vinaidan romis klasikuri samarTali erTmaneTisagan ar ganasxvavebda ... fadi
sistema SemdgomSi evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gavrcelda. romis samarTali.
studenturi forumi gakotrebis samarTlis ganviTarebis istoriuli mimoxilva arCil ruxaZe* 1. gakotrebis samarTlis warmoSoba msoflio kanonmdeblobaSi gakotrebis institutis ganviTarebam bevri kardinaluri cvlileba ganicada. gakotrebis instituti pirvelad Zvel romSi warmoiSva da romaul samarTalSi igi `konkursusis~ terminiT iyo cnobili. konkursusi laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa da qarTulad Tavmoyras niSnavs (laT. concursus). amiT xasiaTdeba romis samarTalSi ramdenime kreditoris Tavmoyra maTi saerTo movalis winaaRmdeg. romaul samarTalSi valis daubruneblobisaTvis xdeboda qonebis CamorTmeva da, amasTanave, SesaZlebeli iyo, TavianTi sicocxliTa da janmrTelobiTac egoT pasuxi. Cv.w.aR-mde me-2 saukuneSi valis gadauxdeloba miCneuli iyo ukanonobad, ganurCevlad yvela movalisaTvis. mxolod mogvianebiT daiwyes gakotrebis, rogorc komerciuli saqmianobis Tanmxlebi movlenis, gamorCeva. gakotrebis Sesaxeb pirveli sakanonmdeblo aqtebis gamoCena ganekuTvneba me-16 saukunis Sua xanebs. Tavdapirveli samarTlebrivi aqtebi Seicavda mkacri xasiaTis normebs. mxolod Cveni saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gaxda gakotrebis kanonmdeblebis ZiriTadi mizani keTilsindisieri movalis qonebis samarTlebrivi ganawileba kreditorebisTvis, movalis gaTavisufleba valis gadaxdisagan da SesaZleblobis micema – xelaxla daewyo yvelaferi. gakotrebis samarTlis ganviTareba emTxveva saaRsrulebo samarTlis ganviTarebas, vinaidan romis klasikuri samarTali erTmaneTisagan ar ganasxvavebda calkeuli kreditoris iZulebiT aRsrulebas misi movalis winaaRmdeg da mravali kreditoris iZulebiT aRsrulebas maTi saerTo movalis winaaRmdeg. Sesabamisad, gakotrebis samarTlis istoriuli fesvebi unda veZeboT romis samarTalSi. romis samarTalSi mogvianebiT Camoyalibebuli gakotrebis samarTlis TviTmyofadi sistema SemdgomSi evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gavrcelda. romis samarTali daedo safuZvlad germanul gakotrebis samarTalsac, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gaxda qarTuli gakotrebis samarTlis safuZveli. gakotrebis samarTlis ganviTarebaSi gamoiyofa ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli etapi: gakotrebis pirveli etapi xasiaTdeba pirovnebis egzekuciiT. kreditorisaTvis aRsrulebis obieqti iyo movalis pirovneba, saxeldobr, misi Tavisufleba, sxeuli da sicocxlec ki. rac Seexeba movalis qonebas, rogorc aRsrulebis obieqts, igi iSviaTad moixsenieboda. am periodisaTvis kreditoris neba-survils upiratesi adgili ekava, romlis mimarTac xelisuflebas jer kidev ar Seswevda unari, moexdina raime zegav-
*
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis mesame kursis studenti.
784
qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4
studenturi forumi
lena; gakotrebis samarTlis ganviTarebis meore etapi ki movalis qonebis egzekucia iyo. misi SemoRebiT kreditorma moipova arCevanis SesaZlebloba, anu mas SeeZlo, Tavad amoerCia, Tu romel Rirebulebaze moexdina aRsruleba – pirovnebaze Tu qonebaze. romis samarTlis Semdeg gakotrebis samarTali ukve Camoyalibebuli da daxvewili sistemis saxiT farTod gavrcelda da kidev ufro ganviTarda evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da, pirvel rigSi, germaniaSi. Tavis mxriv, drom da praqtikam masSi garkveuli koreqtivebi Seitana. Sua saukuneebis gakotrebis evropis samarTalSi Camoyalibda ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego sistema: pirveli sistemis mixedviT, romelic italiis CrdiloeT nawilSi Camoyalibda, kreditorebi sargeblobdnen farTo avtonomiiT. am sistemiT, gakotrebis saqmes warmarTavdnen kreditorebi, romlebsac nebadarTuli hqondaT, fizikuri zemoqmedeba moexdinaT movaleze, raTa aeZulebinaT igi, gamoeCina qoneba. movale Tavis qonebaze gankargvis uflebas kargavda; meore sistema, romelic Camoyalibda espaneTSi, ZiriTadad efuZneboda sasamarTlo xelisuflebis iniciativas. am sistemiT, gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis sadaveebi xelT epyra sasamarTlos, romlis amocana iyo masis realizacia, qonebis likvidacia da kreditorebis dakmayofileba. amrigad, am sistemaSi sasamarTlo dominantis rolSi gamodioda da mas farTo uflebamosileba hqonda. 2. gakotrebis samarTali me-19 saukuneSi me-19 saukuneSi evropis mravalma qveyanam uari Tqva gakotrebis samarTlis im sistemaze, romelic gakotrebis warmoebaSi upiratesobas aniWebda sasamarTlos. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia prusiis gakotrebis Sesaxeb 1855 wlis debuleba, romelic safuZvlad daedo germaniis gakotrebis Sesaxeb 1877 wlis debulebas, es ukanaskneli ki – saqarTvelos 1996 wlis gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb kanons. prusiis gakotrebis samarTalma nimuSad aiRo safrangeTis 1807 wlis gakotrebis samarTali, romelic calke wignad iyo CarTuli napoleonis “Code de Comerce”-Si. gakotrebis franguli samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo gakotrebis warmoebis Semofarglva mewarmeebiT (komersantebiT), anu gakotrebaunariani SeiZleba yofiliyo mxolod komersanti. kreditorebs miniWebuli hqondaT ufleba, monawileoba mieRoT masis marTvis sakiTxebSi. gakotrebis saqmis warmoebas xsnida savaWro sasamarTlos mosamarTle-komisari, romelic aseve uflebamosili iyo, moewvia kreditorTa pirveli kreba da kreditorTa winadadebiT daeniSna gakotrebis masis droebiTi mmarTveli. prusiis 1855 wlis debulebam ara mxolod gadmoiRo gakotrebis Sesaxeb franguli debulebis principebi, aramed mogvianebiT ganaviTara da srulyofili saxe misca maT. magaliTad, gakotrebis prusiuli debulebiT saqmis warmoeba ar Semoifarglebda mxolod komersantebiT, aramed misi gamoyenebis sfero arakomersantebzec vrceldeboda. gakotrebis saqmis warmoeba faqtobrivad iyo universaluri saaRsrulebo warmoeba, romelSic unda mowesrigebuliyo valauvali movalis mTeli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi. sasamarTlos funqciebi da amocanebi mkveTrad iyo Semcirebuli da Semoifargleboda mxolod zedamxedvelobiT. mas ukve aRar exeboda masis marTva da realizacia. yvela aRniSnul funqcias axorcielebda mmarTveli, rogorc centraluri figura. gakotrebis saqmeTa qarTuli samarTlisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania germaniis 1877 wlis debuleba, romelic faqtobrivad safuZvlad daedo saqarTvelos 1996 wlis gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb kanons. germaniis gakotrebis Sesaxeb debuleba 786
qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4
studenturi forumi
romis samarTalze gacilebiT meti daxvewilobiT gamoirCeoda. gakotrebis Sesaxeb debuleba moicavda materialur da saproceso gakotrebis samarTals da mTlianobaSi qmnida qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis samarTals. samewarmeo samarTlis ganviTarebis paralelurad germaniis gakotrebis samarTali daitvirTa samewarmeosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebiT, Tumca franguli samarTlis msgavsad igi ar vrceldeboda mxolod komersantebze da Tanabrad moqmedebda arakomersantebzec. gakotrebis samarTli Seicavda warmoebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi regulirebis funqcias, xolo kreditorebi sargeblobdnen gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis avtonomiiT. valauval movales gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis gaxsniT CamoerTmeoda Tavisi qonebis gankargvis ufleba, romelic ekuTvnoda im momentisaTvis. es ufleba gadaecemoda gakotrebis mmarTvels, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, saerTo movale mainc rCeboda qonebrivi uflebebis matareblad. germaniis samarTalma mogvca iseTi institutebi, rogorebicaa gakotrebis safuZvlebi – gadaxdisuunaroba da zedavalianeba. gakotrebis saqmis warmoebisas ganasxvaveben kreditorebs: gvxvdebian, erTi mxriv, movalis piradi kreditorebi, romelTac warmoebis gaxsnamde warmoeSvaT qonebrivi pretenziebi saerTo movalis winaaRmdeg da, meore mxriv, nivTis gancalkevebiT dakmayofilebaze uflebamosili pirebi, romelTac gakotrebis saqmis gaxsnamde moipoves uflebebi masaSi arsebuli calkeuli sagnebis mimarT. revoluciamdeli ruseTis samrewvelo samarTlis debuleba gakotrebasTan mimarTebiT ZiriTadad ganixilavda fizikur pirs, Tumca aRiarebda, rom iuridiuli piric SeiZleboda gamocxadebuliyo gakotrebulad. gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis dawyebamde kreditorebs SeeZloT eTxovaT sabirJo komitetisaTvis an komerciuli sasamarTlosaTvis, gadaewyvitaT sakiTxi movaleTa saqmeebis marTvasTan dakavSirebiT. sabirJo komitetis gadawyvetileba Semdgom mtkicdeboda sasamarTlos mier. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas iRebda sakmaod swrafad – iwvevda movales da ismenda mis ganmartebas sakuTari valebis gadaxdis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlos imave dRes gamohqonda ganaCeni da movalis gakotrebulad aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, apatimrebda mas. ruseTis samrewvelo samarTlis debuleba gakotrebis SemTxvevas 3 kategoriad yofda: SemTxveviTi, gaufrTxileblobiT da yalbi gakotreba. zogadad, gakotrebas iwvevs gaufrTxilebloba. gakotrebis SemTxveviTad da yalbad aRiarebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo garkveuli garemoebebis arseboba. gakotreba iTvleboda SemTxveviTad, Tu movalis gadaxdisuunaroba gamowveuli iqneboda ara misi braliT, aramed sxvadasxva garemoebiT; mag.: wyaldidoba, xanZari da sxva, anu mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevaSi; gakotreba gaufrTxilebeli iyo im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gadauxdeloba movalis braliT xdeboda, Tumca ganzraxvis gareSe; gakotreba iTvleboda yalbad, rodesac gadauxdeloba dakavSirebuli iyo ganzraxvasTan an/da siyalbesTan. igi danaSaulad miiCneoda da Tu sasamarTlo gadawyvetda, rom saqme hqonda gayalbebul gakotrebasTan, maSin komerciul sasamarTloSi saqmis gadaxedvis dasrulebis Semdeg igi gadaecemoda sisxlis samarTalwarmoebas. gakotrebul movaleze qveyndeboda sami publikacia rusul da germanul enebze. msgavsi gancxadebebi qveyndeboda sasamarTlos birJazec. am momentidan ikrZaleboda movalis qonebis gayidva. yvela samxili movaleze waredgineboda sasamarTlos. sami dRis ganmavlobaSi kreditorebi cxaddebodnen sasamarTloSi da maTi TandaswrebiT gakotrebuli movale debda fics, srulad eCvenebina Tavisi qoneba, xolo damalvis SemTxvevaSi pasuxi ego. amis Semdgom kreditori, movale da mosarCele midiodnen movalis sacxovrebel adgilas, raTa aReweraT misi qoneba. aRweris damTavrebis Semdeg 788
qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4
studenturi forumi
mosamarTle da kreditori sakuTar Tavze iRebdnen movalis qonebis marTvas. kreditorebis gamovlenis Semdeg mosamarTle niSnavda kreditorTa krebas sakonkurso mmarTvelobaSi (rus.: `Êîíêóðñíîå Ïðàâëåíèå~), romelic komerciuli sasamarTlos qveda safexurs warmoadgenda. gakotrebis saqmeTa gadawyvetisa da warmoebis zemoaRwerili wesebi gabatonebuli iyo mTel revoluciamdel ruseTSi da, Sesabamisad, imdroindel saqarTveloSic. 3. gakotrebis samarTlis Camoyalibeba yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi saqarTveloSi da revoluciamdel ruseTSi gakotrebis samarTals Tavisi ganviTarebis istoria da sakuTari Camoyalibebis gzebi hqonda. gakotrebis samarTals saqarTveloSi safuZveli Caeyara XXsaukunis 30-ian wlebSi. gakotreba, rogorc samarTlis instituti, pirvelad qarTul samarTalSi 1931 wels im periodSi moqmed samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi aisaxa. kodeqsis meore danarTSi mocemuli iyo `wesebi fizikur da iuridiul pirTa araSemZleobis Sesaxeb~, romelic moicavda 7 karsa da 46 muxls. Tavisi samarTlebrivi SinaarsiT, `araSemZleoba~ sruliad esadageboda dRevandel gakotrebas, amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gakotrebis samarTlis SemoRebas qarTul samarTalSi safuZvlad daedo swored `araSemZleobis~ institutis SemoReba. kodeqsi Tavdapirvelad adgenda `araSemZleobis~ saqmeebis qvemdebareobas. aseT saqmeebs ganixilavdnen saxalxo sasamarTloebi: iuridiuli piris SemTxvevaSi – maTi gamgeobis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT, xolo fizikuri piris SemTxvevaSi – misi mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. aqve mocemuli iyo prevenciis principi: im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sxvadasxva sasamarTloSi iqneboda aRZruli ramdenime saqme fizikuri piris `araSemZled~ cnobis Sesaxeb, yvela saqme im sasamarTlos gadaecemoda, romelic pirvelad scnobda movales `araSemZled~ an pirvelad aRZravda aseT saqmes. sasamarTlo pirs `araSemZled~ cnobda Tavisi dadgenilebiT. aRniSnuli dadgenileba unda gamoqveynebuliyo gazeTSi da Setyobineba gagzavniliyo saxelmwifo registraciis saTanado organoSi. dadgenilebis gasaCivreba SeiZleboda 15 dRis ganmavlobaSi. kodeqsi adgenda im subieqtTa wresac, visac ufleba hqonda, aReZra `araSemZleobis~ saqme. eseni iyvnen: a) saaRsrulebo furclis an saaRsrulebo warweris mqone kreditori; b) kreditori, romelmac ganacxada, rom movalis qoneba ar aris sakmarisi misi valis dasafaravad; g) movale; d) saxelmwifo organo, romlis kompetenciaSic Sedioda meurneobis im dargis mowesrigeba, romelic movalis sawarmos Seexeboda; e) prokurori. `araSemZleobis~ safuZvlad miiCneoda valis gastumrebis uunaroba, xolo samxilad dadgenili iyo movalis mier valebis gadaxdis Sewyveta. movalis `araSemZled~ cnobis Semdeg sasamarTlo mxolod saxelmwifo organos mimarTavda winadadebiT, daeniSna erTi an ramdenime likvidatori, romelTac gadaecemodaT movalis qonebis marTvagamgeblobisa da gankargvis ufleba. sasamarTlo gansazRvravda salikvidacio vadas, romelic ZiriTadaT Seadgenda 1 wels. sasamarTlo mimarTavda amave organos, daeniSna `gansakuTrebuli piri~, romelic uzrunvelyofda sawarmos qonebis dacvas, vidre likvidatorebi Seudgebodnen TavianTi movaleobis Sesrulebas. 790
qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4
studenturi forumi
movalis `araSemZled~ gamocxadebis dRidan wesdeboda mTeli rigi SezRudvebisa, saxeldobr: ikrZaleboda movalis qonebis gasxviseba da gadacema, SeCerebas eqvemdebareboda sasamarTloSi `araSemZle~ movalis winaaRmdeg sarCeliT aRZruli saqmeebi. 1931 wlis kodeqsi aseve iTvaliswinebda im garigebebis, fuladi gadaxdebisa da gasxvisebebis gabaTilebis SesaZleblobas, rac ganxorcielebuli iyo movalis mier mis `araSemZled~ cnobamde. qonebis realizacias axdendnen likvidatorebi im saxelmwifo organos saerTo zedamxedvelobiTa da kontroliT, romelmac daniSna isini. saxelmwifo organo amtkicebda aseve qonebis gayidvis wess. likvidaciis damTavrebisa da kreditorTa pretenziebis ganxilvis Semdeg likvidatorebi adgendnen miRebuli Tanxebis saerTo moculobas da kreditorebisaTvis maTi ganawilebis angariSs. Sedgenili angariSebi dasamtkiceblad waredgineboda sasamarTlos, romlis Semdegac likvidatorebi miscemdnen kreditorebs maT kuTvnil Tanxebs. 1931 wlis kodeqsi iTvaliswinebda movalis gadarCenis Tavisebur RonisZiebebsac, romlebic, amave dros, mimarTuli iyo iseTi sawarmos SesanarCuneblad, romlis arsebobac saxelmwifos interesebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. am mizniT sasamarTlo, calkeuli organoebis TxovniT, qmnida gansakuTrebul sammarTvelos. aseTi sammarTvelos Seqmnis Txovna ar daiSveboda, Tu movale ukve cnobili iyo `araSemZled~. amrigad, 1931 wlis saproceso kodeqsSi mocemuli `araSemZleobis~ wesebi didad ar gansxvavdeba dRes moqmedi gakotrebis wesebisgan, metic, movalis `araSemZleoba~ sxva araferia, Tu ara dRevandeli gakotreba, rac ganapiroba saqarTvelos 1931 wlis kodeqsis miRebam, romelic efuZneboda ruseTis federaciis 1928 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqss. Tavis mxriv, ruseTis saproceso kodeqss safuZvlad daedo swored germaniis 1877 wlis gakotrebis Sesaxeb debuleba. gakotrebis institutis arseboba ssr kavSirSi 20-30-ian wlebSi gamarTlebuli da misaRebi iyo sabWoTa sistemis im etapisaTvis, radgan am periodSi sameurneo asparezze, socialuri sawarmoebis garda, gvxvdebian aseve kerZo samarTlis iseTi subieqtebi, rogorebicaa: Sereuli saaqcio sazogadoeba, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba da a.S. Tumca mogvianebiT, rodesac samoqalaqo brunvaSi sameurneo subieqtebad gvevlineboda mxolod saxelmwifo sawarmoebi, warmoudgeneli iyo, vinme kreditors Seetana gancxadeba aseTi sawarmos gakotrebis Sesaxeb da moeTxova misi iZulebiTi likvidacia. saxelmwifo sawarmoebis Seqmna da likvidacia xorcieldeboda erTiani saxalxo sameurneo gegmis mixedviT, saTanado saxelmwifo da partiuli organoebis gadawyvetilebebiT. Sesabamisad, dauSvebeli iyo am gegmiT gauTvaliswinebeli raime damoukidebeli iniciativis gamoCena kerZo pirebis mier. swored es iyo ZiriTadi mizezi, rom gakotreba socialisturi wyobisaTvis gamousadegar samarTlebriv institutad iqca. amitomac saqarTveloSi 60-70-ian wlebSi miRebul samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsebSi gakotrebis Sesaxeb debulebebi ukve sruliad iqna amoRebuli samarTlidan.
792
qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4
studenturi forumi
4. gakotrebis samarTli damoukidebel saqarTveloSi
1992 wlis dekreti sawarmoTa gakotrebis Sesaxeb 1990-ian wlebSi, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo damoukideblad Seudga sakuTari samarTlis ganaxlebasa da ganmtkicebas. ganaxleba Seexo gakotrebis samarTalsac. kerZod, 1992 wlis 8 seqtembers miRebul iqna saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos dekreti „sawarmoTa gakotrebis Sesaxeb“. aRniSnuli dekretis miRebiT, saqarTveloSi gakotrebas, rogorc samarTlis damoukidebel instituts, kvlav mieCina adgili samarTlis sistemaSi, Tumca, vidre igi gauqmdeboda 1997 wlis 1 ianvars, saerTod ar hqonia praqtikuli gamoyeneba da „mkvdradSobil“ kanonad mogvevlina. gakotrebis Sesaxeb dekretis 4-wliani praqtikuli gamouyenebloba bevr mizezTan aris dakavSirebuli, rac aixsneboda ara mxolod qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime politikuri mdgomareobiT, aramed imiT, rom gakotrebis Sesaxeb 1992 wlis dekreti bevrad Camouvardeboda gakotrebis samarTlis evropul standartebs da, rogorc normatiuli aqti, Sors idga srulyofilebisagan, vinaidan igi SemuSavebul iqna sxva qveynebis praqtikis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. gakotrebis Sesaxeb dekreti awesrigebda mxolod sawarmoebis gakotrebis sakiTxebs. sawarmoebis CamonaTvali ki mocemuli iyo „samewarmeo saqmianobis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb“ 1991 wlis kanonSi. amrigad, sawarmos garda, samarTlis sxva subieqti ar miiCneoda gakotrebaunarian pirad. dekretis nakli iyo isic, rom igi ar iZleoda movalis im qonebis daxasiaTebas, romelic kreditorebis dasakmayofileblad unda warmarTuliyo da ar ganacalkevebda mas warmoebis aRZvris Semdeg SeZenili qonebisagan.
saqarTvelos gakotrebis samarTlis gansxvaveba sxva qveynebis gakotrebis samarTlisagan gakotrebas, rogorc samarTlis instituts, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva aqvs. Tu erTgan igi movalis ekonomikur mospobazea orientirebuli, meoregan kanonmdebeli gakotrebis cnebis SinaarsSi gamoxatavs movalis ekonomikuri gadarCenis survils. gakotrebis cnebis SinaarsSi SeiZleba asaxuli iyos agreTve kanonmdeblis mier orive mimarTulebis gaTvaliswinebis survilic. zogierT qveyanaSi gakotrebis samarTali mowodebulia, miaRwios movalis kreditorebis moTxovnebis maqsimalur dacvas movalis mTeli qonebis likvidaciis safuZvelze. sxva qveyanaSi piriqiT, prioriteti miniWebuli aqvs valauval movales, romlis ekonomikuri gadarCenac unda ganxorcieldes reabilitaciis RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis safuZvelze. aseve sainteresoa im qveynebis gakotrebis samarTali, sadac movalisa da kreditoris interesebis dacvas Tanabari prioriteti aqvs. rac Seexeba gakotrebis qarTul samarTals, igi cdilobs, erTdroulad uzrunvelyos rogorc ekonomikurad mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili movalis ekonomikuri da finansuri problemebis gadawyveta (reabilitacia), ise misi kreditorebis moTxovnebis maqsimaluri dakmayofilebac. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom movalis gadarCenis prioriteti aqac wina planzea wamoweuli. movalis gadarCenaSi igulisxmeba ara imdenad misi, rogorc samarTlis subieqtis, arsebobis gadarCena, aramed, upiratesad, misi ekonomikuri erTeulebis, ekonomikuri arsebobis gadarCena. 794
qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4
studenturi forumi
praqtikulad, gakotrebis qarTuli samarTali ar aris mxolod movalis qonebis likvidaciisa da amis safuZvelze kreditorTa moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis samarTali, aramed is ufro ukavSirdeba movalis gadarCenis, anu misi reabilitaciis, wina planze wamowevas. ucxoeTis qveynebSi gakotrebisa da morigebis samarTals awesrigeben an sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi aqtiT, an isini gaerTianebulni arian erTian samarTlebriv aqtSi, romelsac Insolvency Law-s uwodeben. `insolvensi~ (ger. Insolvenz; ing. Insolvency) niSnavs gadaxdisuunarobas, anu gadaxdis saSualebebis xangrZlivad ararsebobas. amrigad, SeiZleba CamovayaliboT gakotrebis samarTlis zogadi ganmarteba: gakotrebis samarTali aris im normaTa erToblioba, romlebic awesrigeben ekonomikurad mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili movalis ekonomikuri da finansuri siZneleebis gadawyvetas da kreditorebis moTxovnebis maqsimalur dakmayofilebas.
saqarTvelos gakotrebis samarTlis msgavseba evropis qveynebis samarTalTan aRsaniSnavia, rom 1996 wlis 25 ivniss miRebul iqna kanoni „gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb“. Tavisi SinaarsiTa da struqturuli agebulebiT gakotrebis qarTuli samarTali emsgavseba evropis qveynebis, gansakuTrebiT germaniis, gakotrebis samarTals, romelic erTdroulad awesrigebs rogorc movalis qonebis likvidaciis, aseve misi, rogorc samarTlis subieqtis, gadarCenis sakiTxebsac. gakotrebis qarTuli samarTalic ar aris mxolod movalis qonebis likvidaciis samarTali, igi moicavs morigebis samarTlebriv normebsac. morigebis samarTali gakotrebis samarTlis gancalkevebuli da TviTmyofadi institutia. igi mxolod movalis gadarCenazea orientirebuli, xolo gadarCena gamoixateba reabilitaciis RonisZiebebSi. amrigad, gakotrebis Tanamedrove evropuli sistemis msgavsad gakotrebis qarTuli samarTali ar aris momxre imisa, rom ekonomikurad ganadgurdes finansurad mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili movale. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, reabilitacia aris ekonomikuri, finansuri da sxva RonisZiebebis erToblioba, romelic miznad isaxavs movalis finansuri siZneleebis daZlevas, misi sawarmos likvidurobis aRdgenas da likvidaciis Tavidan acilebas. reabilitacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes: mxolod im movale iuridiuli pirebis mimarT, romlebic registrirebulni arian „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad; Tu arsebobs movalis reabilitaciis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba kreditorebTan an gakotrebis sasamarTlos ZalaSi Sesuli ganCineba sagakotrebo morigebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb; Tu arsebobs realuri SesaZlebloba imisa, rom Tavidan iqneba acilebuli sawarmos likvidacia. reabilitacias aqvs gegma, romelSic aRniSnuli unda iyos movalis likvidurobis aRdgenisaTvis saWiro konkretuli RonisZiebebi, valebis dafarvis vadebi. reabilitaciis gegmaSi nebismieri cvlileba Setanili unda iqnes kreditorTa krebis an kreditorTa komitetis TanxmobiT. reabilitacias saTaveSi udgas saTanado gamocdilebis mqone mmarTveli – movalisa da kreditorebisagan damoukidebeli fizikuri da iuridiuli piri. dauSvebelia reabilitaciis mmarTvelad im piris arCeva, romelic eweva imave an msgavs saqmianobas, rogorsac movale. kreditorebs reabilitaciis mmarTvelis kandidaturebs asarCevad warudgens movale, xolo sagakotrebo morigebisas reabilitaciis mmarTvels konkursis wesiT irCeven kreditorebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia kreditorTa aranakleb 2/3-is Tanxmoba. 796
qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4
studenturi forumi
reabilitaciis arCeul mmarTvels amtkicebs sasamarTlo. igi irCeva reabilitaciis ganxorcielebis vadiT da Tavisi movaleobis Sesrulebis Taobaze pasuxismgebelia movalisa da kreditorebis winaSe. reabilitaciis mmarTvelis uflebamosilebebi moicavs reabilitaciis gegmis ganxorcielebas, movalis qonebis kanonisa da reabilitaciis gegmis Sesabamisad marTvas da gankargvas. kreditorTa komitetis TanxmobiT, reabilitaciis mmarTvels ufleba aqvs, gankargos movalis uZravi qoneba, dados garigebebi, romelTa Rirebulebac aRemateba movalis qonebis 20%-s. mas ufleba aqvs, reabilitaciis gegmis misaRwevad ganaxorcielos nebismieri marTlzomieri qmedeba. reabilitaciis mmarTveli valdebulia, kreditorTa krebas an kreditorTa komitets TveSi aranakleb erTxel, agreTve maTi moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi warudginos angariSi ganxorcielebuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb da acnobos dadebuli garigebebis Taobaze. reabilitacia dasrulebulad CaiTvleba, Tu miRweuli iqneba reabilitaciis mizani. sasamarTlo iRebs ganCinebas reabilitaciis dasrulebis Sesaxeb. reabilitaciis mmarTvels ufleba aqvs, sasamarTlosagan moiTxovos reabilitaciis Sewyveta, Tu igi waradgens daskvnas reabilitaciis miznis miuRwevlobis Sesaxeb da kreditorTa komitetis Tanxmobas misi Sewyvetis Taobaze. 5. daskvna saqarTvelos gakotrebis samarTlis istoriuli ganviTarebis ganxilvis Semdeg SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom: saqarTveloSi gakotrebis samarTlis warmoSoba da ganviTareba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi moqmed ruseTis gakotrebis samarTalTan, vinaidan saqarTvelo im periodisTvis ruseTis imperiis nawili iyo. vinaidan ruseTis gakotrebis samarTali germanulidan momdinareobda, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom germanuli gakotrebis samarTali saqarTvelos gakotrebis samarTlis safuZvelsac Seadgenda. garkeuli xarvezebiTa da darRvevebiT xasiaTdeboda gakotrebis samarTlis ganviTareba sabWoTa periodSi, romelic 70 wels moicavda da me-20 saukunis 90-ian wlebamde grZeldeboda. am periodis ganmavlobaSi faqtobrivad aranairi saSualeba ar arsebobda, rom praqtikaSi ganxorcielebuliyo gakotrebis samarTalis normebi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg damoukidebel qarTul saxelmwifoSi, sadac ekonomikuri urTierTobebi safuZvlianad Seicvala, gakotrebis samarTlis gamoyeneba kvlav SesaZlebeli gaxda. 1996 wlis 25 ivniss miRebul iqna „kanoni gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb“. iseve rogorc germanuli gakotrebis samarTali, qarTuli gakotrebis samarTalic mimarTulia ZiriTadad movalis reabilitaciisaken. igi cdilobs rogorc movalis mZime finansuri da ekonomikuri problemebis, ise misi kreditorebis moTxovnebis maqsimalur dakmayofilebas, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom movalis reabilitaciis prioriteti aq wina planzea wamoweuli. dRevandel saqarTveloSi gakotrebis samarTlis praqtikuli gamoyeneba jer kidev ar aris srulyofili. is saWiroebs Semdgom daxvewas da dResdReobiT arsebuli evropuli gamocdilebis gaziarebiT maqsimalur srulyofas, romlis miRwevac SesaZlebelia qarTveli da evropeli iuridiuli sazogadoebisa da eqspertebis mWidro urTierTTanamSromlobiT. 798
qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4
