2015, American Psychological Association. This

© 2015, American Psychological Association. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the final, authoritative version of the article. Please do not copy or cite without authors permission. The final article will be available, upon publication, via its DOI: 10.1037/xge0000120

No Evidence for Bilingual Cognitive Advantages: A Test of Four Hypotheses Supplemental Online Materials

Claudia C. von Bastian1,2, Alessandra S. Souza1, Miriam Gade1 1

University of Zurich

2

University of Colorado Boulder

Table S1 Between-Tasks Correlations Inhibition Task Inhibition 1. Simon 2. Flanker 3. Stroop Conflict Speed 4. Simon 5. Flanker 6. Stroop Mixing 7. Color/Shape 8. Animacy/Size 9. Parity/Magnitude Monitoring 10. Squares 11. Rhymes 12. Digits Shifting 13. Color/Shape 14. Animacy/Size 15. Parity/Magnitude Updating 16. Color K-T 17. Letter K-T 18. Digit K-T WMC 19. SSTM 20. Brown-Peterson 21. Complex Span Reasoning 22. Raven's APM 23. Locations 24. Letter Sets 25. N. Syllogisms 26. D. Relationships Processing Speed 27. Color/Shape 28. Animacy/Size 29. Parity/Magnitude

Conflict Speed

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 .02 .21

1 .09

1

.21 -.04 .11 -.03 .22 .05 .06 .15 .14

1 .63 .32

1 .49

1

.16 -.02 .10 .01 .04 .04 .03 -.03 .08

Mixing

Monitoring

7

8

9

10

11

12

-.10 -.29 -.22 -.36 -.25 -.23 -.20 -.16 -.19

1 .51 .51

1 .51

1

.10 -.09 .03 -.02 -.07 -.06 .08 -.08 .13

-.05 -.06 -.05 -.21 -.16 -.13 -.24 -.19 -.13

-.04 .15 -.10 -.01 .16 .00 .05 .13 -.06

1 .34 .13

1 .32

1

-.05 -.11 -.19 .05 -.14 -.11 .01 -.08 -.08

.18 .14 .12 .32 .18 .18 .08 -.04 .02

-.61 -.48 -.47 -.31 -.70 -.35 -.28 -.31 -.63

.05 -.04 -.09 .06 .10 .08 .15 -.01 .09

-.16 -.12 -.20 -.27 -.18 -.20 -.18 -.22 -.24

.20 .18 .18

.13 .14 .16

.09 .03 .05 .06 -.05 .10 -.06 -.03 .06

-.15 -.04 -.22 -.17 -.10 -.04 -.07 -.16 -.22

.15 .13 .33

.06 .07 .04 .10 -.04 .19 .12 -.10 .08 .07 .00 .12 .01 -.02 .11

.04 -.17 .06 .04 .01

.16 -.12 .07 .08 .11

-.01 -.25 -.04 -.05 .03

-.04 .26 .07 .01 .10

-.02 .12 -.01 -.06 .14 .01 -.02 .11 .03

.71 .52 .69

.70 .62 .77

.45 .55 .47

.00 -.22 -.13 -.12 -.17 -.13 -.14 -.30 -.09

.09 .05 .03

Shifting

Updating

13

14

15

.03 .20 -.09 -.08 -.02 -.19 .33 .22 .10

1 .61 .60

1 .43

1

.02 .13 .09

WMC

16

17

18

Reasoning

19

20

21

.17 .34 .28

.17 .30 .33

-.15 -.10 -.08 -.17 -.11 -.10 -.09 -.14 .02

1 .59 .52

1 .57

1

.02 -.06 .22 .12 .14 .14

.05 .20 .23 .32 -.04 .07

.34 .15 .09

-.06 -.04 .10 -.14 -.20 -.11 -.30 -.13 -.15

.30 .44 .50

.20 .58 .34

.38 .38 .28

1 .07 .25

1 .48

1

.00 -.21 .18 .02 .12 -.05 .00 .02 .14 -.06

.10 .05 .14 -.04 .14

.18 .38 .25 .07 .30

.14 -.17 -.03 -.05 -.06

.14 -.07 .00 -.03 -.10

.28 .37 .40 .13 .29

.30 .41 .38 .34 .27

.28 .43 .42 .22 .32

.24 .34 .24 .12 .30

.18 .28 .31 .32 .19

.08 .28 .28 .10 .19

-.13 -.20 -.22 -.10 -.12 -.29 -.07 -.23 -.31

.10 .07 .09

.25 -.01 .24 -.05 .26 -.04

.19 .16 .28 .13 .21

.22 .01 .07 -.05 .10

-.15 -.31 -.24 -.03 -.14 -.11 -.24 -.35 -.32

-.04 -.20 -.08 -.08 -.04 -.09 -.14 -.16 -.09

22

23

24

25

26

1 .26 .53 .15 .33

1 .48 .27 .39

1 .28 .33

1 .29

1

-.02 -.13 -.06 .01 .11 .12 -.14 .12 .00 .10 .00 -.24 -.08 -.04 .04

Proc. Speed 27 28

1 .74 1 .74 .64

Note. K-T = Keep-Track; WMC = working memory capacity; SSTM = spatial short-term memory; APM = advanced progressive matrices; N = nonsense; D = diagramming; Proc. = processing; f = figural; v = verbal; n = numerical. Significant correlations (p < .05) are printed in bold.

Table S2 Fixed Effects Parameter Estimates in the Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using Continuous Indicators of Bilingualism Predictor Intercept AoA Usage Proficiency Inhibition Conflict Speed Mixing Monitoring Shifting Updating WMC Reasoning Task Domain (verbal-numerical) AoA x Inhibition AoA x Speed Conflict AoA x Mixing AoA x Monitoring AoA x Shifting AoA x Updating AoA x WMC AoA x Reasoning AoA x Task Domain AoA x Inhibition x Task Domain AoA x Conflict Speed x Task Domain AoA x Mixing x Task Domain AoA x Monitoring x Task Domain AoA x Shifting x Task Domain AoA x Updating x Task Domain AoA x WMC x Task Domain AoA x Reasoning x Task Domain Usage x Inhibition Usage x Speed Conflict Usage x Mixing Usage x Monitoring Usage x Shifting Usage x Updating Usage x WMC Usage x Reasoning Usage x Task Domain Usage x Inhibition x Task Domain Usage x Conflict Speed x Task Domain Usage x Mixing x Task Domain Usage x Monitoring x Task Domain Usage x Shifting x Task Domain Usage x Updating x Task Domain Usage x WMC x Task Domain Usage x Reasoning x Task Domain Proficiency x Inhibition Proficiency x Speed Conflict Proficiency x Mixing Proficiency x Monitoring Proficiency x Shifting Proficiency x Updating Proficiency x WMC Proficiency x Reasoning

b 0.00 0.01 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.03 -0.01 0.03 0.03 -0.04 0.00 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 0.02 0.01 -0.01 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 -0.29 -0.02 0.21 -0.10 -0.18 0.16 -0.18 -0.34

Model Including SES SE df t p 0.09 3060 -0.02 .985 0.03 3060 0.20 .840 0.01 3057 0.64 .524 0.46 3038 -0.11 .915 0.13 3235 0.00 >.999 0.13 3235 0.00 .999 0.13 3235 0.00 .997 0.13 3235 0.00 .998 0.13 3235 0.00 .997 0.13 3235 0.00 .999 0.11 3235 0.00 .999 0.11 3235 0.00 .999 0.11 3235 0.00 .998 0.03 3236 -0.81 .415 0.03 3236 -0.38 .701 0.03 3236 0.84 .402 0.03 3236 0.82 .413 0.03 3236 -1.08 .279 0.03 3236 -0.07 .942 0.03 3236 -0.49 .624 0.03 3236 -0.82 .414 0.03 3236 -0.61 .539 0.04 3236 0.51 .609 0.04 3236 0.27 .787 0.04 3236 -0.13 .899 0.04 3236 0.13 .894 0.04 3236 1.26 .208 0.04 3236 0.54 .587 0.04 3236 1.12 .262 0.04 3236 0.37 .715 0.01 3236 0.84 .404 0.01 3236 -0.43 .666 0.01 3236 1.67 .095 0.01 3236 1.02 .310 0.01 3236 -1.46 .144 0.01 3236 -0.77 .439 0.01 3236 -0.61 .541 0.01 3236 -0.41 .683 0.01 3236 -1.00 .315 0.01 3236 -0.50 .619 0.01 3236 0.51 .609 0.01 3236 -0.45 .652 0.01 3236 -0.29 .772 0.01 3236 1.83 .068 0.01 3236 1.37 .169 0.01 3236 1.00 .316 0.01 3236 0.49 .627 0.63 3236 -0.46 .647 0.63 3236 -0.04 .972 0.63 3236 0.34 .735 0.63 3236 -0.16 .872 0.63 3236 -0.28 .776 0.63 3236 0.25 .801 0.54 3236 -0.34 .735 0.54 3236 -0.62 .533

Note. AoA = age of L2 acquisition; WMC = working memory capacity.

b 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.03 -0.01 0.03 0.03 -0.04 0.00 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 0.02 0.01 -0.01 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 -0.29 -0.02 0.21 -0.10 -0.18 0.16 -0.18 -0.34

Model Excluding SES SE df t 0.09 2968 0.00 0.03 2969 0.17 0.01 2969 0.56 0.46 2969 0.09 0.13 3235 0.00 0.13 3235 0.00 0.13 3235 0.00 0.13 3235 0.00 0.13 3235 0.00 0.13 3235 0.00 0.11 3235 0.00 0.11 3235 0.00 0.11 3235 0.00 0.03 3236 -0.81 0.03 3236 -0.38 0.03 3236 0.84 0.03 3236 0.82 0.03 3236 -1.08 0.03 3236 -0.07 0.03 3236 -0.49 0.03 3236 -0.82 0.03 3236 -0.61 0.04 3236 0.51 0.04 3236 0.27 0.04 3236 -0.13 0.04 3236 0.13 0.04 3236 1.26 0.04 3236 0.54 0.04 3236 1.12 0.04 3236 0.37 0.01 3236 0.84 0.01 3236 -0.43 0.01 3236 1.67 0.01 3236 1.02 0.01 3236 -1.46 0.01 3236 -0.77 0.01 3236 -0.61 0.01 3236 -0.41 0.01 3236 -1.00 0.01 3236 -0.50 0.01 3236 0.51 0.01 3236 -0.45 0.01 3236 -0.29 0.01 3236 1.83 0.01 3236 1.37 0.01 3236 1.00 0.01 3236 0.49 0.63 3236 -0.46 0.63 3236 -0.04 0.63 3236 0.34 0.63 3236 -0.16 0.63 3236 -0.28 0.63 3236 0.25 0.54 3236 -0.34 0.54 3236 -0.62

p .999 .867 .575 .929 >.999 .999 .997 .998 .997 .999 .999 .999 .998 .415 .701 .402 .413 .279 .942 .624 .414 .539 .609 .787 .899 .894 .208 .587 .262 .715 .404 .666 .095 .310 .144 .439 .541 .683 .315 .619 .609 .652 .772 .068 .169 .316 .627 .647 .972 .735 .872 .776 .801 .735 .533

Table S2 (Continued) Fixed Effects Parameter Estimates in the Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using Continuous Indicators of Bilingualism Predictor Proficiency x Task Domain Proficiency x Inhibition x Task Domain Proficiency x Conflict Speed x Task Domain Proficiency x Mixing x Task Domain Proficiency x Monitoring x Task Domain Proficiency x Shifting x Task Domain Proficiency x Updating x Task Domain Proficiency x WMC x Task Domain Proficiency x Reasoning x Task Domain Inhibition x Task Domain Conflict Speed x Task Domain Mixing x Task Domain Monitoring x Task Domain Shifting x Task Domain Updating x Task Domain WMC x Task Domain Reasoning x Task Domain Parents‘ Education

b 0.03 0.44 -0.23 -0.34 0.13 0.19 -0.43 -0.02 -0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07

Model Including SES SE df t p 0.54 3236 0.05 .961 0.77 3236 0.57 .568 0.77 3236 -0.31 .760 0.77 3236 -0.44 .659 0.77 3236 0.17 .864 0.77 3236 0.24 .807 0.77 3236 -0.56 .575 0.77 3236 -0.03 .977 0.68 3236 -0.44 .661 0.15 3235 0.00 >.999 0.15 3235 0.00 .999 0.15 3236 0.00 .999 0.15 3236 0.00 >.999 0.15 3236 0.00 .997 0.15 3235 0.00 .998 0.15 3235 0.00 .998 0.14 3235 0.00 .999 0.02 113 3.87 .999 .999 .999 >.999 .997 .998 .998 .999

Table S3 Fixed Effects Parameter Estimates in the Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using Language Clusters Predictor Intercept Medium Bil. High Bil. Inhibition Conflict Speed Mixing Monitoring Shifting Updating WMC Reasoning Task Domain (verbal-numerical) Medium Bil. x Inhibition Medium Bil. x Conflict Speed Medium Bil. x Mixing Medium Bil. x Monitoring Medium Bil. x Shifting Medium Bil. x WMC Medium Bil. x Updating Medium Bil. x Reasoning Medium Bil. x Task Domain Medium Bil. x Inhibition x Task Domain Medium Bil. x Conflict Speed x Task Domain Medium Bil. x Mixing x Task Domain Medium Bil. x Monitoring x Task Domain Medium Bil. x Shifting x Task Domain Medium Bil. x Updating x Task Domain Medium Bil. x WMC x Task Domain Medium Bil. x Reasoning x Task Domain High Bil. x Inhibition High Bil. x Conflict Speed High Bil. x Mixing High Bil. x Monitoring High Bil. x Shifting High Bil. x Updating High Bil. x WMC High Bil. x Reasoning High Bil. x Task Domain High Bil. x Inhibition x Task Domain High Bil. x Conflict Speed x Task Domain High Bil. x Mixing x Task Domain High Bil. x Monitoring x Task Domain High Bil. x Shifting x Task Domain High Bil. x Updating x Task Domain High Bil. x WMC x Task Domain High Bil. x Reasoning x Task Domain Inhibition x Task Domain Conflict Speed x Task Domain Mixing x Task Domain Monitoring x Task Domain Shifting x Task Domain Updating x Task Domain WMC x Task Domain Reasoning x Task Domain Parents‘ Education

B -0.19 0.33 0.24 0.00 0.08 -0.06 0.10 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.21 0.05 -0.16 -0.11 -0.09 -0.33 -0.38 -0.41 -0.41 -0.41 0.04 -0.09 -0.17 -0.21 -0.18 0.07 -0.03 0.01 -0.12 0.28 -0.15 0.41 0.13 -0.55 -0.35 -0.25 -0.22 -0.26 -0.16 0.20 -0.25 -0.08 0.72 0.46 0.16 0.04 0.07 0.02 0.14 0.09 -0.20 -0.10 -0.04 0.04 0.06

Model Including SES SE df t p 0.15 3064 -1.25 .211 0.21 3052 1.56 .119 0.24 3070 1.00 .316 0.21 3253 -0.02 .988 0.21 3253 0.38 .701 0.21 3253 -0.30 .761 0.21 3253 0.48 .632 0.21 3253 1.36 .175 0.21 3253 1.19 .234 0.18 3253 1.24 .214 0.18 3253 1.19 .235 0.18 3253 0.25 .802 0.29 3253 -0.56 .576 0.29 3253 -0.40 .691 0.29 3253 -0.30 .764 0.29 3253 -1.15 .251 0.29 3253 -1.34 .182 0.29 3253 -1.43 .153 0.25 3253 -1.66 .096 0.25 3253 -1.64 .101 0.25 3253 0.18 .859 0.35 3253 -0.26 .797 0.35 3253 -0.48 .630 0.35 3253 -0.60 .550 0.35 3253 -0.51 .608 0.35 3253 0.20 .842 0.35 3253 -0.08 .934 0.35 3253 0.04 .971 0.31 3253 -0.40 .692 0.33 3253 0.86 .392 0.33 3253 -0.44 .661 0.33 3253 1.24 .214 0.33 3253 0.41 .684 0.33 3253 -1.65 .100 0.33 3253 -1.07 .286 0.29 3253 -0.86 .390 0.29 3253 -0.75 .453 0.29 3253 -0.92 .356 0.41 3253 -0.40 .691 0.41 3253 0.48 .629 0.41 3253 -0.62 .533 0.41 3253 -0.20 .842 0.41 3253 1.76 .078 0.41 3253 1.14 .253 0.41 3253 0.40 .690 0.36 3253 0.12 .908 0.25 3253 0.29 .770 0.25 3253 0.08 .934 0.25 3253 0.56 .572 0.25 3253 0.36 .720 0.25 3253 -0.78 .438 0.25 3253 -0.39 .699 0.25 3253 -0.17 .864 0.22 3253 0.18 .861 0.02 114 3.61