻̍߹જࢋᇆᜩߏܡ ᘣҲԫఙώ౻ ـFLV ொᖼĂֹҲԫఙώ౻Ϊਕдܧγ౻ჸะгડมϹ ೱĄ ტЪ˯ኢĂέ៉ҋ 1990 ѐฟؕĶ͗ܝฟٸķ̝ޢĂྭ઼ዏଁ ၆έ៉۞ᇆᜩ͟ᔌځពĂ̚ࢦ̂ᇆᜩֽܼҋ͔ซ̂ณ۞γ౻Ąγ౻ ၆έ៉̰ొ۞ᇆᜩѣޝкᆸࢬĂ྆аᜪࢦᕇд၆ώ౻ಶຽ۞ᇆᜩ̈́၆ ώ౻̰ొዏଁ۞ᇆᜩĄிк͛ᚥពϯҌ 1990 ѐϐഇॡĂᔵγ౻၆ώ ౻ຽԫఙˠࣶ۞̢ྃүϡ˘ۡхдĂҭγ౻၆Ҳԫఙώ౻۞ಶຽϺ னొ̶۞פड़ڍĄѩγĂγ౻၆Ҳԫఙώ౻۞ಶຽפड़ڍѣొ̶ͅ ߍд၆Ҳԫఙώ౻۞̰ొዏଁ྆Ăֹצᇆᜩ۞ώ౻ฟؕܧـγ౻ะ̚ гዏଁĄΩγϤٺγ౻၆Ҳԫఙώ౻хдಶຽซˢ۞ܡᘣड़ڍĂϺม ତֹܧγ౻ะ̚г۞Ҳԫఙώ౻ᙱͽ࿅౻̍߹જҌγ౻ะ̚гಶຽ Ğણ҂ဦ 5ğĄ
̱ăඕኢ̈́ኢ ώ͛̏аᜪ˟˩ѐֽέ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ࠹ᙯ۞ۤົ̈́གྷᑻ યᗟĂаᜪ̈́ኢ۞ࢦᕇࢋஉᄏдα̂ᛉᗟĂӈĞ1ğˠ˾ዏଁ౻ ̍߹જ၆έ៉ડા̈́ౌξ൴णᇆᜩ۞યᗟăĞ2ğέ៉̰ొዏଁ̈́ᙝᅫ ౻̍߹જયᗟăĞ3ğྭ઼ዏଁયᗟĂΒ߁͔ซγ౻ăˠ̖а߹̈́γ߹
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā189
ဦ5
γ౻၆ώ౻̰ొዏଁᇆᜩᔌ๕Ĉ 1996-2000
યᗟયᗟă̈́Ğ4ğέ៉Ķ͗ܝฟٸķ۞ޢࡎϬ࠼Ăࢦᕇдྭ઼ዏ ଁ၆ώ౻ಶຽ̰̈́ొዏଁ۞ᇆᜩĄ έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ౻̍߹જયᗟ࿅Ν˟˩ѐֽ̂ᒖဩ۞តજिि ࠹ᙯĄ࿅Ν˟˩ѐֽέ៉̰ొགྷ።˞ధкĶਗ਼ᖼķ۞࿅ćּтĂ߆ڼ ొ̶ࢋߏགྷ።˞ᝋ˧ඕၹĶϤ˯҃˭ķҌĶϤ˭҃˯ķ۞ᖼតćགྷᑻ ൴णࢦࢋ۞ᖼតߏϤĶ̍ຽཌྷķᖼតҌĶ̍ޢຽཌྷķϠயវրă ̈́ۢᙊགྷᑻᎸćۤົតዏࢋߏϤౕދᖼШฟٸĂϤಏ̮ᔌٺк̮ᆊ ࣃĂྤੈ߹જΐԣ̈́შྮۤົ̝૦ćˠ˾̈́౻જវրϺϤ͵࣎˘ܕ ࡔ۞ౕދ႙Ѩ֕Шฟ֭ٸు႙ࠧ͵វրፋЪĂপᇈߏϠ̈́Ѫ˸၆ˠ ˾̈́౻જֻᅮ̝ᇆᜩ͟ഴĂ̰҃ొ̈́ྭ઼ዏଁ၆ˠ˾ј̶̈́ܜοᇆᜩ˧ ͟ᆧćౌξ̈́ડા൴णϤ͟ڼॡഇ 1930 ѐӈ̏ቁϲ۞ݑΔᗕໂ൴ण
190
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ၗ๕Ă֭ᜈ˞ ܕ60 ѐޢĂҭд 1980 ѐซˢޢቼགྷ઼ॡഇޢฟؕ ൴ϠඕၹّតજĂჹЯٺડાགྷᑻඕၹᖼݭᓁវགྷᑻඕၹᖼ̂͞۞ݭ Ш̙˘Ăቁϲ˞Δొ۞ԆБડાᐹ๕̈́ౄј˞ొݑડા̝՟རĂ౻̍ ̈́ˠ˧̝ொᖼϤݑݭΔ̶߹ᖼតјࠎҌΔొ۞ஐொᖼĄ ѣᙯˠ˾ዏଁ౻̍߹જ၆έ៉ડા̈́ౌξ൴णᇆᜩ۞યᗟొ̶Ă ˩˟ܕѐֽ۞གྷᑻඕၹ۞ᖼݭБ̼۞ሗځពԼតέ៉ડાགྷᑻ൴ णඕၹͽ̈́౻̍߹જ۞ᔌ๕Ą 1980 ѐ̚ഇͽޢέ៉ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹ જࢋݭၗܼˠ˧ྤϤгડҌΔొгડĞপҾߏέΔᎩξ̈́ॿ Ꭹğ۞ஐொᖼĂྍี߹જݭၗ 1930-1970 ѐม౻̍ШݑΔ̶߹۞ݭ ၗԆБ̙ТĂЯѩ 1980 ѐϐΞჍࠎέ៉౻̍߹જĶਗ਼ᖼķ۞ѐĄт ѩࢦ̂۞ˠ˧੨ཉតዏ၆ 1990 ѐέ៉߆གྷăۤົ̈́ડા൴णѣஎᅈᇆ ᜩĄέ៉൴णྵࠎቤၙ۞ડા࠰ࢬᓜˠ˾߹εયᗟĂፋ࣎έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏ ଁ̈́౻̍߹જ̪ᖞߏౌـξะ̚ĂপҾߏΔొгડĄᔵˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻ ̍߹જѣܳซˠ˧ྤώٺ౻જξಞ̚ொᖼ۞ϒࢬड़ڍĂҭΩ˘͞ࢬݒ ѣೋ̼ડાมˠ˧ྤώ۞ኳᄃณ̙πᏊ۞ͅШड़ڍĄĶᗕ˺ķड़ڍ ၆έ៉ડા̈́ౌξ൴णயϠໂ̼ன෪̈́൴ण۞ᙱԊࢬĄ ᔵˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ၆έ៉۞ડા̈́ౌξயϠໂ̼൴ण۞ય ᗟĂҭѣᕇࣃૻአĈௐ˘ăᔵέ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જֹ̰ొ ˠ˧ኳᄃณГ̶੨யϠໂ̼ଐԛĂֹ֭ܳડાౌξ۞ۤົགྷᑻ൴णய Ϡ̙ӮڶېĂҭ઼γ࠹ྵ̝˭έ៉͞ࢬ۞યᗟְ၁˯̙֭ზᚑࢦĂ Яܼ̚δ߆ع၆г͞۞ੑ߆ྃӄ̈́γொˠ˾۞๗ഠĞremittancesğய Ϡ۞πᏊड़ڍćௐ˟ă̙ညΔ࡚̚˯ᆸล৺఼૱ᏴፄொـξࢠĂֹ̚ ͕ౌξ఼૱ߏۤົغᆸˠ˾ჸะ۞г͞Ăέ៉۞ߐݱξ̙֭хдϒШ ିֈᏴፄّĂέ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જ֭Ϗౄјߐౌξˠ˧ྤώኳ ณԼච͕̈́̚ౌξˠ˧ྤώኳณೋ̼۞ଐڶĄ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā191
ѣᙯέ៉̰ొዏଁ̈́ᙝᅫ౻̍߹જયᗟĂᓁវ҃֏έ៉̰ొ۞ˠ˾ ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જតዏ̂͞Шડાགྷᑻ̈́౻જξಞඕၹᖼ͞ݭШ࠹༊˘ Ă߇Ҭͼ̙ᅮࢋ߆ඉΐͽ̒ĂΪࢋึ๕ϤĶ࠻̙֍۞͘ķҋҖଯજ ಶҖĄᔵˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જᔵѣአ༼ˠ˧̝үϡĂҭૻধ۞Ᏼፄ ֹّˠ˧ྤ̶ο̝ளኳّซ˘Վᕖ̂Ăഴ͌Ķᄱķ۞ܐ৺ዏଁ̈́ Ķ̙υࢋķࢦኑዏଁߏܳซξಞˠ˧ྻϡड़த̈́ഴҲዏଁۤົјώ۞͞ ё̝˘Ąҭߏొ̶ࢦኑዏଁĞপҾߏాᜈዏଁğܼಏ৷۞Ϥξಞ፟טٙ ͔ጱĂͷྍ࿅ѣӄܳٺซ౻જξಞˠ˧ྻϡड़தĂ၁ኳ˯՟ѣυࢋͽ ߆ඉ̒ᕘѩ˘ҋ࿅Ą߆ඉৌϒٙྍຍ̈́̒۞ߏഴ͌Яε୕ٙጱ ۞ࢦኑዏଁĂЯε୕ᙷࢦ۞ݭኑዏଁ˯Ѩዏଁॡ۞ᄱዏଁՙඉѣ ᙯĂଂ߆ඉࢬֽ࠻Ăࢦᕇᑕഈܳซξಞྤੈ۞ฟٸ͞˟ޘి఼߹̈́ޘ ࢬ͘Ą дᙝᅫ౻̍߹જ۞યᗟొ̶ĂܐՎ۞ࡁտඕۢڍέ៉۞εຽ౻̍ ߹જٺྋՙεຽ۰Гಶຽ۞፟טฟؕѣεី۞ன෪யϠĂҭયᗟߏౄј ྍ፟טεី۞ࣧЯңдĂϫ઼݈̰ጯࠧإϏஎˢࡁտĂࠎනቤϫ݈εຽ યᗟĂߏࣃԧࣇซ˘Վஎˢଣ۞ࡁտᛉᗟĄҌٺజ࢝ᗓᖚ۰۞ય ᗟĂϤٺజ࢝ᗓᖚ۰࠹ྵٺҋᙸᗓᖚ۰дᗓᖚ࣎ޢˠࡅ̈́ۤགྷгҜѣ ځពĶШ˭Օķன෪Ă߇జ࢝ᗓᖚ۰ܼϏֽۤົ̙ᘦؠЯ̄۞Пᐍ ཏĂజ࢝ᗓᖚ۰۞ሕдયᗟѣᏥͽજ᎕ໂ౻જ߆ඉ֨ϏֽΞਕ൴Ϡ ۞યᗟĂ֨ͤྍሕдયᗟϏֽซ˘Վೋ̼Ą Ҍࣧٺҝϔ౻̍߹જ̂۞યᗟĂඊ۰ᄮࠎܼዏଁдԼච࣎ˠٕछ लۤགྷгҜ̈́ٙͪ۞ϒࢬड़ڍдέ៉ࣧҝϔ߹જ࠻ֽ̙֭ߏޝព ć઼̰ᔵѣ̙͌ࣧҝϔዏଁࡁտĂҭ͞ࢬયᗟ۞ଣإϏனĂ ߇ࣃԧࣇᙯڦćΩγԧࣇགྷ૱࠻זѣᙯγ౻ࣧҝϔ̍үࡎયᗟ۞ ኢٕࡁտĂҭયᗟߏϫ݈ጯࠧдγ౻၆ࣧҝϔ౻̍ಶຽ̈́ዏଁ۞ᇆᜩ
192
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غזޘѣк̂ᇆᜩ۞ᆸѨࠎңϫ݈إϏೠ೪ҝĂඊ۰ᄮࠎϤٺέ៉ 2000 ѐ͗˾ߤࢵѨ೩ֻࣧҝϔߤྤੈĂ߇ࣧҝϔ͞ࢬયᗟ۞ࡁտ តΞҖͷࣃጯࠧԸˢĄ έ៉ϫ݈ࢬᓜ۞ྭ઼ዏଁયᗟྵࢦࢋ۞ᛳ̂ณᏮˢ۞Ҳԫఙγ౻ă ̈́ྤώγ߹ٙજ۞ˠ̖γ߹યᗟĄҭඊ۰ᄮࠎ݈ˬ̂ྭ઼ዏଁય ᗟĂ၆έ៉̰ొۤົ̈́གྷᑻᇆᜩᆸࢬࠎஎᅈ۰ĞኢۡତԺٕมତğ ༊ᛳࠎᇴிк۞Ъڱܧ̈́ڱγ౻ĂҭϤٺγ౻ொˢέ៉̏ѣ࠹༊˘۞ܜ ߱ॡมĂϫ݈ۤົ̂ி၆ౄј۞ۡତ̈́มତયᗟҬͼѣֱĶ౫͢ķĂ ϫ݈ۤົ҃ͅྵ܅к۞ڦຍ˧дγᚱ੨ઊ۞ۤົ̼̈́͛አዋયᗟ˯ࢬć Ҍٺέ៉઼̚གྷፋЪޘΐஎጱˠ˧γ߹Ҍ઼̂̚ౙ۞યᗟĂѣ ˠᄮࠎߏᚑࢦ۞ˠ̖γ߹યᗟĂҭඊ۰ᄮࠎϤثٺགྷᑻ߿જ̈́யຽඕ ၹإѣ̂ޝડĂዏଁҌ઼̍̚ү۞ˠ֭ܧέ៉ᚑࢦͣ۞ˠ̖Ă߇ඊ ۰ᄮࠎΪߏ˘ਠˠ˧γ߹Ă̙إၹјˠ̖γ߹۞યᗟĄ έ៉Ķ͗ܝฟٸķ̂ޢณொˢ۞γ౻၆ώ౻۞ᇆᜩࢋͅߍд၆ώ ౻ಶຽ̈́ώ౻̰ొዏଁ۞યᗟ˯Ąέ៉ѣᙯγ౻၆ώ౻ಶຽᇆᜩ۞၁ᙋ ࡁտඕڍѝഇܼ࠹༊̶ڡĂҭᐌγ౻ ٺ1990 ѐ̚ഇޢฟؕд઼̰֝ ిᆧΐޢĂѣᙯγ౻၆ώ౻ᇆᜩ۞ࡁտඕڍតດֽດĂώ˿ຽ གྷநˠࣶૄώ˯ߏγ౻ٙ೩ֻ۞౻ચ̝צ۰Ăҭγ౻Тኳّ۞Ҳ ˠ˧ྤώ۞ώ౻צٽγ౻ࢬड़۞ڍᇆᜩĂͷܕѐԣిᆧΐ۞ૄᆸ౻ ̍εຽѣొ̶ࣧЯܼϤγ౻۞ആүϡٙĄ γ౻၆ώ౻۞Ω˘ࢦ̂ᇆᜩߏԧ઼̰ొˠ˧̶੨۞યᗟĂέ៉۞၁ ᙋඕڍ൴னγ౻၆Ҳԫఙώ౻۞ಶຽפड़ڍѣొ̶ͅߍдҲԫఙώ౻ ۞̰ొዏଁ྆ࢬĂγ౻၆ώ౻՟ѣБࢬ۞ଵᑟүϡĂҭ၆Тኳّ ۞߹જώ౻̝ொˢݒѣБࢬ۞ܡᘣүϡĄԧࣇۢγ౻ะ̚гߏέ៉ۤ གྷ൴ण۞ჟරгĂྻϡγ౻ѣӀѣၑĂҭԧࣇ˘ਠٙنர۞યᗟߏྻ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā193
ϡγ౻۞ϒࢬड़ܼۡڍତனдγ౻ะ̚гĂ҃ࢬड़ົ̙ݒڍдγ ౻ะ̚гܑனֽĂܼ҃มତனдܧγ౻ะ̚гĂܑϯέ៉ྻϡγ ౻۞јώड़ৈ̝۩ม̶οְ၁˯ߏхд̙πඈ۞ᙯܼĄ ԧ઼̰ొ౻જξಞ ٺ1990 ѐฟؕ၆઼ᅫฟޢٸĂྭ઼ዏଁ၆έ៉ ̰ొᇆᜩ˧͟ᆧٙࢉϠ۞Ϭ࠼̈́ࡎߏԧࣇࢋ;۞ᆊĄֱᆊΞ ࿅߆ඉ߱͘ࢬᇆᜩഴҌҲĂҭયᗟߏඊ۰ᄮࠎԧ઼γ౻߆ඉ ࠹༊ͻᇅّ̈́ՙඉ۰૱Ϗវ၅ଐ๕ត̼ĂͽҌٺԧ઼γ౻߆ඉ͌߆ ඉ̝ѣड़ّć݈ኢᕇߏૄ˭ٺЕ˟ᕇநϤĈௐ˘ăԧ઼ௐ˘Ѩ߆ᛨ ആ݈۞ે߆ᛨ၆γ౻ࢉϠ۞યᗟΞᏜ·̙҅ჷĂԆБڱវ၅൴ᅔ̚۞ ࠹ᙯۤົགྷᑻયᗟĂ҃ٸЇયᗟ͟႙ೋ̼ćௐ˟ăௐ˘Ѩ߆ᛨആ۞ޢ ે߆ᛨᔵٺᏴ݈̏ϒෛྍયᗟ҃ღᒺγ౻ৼˢ߆֍Ăҭௐ˘Ѩ߆ᛨ ആ߆ે۞ޢᛨְ၁˯֭՟ѣར၁ྍี߆ඉĂഇมᔵഅࣜඕ઼̈́Оκ౻ ̍Ăҭ࠰ܼЯְેۋڼ߆ٺІ҃ܲٺૄܧ᜕ԧ઼ۤົགྷᑻЯ৵ࠎ൴ ᕇĄ έ៉ϫ݈̰ొ઼ྭዏव۞Ϭ࠼ࡎયᗟྋՙ̝Ăඊ۰ᄮࠎᅮ ࢋ۞̂ޝംᇊĂдࢬ၆݈યᗟॡĂࢦᕇߏтңྭ઼ዏଁ۞ޢা̈́ ߆ඉ۠ᕇഴҌҲĄඊ۰ᄮࠎԧ઼̰ొ౻જξಞ̙ਕҋγ઼ٺᅫ౻જξ ಞĂ߇Бࢬ༰ͤγ౻၆̙ߏநّ۞ྋՙ͞९Ăҭд߆ඉనࢍ˯ѣ˟ᕇ ࣃΝޥ҂Լซćௐ˘ăዋณᒺഴҲลγ౻ߏυࢋ۞ĂநϤߏҲลγ౻ ၆ԧ઼Тኳّ۞ώ౻̝ܡ̈́פᘣड़࠹̏ڍ༊ځពĂ՟நϤ̙ΐͽࢨ טćώ͛༊ڱаඍዋγ౻ᇴณࠎңĂҭΞ࿅ჟზ̈́ࢍሀᑢ͞ ёֽఢထᒺഴҲลγ౻۞ָ͞ёĂ҃ͷᒺഴҲลγ౻ॡࢋ߆ڼ҂ณ ࢫҌҲćௐ˟ăԧ઼γ౻߆ඉੵѣ݈۠ᕇγĂΩ˘۠۞̂ޝᕇߏ࿅ Ν˩кѐֽĂԧࣇд߆ඉ˯˘ۡنரခᐽγᚱຽˠࣶொˢćγᚱຽ ˠࣶொˢᔵ၆ԧ઼ຽˠࣶ̝ಶຽඈΞਕౄјᑝĂҭͽ̏ฟ൴઼
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छּֽ̄࠻Ăϒࢬड़ৈᑕ၆ᅈ̂ࢬٺᇆᜩĂ߇߆ඉ˯ᑕనڱഴ ͌γᚱຽˠࣶொˢԧ઼۞ᅪᘣĄ ώ͛ᔵ̏ಶέ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જࡁտ͛ᚥઇаᜪĂϫ݈ߊѣ ͛ᚥᔘߏѣϏౣ̝Ăإѣֱᛉᗟ̈́યᗟѣޢޞᜈࡁտĄࢵАĂдࡁ տ۞நኢొ̶Ăኢߏ̰ొዏଁԺٕྭ઼ዏଁࡁտĂ઼̰࠹ᙯ͛ᚥдந ኢޙၹొ̶إ̙֖Ăඊ۰ᄮࠎϫ݈ѣޞซ˘Վΐૻ۞ࠎĶາķགྷᑻጯ ࠁĞnew economics of migrationğ۞நኢᑕϡٺέ៉۞ࡁտĞStark 1991ğćඊ۰ᄮࠎྍጯࠁ۞நኢ̈́៍ᕇĞӈዏଁܼϤ࠹၆ࣤဳຏ Ğfeelings of relative deprivationğٙᜭજăዏଁߏ̶ࢲᐍĞrisk diversificationğՙඉă̈́ዏଁ๗ഠĞremittances of migrationğߏӀ ཌྷĞaltruismğ۞ඕڍğޝዋЪϡֽྋᛖέ៉ϫ݈̈́Ϗֽࢬᓜ۞ଐڶĂপ Ҿߏᛳ઼ྭٺዏଁ۞γ౻̈́γᚱາऋொˢયᗟĄ ޢĂಶ၁ᙋࡁտ҃֏Ăඊ۰ᄮࠎϫ݈ѣ˟࣎ᛉᗟጯࠧإϏೠ೪ ޝĂࣃϏֽซ˘ՎԸˢĄௐ˘࣎ᛉᗟߏεຽ౻̍߹જ۞ࡁտćε ຽ౻̍߹જࡁտдέ៉ϫ݈إдՎล߱Ă࿇ኢεຽ౻̍۞а߹߹જ̈́ ాᜈ߹જ۞ࡁտĂѣᝥٺԧ઼౻̍߹જдܳซεຽ۰Гಶຽ۞፟טΞਕ ฟؕனεីன෪ĂЯѩඊ۰ᄮࠎଣεីࣧЯ̈́ซҖεຽ౻̍۞а ߹߹જ̈́ాᜈ߹જࡁտߏ˞ྋεຽ౻̍Гಶຽ࿅˘࣎ܧ૱ࢦࢋ۞ᒖ ༼Ąௐ˟࣎ᛉᗟߏγֽொϔдέ៉̰ొዏଁĞinternal migration of immigrantsğ۞ࡁտćྍࡁտᛉᗟࢦࢋّߏέ៉̏̏ฟ൴઼छᙷ ҬĂྭ઼ொϔ̏ు႙Ꮙˢԧ઼̰ొۤགྷវրĂ઼छ࠹ྵ̝˭Ăԧ ࣇ၆γֽொϔ۞̰ొዏଁ࿅̈́ඕ̙֭ڍĂ߇ଂۢԧ઼˘ਠ ̰ొዏଁ۞̢જᙯܼĂЯ҃ࣃซҖྎࡁտĄ
έ៉۞ˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જયᗟаᜪā195
ү۰ᖎ̬ ؞ڒπĂΐो̂ McMaster University гநጯ౾̀Ăϫ݈ࠎ̚δࡁտੰˠ ͛ۤົࡊጯࡁտ͕̚አߤࡁտᗟ͕̚ઘࡁտࣶ̈́߆̂ڼጯۤົጯրઘ ିĄࢋࡁտ̈́ጽܜᅳાࠎˠ˾ዏଁ̈́౻̍߹જăགྷᑻ̈́ᗁᒚгந ጯăᗓᏴፄநኢ̈́ᗓྤफ̶़ژĄ
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ણ҂३ϫ ј̝ࡗă֙ࠏษĂ 2002 ĂIJγᚱᑒไᄃႾ᜕͔̍ซ၆઼̰ಶຽᇆᜩ̝ܐ ଣij ĄĮ౻ྤᙯܼኢᕍį11: 69-94 Ą ѦำᚈăၐĂ 1992 ĂĮ͔ซγᚱ౻̝̍јώᄃड़ৈࡁտįĄҖ߆ੰ ౻̍؎ࣶົ؎ࡁտࢍ൪Ą Җ߆ੰࢍĂ 2002 ĂĮ2000 ѐ͗˾̈́ҝшߤ೩ࢋ̶ژįĄέΔĈҖ ߆ੰࢍĄ Җ߆ੰࣧҝϔ؎ࣶົĂ 2002 ĂĮ˝˩˘ѐέ៉ࣧҝϔಶຽڶېአߤಡ ӘįĄέΔĈҖ߆ੰࣧҝϔ؎ࣶົĄ ӓڒăͳ৵៉Ă 2001 ĂIJγᚱ౻̍дέ៉۞ᔌ๕ăགྷᑻᙯᓑᄃ߆ ඉijĄĮˠ˾ጯΏį22: 49-70 Ą ӓڒăૺĂ 1991 ĂĮέ៉гડ۞౻˧ൺᄃγᚱ౻̍યᗟįĄέ ΔĈ̚රགྷᑻࡁտੰĄ ՂྕĂ 2003 ĂIJ̶·ޢಶຽॡ۞ֽᓜijĄࢱ 3-39 ĂќᐂٺՂྕበĂ Į1996 ѐͽֽέ៉εຽયᗟęኡએ֕˞ԧࣇ۞̍үįĄέΔĈ͇˭͛ ̼Ą ؞ڒπĂ 2003 ĂIJ೩̿εຽ۰Гಶຽ۞፟ົĈ౻જொજijĄࢱ 339371 ĂќᐂٺՂྕበĂĮ1996 ѐͽֽέ៉εຽયᗟęኡએ֕˞ԧࣇ ۞̍үįĄέΔĈ͇˭̼͛Ą ؞ڒπăߟࢰтĂ 2004 ĂIJ౻̍߹જ̈́ྤੈ߹જ۞ܐଣࡁտijĄĮྤੈ ۤົࡁտį6: 283-312 Ą ؞ڒπăౢࡻරĂ 2003 ĂIJˠ˧ྻϡᑢęᖸአߤྤफ़ऱ۞யϠ࿅ă ᑕϡனڶă̈́Ϗֽ൴णijĄĮአߤࡁտį13: 39-69 Ą
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ߦڒϠăเ൳ᎸăเρآĂ 2002 ĂIJ౻જ˧አፋ፟טᄃฏՅ౻જ˧а ߹ijĄࢱ 269-295 Ăќᐂٺέ៉གྷᑻጯົበĂĮ2001 ѐέ៉གྷᑻጯົ ѐົኢ͛ะįĄέΔĈέ៉གྷᑻጯົĄ ߺڒтĂ 2000 ĂIJĶγไ߆ඉķᄃ̃ˠ̝ጼĈّ̃ཌྷඉரГޥ҂ijĄ Įέ៉ۤົࡁտ؞Ώį39: 93-151 Ą ڒয়လĂ 1991 ĂĮ̍үຩವሀݭăεຽഇมᄃܲ̍ྤĈέ៉гડ̂ லຽϠ̝གྷរįĄҖ߆ੰ઼ࡊົᗟࡁտࢍ൪јڍಡӘĂࢍ൪በ ཱིĈ NSC 80-0301-H-004-003 Ą ڒ᎖ᆵĂ 2002 ĂĮလཌྷгડࣧҝϔಶຽ̈́ڶېᕩЯįĄလཌྷĈ̚ϒ̂ ጯ౻̍ᙯܼጯրჇ̀ኢ͛Ą ݹᜋࢆăᅀޙฯăषၷૣĂ 1998 ĂIJ༊රˠঔγொϔijĄኢ͛൴ܑٺ Ķྭ͵ࡔᄂ៉۞ˠ˾ᄃ࠹ᙯன෪ࡁົķĂέΔĈέ៉ˠ˾ጯົĂϔ ઼ 87 ѐ 3 ͡ 21 ͟Ҍ 22 ͟Ą ߉Ă 1979 ĂIJᄂ៉ˠ˾ј۩̈́ܜมะ̚࿅ijĄĮ઼ϲέ៉रቑ ̂ጯгநࡁտٙгநࡁտಡӘį5: 158-181 Ą ߸လ༉ăԈអăችം൴Ă 2003 ĂIJᇆᜩέ៉̰ొዏଁ۞གྷᑻЯ৵ଣ ijĄĮགྷᑻኢ͛ᕍΏį31(2): 253-277 Ą ग̋Ă 1997 ĂIJጼޢέ៉ౌξ̝јܜᄃវրijĄࢱ 64-103 Ăќᐂٺች ࡚ăౢࡻරበĂĮέ៉۞ౌξۤົįĄέΔĈλ߹ဦ३Ą ष࡚ăౘࢡځăӓĂ 1998 ĂIJγᚱ౻̍ᄃ઼̰Ϡயࢋ৵มആ̢ྃ ᙯܼ̝ଣęͽέ៉ᄦౄຽࠎּijĄࢱ 65-91 Ăќᐂٺέ៉གྷᑻጯົ በĂĮ1997 ѐέ៉གྷᑻጯົѐົኢ͛ะįĄέΔĈέ៉གྷᑻጯົĄ षซ⟳Ă 1999 ĂIJ߹જ۞័ಷĈາѻࡊጯ̍ຽડ۞౻જ˧ξಞᄃࡊ ԫ൴णijĄĮέ៉ۤົࡁտ؞Ώį35: 75-118 Ą षၷૣăݹᜋࢆĂ 2001 ĂIJ፫߷έ៉ொϔاҝгᏴፄЯ৵ᄃዏଁ࿅ę
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ͽౠ୨ο֧ώࠎּijĄĮ઼̚гநጯົົΏį29: 39-71 Ą ăӓڒĂ 1996 ĂĮЪநγ౻ˠᇴଯҤሀё̝ࡁտįĄҖ߆ੰ౻̍ ؎ࣶົ؎ࡁտࢍ൪Ą ૺپРĂ 2002 ĂIJγᚱ౻̍၆གྷᑻăۤົă߆ڼᆸࢬᇆᜩ̶̝ژijĄ Į߆̂౻જጯಡį12: 257-294 Ą ૺፍߋĂ 1974 ĂIJέΔгડ̋гொϔአዋܐՎአߤࡁտĞ˯ğĞ˭ğijĄ Įޥᄃ֏į11(6): 1-21 Ą ఄᇊࠠĂ 1993 ĂĮಶຽ۰ᄃεຽ۰̍үຩವड़த̝ͧྵįĄҖ߆ੰ઼ࡊ ົᗟࡁտࢍ൪јڍಡӘĂࢍ൪በཱིĈ NSC 82-0301-H-007-012 Ą ౘࢡځĂ 1992 ĂIJౄјεຽத۞ࣧЯ̈́၆ඉĈӮᏊຩವሀݭijĄ Įགྷᑻኢ͛į20(3): 241-266 Ą ౘჹշĂ 1990 ĂIJέ៉гડЧᙷݭዏொ̝ᏴፄّᄃमளّijĄĮˠ˾ጯ Ώį13: 43-57 Ą ౘᆵ߆Ă 1981 ĂIJᄂΔౌົડ۞ˠ˾̶οᄃតዏijĄĮˠ˾ጯΏį5: 5169 Ą ౘᆵ߆ăၐϒԈĂ 1984 ĂIJˠ˾ዏொᄃಶຽijĄĮˠ˾ጯΏį7: 107128 Ą ౢࡻරĂ 1986 ĂIJϐͽֽέ៉ౌξវր̝តዏijĄࢱ 233-273 Ăќᐂ ٺᕿঔăౢࡻරበĂĮέ៉ۤົᄃ̼͛តዏįĄέΔĈ̚δࡁտ ੰϔጯࡁտٙĄ ౢࡻරĂ 1997 ĂIJέ៉۞ౌξវրęଂڼ͟זijĄࢱ 34-61 Ăќᐂٺ ች࡚ăౢࡻරበĂĮέ៉۞ౌξۤົįĄέΔĈλ߹ဦ३Ą ౮ЈͤĂ 1985 ĂIJౌξ̋ࡪࡁտ۞аᜪᄃ݈ᖀijĄĮޥᄃ֏į23(2): 177193 Ą ౮ЈͤĂ 1987 ĂIJౌξ̋ࡪ۞ۤགྷгҜᄃۤົ͕நဩijĄĮ઼ۤ̚ົ
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ጯΏį11: 55-79 Ą ౮ЈͤĂ 1994 ĂIJέ៉ࣧҝϔӧဩᕩЯྋᛖĈͧྵ႔ˠ៍ᕇᄃࣧҝϔ៍ ᕇijĄĮ̚δࡁտੰϔጯࡁտٙะΏį77: 35-38 Ą ౮ЈͤĂ 2001 ĂIJౌξࣧҝϔໄᄲijĄࢱ 1-49 ĂќᐂٺችࣰځበĂĮέ ៉ࣧҝϔΫĈౌξࣧҝϔΫቔįĄݑԸĈέ៉࠷͛ᚥ؎ࣶົĄ ಏ៝Ă 1996 ĂIJγᚱ౻̍ăԫఙăܧԫఙˠࣶᄃྤώ̝มആᙯܼ̝ଣ Ĉͽέ៉ᄦౄຽࠎּijĄࢱ 39-71 ĂќᐂٺౘჹշበĂĮˠ˾ăಶ ຽᄃӀįĄέΔĈ̚δࡁտੰགྷᑻࡁտٙĄ അ㊫܆Ă 1997 ĂIJاᝋ۞થ̼ݡĈέ៉۞થຽொϔξಞijĄĮέ៉ۤ ົࡁտ؞Ώį27: 37-67 Ą അ㊫܆Ă 2003 ĂIJ͔ซγᚱ౻̍۞઼߆ڼijĄĮέ៉ۤົጯΏį32: 158 Ą เέ͕ăڒԠځĂ 2001 ĂIJԧ઼౻̍д̍үېၗม̝߹જ̶ژijĄĮགྷ ᑻኢ͛ᕍΏį29(4): 511-546 Ą เላԠĂ 2001 ĂIJౌξࣧҝϔลᆸតዏΫijĄࢱ 51-89 Ăќᐂٺችࣰځ በĂĮέ៉ࣧҝϔΫĈౌξࣧҝϔΫቔįĄݑԸĈέ៉࠷͛ᚥ؎ࣶ ົĄ јщĂ 1984 ĂĮ઼ˠঔγொϔனڶᄃજ፟ଣ̝ࡁտįĄέΔĈ̰߆ ొˠ˾߆ඉ؎ࣶົĄ Ⴉ༄Ă 1984 ĂIJέ៉˘ਠాᜈ̈́а߹ዏொሀёଣijĄĮڌঔ̂ጯۤ ົࡊጯጯಡį2: 63-78 Ą Ⴉ༄Ă 1988 ĂĮˠ˾߹જęநኢăྤफ़ീณᄃ߆ඉįĄέΔĈλ߹ဦ ३Ą Ⴉ༄Ă 1990 ĂIJᄂ៉ౌົˠ˾ዏொ̈́ѣᙯડҜᕖૺ۞నᑭؠijĄ Į઼ۤ̚ົጯΏį14: 65-95 Ą
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ᆒӖĂ 2002 ĂĮҁ࿑˭۞γ౻౻જˠᝋĈԧ઼γᚱ౻̍౻જˠᝋ̝ ଣ৶įĄҖ߆ੰ઼ࡊົᗟࡁտࢍ൪јڍಡӘĂࢍ൪በཱིĈ NSC 912412-H-004-013 Ą ᆒፍᏉĂ 2004 ĂĮέ៉ࣧҝϔ౻̍߹જ̈́̍үгᏴፄࢋ৵įĄလཌྷĈ̚ ϒ̂ጯ౻̍ᙯܼጯրჇ̀ኢ͛Ą ችԈซĂ 1986 ĂIJฏՅᄃౌξ۞ಶຽాඕĈໄهăְ၁ᄃనijĄĮ̚ ઼ۤົጯΏį10: 1-15 Ą ችԈซĂ 2000 ĂIJέ៉ᄃ઼ֲݑڌֲ̈́ڌछᄃгડมˠ˾၆߹۞ᙷݭᄃ តዏijĄĮˠ˾ጯΏį21: 1-35 Ą ችځራăౘလᇊĂ 1997 ĂIJ઼छăγ౻߆ඉᄃξಞ၁ኹĈགྷᑻۤົጯ۞ ̶ژijĄĮέ៉ۤົࡁտ؞Ώį27: 69-95 Ą ችܦᐷă؞ڒπĂ 1999 ĂĮགྷᑻඕၹᖼݭᄃ౻જξಞត̼Ĉέ៉གྷᑻొ ̰ܝƟม̝౻જ˧߹જįĄέΔĈҖ߆ੰགྷᑻޙన؎ࣶົĄ ችܦᐷă؞ڒπĂ 2000 ĂĮγᚱ౻̍၆ώ઼౻̍̍үளજ̝ᇆᜩ̶ ژįĄέΔĈҖ߆ੰགྷᑻޙన؎ࣶົĄ ች༄ځĂ 1984 ĂĮέ៉̋ۤົ߹જ̝ࡁտįĄέΔĈέ៉̂ጯۤົ ጯրჇ̀ኢ͛Ą ᔁĂ 1991 ĂĮέ៉̋ࡪዏொౌξዋᑕયᗟ̝ࡁտįĄέΔĈҖ߆ੰ ࡁտ൴ण҂८؎ࣶົĄ ᔁăችԈซĂ 1989 ĂĮˠϔγொன̈́ڶયᗟ̝ଣįĄέΔĈҖ߆ ੰࡁտ൴ण҂८؎ࣶົĄ ᕿঔĂ 1983 ĂIJέ៉̋гฏ۞ۤົགྷᑻгҜᄃˠ˾ijĄĮ઼ۤ̚ົጯ Ώį7: 157-175 Ą ᖡࡊϒĂ 2001 ĂIJ౻જ˧ྭ઼ொજ߆ඉęέ៉͔ซγ౻۞གྷរijĄࢱ 2565 ĂќᐂͫྜٺϠበĂĮາགྷᑻ͵ࡔ۞౻જ߆ඉįĄέΔĈݓϠૄ
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