2ND International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics ...

International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163, www.ijtra.com GRDS International Conference (June, 2014)

Conference PROCEEDINGS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities (2nd ICBELSH), Kuala Lumpur Hotel Dynasty, Kuala Lumpur http://www.dynasty.com.my/index.php

June 18, 2014

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BARRIERS IN IMPLEMENTING GREEN RETROFITS FOR EXISTING HOSPITAL BUILDINGS IN MALAYSIA 1

Abdul Qayyum Nazri, 2Izran Sarrazin Mohammad, 3Maizan Baba, 4Neo Bee Woon, 5 Nurul Nadiah Zainol 1,4,5

Department of Real Estate, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia 2,3 Centre for Real Estate Studies, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present the results from a preliminary study that was done in identifying the barriers to the implementation of green retrofits for existing hospital buildings in Malaysia. Green building developments has been much focused on new builds, which also includes the new construction of hospital buildings. Ideally, the greatest opportunity in achieving optimal sustainability lies within the existing building stocks. However, no existing hospital buildings in Malaysia were green retrofitted to be green building yet. Therefore, the objective of the preliminary study was to identify the barriers. 10 types of barriers in implementing green retrofits were derived from extensive literature readings. A questionnaire was then developed which consists of series of questions associated with the 10 barriers. The questionnaires were distributed to the members of Malaysian Association of Facilities Management (MAFM). From the collected questionnaire, a frequency calculation analysis was done. Based on the result of the analysis, the 10 barriers were ranked accordingly from the highest to the lowest average mean value. Based on the findings, it was concluded that cost was the most significant and critical barrier in implementing green retrofits for existing hospital buildings in Malaysia. Keywords: Green, Retrofits, Sustainable Development, Hospital, Malaysia

BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT AMONG JORDANIAN LISTED COMPANIES: PROPOSING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Yousef Ibrahim Suleiman Abu Siam (1) PhD candidate, Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia [USIM], Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

Nur Hidayah Binti Laili (2) Khairil Faizal Bin Khairi (3) 2|Page GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)

International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163, www.ijtra.com GRDS International Conference (June, 2014) Assistant Professor of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia [USIM], Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

Abstract: Recently, high profile scandals and financial crises in the United States, Europe and East Asia, have brought corporate governance issues to the forefront in developing countries, emerging markets and transitional economies. These scandals shake the integrity of accounting information and resulted in a drop in investor confidence. This has made companies need to achieve significant progress to the corporate governance perform in order to recuperate the investors‘ confidence of financial reporting quality. To achieve that, this paper proposes a conceptual framework to investigate the relationship between board characteristics (Board independence, size, CEO duality, meetings, and financial expertise) and earning management among industrial companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). Evidence from prior studies suggested that boards of directors are an important part of the firm‘s structure and responsible for monitoring the quality of the information contained in financial reports. It is argued that effective board can reduce earnings management. Keyword: Board of directors, earnings management, Jordan.

The Impact of Non-Accounting Ownership and Top Management Support on (ABC) Adoption among Industrial Companies in Jordan: Proposed Conceptual Framework Mohammad Farouq Hussein Jebreel PhD candidate, Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia [USIM], Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Nur Hidayah Laili, Ph.D Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia [USIM], Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Nathasa Mazna Ramli, Phd,CA(M) Senior Lecture\ Faculty of Economics and Muamalat Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia [USIM], Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Sami.M.I.Jammaini Master Accounting and finance Financial Controller\Swanberg Arabia – Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Accurate costing information is crucial for manufacturing businesses and services and information for strategic decision, to maintain a competitive advantage over its competitor's 3|Page GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


Traditional costing system leads to cost information distortion ,therefor the management of these businesses to Activity Based Costing (ABC) was introduced to address the shortcomings of traditional volume-based costing system. Prior research in developed countries showed impact adoption of ABC for many of companies for different sectors However in developing countries there are shortage in these studies. In order to achieve the high degree of adopting ABC in developing countries. This paper proposes a conceptual framework to investigate the factors influences on the success of ABC through non-accounting ownership, top management and ABC adoption among Industrial and Service Companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). Keywords: ABC success, ABC adoption, Jordan

UNIVERSITY BUDGET SYSTEM AND MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM JORDAN Mariam Moftah Ammar PhD candidate, Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia [USIM], Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

Abstract: Prior studies demonstrate that budget is an important tool of management accounting in terms of control, coordinating, and decision-making (Drury, 2008; Covaleski et al., 2003; and Mah‘d, 2010). Furthermore, great attention has been given to the influence of budgetary systems in the control of organisations in terms of the size, structure, managerial autonomy, and external environment (Merchant, 1981; and Ezzamel, 1990). By contrast, little attention appears to be directed to the question of how budgetary process in universities environment affects managerial performance. Furthermore, few studies have researched budget participation, information sharing, goal clarity, budget adequacy and budget feedback in private universities in developing countries. This study tends to shed light on the relationship between the budgetary process and manager's overall performance in private Jordanian universities. Budget characteristics in the current research are identified as budget participation, information sharing, goal clarity, budget adequacy and budget feedback. The need for participative budgeting has been clarified in the literature. Great attention in the management accounting literature are concerned on the impact of participative budgetary on outcome variables such as job performance (Kren, 1992; Nouri & Parker, 1998; Fisher et al., 2006; and Parker & Kyj 2006), job satisfaction (Brownell & McInnes, 1986), motivation (Mia, 1989) and employee effort (Fisher et al., 2006). Others consider participation in the budget very important that it encourages managers to be motivated and involved with their department activities (See Kenis, 1979; Merchant, 1981; Brownell & Hirst, 1986). Several prior researchers (e.g. Shields and Shields, 1998; Parker & Kyj, 2006) suggest that budget participation can play essential role in establishing an accepted and well-organised budget. Private universities in Jordan vary in the size, the structure and programs diversity. This research is going to investigate all Jordanian private universities as they are all profit makers and they are more interested in enhancing the university over all performance than public universities. Moreover, this research will shed light upon the public universities budget in order to compare 4|Page GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


between both public and private. It is worth mentioning that all these universities are accredited by the Ministry of Higher Education MoHE, using the ministry budget format and working regarding to the MoHE rules. This research contributes to the growing accounting literature by examining the interaction between the features of university budget variables and the university manager's performance.

CAN DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCE PERCEPTION ON INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM? Mohamad Afzhan Khan Bin Mohamad Khalil*, Anuar Bin Nawawi** and Nurmazilah Dato’ Mahzan*** *Mohamad Afzhan Khan Bin Mohamad Khalil, Business School, Open University Malaysia, **Dr. Anuar Bin Nawawi, Faculty of Accountancy, University Teknologi MARA, ***Dr. Nurmazilah Dato‘ Mahzan, Faculty of Business and Accountancy, University of Malaya,

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to develop a reliable and valid construct for internal control system and to assess the association between respondents‘ demographic factors and their perception on internal control system. The fraud triangle theory underpins the development of the survey instrument. Survey questionnaires were administered to 553 respondents out of which 334 were usable responses in the Malaysian financial sector using face to face data collection procedure. Cochran‘s method was adopted for sample size determination. The confirmatory factor analysis (chi square = 3.09; AGFI = 0.81; NFI = 0.89; TLI = 0.91; CFI = 0.92; RMSEA = 0.08), normality (skewness < 1.50) and reliability (composite reliability = 0.95; average variance extracted = 0.46) results were convincing. It was found that respondents‘ age (p = 0.02) and working experience (p = 0.01) had significant bearings towards their perception on internal control system within the Malaysian financial sector.

AEC 2015 : REACTION TO STRUCTURE ECONOMY AND JOB MARKET Ahmad Syari’ati Rakhman Faculty of Economy, University of Indonesia

ABSTRACT: As we know, countries in Southeast Asia will form the AEC (Asean Economic Community) in 2015, it is a regional cooperation that has one of the purpose is increasing the level of economic growth and stability of economy in country involved at AEC by eliminating trade barriers between countries so that commodity transactions between countries can be do easily . Leading commodities of every country in southeast asia has its own strength. However, these advantages will be futile if the commodities of other countries arrived at a cheaper price so that the country would be a market for foreign commodities, if these thing happened, a country will be dependent with other country, it make unstable in economy. Along with the goods in the market, the economic structure of a country will change because the country try to compete with foreign commodities by improving technology in producing that demand of labor in a country 5|Page GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


will be change in each sector, this change is not only the demand of labor, but also on improving the quality of labor in order to produce a high quality product. The role of government in each country is very important to prepare everything for facing AEC and support company to compete in ASEAN community. The methodology that I used to examine this case is to study literature from a variety of related journals, and also for supporting my argument I will use data from validated sources Keywords—AEC 2015, free trade, economy structure, change in labor demand, government policy

CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS AND STOCK RETURNS IN KSE Muhammad Ahmad Shahid M.Phil (Commerce) student at University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

Abstract: The research paper aims to investigate the significant macro-economic factors affecting the stock returns of KSE-100 Index. Time series Data for Stock returns on monthly basis for the period ranging December, 1991 to December, 2013 will be taken from KSE-100 Index. This study will use time series data analysis. Sample will comprise 35 companies from KSE-100 Index for analysis. Macro-economic variables selected in the study will be Real GDP Growth Rate, Population Growth Rate, Savings as percentage of GDP, Gold Prices, Government Expenditures and Foreign Direct Investments. Augmented Dickey Fuller test will be used to check stationarity of data, Johansen‘s Cointegration test and Ganger‘s causality tests will be used to measure the causal relationship between stock returns and selected macro-economic variables. The results will disclose the existence of causal relationship or non-existence of causal relationship between the stock returns and selected macro-economic variables. Keywords: Stock returns, GDP, Gold prices, causal relationship, Government Expenditures.

TALENT MANAGEMENT: A STUDY IN ITS APPLICATION AT SUBAH ALAHMAD CENTER FOR GIFTEDNESS AND CREATIVITY IN KUWAIT Afrah Mannaa Ali ALAjmi College of Graduate Studies Department of Educational Management and Planning, Kuwait University P.O. Box 13281, Post Code 71953, Kaifan, Kuwait.

Aljazi Hamad Abdullah College of Graduate Studies Department of Educational Management and Planning,Kuwait University P.O. Box 13281, Post Code 71953, Kaifan, Kuwait.



Anwar Fahed Mekhled ALHarshani College of Graduate Studies Department of Educational Management and Planning, Kuwait University P.O. Box 13281, Post Code 71953, Kaifan, Kuwait.

Noura Adel ALKandari College of Graduate Studies Department of Educational Management and Planning, Kuwait University P.O. Box 13281, Post Code 71953, Kaifan, Kuwait.

Dr. AbdulmuhsenAyedhAlqahtani College of Graduate Studies Department of Educational Management and Planning, Kuwait University P.O. Box 13281, Post Code 71953, Kaifan, Kuwait.

Abstract: Talent management (TM) emerges from the need to utilize highly efficient and talented employees who are one of the main factors that will maximize the performance of an organization. This paper provides a review of what TM is and how TM can be applied in Sabah Al-Ahmad Center for Giftedness and Creativity (SACGC) in Kuwait. The results show that teachers strongly agree that the administration in SACGC in Kuwait implements professional development. Teachers also agree that the administration clearly applies incentive where appropriate. Based on previous research, this paper recommends that newly recruited teachers must be well prepared by pre-service training courses and that providing more incentives will increase teachers‘ professional performance. Keywords: Talent, Talent Management, Professional Development, Incentive

ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AGAINST THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN FROM THE HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE Arash Izadi PhD Candidate – Xiamen University, China

International Law

Abstract: Since the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Islamic Republic of Iran has always exposed to various international sanctions due to different reasons and excuses. They put Iran under different sanctions directly or indirectly through international organizations, under the pretext of creating an international order. As matter of fact, they pursue their own foreign policy goals and use sanctions as a means to achieve those goals. Economic sanctions is one of the sanctions type that have been imposed on Iran since the beginning of the revolution, And some of them involve deprivations and restrictions of Iranians which are against the basic and essential principles of human rights; although they are inapplicable based on International human rights documents and treaties, and their implementation is a crime and acts contrary to human rights. Governments 7|Page GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


cannot violate fundamental human rights and arrangements to humanitarian law with excuses of avoiding violation of international law and international order. Key words: economic sanctions, human rights, treaty, Iran, the international law.

PERCEPTIONS OF AFGHANISTAN STUDENTS ON THE USE OF ONLINE TOOLS FOR LEARNING Mohammad Basir Bakhtyari Master student in Center for Modern Languages and Human Sciences of University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia

Abstract: Online technology plays a significant role in higher education especially to assist teaching and learning. In Afghanistan, in order to move towards student-centered and technology-driven learning, the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) encourages that all universities use technology in order to facilitate teaching and learning. This challenge has been well-accepted and implemented by the educational institutions. This study therefore attempts to measure Afghanistan university students‘ perceptions of online tools utilization particularly on their learning and thinking. A survey questionnaire was distributed to 217 students, and 35 of them volunteered to be interviewed. The results generally indicated positive perceptions of online tools utilization on learning; however, participants believed that online tools have helped develop their lower-order better than their higher-order thinking skills. The findings suggest the needs for training and constant exposure required by both teachers and students for online tools to be effectively utilized to enhance learning and thinking. Key words: Online tools, perceptions, learning

IMPLEMENTATION OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LAWS: KEY TO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN NIGERIA Binta Dalhat Dan-ali (Mrs) LL.B, LL.M, BL Lecturer Faculty of Law Umaru Musa Yaradua University, Katsina Katsina State, Nigeria.

Abstract: In This paper we reviewed biodiversity conservation laws in Nigeria and the relevance of implementing the laws for sustainable agriculture in the country. Book statutes, International treaties, journals and newspapers were used. Our findings showed that conservation of biodiversity is essentially important since mankind largely depend on livelihood derived from the natural resources such as land, plants, animal, water and air. Also agricultural system functioning and sustainability depends greatly on it. Biodiversity loss as one of the rising environmental challenges of the centuary is facilitated by different factors such as soil erosion, habitat destruction, introduction of exotic species, genetic erosion, pollution and inadequacies in biodiversity conservation laws to mention a few. To continue in this stead would be catastrophic hence law as means of social change and social engineering would be used to checkmate the 8|Page GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


impacts of these factors on biodiversity conservations. Other strategies include use of farmer indigenous knowledge; creation of awareness in the society on conservation practices and science based research strategy. These measures will assist to conserve and sustain biodiversity and ensure food and health security for all. The use of law as vehicle to finding lasting solution to this cankerworm called biodiversity loss cannot be overemphasized.

ESTABLISHING A CONSUMER ANIMOSITY MODEL: MODERATING EFFECTS OF COUNTRY IMAGE, WORD OF MOUTH AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Chow Chee Yong/ Feng Chia University Dept. of International Trade Master student Taichung City, Taiwan

Ting-Hsiang Tseng/ Feng Chia University (Mentor) Dept. of International Trade Assistant professor Taichung city, Taichung

Abstract: This study aims at examining the moderating effects of country image, word of mouth and corporate social responsibility on effect of consumer animosity. International marketers have to be aware of the negative effect of consumer animosity on purchase intention. The purpose of this study is to investigate different marketing strategies of the product from animosity country could whether moderate local consumer animosity, such as setting up a better country image, enthusiastic in CSR activities, and implementing marketing plans that could spur positive WOM. And at the end, increase purchase intention. This study will be using survey by collect 400 Taiwanese consumers‘ data for asking four brands from two animosity countries – Korea and China. The analysis will be done by using SPSS and Amos18. The interaction effects found only in Chinese brands instead of Korean, the reason might be close cultural distance between Taiwan and China which causing acceptability of marketing strategies chosen. Key words- consumer animosity, country image, word of mouth, corporate social responsibility, purchase intention

BOTTLED UP ENTREPRENEURIAL CAPABILITIES: A CASE OF FRANCHISE TERMINATION BY THE FRANCHISEE Dildar Hussain* ESC Rennes School of Business, France



Marion Pommy ESC Rennes School of Business, France

Abstract: This study aims at investigating the causes and possible consequences of franchise termination by franchisees. We investigate the role of franchisee‘s entrepreneurial capabilities in triggering franchise termination. The existing literature on franchising suggests that termination of franchise agreements mainly results from conflicts in the network and due to performance related issues. However, none of previous studies investigate the franchise termination due to entrepreneurial ambitions of the franchisee. This exploratory study offers some preliminary findings in this direction, which can serve as a basis for the future research on franchise termination investigating reasons other than conflicts and performance issues. The study employs a qualitative approach to investigate a case of franchise termination by the franchisee. In-depth interviews were conducted with the management, employees and customers of the franchisee firm. In addition, observations and secondary data sources were also used to compliment the primary data. The findings suggest that it is very important for a franchisor to select franchisees with the ―optimal level‖ of entrepreneurial capabilities. Franchisees with very high ambitions and having a very high level of entrepreneurial capabilities may feel that cannot fully exploit the market opportunities due to strong franchisor control and hence may opt to exit the franchise system. From franchisee‘s point of view, this type of decision may have adverse effects on the motivation of employees and may increase employee turnover rate, at least in short term. On the other hand business customers and individual customers may have different impact of a firm‘s exit from the franchise system. The findings are based on one case only, hence may have limited generalizability. The number of interviews particularly with customers is small and the findings should be seen subject to these limitations. Another possible limitation of the study is that we could interview only staff members who were still working with the firm. We did not have access to the past employees who left the firm after it announced the termination of franchise agreement. Keywords: Franchise termination; franchisee‘s entrepreneurial capabilities; qualitative approach; case analysis.

MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH’S EMPIRE AND THE ROLE OF DR.HONIGBERGER Dr.Balraj Singh Brar Assistant Professor, Department of History, Punjabi University Patiala, Punjab, India

Abstract: In the second half of the 18th century, in the wake of the decline of the Mughal Empire in the Punjab State in India and the rise of new centers of power, European mercenaries suddenly became a notable presence. European presence had remained conspicuous during the Mughal 10 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


period. The paper attempts to show that early European travellers were keenly aware of the weaknesses in the Indian Armies. The only native state which well into the 19th century still offered employment to European soldiers was the newly established reign of Ranjit Singh. This has to be understood in the context of the Sikh ruler‘s constant drive to introduce western training techniques as a means of improving his army. Metcalfe‘s visit to Lahore in 1809 provided further impetus in this direction inspiring the Sikh ruler to model his army on the European system. In the early phase Ranjit Singh relied mainly on the limited expertise of deserters from the East India Company‘s army who were allured both by high wages and the opportunity of command. The recruiting of qualified European personnel was a logical outgrowth of this policy as witnessed in the arrival of Mr. Allard and Mr.Ventura in March 1822. This paper deals with the contribution of Dr.John Martin Honigberger a native of Hungary. He was an adventurer and also a man of medicine. He used the homeopathic method of medical treatment in India for the first time. He combined with his medical knowledge an ardent spirit of inquiry and adventure that took him away from his home while he still young. He too had come to know that several Europeans had been welcome by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Thus, he reached Lahore in 1829. Ranjit Singh was an out on a military expedition when Honigberger arrived at Lahore. During that time, he establishing his reputation as a physician, when Ranjit Singh met him he gave him employment as physician to the court. After some time Ranjit Singh pressurized him to accept the charge of gun-powder and gun stock manufactory as well. At that time Ranjit Singh was in mortal diseases.He was successful with the medical treatment, the condition of the Maharaja considerably improved. Ranjit Singh had a full faith of Dr. Honigberger; so he took medicine from him only. Honigberger promptly recorded his days in a well-documented book ―Thirty five Years in the East; adventures, discoveries, experiments and historical sketches relating to the Punjab and Kashmir in connection with medicine, botany, pharmacy and culture(‖London,1852). We learn about the personal attitude of Ranjit Singh towards him. It is full of the highly interesting events of that time. Honigberger Left Lahore for his native land after a stay of four years1829-1833.On his way at he met Hahnemann, the Father of Homeopathy.

HUMAN RESOURCE INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: A FIELD STUDY IN JORDANIAN COMMERCIAL BANKS Dr. Khaled M.Al-Shawabkeh World Islamic Sciences and Education University (WISE) Management Department

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact of Human Resource Information System (HRIS) on Human Resource Management Strategies. The theoretical framework of this paper is based on previous HRIS and HRM research. A survey questionnaire was distributed 11 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


to Jordanian Commercial Banks, and a response rate of 71.5% was received. The target groups of the questionnaire were HR departments that include HR managers and professionals in Jordanian Commercial Banks. The Study revealed that HRIS had a significant effect at level (P≤ 0.05) on Human Resource Management Strategies in Jordanian Commercial Banks. Key words: Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS), Human Resource Management Strategies, Jordanian Commercial Banks.

IDENTIFYING RISKS OF FINANCING FOR AGRO PROJECTS IN ISLAMIC BANKS Dr Muhammad Ridhwan Ab. Aziz, Senior Lecturer, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia

Muhammad Mohd Yusoff, Research Asisstant, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,

Abstract: Risk and uncertainty are inherent in agro projects and commodity supply chains. Given the pervasiveness of risks, farmers, agro-entrepreneurs, international agencies, and banking institutions are increasingly seeking effective and sustainable strategies and approaches to mitigate, transfer, or cope with these inherent risks.

IMPLICATION OF RESISTANCE TO CHANGE ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT DETERMINED BY TRUST, PERCEIVED BENEFIT OF CHANGE AND ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE Agus Achmad S, Dwi Kartini, Imas Soemaryani, Yunizar Padjajaran University, Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract: Nowadays, 30 % - 70 % Private Higher Educations in Indonesia are facing with the threat of bankruptcy due to lack of student number. APTISI , ABPPTSI and Kopertis equally recommended private university mergers to resolve the issue. The implementation of private university mergers did not run as expected because of the high resistance of the University‘s Foundations and Universities its self. High Resistance to Change not only caused the merger process was not running, but also seriously affected Organizational Commitment of academicians in the post-merger. So the solution needed to realize the private university merger in Indonesia is not only strategy and operational steps to minimize Resistance to Changes but also strategy and operational steps necessary to improve Organizational Commitment of academicians in the post-merger. 12 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


For the ultimate goal to get solutions for both problems of the private university mergers in Indonesia, the conclusive research has been done on the course of the private university merger in Indonesia and the results are : (i) Trust, Perceived Benefit of Change and Organizational Justice have correlational relationship with each other, (ii) Trust, Perceived Benefit of Change and Organizational Justice simultaneously and partially effect to Resistance to Change,(iii) Trust, Perceived Benefit of Change, Organizational Justice and Resistance to Change simultaneously and partially effect to Organizational Commitment, and (iv) Trust, Perceived Benefit of Change and Organizational Justice have direct effect on Organizational Commitment and indirect effect through Resistance to Change. Based on these results, it is concluded that strategies to minimize Resistance to Change and to improve Organizational Commitment have the same solution variables, which increasing Trust, increasing Perceived Benefit of Change and increasing Organizational Justice. The difference in the focus of the strategy, which minimizes Resistance to Change primary focus on increasing Organizational Justice while the main focus of Organizational Commitment strategies on increasing Trust. Keywords: University Merger, Trust, Perceived Benefit of Change, Organizational Justice, Resistance to Change and Organizational Commitment

A Feasibility Study of The Indonesian Tempeh Manufacturing and Distributing Business in Chonburi Province Chaiyawat Nirundorn College of Graduate Study in Management, Khonkean University, Thailand

Abstract: The purpose of this independent study is to examine the feasibility of establishing a business of manufacturing and distributing the tempeh which is a kind of soybean meal, considered to be equivalent to meat in terms of protein source and cooking quality. Tempeh contains little saturated fat and no cholesterol. This study encompasses the marketing, operations and management, and financial feasibilities. The information used in this study is from the survey of consumers’ perception toward tempeh, governmental research papers and other information available through the internet.

The result of marketing study shows that 1,000 samples in the targeted market in 5 districts of Chonburi province have no knowledge of the tempeh. However, once product information, its benefits and product samples are introduced, 4 percent of the consumers show interest in regularly consuming tempeh one day per week. The tempeh business plans to distribute the products through the retail markets and ready-cooked food vendors.

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The operations and management study shows that the factory location is best situated in Tambol Mueng, Muang district because it is located in the center of the marketing areas which cover the districts of Muang Chon Buri, Sri Racha, Ban Bueng, Phanat Nikhom and Bang Lamung. This business project plans to purchase a land lot and build a factory; the machines used in the manufacturing are obtained from those already commercially available. Under the project life of 5 years and 13.05% WACC, the result of financial study shows that the payback period is 3 years 9 months. NPV is approximately 2.67 million Baht and IRR is 19.07 %. In conclusion, the investment is considered viable, however in a situation where the tempeh sales price drops 12%, the investment should be rejected because the NPV is negative, and the IRR is less than WACC. The results of this study are as follows: The factors that affect to the consumer‘s perception and selection were 1). Product Variety 2). Products meet the Target Group and 3). Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC). Marketing strategic planning was established by using marketing mix (product, price, places and promotion: 4P‘s ) which are the key factor to raise the competitive advantage and to increase brand equity that affect to capability to meet the consumer‘s needs and affect to boost up the sales revenue. Include building the impression to the consumer that used the lingerie products.

INDEPENDENT STUDY TITLE: A STUDY TO APPROACH TO INCREASE BRAND EQUITY OF LINGERIE PRODUCTS BY USING MARKETING STRATEGIES Kingkaew Plean-Moh College of Graduate Study in Management, Khonkean University, Thailand

Abstract: The purposes of this study were: 1.) To study and analyze the approach to increase brand equity by using marketing strategies of lingerie products and boost up the sales revenue by using marketing strategies. 2.) To impress the consumer that used the lingerie products. The questionnaires which are used as the instrument for data collection, The data obtained via female consumer which are 15 years old and above whose the lingerie users, The data were analyzed by using brand developing and improving, including: analysis of five pressures analysis (Five Forces Model), market segmentation (STP), marketing mix (4P‘s) and analysis of conditions inside and outside the organization (SWOT Analysis) to find out the approach to meet the consumer‘s need The results of this study are as follows: The factors that affect to the consumer‘s perception and selection were 1). Product Variety 2). Products meet the Target Group and 3). Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC). Marketing strategic planning was established by using marketing mix (product, price, places and promotion: 4P‘s ) which are the key factor to raise the competitive advantage and to increase brand equity that affect to capability to meet the 14 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


consumer‘s needs and affect to boost up the sales revenue. Include building the impression to the consumer that used the lingerie products.

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECT THE POSITIVE ATTITUDES OF EMPLOYEES IN INDUSTRY OF PAPER UMBRELLA IN CHIANG MAI Narumon Muangpaisarn College of Graduate Study in Management, Khonkean University, Thailand

Abstract: This study is about the CSR Activities that Affect the Positive Attitudes of Employees in Industry of Paper Umbrella in Chiang Mai to be a qualitative research. The objectives are to study in the CSR activities of Industry of Paper Umbrella in Chiang Mai and study about the attitude of the employees in the Industry of paper umbrella in Chiang Mai that affect to the CSR activities. The results of this study are showed the attitudes of employees in the industry of paper umbrella in Chiang Mai in the different ways as the following: 1.) Responsive CSR is necessary to follow because there is Law and Regulations involved. If the employer did not comply with the Law and Regulations, they will result in a negative attitude at the end. 2.) Strategy CSR means the CSR activities can be initiated by the employer to the outside world (Inside-Out). If the activities are direct impact on employee, that activities will affect the positive attitudes of employees in the industry of paper umbrella in Chiang Mai certainly. 3.) Creative CSR means the CSR activities that represented by employer with voluntary expression. No appearance of being forced to comply with law and regulations. It was developed in a joint CSR activity (Collaborative) that allows the interoperability between business and society without discrimination. Instead, focus on building relationships with society and the environment. However, that activity must be consistent and relevant to the real needs of their employees. It is an activity that can affect to the positive attitude of employees in the industry of paper umbrella in Chiang Mai.

Eco-Industrial Town for sustainable coexistence of Industries and Communities: Case Example from Thailand Prashant Hiran, Charandeep Singh and Kirsty Leong Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore



Abstract: Asia has witnessed tremendous growth in the past three decades and Thailand has been one of the important contributors in the regional development. This growth has come at the cost of environmental degradation, contamination of air, water and soil. One of the most striking and glaring example is Map-ta Phut and the adjoining Industrial Estates in the Rayong province of Thailand. Map-ta Phut is experiencing health hazards, loss of lives, loss of livelihoods and disturbances to human living due to pollution, accidents and rising number of industries within the region. At present there is strong mistrust among various stakeholders, particularly between local communities and industries. Government intends to address the issue by transforming Map-ta Phut region into an eco-industrial town, and thereby making balance among economy, environment, and society. While the national government had set a target to transform 11 industrial estates into Eco-Industrial Town (EIT) by the year 2019, the success so far has been limited due to lack of institutional capacity, financial constraints, conflicting stakeholder interests and lack of proper implementation and performance monitoring strategy. Our paper aims to devise a strategy that the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand (IEAT) can implement in transforming existing estates in Rayong into an Eco-Industrial Town. Our paper will draw lessons from the theoretical models, existing eco-industrial development examples from diverse industries and geographies in the analysis. We will also use learning from the firsthand information and interaction with key stakeholders in the region including IEAT, local government, local community, major industries, NGOs etc. The paper will provide a broad strategic framework for EIT transformation and their performance management. Keywords: Eco-industrial Town, sustainable development, performance management, Map-ta Phut, IEAT

PART-TIME AND FULL-TIME CHILD LABOUR, EVIDENCE FROM AFGHANISTAN Ebad Nassiry Master of Economic student in UKM (Univrsiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)

Abstract: In this study, we examine child labour employed in part time and full time jobs based on families‘ income in the five districts and Mahterlam city of Laghman Province, Afghanistan. The study sample involves 210 child labours, collect children employed aged between 7 and 14 years. The dependent variable is type of work (i.e. part time/full time) in the form of zero and one (0, 1).Using Probit model, the result indicates that family income have positive relation with child labour in part time work. The result also shows that family size has negative relationship with child labour in part time work. In addition, the study reveals that the children‘s and father‘s education level have positive relationship with part time jobs of the child labour. 16 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


THE SYSTEM OF SENSE-CREATIVE CONTEXT AS A FACTOR OF SELF-REGULATION IN LEARNING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Elena Stakanova, PhD Southern Federal University SFU, Department of English for the Humanities, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation

Abstract: Using sense-creative technologies in teaching English as foreign language (EFL) is becoming a burning issue in the modern classroom due to challenges that University graduates face in real life. The concept of life-long learning is an evident response to these challenges. The study warrants close scrutiny and reveals the concept of "sense-creative context" as a factor of self-regulation in learning a foreign language. This paper shows methods underpinning sensecreative and communicative technologies, such as project work, problem-solving tasks. Communicative activities facilitate semantic field in professional success, shape students' learner autonomy and allow taking the responsibility for the results of mastering a target language. The author concludes that learning a foreign language should be directed to the formation of deep personal meaning and intrinsic motivation. Key words— English as a foreign language, motivation, self-regulation, sense-creation technologies.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DOING BUSINESS INDEXES AND FDI INFLOWS: EMPIRICAL EVIDINNCE FROM SIX ASIAN COUNTRIES (AFGHANISTAN, BANGLADESH, INDIA, IRAN, PAKISTAN AND SRI LANKA) Associate Professor Dr. Faridah Shahadan1, Associate Professor Dr. Tamat Sarmidi2, Faqir Jan Faizi3 1

Faculty of Economics and Management, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, [email protected] (UKM/FEP) 2 Faculty of Economics and Management, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, [email protected] (UKM/FEP) 3 Faculty of Economics and Management, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, [email protected] (UKM/FEP)

Abstract: The importance of Doing Business Index indicators as a determinant of FDI net inflows has glimmered attention in determining their relationships. The present study intended to explore the relationships between Doing Business indexes and FDI inflow. In this study, the main question to be answered is whether changes in Doing Business Indexes, which are indicating the quality of institutions and regulatory reforms leads to attract FDI inflows. Doing Business is an international report that describes the business environment in various countries, through quantitative and qualitative indicators. These indicators are representing the functioning 17 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


of countries institutions and strengths. In the current study the econometrics analysis, random effect method has been used to identify the empirical relations and significant areas for attracting FDI net inflows. This study covers six Asian economies which are, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka for the period 2004-2013. In general, the major implication is that a better rated business environment is more likely to attract greater amounts of FDI inflow. The regression estimation shows all indexes have inverse relationships, except registering properties, getting credits and trade across borders. Additionally, all the areas are most likely to influence FDI inflows excluding paying taxes and resolving insolvency or closing business in the region. Keywords: FDI inflows, Doing Business Index, Asian Countries, Developing Economies, Institutions

TESTING THE VALIDITY OF ARBITRAGE PRICING THEORY IN THE TEXTILE SECTOR OF KARACHI STOCK EXCHANGE Faraz Khalid Cheema University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Mohammad Usman University of Central Punjab

Abstract: In this paper we will attempt to empirically investigate the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) in the textile sector of Karachi stock exchange (KSE), the country‘s largest stock market and one of the best performing capital markets in the world. APT predicts return on assets through a linear combination of various common risk factors that affect asset returns. APT is often viewed as a testable alternative to the traditional Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Various studies in the US markets suggest that APT outperforms the CAPM in predicting asset returns and relies on more flexible assumptions. There is paucity of research investigating the applicability and validity of APT in the frontier markets such as the KSE. This paper will investigate the APT in the textile sector which contributes the largest to the gross domestic product and exports of Pakistan and is vulnerable to a host of economic factors. The research will be based on secondary monthly data obtained for past 5 years. Various factors to be examined and expected to impact asset returns include changes in discount rate, inflation, exchange rate and industrial production. Keywords: Karachi Stock Exchange, Asset Pricing, CAPM, APT

Relationship between Environmental Aspects of Housing Welfare and Residential Satisfaction Farimah Dokoushkani1*, Behrang Moradi2, Aida Mehrad1, Asbah Razali3, and Mouna Ostadagha1 18 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)

International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163, www.ijtra.com GRDS International Conference (June, 2014) 1,3 Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, 81310 Johor, Malaysia. 3 Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Faculty of Art and Social Science Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract: This paper reports on an important concern for psycho-sociologist; that is, residents‘ satisfaction and its relationship to housing design. In current study, the importance of the welfare aspects of housing in the houses and in the neighborhood in predicting satisfaction of individuals was studied in a residential context. Residents in Farhangian neighborhood in Bandar Abbas, a port city and capital of Hormozgan Province on the southern coast of Iran, responded to a questionnaire about access to educational, recreational, public services, architectural and environmental characteristics in the house, and the level of their satisfaction with these components. The study employed a house-to-house survey of residents that were randomly selected. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data. Findings demonstrated the differences in access of residents to different services and existence of various architectural and environmental characteristics in their houses based on their own requirements. The data suggested that there are significant relationships between the functions of welfare aspects of housing in the house and in the residential area with the level of residential satisfaction. Therefore, housing designers should pay specific attention to the welfare aspects in housing design. Based on the findings of this research, we believe that the developers of residential environments have the power to affect the satisfaction of people by means of housing design manipulation. Keywords: dwelling, neighborhood, residential satisfaction, environmental aspects, housing welfare, housing facilities.

EFFECT OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES ON MANAGERS’ BURNOUT AT GOVERNMENTAL GUIDANCE SCHOOLS IN TEHRAN, IRAN Mehrad Aida, 1* Tahriri Zangeneh Mohammad Hossein 2, Dokoushkani Farimah1, Razali Asbah 3 1Department of Social and Development Science , Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2 Faculty of Social Science, Islamic Azad University - Arak, Iran 3 Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Faculty of Art and Social Science Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract: The Conflict management assumed as one effective and basic item that can appear satisfying and dissatisfying results among managers at schools. The results show that all of these signs depend on manager decisions and their performance at work environment. One of these 19 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


unpleasant effects among managers is burnout at guidance schools. The aim of present study is to examine relation between conflict management styles with managers‘ burnout at governmental guidance schools in Tehran, Iran. In this survey, 241 managers (male-female) were selected via cluster sampling method and employed 2 questionnaires, conflict management inventory that proposed by Izadi Yazdan Abadi and burnout inventory that proposed by Maslach .The Hypothesis of research was analyzed by F test and multiple regression method. The Findings exhibit that there are relationship between conflict management styles and managers‘ burnout at governmental guidance schools. In addition, burnout can be predicted by conflict management styles at workplace which among these styles, competing style has positive relation with managers‘ burnout. Key words: Conflict management styles, Burnout, Managers

Effect of Educational Indicators on Students’ Performance in the Sultanate of Oman Faris Said Saleh AL-Farsi and Sima A Faculty of Science andTechnology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), 71800 Nilai, negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus, Malaysia

Abstract: Student‘s achievements are the cornerstone of educational intuitions. Having a comprehensive understanding on the factors that influences students achievements do require previous research as well as doing some analysis on the historical data . The objective of this paper was to determine the effect of six educational indicators which are class size, school size, school type, student/teacher ratio, teacher/class ratio and student gender on the 12th grade students‘ performance by using the data relating to the school years 2010/2011 – 2011-2012 and with the application of multiple regression analysis. For these six indicators, the analysis includes all students in the 12th grade in public schools in the Sultanate of Oman. The data was submitted to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and analysis was carried out to determine the effect of independent variables (educational indicators) on students‘ performance. A number of significant relationships were obtained. The overall model was statistically significant, F (6, 91519) = 28046.479, MSE = 2272.442 p=. 001), and the set of the indicators accounted for 81% of the total variance explained by the model. The adjusted coefficient of determination (adjusted R2) was .65, with estimated standard error of 47.670. This indicated that the model was appropriate and there were relationships between the criterion and predictors. For example, gender was found to be the major predictor of students‘ performance: F (6, 91519) = 28046.479, MSE = 2272.442 (p=. 001) (ß = .801). This finding suggests that gender play a significant role in the students‘ acquisition and their performance. Moreover, school size was the second predictor which was found to be negatively and statistically correlated with students‘ performance. This simply means that when school size is large, the students‘ performance tends to decrease: F (6, 91519) = 28046.479, MSE = 2272.442 p=. 001 (ß = -.212) which accounts for almost 26% of the variance of the model. More precisely, the study found that gender is the most predictor of students‘ performance, followed by school size, class size, 20 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


average number of teacher per class, school type and then average number of students per teacher.

DOCTRINE OF IMPRACTICALITY UNDER THE LAW OF CONTRACT: AN OVERVIEW OF ITS DEVELOPMENT Fatemeh Etemadnia PhD candidate, Faculty of Law, UKM Selangor, Malaysia

Dr. Anowar Zahid Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, UKM Selangor, Malaysia

Dr. Jady Z. Hassim Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, UKM Selangor,Malaysia

Abstract: Sanctity of contract is one of the fundamental principles of contract law. According to this principle, none of the contracting parties can refuse to perform their obligations. However, this principle has some exceptions. One of the exceptions is the doctrine of impracticability, which allows the parties total or partial exemption from their obligations or postponement of the contract given unexpected circumstances or issues. This proposed paper will give an overview of the development of the doctrine of impracticality to share with the audience its historical and theoretical background. This will educate them about the relevance of the doctrine in the present world context. The paper will have three sections. First, the concept and definition of impracticability will be described. Second, a historical background with theoretical underpinnings of early common law and modern law will be discussed with particular reference to the (American) Uniform Commercial Code, and Restatement (second) of contracts. This will follow concluding remarks. Keywords - contract, discharge of contract, impracticability, principle of binding of contract

JUSTIFICATIONS FOR THE DOCTRINE OF EXCUSE FROM CONTRACT: AN OVERVIEW OF THE POSITION UNDER AMERICAN LAW AND IRANIAN LAW Fatemeh Etemadnia PhD candidate, Faculty of Law, UKM Selangor, Malaysia

Dr. Anowar Zahid Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, UKM Selangor, Malaysia



Dr. Jady Z. Hassim Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, UKM Selangor,Malaysia

Abstract: The doctrine of impracticability of contract and other similar doctrines are known as the doctrine excuse from contract. It is an exception to the principle of sanctity of contract, which is a primary principle of contract law. There are four theories that justify this exception. They are the theories of Implied Term, Good Faith, Unjust Enrichment and Abusing Rights. This paper is an attempt to overview these underlying theories with particular reference to US and Iran. Keywords: Theory of abuse rights, theory of good faith, theory of implied term, theory of unjust enrichment

PROBLEMS AND POLICIES OF NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY: A CROSS-COUNTRY COMPARISON BETWEEN BRAZIL, SOUTH AFRICA, AND BANGLADESH PhD candidate in Consumer Science, School of Human Ecology UW-Madison, USA

Abstract: Food security is a worldwide challenge. Population growth, climate change, and the ever high food price all contribute to greater concern over the issue. Despite the geographic and social distinctions (Table 1), Brazil, South Africa, and Bangladesh stand together as the leaders of their own continents in this war against hunger. This paper analyzes the problems encountered and the policy tools applied by each of these countries regarding food security. Such comparison would help other countries, especially those from the developing world, to identify the good practices in seeking national food security so that they could potentially benefit from the experiences of others.

THE IMPACT OF MONETARY POLICY ON STOCK MARKET Fizza Batool Naqvi Waseem Ahmed Faculty of Commerce, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract: This paper will investigate the relationship between monetary policy and stock market reactions in Pakistan over a period of January 2003 to December 2013.Identifying the link between federal interest rate and financial assets prices is highly important to gain a better insight in transmission mechanism of monetary policy, since changes in asset pricing play a vital role. The changes in stock market prices and interest rate will be analyzed on daily and weekly basis data respectively. Data of stock prices will be collected from Karachi Stock Exchange as it 22 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


is larger as compared to other Stock exchanges of Pakistan. The data of inertest rate will be the KIBOR rate. Johansen co integration technique will be used to identify the relation between federal interest rate and stock market prices. Keywords: Monetary policy, interest rate, stock prices.

SHAREHOLDERS/DIRECTORS IGNORANCE AND ENFORCEMENT OF FIDUCIARY DUTIES OF DIRECTORS IN EAST AFRICA Flavian Zeija Head, Department of Business Law, Makerere University Business School Kampala, Uganda

Abstract: Recent developments in East Africa have generated considerable debate among the Academia about the relevance of the company laws being enacted in East Africa. The mere fact that many of these laws have been enacted benchmarking on the Companies Acts of developed countries also calls for debate as to whether they were intended to address the challenges bedevilling corporate governance in East Africa. For the case of Uganda, the Companies Act 20121 was drafted based on the Companies Acts of England and New Zealand. These are countries that have achieved high levels of economic and human development, while Uganda is a Third World country. While this new law replaced the rather archaic and obsolete 1961 Companies Act of Uganda, the relevance of the Companies Act 2012 remains elusive to a legal observer. The most relevant question is whether the law has addressed issues of illiteracy and ignorance that impinge on enforcement of fiduciary duties in company management and whether illiterates should be allowed to form companies. Some modernisation theorists believe that the transformation of underdeveloped economies can result from exogenous stimuli, and advocate for importation of laws from the developed to the developing economies like Uganda. Law is seen as a force that could be moulded and manipulated to alter human behaviour and achieve development (Kelvin, 2008). The results of importation of legal norms into east Africa from New Zealand and England seem to have achieved mixed result as the research findings reveal. Black‘s Law Dictionary defines illiteracy as ―a condition of one who cannot read or write and, in general, of one who is unlettered or un-learned‖ (Black‘s Law Dictionary, 2009). The online Free Dictionary, denote illiteracy as any of the following  The condition of being unable to read and write.  An error, as in writing or speech, made by or thought to be characteristic of one who is illiterate.  The condition or quality of being ignorant or unknowledgeable in a particular subject or field e.g cultural illiteracy; scientific illiteracy. This means that a person may be literate but functionally illiterate. 1

Act No 1 of 2012



While big and well established companies have employees that have attained certain levels of education, many small and medium sized companies in East Africa are owned and managed by semi-illiterate and illiterate directors. Even those who are literate are sometimes functionary illiterate on company management issues. Some researchers have questioned whether fiduciary duties matter (Warburton, 2011). While strict fiduciary responsibilities can limit opportunistic behavior, that strictness can also constrain business decision-making (Warburton, 2011). Others have argued that shareholders and criminal sanctions are not the most appropriate tools to regulate directors (Travers, 2013) and have advocated for professional regulation in promoting these duties. A fiduciary is ―a person who is required to act for the benefit of another person on all matters within the scope of their relationship, one who owes to another the duties of good faith, trust, confidence and condor...One who must exercise a high standard of care in managing another‘s money or property‖ (Black‘s Law Dictionary, 2009). From this definition, therefore, a fiduciary relationship is a relationship of trust between or among parties. Fiduciary duties include the duty of royalty, disclosure, care and skill and good faith. The Companies Act 2012 of Uganda provides for fiduciary duties as follows: 198. Duties of directors. The duties of the directors shall include the following— (a) act in a manner that promotes the success of the business of the company; (b) exercise a degree of skill and care as a reasonable person would do looking after their own business; (c) act in good faith in the interests of the company as a whole, and this shall include— (i) treating all shareholders equally; (ii) avoiding conflicts of interest; (iii) declaring any conflicts of interest; (iv) not making personal profits at the company's expense; (v) not accepting benefits that will compromise him or her from third parties; and (d) ensure compliance with this Act and any other law. This section is the foundation of fiduciary duties in Uganda. The question is, can an illiterate director exercise fiduciary duties expected of him/her and ensure compliance with company laws he/she does not understand?

FOREST, TOURISM AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA O. A Funmilayo (mrs) Department of Geography, Adeyemi College of Education Ondo, Nigeria

Abstract: The study examines the state of Nigeria forests; it identifies deforestation as a major threat to sustainable forest management. It also highlights the environmental roles of forest as well as the resources found there. It further examines how some of these ecological functions of forest resources can be harnessed and utilized to bring about improved economy. The study 24 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


examines ecotourism as a means of boosting the economy of the nation. It further examines some conservation strategies like biodiversity protection through the establishment of forest reserves which will bring about sustainable forest management for economic development. Finally, the paper recommended that there should be development of the ecotourism industry as well as the preservation of bio-diversity by establishing more forest reserves where the exploitation of all forms of forest resources are prohibited. Keywords: ecotourism, biodiversity, conservation, economic development, forest resources

UNDERSTANDING ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) METHODS AND PROCESSES IN MALAYSIA- A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH SINGAPORE Guru Dhillon (Senior Lecturer in Law, Faculty of Law, Multimedia University, Malaysia) & Lee Sook Ling (Researcher, Faculty of Law, Multimedia University, Malaysia) Abstract: Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods in Malaysia and Singapore are fast gaining popularity in resolving disputes by legal means. The rigid, inflexible and invariably expensive court processes are slowly diminishing in importance and may one day be replaced altogether by the ADR phenomenon. This paper examines in detail the ADR methods that include amongst others, Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration. The author also discusses the procedures that are adhered to when resorting to the ADR methods and examines the intricacies and complexities that may arise from time to time when engaging in these methods. A comparative analysis with Singapore that has implemented successful ADR is also presented. It is envisaged that this paper will provide clarity to the current ADR practices in Malaysia to provide a framework for all those related to the area directly or indirectly and encourage further discussion to strengthen and improve current ADR practices. Keywords – Alternative Dispute Resolution, Mediation, Conciliation, Arbitration, Malaysia, Singapore

IMPLEMENTATION OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) SCHEME IN MALAYSIA – HEALTHCARE & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT: A PILOT STUDY 1, 2

Hariati Abdullah Hashim 1 and Maimunah Sapri 2 Centre for Real Estate Studies, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.



Abstract: Public private partenership (PPP) scheme has been adopted widely across the world over the last two decade. The involvement of private sector is belived can improve value for money in the delivery of public infrastructure and services. In the Malaysia Ninth Plan, the Malaysian government has annouced the Private Finance Initiatives (PFI) as part of the new modes of PPP to further develop the implementation of this scheme. The introduction of this new scheme is to encourage the involvement of private sector to improve the delivery of infrastructure facilities and public services. With variety modes of PPP, Malaysia have adopted this scheme to both economic and social infrastructure. This paper will review the findings from a pilot study conducted to investigate the implementation of PPP scheme in Malaysia, issues to be considered in implementing PPP helathcare and the role of facilities management within this scheme. This paper presents the research methodology of study which is survey approach. Questionnaire were disribute to both public and private sectors. The data collected were analysed with the use of descriptive analysis. The final findings shows that risk, cost and complexity are three main issues to be considered in the implementation of PPP helathcare. Within this type of project, facilities management are critical aspect in the delivery of client strategic objectives and secure service quality.

ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF MALAYSIAN STANDARDS ON THE SME PERFORMANCE Dr Haslinda Musa Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

Harshita Khandhar Jitendra Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

Abstract: The main objective of this project is to examine whether there is an impact of Malaysian Standards on the SME Performance. Research variables in this study include Malaysian Standards as the dependant variable, SME performance as the independent variable and Characteristics of Managerial Innovation (MI) as the mediating factors. Several research objectives were derived from this study; (1) To investigate factors impacting SME Performance; (2) To establish a theoretical framework by identifying the characteristics MI (3) To generate management insights on how adopting MS help improve their financial performance. As the research is designed to model the mediating factors to improve performances by the adoption of MS among SMEs, it is strongly believed that this attempt would contribute both to knowledge of the adoption of management innovation (MS) and performance management. Keywords: Innovation, Malaysian Standards (MS), Managerial Innovation (MI), Small Medium Enterprise (SME) Performance.



ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF MARKETING ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION WITH THE NATIONAL PARKS IN NORTH EAST ZONE OF NIGERIA Patrick Bogoro Management and Information Technology Programme, School of Management Technology Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria

Abstract: This research assesses the impact of marketing variables on customer satisfaction with the National Parks in North-East Zone of Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research where a sample of 242 questionnaires was used after screening and transformation, using the SPSS V.20. Multiple linear regressions were performed to investigate the impact of the marketing variables on tourists' satisfaction with the National Parks studied. The results of the study using the descriptive statistics indicated mean responses of above 3.50 for all the questionnaire items indicating they agreed. It was found that product, place, price and promotion were highly significant in influencing customer satisfaction. Without the product such as natural habitats, recreational facilities and accessibility there can be no tourism. It has been proven that customers usually buy products on the basis of price rather than other attributes. Accessibility is paramount since the tourism product is one which no transfer of ownership takes place and the service is simply rented or consumed. Marketing tourism organisations calls for more than developing a good product pricing it attractively and making it available to target customers, but that National Parks must also communicate continuously with their present and potential customers to create awareness and to entice tourists to visit their destinations. For the National Parks of North-East Nigeria to flourish as tourism destinations therefore all the State, and Local Governments including the organized private sector in the region should be active partakers in tourism marketing and promotion to enhance adequate provision of infrastructure, security and conducive atmosphere for movement of visitors and citizens within the North-East Region.

IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL LEVEL OF ASSETS BY USING ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS FOR WATER ASSETS MANAGEMENT Mohd Hazley Halim1 & Abdul Hakim Mohammed2 1

Pengurusan Aset Air Berhad (PAAB), Malaysia 2 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Abstract: The management of a water asset is becoming more complicated and demanding, not only to keep the water asset in good condition but also in an optimal manner. To overcome these challenges water asset should be managed according to the critical level of each asset that is determined base on the identified critical criteria for each asset hierarchy. The main purpose of this study is to identify the critical level of each asset by using analytic 27 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


hierarchy process. The research methodology consists of a series of focus group workshops and the utilisation of analytic hierarchy process. A series of focus group workshops with subject matter experts in the water industry will be conducted to produce a hierarchical framework for water assets through a sequence of pair-wise comparison judgments. Analytic hierarchy process will be utilized to derive decision-making preferences from stakeholders and to compute the corresponding relative weights of their decision preferences towards the asset criticalities. By using this method, the water industry will be able to analyse the quantitative information and develop a single framework for the water assets. It will be beneficial in water asset management and serve it purposed for transparency, effective and efficiency in managing water assets for future.

THE TALE OF AMBITION: ARAB'S EDUCATIONAL REFORM INITIATIVES Huda Al-Kubaisi Qatar University, Qatar

Abstract: Since the last two decades, the world has witnessed a rapid movement towards improving the quality of the educational systems. In Arab world, for example, such change has been an essential part of the national agenda. Governments adopt and implement educational reforms as a high priority and national policy. The question, however, is whether such change has produced a considerable improvement in education or not and whether the extensive steps that have been taken are doing a good job or not. This article is outlining evidences from the Arab world in order to help in assessing the success of the efforts, taken by some of its countries, in building advanced educational systems. It also revealed that these countries still need to take their initiatives seriously further more. Keywords: Arab world, education, reform, system.

THE GRASS IS ALWAYS GREENER ON THE OTHER SIDE - PREVALENCE OF ADOLESCENT CANNABIS USE AND DECRIMINALIZATION Ines Reith Graduate School ―The Economics of the Internationalization of the Law‖, Funded by the DFG (German Research Foundation); University of Hamburg – Institute of Law and Economics

Abstract: Cannabis policy is a topic of constant discussion and changes worldwide. The US states and Australia have been studied extensively, while research on European countries is 28 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


mostly conducted, if they are in the process of decriminalizing cannabis for personal use. This paper reviews the connection between prevalence of cannabis use and cannabis policy (criminalized versus decriminalized). Furthermore, the relation between prevalence of cannabis use and the prevalence of hard drug use is explored (gateway theory). The target population is 15 to 16 year old adolescents in 34 European countries. The exploratory analysis concludes that prevalence of youth cannabis use and a decriminalized policy approach are positively related and that a gateway effect is visible for ecstasy as well as amphetamines. This insight can be used for policy recommendations on the international unification of criminal law on cannabis. Keywords: Criminal Law, Decriminalization, Deterrence, Prevalence of Cannabis Use, Adolescents

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON VOLATILITY OF FUTURES AND SPOT MARKET INDEX Iqra Zulfiqar University of Central Punjab

Abstract: This paper will examine the volatility of KSE-30 spot and KSE-30 futures index. This is a comparative study of spot market index and futures index to find which index will be more volatile. The KSE-30 Index is a capital weighted index and consist of 30 Companies with higher free-floating market capitalization. To measure the volatility in spot and futures index the exponential general autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (E-GARCH) approach will be used.E-GARCH model is capable of measuring volatility and persistence of volatility as well. Data from 2007-2012 of KSE-30 spot and futures Index will be taken in this study. This study will check the volatility spillover from a market index to another and also that how positive shock of a market will impact the other market and what effects will be exerted by negative shock of a market to another. Keywords: Comparative Study, Volatility, KSE-30, Spot market, Futures market Efficient Management of the Nigerian Commercial Banks’ increased Capital Base after Consolidation Isidore Ekpe Department of Business Administration and Management, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B. 0231, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria

Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the efficient management of the Nigerian commercial banks‘ increased capital base after consolidation. This would help to assess whether or not the objective of the consolidation exercise could be achieved in the long run. The consolidation exercise in the banking sector by the Government of Nigeria, through the Central Bank, was aimed at strengthening the capital base of each bank in order to enhance their business diversifications, new investments and working capitals. It was meant to forestall frustration and discouragement by investors due to some banks‘ failures and sharp 29 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


practices. The major reason of investment or diversification which impact was to lead to job creation has not yet been noticed in the banking sector. This paper reviews the purpose of mergers and acquisition, assessed the banks‘ uses of their acquired funds in relation to the government‘s intended purpose. Case studies of some selected banks were the methodology adopted in the study. The results indicated that the commercial banks have not yet diversified into real sectors of the economy; instead most of them give soft loans with interest rates ranging from 18% to 20% to civil servants to buy household and other assets. The paper, among others, recommended that the banks should invest in real sectors of the economy that will increase production in the economy and create job opportunities and savings. The study was limited to Nigerian commercial banks. Future studies could be done on the micro-finance banks. Keywords: Management, Nigerian banks, capital base, consolidation. ANTIDISCRIMINATION LAWS AND THE GLOBAL WORKPLACE: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EQUAL RIGHTS THEORY FOR WOMEN Ivneet Walia Assistant Professor of Law, Punjab, India.

Abstract: Changes in the economy and methods of production, trade liberalization, and improvements in technology and communication affect the workplace and the efficacy of the legal systems that were designed to regulate it. In order to represent a broad range of clients, and when necessary collaborate with lawyers from other countries, advocates for employers and employees alike benefit from a familiarity with labor and employment laws outside their borders. Acquaintance with international and foreign national law also promotes reflection on the effectiveness of regulatory systems back home, and can produce important insights about one‘s own workplace laws, an especially helpful exercise for policy makers. Antidiscrimination jurisprudence started with equal pay for equal work for male and female workers, it should be no surprise that there is a large number of decisions dealing with that problem. Sex discrimination is broadly categorized as: direct discrimination: where one person is treated less favourably on grounds of sex than another is, has been or would be treated in a comparable situation, indirect discrimination: where an apparently neutral provision, criterion or practice would put persons of one sex at a particular disadvantage compared with persons of the other sex, unless that provision, criterion or practice is objectively justified by a legitimate aim, and the means of achieving that aim are appropriate and necessary, harassment: where an unwanted conduct related to the sex of the person occurs with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a person, and of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating, or offensive environment, sexual harassment: where any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature occurs, with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of the person, in particular when creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment.



COMPARISM BETWEEN COLONIAL AND POSTCOLONIAL ECONOMY OF NORTH-EASTERN REGION OF NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF GROUNDNUTS PRODUCTION AND MARKETING 1930-1990. LAWAN JA’AFAR TAHIR Department of History Yobe State University Damaturu, Nigeria.

Abstract: Nigeria, one of the West African states has thirty six states. Among the states, six of them namely: Borno, Adamawa, Yobe, Bauchi, Taraba and Gombe belong to the North- Eastern region. It has a population of about 18, 984, 299 as at the 2006 preliminary census figures. Before the country‘s independence on 1st October 1960, these mentioned states constituted Borno, Bauchi and Sardauna provinces under British colonial rule. From 1906 to 1960, the whole northern region was under colonial rule. Before the coming of the British, there was well organized economic system in the area. Trading activities were in full scale both locally and internationally. However, with the advent of colonialism, the system metamorphosed to colonially designed economic policy, which completely suited the interests of the colonialists. The paper discusses a comparism of the level and volume of production and marketing of groundnuts which was one of the most important cash crops cultivated and exported before and during the colonial period. The extension of railway to Nguru in present day Yobe state in 1929, which served as a vehicle of colonial transportation of raw materials, increased the economic network throughout the region. Compare to colonial era, there is sharp decline in the volume of both production and marketing of this product by 60 to 70%. What happened? What are the problems? It has been confirmed that, the land, the farmers, the railway line even though not as active as before, are all there. The market and the demand of this cash crop are now even higher than that of the colonial era because of the increase in the population and technological advancement. But the decrease in the economy of this region has become an alarming issue. It is against this background that this paper aimed to buttress the reality behind this problem and solution shall be suggested so that the region may regain its past glory.

Key Words: Nigeria, North-East region, Groundnuts, Production, Marketing and Challenges

LOOKING INTO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFRASTRUCTURE CONSUMPTION AND ITS FINANCE Jitesh Chandra Saha Assistant Professor, Deptt. Of Economics, Govt. Degree College, Kamalpur, Dhalai, Tripura, India



Abstract: Infrastructure provided through different channels to improve people standard of living, can be thought of as an important ingredient of peoples‘ consumption basket and naturally, the cost incurred in provision of basic amenities, benefits and advantages, by varied nature of infrastructure should bear a close correlation to people choice and their ability to earn, spend and contribute. From this perspective, method sought for financing of infrastructure must take into account the extraction process to explore category of people, coming under the ambit of specific infrastructure supply and sources should be in accordance with the degree to which it entangles the population circle of an economy, if streams of special incentives are appropriated by certain schemes and sections, whether forward or backward, mechanism must have base in setting criterion, space and parameter for adjustment and thus, determine its quantity and quality of finance. This paper analyses category of infrastructure consumption and its inclusion in determining financing pattern with special reference to India and the empirical part is based on simple statistical percentage and regression analysis. Keywords: Infrastructure Consumption, Financing Pattern.

FEASIBILITY STUDY ON INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESS THE FOCUS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AS A SOLUTION TO THE DEFICIENCIES IN SOME SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED FAMILY José G. Vargas-Hernández University Center for Economic and Managerial Sciences Zapopan, Jalisco, México

Abstract: This article aims to better understand the problems faced by those family owned firms due their size that are still in development stage, and puts at risk its growth and even its permanence in the market, as well to observe those features that firms in similar situations have allowed them to overcome the obstacles and to become productive and efficient firms. Keywords: SMBs, corporative governance, family business

POLITICS AND THE MEDIA IN MALAYSIA Joshua Kandasamy SEGi University Upper Iowa University

Abstract: This paper examines the ways in which individual‘s perception on Media Use and its relationship with Political Interest. A lack of conceptual clarity and multivariate studies has impeded research on Political Interest and Media Use. The paper concerned itself with an 32 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


immediate need to evaluate the current degree of political interest in relative to media credibility and consumption in Malaysia. The study is designed to investigate the degree of media credibility and consumption in which to extent of how much it affects an individual‘s political interest in the county. In a similar vein, the paper also looks into an emerging role of political citizenship and identity: The Individualized citizen. The mentioned here is a character which is highly engaged and interested in politics, but at the same time does not follow along with current events in the media. Data collection for this research consisted of a quantitative study in where a total of 197 participants were recruited using survey method throughout Kota Damansara .Data was collected during March 2013, approximately 1-2 months before the 2013 Malaysian General Election. It is to be noted that this investigation does not try to prove and define the current political state of the country. It is the notion of how political perception and interest of the current generation is what concerns the investigator. Correlation analysis was conducted to explore relationships between Media Credibility, Media Consumption and respondents Political Interest. Results indicated that Media Credibility had no influence on the respondent‘s Media Consumption. In addition, it was found that Media Consumption had a positive relationship with respondents Political Interest. On the other hand, it Media and Politics in Malaysia was also found that the ‗Individualized Citizens‘ hold a different political norms compared to the rest of the respondents. These findings highlight the need for a more holistic research on media use and its relationship with Politics in Malaysia. The findings also call into question the previously assumed role of Media Credibility in citizen‘s use of media sources.

UNDERSTANDING THE ACTUAL USE OF ICT BY SCIENCE TEACHERS: AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL Joza M Alshemmari ¹ ² & Peter R Albion¹ University of Southern Queensland, Australia¹ Public Authority of Applied Education and Training, Kuwait²

Abstract: Information and Communication Technology Acceptance Model was developed and proposed to predict and explain primary science teachers‘ use of Information and Communication Technology in teaching. The survey in the current study consisted of eight parts: 1) computer self-efficacy, 2) subjective norms, 3) external barriers, 4) ease of use, 5 usefulness, 6) attitude toward using ICT in teaching, 7) intention, and 8) actual use of ICT in teaching scales. 500 primary science female teachers from 6 districts in Kuwait responded to the questionnaire. The current study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) using statistical software AMOS version 21 to evaluate the capability of the proposed model in predicting primary science teachers‘ use of ICT in teaching. Overall, the ICTAM showed a good fit with the data and proved to have appropriate explanatory power, based on responses collected from primary science teachers. 33 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


Keywords: Science teachers, ICT, TAM, structural equation modeling (SEM).

TESTING THE PREDICTIVE ABILITY OF TECHNICAL ANALYSIS IN KSE; USING STEPWISE SPA TEST Kinza Naeem1, Abida Majeed2 University of Central Punjab (Faculty of Commerce), Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract: This Paper will examine the significance of technical analysis in predicting the stock prices using a Stepwise SPA (superior predicting ability) method. Large scale technical analysis usually suffers from data snooping bias. Stepwise method eliminates the chances of potential data snooping bias and identifies all the predictive models, which overcome the flaws of previously used methods. This test will be applied to examine the predictive ability of technical analysis by evaluating the data of previous 2 years of stock prices (KSE 30) and financial information. Data will be collected from the official websites of KSE and State Bank of Pakistan. The results will show the significance of technical analysis for predicting the stock prices. Keywords: Technical Analysis, SPA Stepwise Method, Data snooping

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WTO AGREEMENT ON TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE IN DOMESTIC MARKET ACCESS AS A HARMONIZATION MECHANISM OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC STANDARDIZATION Lesza Leonardo Lombok Lecturer of Manado State University, North Sulawesi, Indonesia PhD Scholar, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia.

Abstract: In international trade, technical regulations and industry standards are vary in every country, which is a compulsory and being enforced against products that circulated by one - each through its domestic law and cause difficulties for exporters and importers. The Technical Barriers To Trade (TBT) Agreement is one of the harmonization mechanisms delivered by World Trade Organization (WTO) to the international economic sphere that seeks to balance these competing interests – acknowledging but disciplining contracting parties‘ regulatory control over traded goods. The aim of this research is to know how the TBT Agreement become one of the harmonization mechanisms in international economic standardization by using a normative legal research that examines the WTO rules related to technical regulations and conduct an examination of Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) decisions related to the implementation of TBT Agreement. This study found that the TBT Agreement has a collective and bilateral binding force for the contracting parties of WTO. With this flexibility and the provision of special treatment for developing countries that reflects the harmonization mechanism offered by it, and the existence of the 34 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


reciprocity principle which was transformed into the character of the WTO as a Reciprocal Concession Law, which is believed to be the principle that motivates each country to implement all WTO Agreements, including the TBT Agreement, the research concluded that TBT Agreement deserves to be an effective reference rules in the field of international economic standardization. Keywords: international trade, international standardization, technical barriers to trade, WTO agreements, harmonization

BOARD OF DIRECTORS CHARACTERISTICS AND FIRMS PERFORMANCE AMONG JORDANIAN FIRMS, PROPOSING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Mohammed Hassan Makhlouf(1) , Nur Hidayah Binti Laili(2) , Mohamad Yazis Ali Basah(3) (1)

PhD candidate. (2), (3) Assistant Professor. Faculty of Economics and Muamalat Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

Abstract: This paper proposes a conceptual framework to investigate the relationship between board of directors' characteristics (Board of directors' independence, board of directors' size, family members at board of directors, board of directors meetings, CEO duality, and existence of nominations and compensation committee) and firms' performance among industrial companies listed on Amman Stock Exchange. Evidence from previous studies suggested that, according to the corporate governance code, the board of directors takes over the function to oversee the firm‘s financial reporting process. As well as, the main role of board of directors is monitoring the firm's operation with the aim of protecting the interest of the shareholders. The current study argues that the firms with effective of board of directors characteristics are enhance and increase the firms' performance. Key words— Board of directors, corporate governance, Firm performance, Jordan

ERROR ANALYSIS IN NARRATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE WRITINGS AMONG BUSINESS STUDENTS. Marinajan Gholam Hosin Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia

Abstract: This research is to identify and examine errors in the narrative and descriptive essays. It focused on the types of errors and forms, commit by the respondent. This research consists of 30 respondents who are enrolled for subject English for Business at UNITEN Muadzam Shah. The student‘s writings were analyzed through a list of specifications in order to identify the types and forms of errors made. The result of this research shows that errors are unavoidable. Knowledge and understanding on errors made by the respondents will give a beneficial information to the English lecturer in order to overcome problems faced by students in English 35 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


writing. Therefore, learners should have satisfactory revelation and exercises in the English to be able to adopt language rules and ease the tendency to do errors in writing.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON PUNISHMENT AND PREVENTION METHODS OF BABY DUMPING: MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVES 1

Mazbah Termizi1, Noor Ismawati Mohd Jaafar2, Nurhidayah Abdullah3 Dr. Mariam Saidona Tagaranao4 and Dr. Yasmin Hanani Mohd Safian5

Centre for Foundation Studies, International Islamic University Malaysia, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Ph.D Candidate, Faculty of Syariah and Judiciary, Islamic Science University Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia 2,3 Faculty of Economy and Administration, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 4,5 Faculty of Syariah and Law, Islamic Science University Malaysia,, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia.

Abstract: Baby dumping case is a serious crime in Malaysia. The study is important to be conducted in order to discuss the suitable punishment with regards to this crime. It is not only confined to the legislations, but also to find the other preventive methods for the solution. In Malaysia, not only the laws are being used, but other preventive methods are also available such as the awareness, monitoring actions and baby hatch. This paper is to discuss the comparative study of the punishment and preventive methods available in Malaysia and some other countries. The method of this research is by using content analysis, under qualitative method, which the laws from various countries pertaining to baby dumping will be analyzed. By comparing Malaysia and other countries approach, we could have foreseen that the preventive methods are also needed as much as the punishment methods in order to curb the problem of baby dumping in Malaysia. Keywords: Baby Dumping, Comparative Study, Legislation, Prevention, Punishment

EASY-PEASY WITH MINI LEGAL DICTIONARY: IN THE PURVIEW OF TEACHING AND LEARNING FUNDAMENTAL LEGAL CONCEPT Mohd Ab Malek bin Md Shah Department of Law UiTM Melaka, Malaysia

Sulaiman bin Mahzan Faculty of Computer and Mathematic Sciences UiTM Melaka, Malaysia

Abstract: This mini dictionary is useful not only for the purpose of understanding the fundamental concept of the legal words or phrases but it is significant as a source of quick 36 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


reference since it is composed in simple layman language. The selection of the words and phrases are based on those which are frequently to be applied in the syllabus of legal subjects holistically. The design is purposely portable, practicable and feasible which is indeed suitable for the learners‘ convenience. Sample of legislation and cases; as well as analogies are supplied as an added value for the sake of gaining a better comprehension pertaining to the usage of the referred words and phrases accordingly. This paper is aimed in discussing the purposes and functions of such ―magical instrument‖ to assist the beginner and intermediate learners including lecturers and students or even for those engaged in commerce and industry who are interested to know the basic principles of Malaysian Law in the commercial context potentially. Keywords: mini dictionary, reference, legal words, commercial, language

WOMEN'S RISK REDUCTION IN URBAN LIFE IN TEHRAN NEIGHBORHOODS WITH THE COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACH. (THE CASE STUDY OF FAMILIES LIVING IN NEIGHBORHOODS OF 2TH DISTRICT OF TEHRAN MUNICIPALITY IN 1392) Mehdi Sarvi Hampa2, Mehdi Falahi3, Poumeh Emam Shoshtari4 Abstract: The scheme of women‘s risk reduction in urban life in Tehran neighborhoods has been done by facilitation teams of Pouna social work clinic by using of the community-based empowerment 10- step model in 1392 with the aim of identifying the risk status & risky factors in neighborhood‘s levels, participation attraction of local beneficiary for designing and implementing programs and services related to women‘s risk reduction, synergistic for adjusting and standardizing of neighborhoods for women‘s life, training and empowerment of women for risk reduction and self-protection against hazards, development, expanding and leading women‘s social contributions for reduction women‘s risks, development documents about women‘s risk reduction. We noted to significant achievements of the project, included, three thousands hours of training to women about women‘s hazards, formed ten groups of trained women at the neighborhood's levels (Niayesh, Bargh e Alestoum, Tarasht, Farahzad, Koie Nasr) & participation of 120 regional women in them, designed 5 problem trees & 5 objective trees by women groups about women‘s risk reduction, propounded 50 ideas about achieving the desirable situation by groups, providing 25 RFP with 10 proposal documents, implementation of eight local micro-projects with titles, and covering more than 2500 families by them & finally presenting achievements to

2

B.A. of Social Work & M.A. of Social Science Research, Technical Responsible of Pouna Clinic B.A. of Social Work & M.A of Educational Psychology, Chief Executive Officer of Pouna Clinic 4 B.A. of Mathematic Economics & M.A of Development Economics. Pouna Clinic 3



local people through regional and local exhibitions & absorption of 400 individuals of local devoted women in community-based projects. Key words: hazards, risk, empowerment, community-based, Tehran municipality.

FLOOD DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK IN INDONESIA Mochamad Chazienul Ulum Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Administrative Science University of Brawijaya, Indonesia

Abstract: This paper for connecting two sides of the actual problem, namely the empirical problems associated with flood disaster management, and the theoretical side associated with the application and development of model of governance. Good coordination and cooperation among stakeholders such as related government institutions, and the local community is strongly required in handling disasters. We attempt to describe the extent of the rationale of governance concepts in the terms of (flood) disaster management in the form of a synergistic network of inter-actor cooperation/collaboration and mapping roles and responsibilities of each party. The research methods that used in this paper are the study of literatures and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). According to this paper, it shows that based on the need of flood disaster management, it is important to make synergy among stakeholders and develop their capacity. This synergy and capacity can be realized in handling disasters. Therefore, in the context of governance, partnership among stakeholders is definitely required in order to achieve integrated and sustainable flood disaster management. However, the common problem in handling disasters is it tends focus on emergency relief only. Therefore, paying attention is needed within all of phases of the disaster management. Keywords: disaster management, governance, synergistic network.

THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE BASIS OF CITIZEN LAW IN ISLAM AND NATURAL LAW SCHOOL Mohammad Mahdi Mirtaher Mohammad Mahdi Mirzaee Mohammad Hasan Taj Imam Sadiq University, faculty of Islamic science and law, Iran, Tehran

Abstract: The meaning of right in jurisprudence, law and politics lies in the concept of ‗‘have right‘‘ no ‗‘be right‘‘; therefore it means a legitimate privilege that is proved for an individual 38 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


and a society and shows a relation between ‗‘a person who has right‘‘ and ‗‘a person who has duty‘‘. In other words, right and duty are two size of the same coin. One of these rights is citizen law that has a close relation with human rights. This concept was emphasized a lot in Islamic law. On the other hand, as there are some similarities between Islamic law and natural law, we try to study and compare the basis of citizen law in these two ideologies. Key words: Islamic law, natural law, citizen law, human rights, right and duty.

ARE INTER-FAMILY TRANSFERS CROWDED-OUT BY DIRECT CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS? THE CASE OF INDONESIA HOUSEHOLD Mohtar Rasyid  Department of Development Economics Trunojoyo University, Indonesia

Abstract: This paper investigates whether there is crowding-out effect public transfer on interfamily transfer in Indonesia. Understanding of impact of public transfer (direct cash transfer programs) is important because theoretically public transfer may be neutralized by the offsetting response of private transfer. Using household data from Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS-3 & IFLS-4), this study evaluate the impact of direct cash transfer programs (Bantuan Lansung Tunai, BLT) on inter-family transfer (i.e. monetary transfer from parents, siblings, child and other family member that not live co-residently). Different from any previous study that evaluate crowing-out effect indirectly by estimation of income-transfer relationship, this study use program variables as key indicator to trace existence of crowding-out effect. In particular, we use panel data analysis approach to control unobserved heterogeneity that likely have correlation with variable programs. The results indicate that, in general, there is no statistically significant of crowding-out effect of public transfer on private (inter-family) ones. This effect partially significant only on limited case: transfer from siblings. This finding suggest that expansion of public transfer under formal social security programs to cover the poor household not reduce existence of informal transfers and potentially have implication to improve distribution of household income. Keywords: Crowding-out, Public Transfer, Inter-family Transfer



Mohtar Rasyid earned his Master of Science (Applied Economics) in 2009 from Economic and Business Faculty of Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. Currently he is pursuing doctore degree at the same university. He is a lecture at Department of Development Economics, Economic Faculty of Universitas Trunojoyo Madura, East Java, Indonesia. His main research interest are development microeconomics, economic growth and industrial organization.



LATEST LEGAL CHANGES IN FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: A NEW HOPE FOR FOREIGN INVESTORS IN UZBEKISTAN? Bobomurod Muminov Legal Studies Department, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary

Abstract: Prudent geographic location, rich natural resources, well-built infrastructure and abundant number of highly qualified experts could secure prosperous future for the people of the Republic of Uzbekistan. However, since proclamation of independence from Soviet Union in 1991, things changed adversely in many aspects. Failed free market economy reforms, ambiguous and intricate red tape, extreme corruption rates, deficient human rights records and ignorance of the rule of law are the characteristics of the current Uzbekistan. The situation of foreign investors leaves a lot to be desired. Foreign investors are guaranteed to freely organize their businesses and are furnished with a number of privileges and incentives in accordance with the wordings of existing laws and regulations. While in practice, the government on regular basis approves the list of activities, which are covered by those privileges and incentives; the government has to issue a separate regulation on the investment project in order to predetermine its successful accomplishment; the procedures of approval of investment projects are obscure and strenuous; state authorities repeatedly intervene into business activities of investors; legislative loop--‐holes, abstruse and unpredictable rules of the game are abused by state authorities to cease or intervene business activities of foreign investors. On the other hand, we witness introduction of new laws and amendments to the existing ones aimed to improve country‘s investment climate for foreign investors. Within the last years three free economic and industrial zones have been organized with necessary tax and other privileges and incentives; entry requirements for foreign investors have been decreased; personal accountability was set for authorities miscarrying their functions in dealing with investment projects; financially incapable state enterprises were offered for foreign investors with zero value for privatization purposes; procedure of registration of foreign legal entities is reduced to single window system; some tax and obligatory fees were abandoned or mitigated. However, it‘s premature to make any confident prognoses at this moment. Since, oversights in economic and development strategies and policies rebuff all other legal efforts aimed to improve the situation. Absence of a single country‘s development plan with a condign role of FDI in it, preference to gradual transition strategy of economic reforms, state support of import – substitution industries, preferment to the entry of big foreign corporations rather SMEs (small and medium size enterprises), favorable treatment of joint venture form of cooperation in lieu of wholly owned foreign companies, pick ―the winners‖ strategy and application of quasi--‐fiscal mechanisms including strict state control over foreign exchange are the main strategic concerns ascertained by international experts. Though there are abundant expert analyses on economic and social effects of FDI policies in Uzbekistan, it‘s impossible to find analytical academic materials on legal issues. This is why I would like to focus on the role of current legal measures aimed to enhance FDI attractiveness of the country. 40 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


My main argument will be that without significant developments in the spheres enumerated in the previous paragraph, latest legal changes will stay minor and won‘t bring any consequential results in near future. I hope my work will contribute to better understand ambitions of the government within the framework of the recent statutory changes.

CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION Anwar Abdulaziz Almutairi Muneera Adnan Alhaddad Dr. Abdulmuhsen Ayedh Alqahtani College of Graduate Studies Department of Educational Management and Planning, Kuwait University P.O. Box 13281, Post Code 71953, Kaifan, Kuwait

Abstract: The significance of cultural diversity has been widely debated in the field of organizational communication, with researchers arguing that minds have cultural contributions besides cognitive ones. Culture is basically defined as a set of shared knowledge, behavior, views, and values, whereas effective communication is defined as an exchange of information that fosters relationships and outcomes. Cultural diversity can be a double-edged sword for organizations; it has long been the key to major success or the cause of great failure. Published literature and experts‘ observations indicate that cultural diversity can enhance organizational productivity, because often this diversity sparks competition. Sometimes, however, it can cause frustration, having a great impact on how people feel and how they respond. The topic of communication among cultures is vital, because effective sharing of information is essential for large conglomerates that operate around the globe. This paper addresses how cultural diversity and organizational communication are related. Using the content analysis method, this paper reviews the relevant published literature and deduces the main themes in cultural diversity and effective communication. The probable findings are: (a) culture is becoming more and more diverse, no matter where the organization is located; and (b) effective organizational communication is as much a cultural-oriented as it is a skill-oriented process. The paper concludes with relevant recommendations, including designing training courses for cultureoriented communication for all levels of personnel. Keywords: Culture, Cultural diversity, Effective organizational communication, Training courses.

THE REALITY OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES Naglaa I. Elshorbagy Lecturer in Management Department


International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163, www.ijtra.com GRDS International Conference (June, 2014) College of Business and Economics Qassim University, KSA PhD Candidate USM, Malaysia

Abstract: The importance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has increased in the 21st century due to globalization and the increasing power of the economy and business, and decreasing power of national governments over global markets and transnational operating corporations. According to Carroll (1979), corporate social responsibility has been evolving as early as the 1930s. CSR can be defined as treating the stakeholders of the firm ethically or in a responsible manner. CSR is a concept whereby organizations consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on stakeholders as well as the environment. This obligation is seen to extend beyond the statutory obligation to comply with legislation and sees organizations voluntarily taking further steps to improve the quality of life of employees and their families as well as the local community and society at large. Carroll (1991) suggested that CSR should be divided into four levels: economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. Economic responsibility refers to the profitability of the organization, while legal responsibility is complying with laws and regulation. As for the ethical perspective, the organizations‘ operation should go beyond the laws to do the right thing in fair and just ways. Philanthropic responsibility refers to voluntary giving and service to the society. While most of the research in CSR is focusing on big and listed corporations, this paper is trying to give insights on the small and medium enterprises SMEs sector which didn‘t capture the researchers attention specially in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The study aims at answering the following research questions: 1. Do Egyptian small and medium construction companies adopt corporate social responsibility? 2. Do SMEs adopt economic corporate social responsibility? 3. Do SMEs adopt legal corporate social responsibility? 4. Do SMEs adopt ethical corporate social responsibility? 5. Do SMEs adopt philanthropic corporate social responsibility? The study makes a significant contribution to the corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature by offering the first study of its type undertaken in Egypt on the investigate of CSR on small and medium enterprises as an example of a developing country. The results of this study will give huge insights on the reality of CSR in SMEs, which may lead to further research based on the results.

THE NEED FOR CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR POST OCCUPANCY EVALUATION OF HOSPITAL BUILDING PERFORMANCE IN MALAYSIA Neo Bee Woon 42 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)

International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163, www.ijtra.com GRDS International Conference (June, 2014) Department of Real Estate Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Maizan bin Baba Centre for Real Estate Studies Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Abdul Qayyum bin Nazri Department of Real Estate Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Izran Sarrazin Mohammad* Centre for Real Estate Studies Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Nurul Nadiah binti Zainol Department of Real Estate Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Abstract: Recent failures of Malaysia hospital buildings in delivering the expected service have raised the need for post occupancy evaluation (POE) of their actual performance. Though numerous literatures and studies on POE are available, the CSFs for POE as a successful project have not been investigated. This leads to a knowledge gap of what are the CSFs that contributes to the success of POE of hospital building performance. Addressing the above issues, this paper highlights the importance to identify the CSFs for POE of hospital building performance. Employing qualitative content analysis on 63 selected articles, 13 critical success factors and 32 sub-factors have been identified. The outcome of this paper will provide detailed review on the need for the development of CSFs for POE of hospital building performance that will pave the way for sustainability and continuous improvement of hospital building performance in Malaysia. Keywords - Post occupancy evaluation (POE), critical success factors (CSFs), hospital building performance.

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL DERIVATIVE MARKET OF PAKISTAN AND ITS STUDY IN INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO NIDA HAROON SABA MAZHAR Faculty of Commerce, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract: The study will analyze financial derivative market of Pakistan and its position in the financial derivative markets of the world. In the global world demand for international money and financial instruments have increased causing changes in stock prices, exchange rates and interest rates .These changes have caused the need of new financial instruments to transfer the 43 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


underlying risk and to discover price mechanism of underlying assets. The global financial derivative market is growing and is commonly used in the financial world. In Pakistan the emergence of the market is a recent phenomenon. The study will encompass history, features, growth and future prospects of the Pakistan financial derivative market of Pakistan and its status in the global derivative market. The data will be taken from the stock exchanges of variance respective countries. A sample of 14 stock exchanges will be taken. The study will include detailed analysis of financial derivatives of Pakistan traded at the regular stock exchanges and a comparison with other established derivative markets by comparing volume of traded derivatives. Keywords: Derivatives market, Financial Instruments, Stock prices, Underlying risk.

THE INFLUENCE OF SERVICE QUALITY ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND CUSTOMER LOYALTY AT A TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY IN MALAYSIA Noor Azlina Mohamed Yunus Baharom Abd Rahman Abdul Kadir Othman Narehan Hassan Rohana Mat Som Ibhrahim Zakaria Faculty of Business Management Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia

Abstract: In the era of intense competition, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty are the most important outcomes of marketing in which both elements serve various stages of consumer buying behavior. Excellent service quality has become a major corporate goal as more companies gradually struggle for quality for their products and services. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of service quality on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty at one telecommunication company in Malaysia which is Telekom Malaysia. The scope of this research is to evaluate satisfaction on the products or services at TMpoint Bukit Raja, Malaysia. The data are gathered through the distribution of questionnaires to a total of 306 respondents who visited and used the products or services at that location for the period of one week using correlation and multiple regression analyses, the result revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction. The most influencial factor on customer satisfaction was empathy followed by reliability, assurance and tangibles. However, there was no significant influence between responsiveness and customer satisfaction. Conversely, the result also showed there was a positive and significant relationship between service quality and customer loyalty. The most influencial factor on customer loyalty was assurance followed by reliability and tangibles. TMpoint Bukit Raja is recommended to device excellent strategies to satisfy customers‘ needs, 44 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


and to adopt action-oriented approach by focusing on what the customers wanted. It is also recommended that similar study be carried out in other industries using different methodologies such as longitudinal method, enlarge the sample size and use qualitative approach. Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, Service Quality, Telecommunication Company.

THE FACTORS INFLUENCE ON ONLINE PURCHASE TOWARDS TECHNOLOGY GADGETS: A CASE OF UiTM MELAKA 1

Norazlinda Hj. Mohammad1, Norida Binti Abu Bakar2 Faculty of Communication and Media Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Melaka, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Melaka, Malaysia

Abstract: This study addresses the role of the reliability of vendors and privacy of online consumers in determining consumer trust in Business to Consumer (B2C). Currently, consumers do not trust the unknown faceless seller and paperless transaction. Hence, it is advisable for the online-seller to enhance their websites‘ ethical procedure so they could gain trust from the consumers. This is important as it shapes the consumer‘s perception on the websites that they frequent patronizing. The lack of consumer trust is one of the focused issues that had been highlighted today. This study is not only to examine the level of consumer‘s trust but also to identify the factor of web user characteristics and web site characteristics of web vendors with the consumer‘s purchase pattern. It uses quantitative analysis as the research design to discover the findings. The samples of this study are the web users in UiTM Melaka. It is expected that the result will show the factor of web user characteristics and web site characteristics of web vendors affect the consumer‘s purchase pattern. Acquiring consumers‘ trust is a vital element that not only contributes to the success of B2C but also determines the purchase decisions of the consumers. Keywords: Business to Consumer (B2C), E- Commerce, Ethics, Purchase Pattern, Trust.

ASSESSMENT OF THE THIRD YEAR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ VAN HIELE LEVELS OF GEOMETRIC CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING IN SELECTED SECONDARY PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN LANAO DEL SUR Prof. Normalah P. Solaiman Mindanao State University, Marawi City

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the Van Hiele levels of geometric conceptual understanding of the third year high school students in selected secondary public high schools in Lanao del Sur. There were 409 respondents in this study. Two instruments such as geometry test 45 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


and an interview containing three activities were used to gather the data. The results revealed that there were 312 respondents belonged to level 0 (pre-cognition), 93 of the respondents reached level 1 (visualization), and 4 of the respondents met level 2 (analysis). Not one of the respondents reached level 3 (informal deduction) which is the expected level of geometric understanding of a student before entering third year high school. These results proved true the findings of many researchers (Dindyal, 2007; Genz, 2009; Tan and Yebron, 2009; Usiskin, 1982) that many third year high school students have levels of geometric thought lower than level 3 (informal deduction).

ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AND ANXIETY: DEVELOPING AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE 5R’S MODEL Ameenah Musaed ALdosari Mashael Mengash ALhajri Nouf Khaled Almuzain Dr. Abdulmuhsen Ayedh Alqahtani College of Graduate Studies Kuwait University

Dr. Sanad Abdullah Alajmi Public Authority for Industry, Department of Admin. Development

Abstract: The current goal of this study aims at to developing an instrument based on the 5R'S 5Rs Model for managing organizational change anxiety. The 5 Rs are Recognizing, Researching, Reducing, and Reconstructing anxiety, and Restructuring reality. The developed instrument (15 statements: 12 for organizational anxiety and 3 for organizational change) was tested on a randomly selected sample (n = 163) representing organizational leaders. Obtained data showed that the content validity (the degree of agreement within a panel of experts) was acceptable, and the reliability coefficients for the organizational anxiety subscale and organizational change subscale were acceptable. Moreover, the regression analysis indicated that the organizational anxiety could significantly and uniquely predict the organizational change. Relevant recommendations are included. Keywords: Organizational anxiety, organizational change.

ABANDONED HOUSING PROJECTS IN MALAYSIA: LEGAL ISSUES RELATING TO HOUSING DEVELOPER’S LICENCE IN ABANDONED HOUSING PROJECTS Associate Professor Dr. Nuarrual Hilal Md. Dahlan ACIS Institute for Governance and Innovation Studies


International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163, www.ijtra.com GRDS International Conference (June, 2014) College of Law, Government and International Studies Universiti Utara Malaysia

Abstract: The issue of abandoned housing projects is still a hot and unsettled issue in Malaysia. Even though, there are numerous housing policies and laws having been promulgated by the Malaysian government, yet the problem of abandoned housing projects is still occurring and has not yet been totally eradicated and fully addressed. The victims in the failed residential projects in Malaysia are the purchasers themselves. They have to suffer all the pecuniary and nonpecuniary losses and to the extreme cases, the abandoned housing projects cannot be rehabilitated permanently. One of the reasons leading to the occurrences of abandoned housing projects is the weaknesses of the provisions under the Housing Development Act (Control and Licensing) Act 1966 (Act 118) (‗Act 118‘) that have allowed the problem to occur. This paper discusses the issues that arise from the provision under Act 118 relating to the housing developer‘s licence. The aims of this paper is to highlight the lacunae in the said provisions that have contributed to the occurrence of abandoned housing projects. The research methodology used is a combination of legal research and the social research methodologies. This paper finds that there are some lacunae and issues in the provisions of Act 118 relating to housing developer‘s licence that need to be adequately addressed to avoid the occurrences of abandoned housing projects in Malaysia. Keywords: Housing Developer‘s Licence; Housing Development (Control And Licensing) Act 1966 (Act 118); Abandoned Housing Projects In Malaysia; Legal Issues

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN B2B RELATIONSHIP MARKETING Nur Amalina Mohamad Zaki Dr. Mitchell Ross, Dr. Wei Shao, Assoc.Prof. Scott Weaven Department of Marketing, Griffith University, Australia

Abstract: The evolution of internet has made social media one of the most important media for business-to-business (B2B) commerce. Despite the increasing trends of social media utilisations among B2B companies, studies into social media are very limited and place greater focus more on the business-to-consumer (B2C) relationships rather than on the B2B relationships. The evolution of social media stimulates the need to understand the role of social media specifically on why, what, how and at what stages of relationship do businesses employ such media for the purpose of relationship marketing with another business. Thus, the main objective of this research is to assess the role of social media in the perspective of B2B relationship marketing. This paper outlines an overarching research question which is: What is the role of social media in B2B relationship marketing? This research utilises a qualitative approach, specifically a two-phase of in-depth structured interviewing approach:



1) The first phase of the interviews was undertaken to more than 25 employees from different organisations (with a range of 15 to 20 different industries) who work in the relationship marketing fields. 2) The second phase of the interviews will be executed to consumers of companies from the first phased interviews. In other words, the participants for the second phased interviews are employees of companies which have relationships with the companies from first phased interviews.

THE NEED FOR GREEN CLEANING FOR GREEN BUILDINGS IN MALAYSIA Nurul Nadiah Zainol1 Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate University of Technology Malaysia Johor, Malaysia

Izran Sarrazin Mohammad2* Maizan Baba3 Centre for Real Estate Study University of Technology Malaysia Johor, Malaysia

Neo Bee Woon4 Abdul Qayyum Nazri5

Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate University of Technology Malaysia Johor, Malaysia

Abstract: This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the importance of green cleaning in achieving the objectives of green building and to identify the components and requirements of green cleaning based on literature review. The investment on green buildings is often driven by the aim to reduce energy consumption. However, many tend to overlook the importance of the operations and maintenance aspect of the building, particularly the green cleaning aspect. In Malaysia, there is no specific requirement set for green cleaning. This leads to a knowledge gap of what are the components and requirements that should be considered in implementing green cleaning. Employing qualitative content analysis of 13 selected rating tool, guideline and standards, 8 green cleaning components and 38 green cleaning requirements have been identified. The outcome of this paper will provide detailed review on the need for the identification of green cleaning components and requirements for green buildings. Keywords—Green cleaning, components and requirements, green building, content analysis

DETERMINANTS OF URBANIZATION IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sola Olorunfemi, Ph.D Department of Economics, AdekunleAjasin University, Akungba, Nigeria



Abstract: The major objective of this study was to look at the determinants of urbanization in Nigeria and its attendant costs to development. While the specific objectives were (i) to evaluate the growth rate of urbanization (ii) to determine the structure of urbanization and its determinants (iii) to measure the relationship between urbanization and its determinants, (iv) to show redistribution impact of urbanization on agricultural productivity and infrastructural services. The study was carried out on Nigeria and data used for this study came from the Statistical Bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and Nigeria Bureau of Statistics. These Data were analyzed using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS), while the stationarity properties of the data were also tested. Results showed that export, unemployment among job seekers, manufacturing industries at the urban centers, transportation and investment caused urbanization to increase. The causality test showed that there is no relationship between the growth in GDP and the rate at which people migrate to the urban region in Nigeria. The problems of urbanization can be solved with massive improvement in the transportation system, creation of manufacturing in the rural areas to curb unemployment, rural and urban improvements, good environmental and migration policy. The study concludes that the tensions that urbanization creates and the structural shifts it puts into motion suggest that policy makers in Nigeria needs to put many things in place to manage it. Keywords: Urbanization, Development, Determinants of Urbanization, Urban, Rural

VERITABLE TOOLS FOR TEACHING HISTORY IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM P.F. OWOJUYIGBE (MRS) Department of history Adeyemi college of education Ondo, nigeria.

Abstract: History is a paramount tool for societal reconstruction as it reveals the deeds of the past either pleasant or otherwise in relation to present events in other to have a better future. Despite the indispensability of this course, some areas globally place little premium on the teaching of this glowing discipline even in the new millenium. For instance, in Africa majority of the countries have history in their school curriculum yet this subject is becoming old fashioned and non-fascinating due to diverse undynamic and uninteresting methods of teaching being adopted by some instructors at all levels of education. More so, parental influence, governmental attitude and lack of interest on the part of learners contributed to the slow advancement of history as an indispensable discipline. This paper focuses on the various veritable tools that can be used in teaching history mainly at the grassroots of education because adequate training should begin from childhood. If this is well fostered it will enhance proper societal development despite global cultural diversities.



KILL THE TESTATOR HEIR DUE TO REASONS NOT RELATED TO THE HERITAGE IS NOT CONSIDERED A BASIS TO CONSIDER THIS UNWORTHY HEIR Pasha Safarov Master of law, Baku, Azerbaijan

Abstract: Article 1137 Civil Code of Azerbaijan Republic (AR CC) institute provides "unworthy heir". Under this regulation is considered mandatory the presence of one of the conditions for it to be considered a person (the successor) unworthy heir. Due to the presence of just one or each of the two conditions in the actions of the person (successor), the law limits the right of inheritance, depriving the person (successor) heritage. Assess the person (successor) because any other reason not within the scope of these conditions suggests primarily a violation of his right to inheritance. Keywords - court, law, unworthy heir, inheritance, inheritance

THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES’ PROGRESS IN THEIR TRANSITION TO MARKET ECONOMY Petya Aladzhova School of Economics & Management, South East University, Nanjing, China

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to underline Central and Eastern European countries‘ progress in their transition to market economies. It focuses on the relationship between transition economies and privatization and their link with foreign direct investment inflows. The analysis covers two of the most successful transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe in terms of attracting foreign direct investment: Poland and the Czech Republic. Our topics of interest are the volume of inward foreign direct investment and the main characteristics of foreign direct investment in Central and Eastern European countries. The paper provides an overview of specific factors related to foreign direct investment determinants in regards to the relationship between foreign direct investment and multinational companies, yielding explanations about the reasons which cause the differences among the foreign direct investment inflows in Central and Eastern European countries. The results suggests that the volatility of the foreign direct investment inflows in Central and Eastern European countries is mainly related to the volatility of the privatization program. Other important factors affected the volume of foreign direct investment in Central and Eastern Europe region are location, market potential and the political and legal factors 

Author‘s 10 law books, lawyer ―Aztelekom‖ Production Association, Azerbaijan Republic.



This article contributes to the debate by providing an analysis of the differences in the process of accumulating foreign direct investment inflows. Key words: privatization, foreign direct investment (FDI), economic transformation, Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)

BOWLED OUT OF THE GAME: NATIONALISM AND GENDER EQUALITY IN INDIAN CRICKET Raadhika Gupta Research Associate, Jindal Global Law School, India

Abstract: Sport is a major, and much neglected, site of gender inequality today. The issue of women‘s participation in sports is important not only due to its benefits for the individual women participants, but also because of the significant social and political space that the phenomenon of sport occupies in a nation. Cricket in India is one such sport that is strongly associated with feelings of patriotism. However, the glory and attention that cricket receives in India is limited to men‘s cricket. There are great disparities between opportunities and recognition for men and women in cricket. Women‘s cricket occupies a small and almost invisible space, while, men‘s cricket shapes Indian nationalism in powerful ways. This article attempts to explore the connection between Indian nationalism and cricket, and how it contributes to and flows from gender inequality. Looking at the masculinities theory, dominance feminist theory, and placing cricket within the context of its historical colonial origin, it argues that men‘s cricket constructs a gendered nationalism, further contributing to gender inequality in sports and in society. As a corollary, inclusion of women in cricket can help shape a more inclusive nationalism and promote equality. Examining the debate between sex segregation and sex integration under equality laws, this article proposed the use of a hybrid approach to promote equality in cricket and shape a more inclusive nationalism. FINANCING AND GROWTH OF BANKING SECTOR OF PAKISTAN AND INDIA: EVIDENCE FROM CAPITAL MARKETS Rida Iftikhar Dania Ahmed University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract: This study will analyze the extent to which banking sectors of Pakistan and India are using capital markets to obtain financing those results in growth of these sectors. Out of all the sectors of economy, this study will focus only on the banking sector containing 20 banks in Pakistan that are listed at Karachi Stock Exchange and 12 banks in India that are listed at National Stock Exchange of India. The annual data for past 15 years (from Year 1999 to Year 2013) will be used in this study, for the variables including domestic and international capital raising in terms of total amount of equity and debt raised by each bank and the performance of 51 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


each bank in terms of its return on capital employed. The data for this purpose will be collected from the official websites of State Bank of Pakistan, State Bank of India and the respective banks. Hence all the selected banks of both the countries will be evaluated in terms of their capital raising and performance; banking sectors of both the countries will be compared on the basis of these two parameters. This study will attempt to find significant correlation between the capital raising and the performance of banks listed at stock exchanges and difference in growth of banks with large capital raising and others. The results will show how the banks with large capital raising activities are behaving differently from other listed firms on the stock exchange. Keywords: Banking sector, Growth and financing, Capital markets, Pakistan, India.

A CASE STUDY OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT AT HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL Dr. Saeed ul Hasan Chishti Department of Education, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Abstract : This study examines the impact of formative evaluation in X school in Rawalpindi; it is a private English medium school and follows a formative evaluation system. Formative evaluation is more efficient and complete assessment of learning as it moderates daily assessment, the milestone, marking of work, providing feedback and food to deliver to learners and registration of assessments. This study shows that the formative evaluation improves the level of education and help in the diagnosis of the validity of the measures of inquiry. The assessment allows forming various methods of student assessment, which maximizes the motivation of the student and invites their efforts towards the great achievements.

SOCIAL CLAUSE FOR JOINING WTO IN THE WAY OF FAIR GLOBALIZATION Hossein Yousefi, Saleh Heydari Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

Abstract: Concurrent with the approval of Declaration of Philadelphia in 1944, there was a bright ray of hope in the hearts of world peace fans, means that "work is not considered as goods anymore," and this was eradication of absolute poverty that provided world peace. Because, poverty exists anywhere, it will be a threat to world peace. Annexation of Philadelphia Declaration to Statute of the International Labor Organization resulted in expanding thinking and social justice. Sense of social justice resulted in legislation labor law to benefit of poor people in industrialized countries. Social Clause as a condition for solving social crisis due to global economic development and based on social justice on global management, were generally considered by developed countries. In the other words, this condition was existed when countries focused mainly on 52 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


economic development and sometimes social challenges were fringed. Specially, developing countries tried several ways reaching themselves to criteria of development and in this way they trampled on workers' rights, international labor standards and human rights. Therefore, the idea of a fair globalization will be achieved only by directing development road of the new era to social justice. The interaction between International Labour Organization and the World Trade Organization will help c by the arrival of international labor standards in free trade agreements, bilateral or multilateral , to promote social justice. Goal of this research is surveying "Social Clause" as an appropriate solution for execution of international law criteria and discuss the reasons of social clause idea and common issues about it to take a positive step in the way of fair globalization. Key Words: Social Clause, Fair Globalization, International Labour Organization, World Trade Organization.

OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS OF SOCIAL WEBSITES IN E- BUSINESS Sumayya Rashid School of Business & Economics, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract: Electronic Business is the term heard frequently in management meetings, on the news and in newspapers etc. Internet and the World Wide Web have enabled the Electronic Business. E-commerce/E-Business involves all size of transaction bases. Recently a new phenomenon of social networking has changed the whole picture. E-commerce companies have started using this platform to broaden their business. There are many factors that influenced the people using social networking websites. In this research paper, I have given the possible opportunities, benefits and risks of social networking websites. Furthermore in the context of Asia, few recommendations are also given. I have also provided a summary of the impact of social networking websites on Electronic Commerce. Keywords: Social networks, online transactions, E-Commerce/E Business

ECONOMIC AND STRUCTURAL EFFECTS ON FDI: A CASE OF SOUTH ASIA Syed Atif Ali Asst. Professor, CIIT Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract: In this study the factors which are taken to check FDI flow are Tax revenue, Inflation, GNI per capita, Unemployment, GDP, Population, Internet user, Mortality rate and Life expectancy. It is observed that individual effect of each factor and combined effect of all factors as well. Through this study it is checked that in which way FDI inflow respond to the economic and structural conditions of a country. These three South Asian countries (Pakistan, India and Bangladesh) are developing countries and it is a perception that there is low cost labor in such developing countries. Foreign investor likes to invest in such countries where labors are agreed 53 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


to work at lower wage rate or where the unemployment rate is higher. Likewise the effects of Tax revenue, Inflation, GNI, Unemployment, GDP and Population, Internet user, Mortality rate and Life expectancy factors on FDI have studied through regression methodology. Data of past 20 years is taken to use regression model, which reflects that structural and economical instability significantly reduces the flow of FDI. Hypothesis is taken that unemployed labor demand for FDI inflow but low structural and economic development reduces the FDI inflow. It is proved in this study that individually unemployed labor is not effective on FDI inflow but combine all factors of economic and structural variables have significant effect on FDI inflow.

ISLAMIC ETHICS AND VALUES AS ALTERNATIVE TO THE THEORY OF ORTHODOX ECONOMICS UMMA ABDRRAHMAN RAFIN-DADI Chief lecturer Hassan usman katsina polytechnic Katsina, nigeria

Abstract: The paper wish to examine Islamic ethics and values as alternative to the theory of orthodox economics value. Although economic theories have a long history in the society their achievement and policy implementation are imperfect and deficient in values that are necessary for the provision of good life for the society. Islamic economic system not only stand as an alternative to the capitalists and other philosophies of social materialism, determinism and existentialism of economics and other social sciences, they tend to provide solutions to societal problems of immorality and selfishness. It‘s the intention of this paper to undertake a comparative analysis of Islamic ethics/values and orthodox economic system with a view to providing Islamic values as alternative. The paper will attempt to drive home the importance of religious ethics and values as the foundation of economic theory as well as the system.

AN ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVENESS OF MONETARY POLICY APPROACH TO PRICE STABILITY IN NIGERIA (1986-2007) UMMA ABDRRAHMAN RAFIN-DADI Chief lecturer Hassan usman katsina polytechnic Katsina, nigeria

Abstract: In general terms, monetary policy refers to a combination of measures designed to regulate the value, supply and cost of money in an economy in consonance with the expected level of economic activity (Nnanna, 2001). One of the major objectives of monetary policy in Nigeria is price stability, but despite the various monetary regimes that have been adopted by the Central bank of Nigeria over the years, inflation still remains a major threat to Nigeria‘s 54 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


economic growth. This research adopted the monetary policy transmission mechanism in analyzing the effectiveness of monetary policy approach to price stability in Nigeria. We employ unit root, co integration and causality tests methodology using quarterly data from 1986:1 to 2007:4. Granger causality tests were conducted to find out if indeed changes in monetary supply, credit, and interests rates have each been a cause of changes in the general price index. After the analysis and findings, the results revealed that there is a long run relationship between interest rates and there is unidirectional causality running from discount rates to prime lending rates (as expected), implying that monetary policy could be effective in changing banks lending behaviours. Investments on the other hand are not responsive to changes in lending behaviour. This implies that bank changes their lending rates in response to demand for investable funds. As such monetary policy could be used to affect investment, output and employment in order to stabilize prices of goods and services. This work highlights the roles that the government can adopt in order to strengthen the effectiveness of Nigeria‘s monetary policy in achieving the objectives of price stability.

ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE AS MODERATOR IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB PERFORMANCE FACTORS AND CAREER SATISFACTION Ummi Naiemah Saraih PhD Student Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Malaysia

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to explore the roles of Organizational Justice as moderator in the relationship between Job Performance factors and Career Satisfaction. In particular, this study investigated the roles of distributive justice, procedural justice and interactional justice as moderators in the relationship between job performance factors (e.g. task performance, OCB) and teachers‘ career satisfaction. The data was gathered through mail survey method from 390 respondents. First, the result showed that teachers‘ task performance was significantly related to teachers‘ career satisfaction. Second, this result found that there was a significant interaction between OCB and distributive justice to teachers‘ career satisfaction.

A Feasibility Study of the Indonesian Tempeh Manufacturing and Distributing Business in Chonburi Province Chaiyawat Nirundorn College of Graduate Study in Management, Khonkean University, Thailand

Abstract: The purpose of this independent study is to examine the feasibility of establishing a business of manufacturing and distributing the tempeh which is a kind of soybean meal, considered to be equivalent to meat in terms of protein source and cooking quality. Tempeh contains little saturated fat and no cholesterol. This study encompasses the marketing, 55 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


operations and management, and financial feasibilities. The information used in this study is from the survey of consumers‘ perception toward tempeh, governmental research papers and other information available through the internet. The result of marketing study shows that 1,000 samples in the targeted market in 5 districts of Chonburi province have no knowledge of the tempeh. However, once product information, its benefits and product samples are introduced, 4 percent of the consumers show interest in regularly consuming tempeh one day per week. The tempeh business plans to distribute the products through the retail markets and ready-cooked food vendors. The operations and management study shows that the factory location is best situated in Tambol Mueng, Muang district because it is located in the center of the marketing areas which cover the districts of Muang Chon Buri, Sri Racha, Ban Bueng, Phanat Nikhom and Bang Lamung. This business project plans to purchase a land lot and build a factory; the machines used in the manufacturing are obtained from those already commercially available. Under the project life of 5 years and 13.05% WACC, the result of financial study shows that the payback period is 3 years 9 months. NPV is approximately 2.67 million Baht and IRR is 19.07 %. In conclusion, the investment is considered viable, however in a situation where the tempeh sales price drops 12%, the investment should be rejected because the NPV is negative, and the IRR is less than WACC.

UNITED STATES WAR ON TERROR IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFGHANISTAN: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT YAKUBU HARUNA JA’E Department of Political Science Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria

Abstract: Terrorism has become a serious problem to both domestic and International Security. The emergence of terrorist groups and individuals operating in the Middle East is worrisome. As a result this research aimed at finding out about the real causes of terrorism in the Middle East, the United States policies on combating terrorism and their implication to world security. The research uses Secondary Source of data to dwell on pure content analysis; the research uses available books, Videos and Documentaries on War on Terror in the Middle East. The theory adopted was rational comprehensive model of decision making theory which assumes that decision makers set their goals, evaluate their relative importance, calculate the cost and benefits of each possible course of action then choose one with the best benefits and less cost. The research posits that: the current United States policies on war on terror in the Middle East is too militaristic, and therefore can never end terrorism in the region. The United States Policy on War on Terror is decorated with Media Control, Propaganda, Covert Operations, torture, Manipulations and Intimidations. It has also been shown that the one-sided support of Israel by 56 | P a g e GRDS 2nd International Conference on Business Innovation, Economics, Law, Social Sciences & Humanities, Kuala Lumpur (18th June, 2014)


United States government against Palestinians, Support of Arabs despotic and undemocratic rulers, United States invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan on reasons best known to them are all responsible for breeding new terrorists against United States and her core allies. Keywords: Terrorism, Middle East, United States, Iraq, Afghanistan.
