a biogeographical comparison between yunnan, southwest china, and ...

A BIOGEOGRAPHICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN YUNNAN, SOUTHWEST CHINA, AND TAIWAN, SOUTHEAST CHINA, WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE EAST ASIAN FLORA1

Hua Zhu2

ABSTRACT Located in southwestern and southeastern China, respectively, Yunnan and Taiwan are of biogeographical significance for the floristic diversity and evolution of the East Asian flora. A total of 13,253 seed plant species in 2140 genera and 225 families are recognized from Yunnan, while 3411 species in 1234 genera and 190 families are recognized from Taiwan. Although the flora of Yunnan is much more diverse than the flora of Taiwan, it is conspicuously similar in floristic composition and biogeographical elements. Yunnan and Taiwan share many of the same species-rich families in their floras. In both areas, families of tropical distribution contribute 52.4% and 50.5% of the total families in Yunnan and Taiwan, respectively, and the genera of tropical distribution contribute 57.3% of the flora in Yunnan and 60.9% of the flora in Taiwan. Yunnan and Taiwan have floristic similarities of 96.3% at the family level and 84.7% at the generic level. These similarities indicate that Yunnan and Taiwan have close floristic affinities. However, the floras of Yunnan and Taiwan have diverged to some extent. Yunnan has eight East Asian families and two Chinese endemic families, of which only two East Asian families are shared with Taiwan. Of the 12 tropical Asian families in Yunnan, 10 are not seen in Taiwan. Compared to Taiwan, Yunnan has 474 genera of tropical Asian distribution, which contribute 22.1% of its total genera, while Taiwan has 165 genera of tropical Asian distribution, contributing only 13.4% of its total genera. Furthermore, the patterns of geographical elements indicate that genera with transcontinental distributions, such as pantropic, Old World tropic, north temperate, or East Asia and North America disjunctions, are more likely to be shared by Yunnan and Taiwan, while those genera with distributions of tropical Asia, Old World temperate, temperate Asia, Mediterranean and western to central Asia, East Asia, and Chinese endemic are more often represented only in Yunnan. The flora of Yunnan might be derived from a Tertiary subtropical East Asian flora and has been diversified in its biogeographical elements following tectonic events since the Late Tertiary: northwestern Yunnan has evolved a temperatefeatured flora with the uplift of the Himalayas, and southern Yunnan has evolved a tropical Asian flora with extrusion of the Indochina block. The flora of Taiwan could mainly derive from the East Asian flora with uplifting to an island after the Late Tertiary, and could have a relatively unsophisticated evolutionary history compared to Yunnan. Key words: Biogeography, China, East Asian flora, floristics, Taiwan, Yunnan.

In his floristic regionalization of the world, Takhtajan (1978) delineated the Eastern Asiatic floristic region. Later, Wu and Wu (1996) raised this floristic region to kingdom level, the Eastern Asiatic Kingdom, considering its uniqueness with more than 30 endemic families and an exceptionally large number of endemic genera. The Eastern Asiatic Kingdom was further divided into Sino-Himalayan (with 144 endemic genera) and Sino-Japanese (with 104 endemic genera) subkingdoms (Wu & Wu, 1996). The Eastern Asiatic Kingdom was supposed to be one of the major centers for the evolution of higher seed plants, as the floristic

kingdom is especially rich in gymnosperms and primitive angiosperms (Wu & Wu, 1996). It is important for botanists who study the history of the temperate floras of the Northern Hemisphere and the tropical flora of southeastern Asia to deeply understand Eastern Asiatic flora. Yunnan and Taiwan comprise the southwestern and southeastern wings, respectively, of the Eastern Asiatic floristic region (Takhtajan, 1978), although their southernmost parts were in the northern margin of the Paleotropical kingdom, and Taiwan, as a whole, was later moved to the Paleotropical kingdom by Wu and Wu (1996). Yunnan and Taiwan are of

1 This project was funded by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (41071040, 41471051, 31170195). The database was made by Yan Lichun from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Prof. Li Zhenji from Xiamen University offered the plant list from Fujian Province. I also thank Dr. Richard Corlett for his help with English. 2 Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China. [email protected]. doi: 10.3417/2011037

ANN. MISSOURI BOT. GARD. 101: 750–771. PUBLISHED

ON

6 DECEMBER 2016.

Volume 101, Number 4 2016

Zhu 751 A Biogeographical Comparison between Yunnan, Southwest China, and Taiwan, Southeast China

important biogeographical significance for the East Asian flora; they are at similar latitudes and have similar geography and vegetation. Comparing their floras may lead to a better understanding of the geological history, floristic variation, and evolution of East Asian floras. The flora of Yunnan was primarily studied by Li and Walker (1986). Further research revealed that southern Yunnan has a tropical flora of Malaysian affinity (Zhu, 1997, 2008a; Zhu & Yan, 2009); central Yunnan is largely characterized by a subtropical East Asian flora (Yan et al., 2009), while northwestern Yunnan has a temperate Himalayan flora (Zhu, 2015). Floristic relationships between Taiwan and mainland China have been discussed previously (Ying & Hsu, 2002), and paleobotanical comparisons between Taiwan and mainland China have also been made (Song & Huang, 2004). These studies have shown that both the present flora and the palynoflora of Taiwan have close affinities to those of mainland China. It has also been observed that some taxa in Taiwan are related to taxa from southwestern China and the Himalayas, e.g., Taiwania Hayata, which is disjunctively distributed in northern Myanmar, the Hengduan Mountains of Yunnan, Hubei in central China, and Taiwan (Yu, 1995). Ying and Hsu (2002) recorded 15 genera of seed plants in Taiwan with Chinese-Himalayan distributions. While it has been observed that the gymnosperms of Taiwan have a closer affinity to southwestern China than to southeastern Asia (Ying & Hsu, 2002), the floristic relationships between southwestern China and Taiwan are understudied. In this article, I compare the floras of Yunnan and Taiwan and their biogeographical affinities, to contribute to our understanding of geological history and the floristic evolution and variation of East Asia.

northern mountains, 1000–1250 mm on the central plateau, and 1250–2250 mm in the south except in the deep dry valleys. Yunnan is a region with tropical areas at the horizontal base because almost all areas of lower elevation are tropical in nature regardless of their latitudinal location (Zhu, 2008b). Taiwan is in southeastern China, at similar latitudes to Yunnan. It is a large (35,989 km2) continental island and lies between 21845 0 to 25856 0 N and 119818 0 to 124834 0 E. It also has a mountainous topography with mountain ridges in the center, running in a north-south direction. Its elevation ranges from sea level to 3997 m on the highest mountain summit in Yushan (Huang, 1993). Taiwan shows a transition from a tropical monsoon climate with an annual temperature of 238–248C in the south to a southern subtropical climate with an annual temperature of ca. 218C in the north. It has an annual precipitation that exceeds 1500 mm across the island. Taiwan is also a region with tropical areas at its horizontal base.

GEOGRAPHY Yunnan Province is in southwestern China between 21809 0 to 29815 0 N and 97832 0 to 106812 0 E and occupies an area of 394,100 km2. It has a mountainous topography with mountain ridges generally running in a north-south direction, decreasing in elevation southward from 6740 m at the highest mountain summit in the northwest to 76.4 m at the lowest valley bottom in the southeast (Red River). The general climatic pattern is: (1) tropical wet climates in the southern lowlands, (2) tropical dry climates in deep valleys below 1000 m, due to the foehn effect, (3) subtropical climates on the central plateau, and (4) temperate to cold temperate climates in the northern high mountains. It has a roughly annual precipitation of less than 1000 mm in the

VEGETATION Yunnan supports a rich biodiversity and various vegetation types, making it a key area in biogeography and a hotspot for biodiversity (Myers, 1998). The vegetation types of Yunnan include tropical rainforest, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, cold temperate coniferous forest, alpine shrubs and meadows, as well as thorny shrubs and savanna in dry-hot valleys (Wu, 1987). The variety in these vegetation types shows a more or less mosaic distribution pattern, which occurs in response to the extremely diverse topography in Yunnan. It is conspicuous that the vegetation distribution of Yunnan corresponds more to elevation than latitude (Zhu, 2008b). Taiwan has very similar vegetation types to those of Yunnan. It has tropical rainforest and monsoon forest in the lowlands; subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, which is the main vegetation type in Taiwan, in the lower montane zone; temperate coniferous–broadleaved mixed forest and evergreen-deciduous mixed forest in the upper montane zone; and cold temperate Picea A. Dietr.–Abies Mill. forest at altitudes above 3000 m (Huang, 1993; Song & Xu, 2003). MATERIALS

AND

METHODS

In the Flora of Taiwan (Huang & Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, 1994), which incorporated the newest checklist of vascular plants

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Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden

of Taiwan (Boufford et al., 2003), excluding cultivated, introduced, and invasive species, and rectifying the circumscription of families that followed APG III (Chase & Reveal, 2009; APG III, 2009), and species following the nomenclature and classification as presented in Tropicost of the Missouri Botanical Garden (http://www.tropicos.org), an updated list of native seed plants in Taiwan was completed, with a total of 3411 species in 1234 genera and 190 families. A similar circumscription of families and species was obtained, using the Flora of Yunnan (Wu, 1977–2006) and Tropicost, with a total of 13,253 native seed plant species in 2140 genera and 225 families. Complete lists of families and genera with species numbers for Yunnan and Taiwan are given in Appendix 1. Floristic and geographical attributes of the floras of Yunnan and Taiwan were then analyzed. Patterns of seed plant distribution of these floras were quantified at the generic level based on documentation from Wu (1991) and Wu et al. (2006) and at the family level according to Wu et al. (2003). Comparisons of both floristic composition and geographical elements were made to assess the floristic similarity and variation as well as biogeographical affinities between these two regions.

dominant 50 families in Taiwan have a total of 2696 species, contributing to 79.0% of the total flora (3411 species). The floras of Yunnan and Taiwan are conspicuously similar in their species-rich families. Thirty-nine of the dominant 50 families in Yunnan are shared by Taiwan. The other 11 dominant families in Yunnan are Balsaminaceae, Begoniaceae, Berberidaceae, Campanulaceae, Fumariaceae, Gesneriaceae, Orobanchaceae, Primulaceae, Salicaceae, Sapindaceae, and Saxifragaceae; most of them are species-rich families in the Himalayas, while Gesneriaceae has high species diversity in southwestern China, especially in limestone habitats.

RESULTS FLORISTIC COMPOSITION OF THE FLORAS IN YUNNAN AND TAIWAN

A total of 13,253 native seed plant species in 2140 genera and 225 families were recognized from Yunnan. The families with high species richness include Poaceae (874 species), Asteraceae (787), Orchidaceae (774), Fabaceae (637), Rosaceae (460), Lamiaceae (446), Rubiaceae (365), Ericaceae (360), Ranunculaceae (310), Cyperaceae (273), Umbelliferae (250), Euphorbiaceae (226), Primulaceae (221), Lauraceae (205), and Gentianaceae (202). A total of 3411 species in 1234 genera and 190 families were recognized from Taiwan. Similar to the flora of Yunnan, the families with high species richness in Taiwan include Orchidaceae (334 species), Poaceae (317), Asteraceae (204), Fabaceae (195), Cyperaceae (159), Lamiaceae (103), Rubiaceae (97), Rosaceae (90), Euphorbiaceae (78), Urticaceae (61), and Lauraceae (57). The total number of native seed plant species in Yunnan is more than four times the total species in Taiwan. The top 50 families ranking in species richness from both Yunnan and Taiwan are compared in Table 1. The dominant 50 families in Yunnan include a total of 10,447 species, contributing to 78.8% of its total flora (13,253 species), while the

GEOGRAPHICAL ELEMENTS

Geographical elements of the floras of Yunnan and Taiwan at the family level are enumerated in Table 2. Families with tropical distribution dominate both, contributing to 52.4% and 50.5% of the total families in Yunnan and Taiwan, respectively, with those of pantropical distribution (e.g., Acanthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Araceae, Arecaceae, Clusiaceae, Combretaceae, Icacinaceae, Myristicaceae, and Sapotaceae), making up 34.2% in Yunnan and 37.9% in Taiwan. Excluding cosmopolitan families with little geographical significance, those of north temperate distribution (e.g., Adoxaceae, Betulaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Cornaceae, Fagaceae, Fumariaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Orobanchaceae, and Salicaceae) rank second, contributing to 12.4% and 14.2% of their total floras, respectively. The flora of Yunnan includes 12 families of tropical Asian distribution (e.g., Crypteroniaceae, Escalloniaceaee, Ixonanthaceae, Pentaphragmataceae, Pentaphylacaceae, Rafflesiaceae, Sabiaceae, and Sladeniaceae), eight families of East Asian distribution (e.g., Cercidiphyllaceae, Circaeasteraceae, Dipentodontaceae, Eupteleaceae, Stachyuraceae, and Tetracentraceae), and two families endemic to China (Eucommiaceae and Ginkgoaceae). The flora of Taiwan, in contrast, includes only two tropical Asian families (Akaniaceae, Sabiaceae), three East Asian families (Cephalotaxaceae, Stachyuraceae, and Trochodendraceae), and no Chinese endemic families. Geographical elements at the generic level are enumerated in Table 3. The genera of tropical distribution contribute to 57.3% of the flora of Yunnan and 60.9% of the flora of Taiwan. The genera of tropical Asian distribution make up the highest proportion of the total genera of Yunnan (22.1%), while the genera of pantropical distribution constitute the highest proportion of the total genera of



Table 1. Dominant 50 families with high species richness among the floras of Yunnan (making up a total of 10,447 species, 78.8% of the total flora) and Taiwan (making up a total of 2696 species, 79.0% of the total flora). Flora of Yunnan

Flora of Taiwan

Family

No. of species

Species (%)

Family

No. of species

Species (%)

Poaceae Asteraceae Orchidaceae Fabaceae Rosaceae Lamiaceae Rubiaceae Ericaceae Ranunculaceae Cyperaceae Umbelliferae Euphorbiaceae Primulaceae Lauraceae Gentianaceae Gesneriaceae Apocynaceae Urticaceae Liliaceae Acanthaceae Orobanchaceae Saxifragaceae Fagaceae Caryophyllaceae Zingiberaceae Celastraceae Theaceae Araliaceae Berberidaceae Cruciferae Balsaminaceae Salicaceae Polygonaceae Moraceae Rutaceae Araceae Cucurbitaceae Vitaceae Rhamnaceae Begoniaceae Oleaceae Campanulaceae Caprifoliaceae Sapindaceae Aquifoliaceae Fumariaceae Convolvulaceae Crassulaceae Melastomataceae Boraginaceae

874 787 774 637 460 446 365 360 310 273 250 226 221 205 202 194 192 190 181 175 161 145 142 139 139 126 120 117 116 115 112 111 108 103 102 99 99 96 93 92 90 85 84 81 79 79 74 74 73 71

6.6 5.9 5.8 4.8 3.5 3.4 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5

Orchidaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Fabaceae Cyperaceae Lamiaceae Rubiaceae Rosaceae Euphorbiaceae Urticaceae Lauraceae Fagaceae Convolvulaceae Polygonaceae Ranunculaceae Ericaceae Araceae Umbelliferae Theaceae Acanthaceae Apocynaceae Moraceae Rutaceae Liliaceae Plantaginaceae Cruciferae Symplocaceae Caryophyllaceae Solanaceae Boraginaceae Gentianaceae Malvaceae Cucurbitaceae Aquifoliaceae Smilacaceae Celastraceae Myrsinaceae Commelinaceae Crassulaceae Linderniaceae Oleaceae Vitaceae Zingiberaceae Caprifoliaceae Hydrocharitaceae Amaranthaceae Loranthaceae Melastomataceae Rhamnaceae Araliaceae

334 317 204 195 159 103 97 91 78 61 57 48 44 42 38 36 33 33 32 31 31 31 31 30 29 28 26 25 25 23 23 23 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 18 18 17 17 17 17 16

9.8 9.3 6.0 5.7 4.7 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.3 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

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Table 2. Biogeographical elements of seed plants at the family level in the floras of Yunnan (Southwest China) and Taiwan (Southeast China). Yunnan

Taiwan

Biogeographical elements at family level

No. of families

%*

No. of families

%*

Cosmopolitan Pantropic Tropical Asia and tropical America disjunct Old World tropic Tropical Asia to tropical Australia Tropical Asia to tropical Africa Tropical Asia North temperate East Asia and North America disjunct Old World temperate Temperate Asia Mediterranean, Western Asia to Central Asia Central Asia East Asia Endemic to China Total no. of families

58 77 16 5 6 2 12 28 10 1 0 0 0 8 2 225

25.8 34.2 7.1 2.2 2.7 0.9 5.3 12.4 4.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.9 100.0

58 72 12 4 5 1 2 27 4 2 0 0 0 3 0 190

30.5 37.9 6.3 2.1 2.6 0.5 1.1 14.2 2.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 100.0

* Percentages are calculated by the number of families in each geographical element divided by the total number of families in all geographical elements, then multiplied by 100%.

Taiwan (21.6%). In the flora of Yunnan, the genera of pantropical distribution constitute 14.4% of the total genera, followed by north temperate (10.9%) and East Asia (9.9%). In the flora of Taiwan, the genera of tropical Asian distribution contribute 13.4% of the total genera, followed by north temperate (12.3%). The genera endemic to China contribute 5.4% (115 genera) of the total flora of Yunnan but only 1.5% (18 genera) of the total flora of Taiwan.

FLORISTIC SIMILARITY BETWEEN THE FLORAS OF YUNNAN AND TAIWAN

Similarity coefficients between the floras of Yunnan and Taiwan at the family and generic levels are given in Table 4. They are 96.3% at the family level and 84.7% at the generic level. Among 190 families of seed plants in Taiwan, only seven families are not known from Yunnan: Flagellariaceae, Good-

Table 3. Biogeographical elements of seed plant taxa at the generic level in the floras of Yunnan (Southwest China) and Taiwan (Southeast China). Yunnan

Taiwan

Biogeographical elements at generic level

No. of genera

%*

No. of genera

%*

Cosmopolitan Pantropic Tropical Asia and tropical America disjunct Old World tropic Tropical Asia to tropical Australia Tropical Asia to tropical Africa Tropical Asia North temperate East Asia and North America disjunct Old World temperate Temperate Asia Mediterranean, Western Asia to Central Asia Central Asia East Asia Endemic to China Total no. of genera

90 309 45 146 146 109 474 234 89 111 21 23 17 211 115 2140

4.2 14.4 2.1 6.8 6.8 5.1 22.1 10.9 4.2 5.2 1.0 1.1 0.8 9.9 5.4 100.0

88 267 34 117 115 53 165 152 62 50 6 7 0 100 18 1234

7.1 21.6 2.8 9.5 9.3 4.3 13.4 12.3 5.0 4.1 0.5 0.6 0.0 8.1 1.5 100.0

* Percentage was calculated by the number of genera in each geographical element divided by the number of genera of all geographical elements, then multiplied by 100%.



Table 4. Similarity coefficients at the family and genus levels between the floras of Yunnan (225 families, 2140 genera) and Taiwan (190 families, 1234 genera).

families of tropical distribution make up 52.4% and 50.5% of the total families in Yunnan and Taiwan, respectively, of which those of pantropical distribution contribute most among all geographical elements, making up 34.2% of the total families in Yunnan and 37.9% of the total families in Taiwan. The genera of tropical distribution contribute 57.3% of the flora of Yunnan and 60.9% of the flora of Taiwan. (3) The flora of Taiwan shares 96.3% of its families and 84.7% of its genera with the flora of Yunnan. The high floristic similarities between Yunnan and Taiwan indicate their close floristic affinities, despite the distance between the provinces. The close floristic affinities cannot be explained only by the similar latitudes and geography of the provinces, but also by the geological history of East Asia and the Himalayas. It has been suggested that Taiwan was uplifted to an island after the Late Tertiary (Teng, 1990; Huang et al., 2001; Song & Huang, 2004), synchronous with the uplift of the Himalayas (Shi et al., 1998, 1999). During the formation of Taiwan, there were intermittent land connections to mainland China until the Late Holocene. The geological history of Taiwan might explain the close floristic affinity to Yunnan. Among the genera of East Asia distribution in Taiwan, Ying and Hsu (2002) mentioned that 15 genera were typical Sino-Himalayan distribution. Evidently, the floristic connection between Yunnan and Taiwan can be attributed to the success of the uplift of the Himalayas, which controlled their formations during the same geological time. Table 7 shows the floristic similarities at the family and genus levels between the floras of Yunnan, Guangxi (Qin & Liu, 2010), Guangdong (Ye & Xing, 2005), Fujian, and Taiwan Provinces in southern China, which indicate that the floristic similarities between these provinces are high (more than 92.6% at the family level and 73.3% at the genus level), and their floras are in a continuous transition. The high floristic similarity between these compared provinces makes it reasonable that main parts of Yunnan and Taiwan were included in the East Asian floristic region by Takhtajan (1978). There are eight families of East Asian distribution, Cephalotaxaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Ciraeasteraceae, Dipentodontaceae, Eupteleaceae, Stachyuraceae, Tetracentraceae, and Toricelliaceae, and 211 genera of East Asian distribution in Yunnan. There are three families of East Asian distribution, i.e., Cephalotaxaceae, Stachyuraceae, and Trochodendraceae, and 100 genera of East Asian distribution in Taiwan. However, of the eight families of East Asian distribution in Yunnan, only two families are

Floristic similarities At family level At generic level

Shared no./Similarity coefficients 183/96.3* 1045/84.7*

* The similarity coefficient between A and B is calculated by the number of taxa shared by both A and B divided by the lowest number of taxa of A or B, then multiplied by 100%.

eniaceae, Philydraceae, Ruppiaceae, Triuridaceae, Trochodendraceae, and Zosteraceae. Except for Trochodendraceae, which is distributed in Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands, and Japan, the other six families are mostly seashore, wetland, or water plants and occur in southeast mainland China. Among 225 families of seed plants in Yunnan, 43 families are not known from Taiwan (Table 5). They include 10 tropical Asian families, seven pantropical families, five North temperate families, six East Asian families, and two Chinese endemic families. There are 1045 genera of native seed plants shared by Yunnan and Taiwan. However, 1095 genera in Yunnan are not known from Taiwan, while 190 genera in Taiwan are not known from Yunnan (Table 6). Of these shared genera, the pantropical elements contribute 23.2%, north temperate 13.4%, and tropical Asia 12.3%. Of those genera only in Yunnan, 343 genera are of tropical Asian distribution (31.3%), 138 genera are of East Asian distribution (12.6%), 106 are endemic to China (9.7%), and 94 genera are of north temperate distribution (8.6%). Of the genera only in Taiwan, those of tropical Asian distribution contribute 19.0%, those of tropical Asian to tropical Australian distribution contribute 14.8%, those of pantropical distribution contribute 13.2%, and those of East Asian distribution contribute 14.3%. DISCUSSION Yunnan and Taiwan are at similar latitudes and have a similar geography, although they are located at opposite ends of the Eastern Asiatic floristic region. They are conspicuously similar in floristic composition and geographical elements. They have higher similarities at the family and generic levels than usually expected. Although the flora of Yunnan is much more diverse in species than is the flora of Taiwan, the following similarities between them are revealed. (1) The top 50 families ranking in species richness in Yunnan and Taiwan contribute to 78.8% and 79.0% of their total floras, respectively. Thirtynine of the top 50 families in both Yunnan and Taiwan are shared between the two provinces. (2) The

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Table 5. Seed plant families found in Yunnan but not in Taiwan (43 families). The number of species and genera are included as well as their biogeographical distribution types.

Family

Number Number of of genera species

Borthwickiaceae Burseraceae Butomaceae Calycanthaceae

1 3 2 1

1 13 2 2

Carlemanniaceae Cercidiphyllaceae Ciraeasteraceae Cletheraceae

2 1 1 1

2 1 1 5

Crypteroniaceae Dilleniaceae Dipentodontaceae Dipterocarpaceae Ephedraceae Erythroxylaceae Escalloniaceae Eucommiaceae Eupteleaceae Ginkgoaceae Gnetaceae Hippocastanaceae

1 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 4 1 7 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 6

Ixonanthaceae Juncaginaceae Linaceae Martyniaceae

1 1 4 1

2 2 6 1

Menyanthaceae Myristicaceae Nyssaceae

2 3 2

3 10 5

Paeoniaceae Pandaceae

1 1

5 1

Pedaliaceae Pentaphragmataceae Pentaphylacaceae Podostemaceae

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

Polemoniaceae Rafflesiaceae Sargentodoxaceae Sladeniaceae Sonneratiaceae Stylidiaceae Tamaricaceae

1 1 1 1 1 1 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 4

Distribution types tropical Asia pantropic north temperate East Asia and North America disjunct tropical Asia Sino-Japan Sino-Himalaya tropical Asia and tropical America disjunct tropical Asia pantropic Sino-Himalaya pantropic North temperate pantropic tropical Asia endemic to China East Asia endemic to China pantropic tropical Asia and tropical America disjunct tropical Asia cosmopolitan North temperate tropical Asia and tropical America disjunct cosmopolitan pantropic East Asia and North America disjunct North temperate tropical Asia to tropical Africa Old World tropic tropical Asia tropical Asia tropical Asia and tropical America disjunct North temperate tropical Asia tropical Asia tropical Asia Old World tropic pantropic Old World temperate

Table 5. Continued.

Family

Number of genera

Number of species

Tetracentraceae Tetramelaceae

1 1

1 1

Toricelliaceae

1

1

Distribution types Sino-Himalaya tropical Asia to tropical Australia Sino-Himalaya

shared with Taiwan. None of the two Chinese endemic families in Yunnan (Eucommiaceae and Ginkgoaceae) occurs in Taiwan. Although there are 73 genera of East Asian distribution common to Yunnan and Taiwan, there are another 138 East Asian genera found in Yunnan alone and 27 East Asian genera found in Taiwan alone. Similarly, there are 10 genera endemic to China that are common in Yunnan and Taiwan, while 106 Chinese endemic genera are found in Yunnan alone and eight Chinese endemic genera are found in Taiwan alone. These numbers indicate that Yunnan and Taiwan, although located at opposite ends of the Eastern Asiatic floristic region, have diverged to some extent. The flora of Yunnan has been diversified in its biogeographical elements, while the flora of Taiwan seems to have had a relatively unsophisticated evolutionary history. The floristic similarities at the family and genus levels between these provinces in southern China (Table 7) indicate that the lowest similarities are between Fujian and adjacent Taiwan. Dipterocarpaceae fossils were found in the Middle Miocene at 24812 0 N, 117853 0 E in Fujian (Shi & Li, 2010) but have not been recorded in Taiwan. This may imply that the flora of Taiwan significantly evolved after the Miocene. Ying and Hsu (2002) mentioned that endemic species contribute 29.3% in Taiwan, but only four genera are endemic. If compared with Ceylon, an island of continental origin in tropical Asia, which has 27 endemic genera and 853 endemic species among its 1056 genera and 2855 angiosperm plants (Gunatilleke & Gunatilleke, 1990), the much lower endemism at the generic level in Taiwan may imply that it was not isolated biogeographically from mainland China by the Taiwan Strait until relatively recently. In the flora of Yunnan, the genera of tropical Asian distribution contribute the highest proportion of the total genera at 22.1%, and those of pantropical distribution contribute 14.4%. In the flora of Taiwan, the genera of pantropical distribution contribute the highest proportion of the total genera at 21.6%, and those of tropical Asian distribution contribute 13.4%.



Table 6. Biogeographical elements at the generic level for genera shared by Yunnan and Taiwan and for genera found in only one of the two provinces. Shared by Yunnan and Taiwan

Found in Yunnan, SW China

Found in Taiwan, SE China

Biogeographical elements at generic level

No. of genera

%*

No. of genera

%*

No. of genera

%*

Cosmopolitan Pantropic Tropical Asia and tropical America disjunct Old World tropic Tropical Asia to tropical Australia Tropical Asia to tropical Africa Tropical Asia North temperate East Asia and North America disjunct Old World temperate Temperate Asia Mediterranean, Western Asia to Central Asia Central Asia East Asia Endemic to China Total no. of genera

80 242 28 100 87 48 129 140 54 47 6 1 0 73 10 1045

7.7 23.2 2.7 9.6 8.3 4.6 12.3 13.4 5.2 4.5 0.6 0.1 0.0 7.0 1.0 100.0

10 67 17 46 59 61 343 94 36 64 15 22 17 138 106 1095

0.9 6.1 1.6 4.2 5.4 5.6 31.3 8.6 3.3 5.8 1.4 2.0 1.6 12.6 9.7 100.0

8 25 6 17 28 5 36 12 8 3 0 6 0 27 8 190

4.2 13.2 3.2 9.0 14.8 2.6 19.0 6.3 4.2 1.6 0.0 3.2 0.0 14.3 4.2 100.0

*Percentage was calculated by the number of genera in each geographical element divided by the number of genera of all geographical elements, then multiplied by 100%.

The relatively high proportion of the tropical Asian element in Yunnan supports the tectonic hypothesis that the uplift in the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau region, resulting from crustal thickening and lateral extrusion of Indochina, occurred synchronously during the transition between the Oligocene and Miocene as a reaction to the Indo-Asian collision (Tapponnier et al., 1990; Che et al., 2010). It is apparent that the flora of Yunnan was strongly affected by the tropical Asian flora in its late evolution (Zhu, 2012).

Of the 474 genera of tropical Asian distribution in Yunnan, only 129 are shared with Taiwan (Table 6). Of the 12 tropical Asian families in Yunnan, 10 are not seen in Taiwan (Table 5). There are some pantropical families in Yunnan, such as Burseraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Dilleniaceae, and Myristicaceae, which are well-diversified woody families in the tropical Asian rainforest, not found in Taiwan, with the exception of Myristicaceae, which is only naturally found in Lanyu Island, off of southwestern Taiwan. Obviously, these tropical Asian elements

Table 7. Similarity coefficients at the family and genus levels between the floras of Yunnan (225 families, 2140 genera), Guangxi (209 families, 1653 genera), Guangdong (197 families, 1413 genera), Fujian (193 families, 1155 genera), and Taiwan (190 families, 1234 genera). Compared flora

Yunnan

Similarity coefficients at family level* Yunnan 100 Guangxi 93.3 Guangdong 94.2 Fujian 96.4 Taiwan 95.8 Similarity coefficients at generic level* Yunnan 100 Guangxi 87.4 Guangdong 86.3 Fujian 88.4 Taiwan 84.6

Guangxi

Guangdong

Fujian

Taiwan

100 99.0 96.4 95.8

100 93.3 93.2

100 92.6

100

100 91.0 90.4 78.2

100 87.5 75.0

100 73.3

100

* The similarity coefficient between A and B is calculated by the number of taxa shared by both A and B divided by the lowest number of taxa of A or B, then multiplied by 100%.

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have been developed in Yunnan since the Late Tertiary, but they are not a major contribution to the flora of Taiwan. The pollen record from the Toushe Basin (23849 0 N; 120853 0 E; 650 m above sea level) in central Taiwan displayed that instead of today’s closed subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by Machilus Rumph.–Castanopsis (D. Don) Spach surrounding the basin, temperate deciduous forest predominated during most of the last glacial interval (Liew et al., 2006). This infers that Taiwan had a much colder climate in the past, which may be the reason that tropical plants of Southeast Asia have not been a major floristic element in Taiwan. In their floristic regionalization of China, Wu and Wu (1996) and Wu et al. (2010) moved Taiwan into the Paleotropical floristic kingdom. Based on the information above, it is better to keep Taiwan under the Eastern Asiatic Kingdom. Looking across geographical elements at the shared genera, and the genera only in Yunnan or Taiwan (Table 6), the geographical elements can be divided into two groups. In one group, there are more shared than unshared genera, including cosmopolitan, pantropical, tropical Asia and tropical America disjunct, Old World tropic, north temperate, and East Asia and North America disjunct distributions. These geographical elements have a predominantly transcontinental distribution, although some of them could be easily dispersed ones. The second group has more unshared than shared genera, found in Yunnan, including those elements of tropical Asia, tropical Asia to tropical Africa, Old World temperate, temperate Asia, Mediterranean and western to central Asia, central Asia, East Asia, and Chinese endemic distributions. The occurrences of the genera of these distributions in Yunnan can be attributed to tectonic events, such as the collision of the Indian plate of Gondwana, the Tethys ocean closure, the Himalayan uplift, and extrusion of the Indochina block. From these patterns of geographical elements in Yunnan and Taiwan, one could infer that the floras of Yunnan and Taiwan are both derived from a common Tertiary flora of East Asia, composed mainly of elements with pantropic, Old World tropic, north temperate, and East Asia and North America disjunct distributions, and later diverged largely by the additions of tropical Asia, tropical Asia to tropical Africa, Old World temperate, East Asia, and Chinese endemic elements in Yunnan after tectonic events since the Late Tertiary. As a result, vegetation in northwestern Yunnan has evolved into a temperate-featured flora corresponding with the uplift of the Himalayas, while the vegetation in southern Yunnan has evolved a

more tropical Asian flora with the extrusion of the Indochina block. The flora of Taiwan underwent a relatively unsophisticated evolutionary history with uplifting to an island after the Late Tertiary. Literature Cited APG III. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 161: 105– 121. Boufford, D. E., H. Ohashi, T. C. Huang, C. F. Hsieh, J. L. Tsai, K. C. Yang, C. I. Peng, C. S. Kuoh & A. Hsiao. 2003. A checklist of the vascular plants of Taiwan. Pp. 15–139 in Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan (editors), Flora of Taiwan, Vol. 6, Second edition. Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei. Chase, M. W. & J. L. Reveal. 2009. A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 161: 122–127. Che, J., W. W. Zhou, J. S. Hu, F. Yan, T. J. Papenfuss, D. B. Wake & Y. P. Zhang. 2010. Spiny frogs (Paini) illuminate the history of the Himalayan region and Southeast Asia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107(31): 13765–13770. Gunatilleke, I. A. U. N. & C. V. S. Gunatilleke. 1990. Distribution of floristic richness and its conservation in Sri Lanka. Conservation Biol. 4(1): 21–31. Huang, C. Y., K. Y. Xia, P. B. Yuan & P. G. Chen. 2001. Structural evolution from Paleogene extension to Latest Miocene-Recent arc-continent collision offshore Taiwan. J. Asian Earth Sci. 19: 619–639. Huang, T. C. & Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan (editors). 1994. Flora of Taiwan, Vol. 1, Second edition. Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei. Huang, W. L. 1993. Vegetation of Taiwan. Environment Science Press, Beijing. Li, X. W. & D. Walker. 1986. The plant geography of Yunnan Province, southwest China. J. Biogeogr. 13: 367– 397. Liew, P. M., S. Y. Huang & C. M. Kuo. 2006. Pollen stratigraphy, vegetation and environment of the last glacial and Holocene: A record from Toushe Basin, central Taiwan. Quatern. Int. 147: 16–33. Myers, N. 1998. Threatened biotas: ‘‘Hotspot’’ in tropical forests. Environmentalist 8(3): 1–20. Qin, H. N. & Y. Liu. 2010. A Checklist of Vascular Plants of Guangxi. Science Press, Beijing. Shi, G. L. & H. M. Li. 2010. A fossil fruit wing of Dipterocarpus from the middle Miocene of Fujian, China and its palaeoclimatic significance. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 162: 599–606. Shi, Y. F., J. Y. Li & B. Y. Li. 1998. Uplift and environmental evolution of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau. Pp. 73–138 in H. L. Sun & D. Zheng (editors), Formation, Evolution and Development of QinghaiXizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Guangdong Science and Technology Press, Guangzhou. Shi, Y. F., J. Y. Li & B. Y. Li. 1999. Uplift of the QinghaiXizang (Tibetan) plateau and East Asia environmental change during late Cenozoic. Acta Geogr. Sin. 54(1): 10– 21.



Song, Y. C. & G. S. Xu. 2003. A scheme of vegetation classification of Taiwan, China. Acta Bot. Sin. 45(8): 883–895. Song, Z. C. & F. Huang. 2004. Cretaceous and Tertiary palynofloras in Taiwan area and its correlation with those in neighbouring costal regions of mainland China. J. Trop. Oceanogr. 23(2): 1–9. Takhtajan, Y. 1978. Floristic Regions of the World. Soviet Sciences Press, Leningrad Branch. [In Russian.] Translated by T. J. Crovello, edited by A. Cronquist. 1986. University of California Press, Berkeley. Tapponnier, P., R. Lacassin, P. H. Leloup, U. Scha¨rer, D. L. Zhong, H. W. Wu, X. H. Liu, S. H. Ji, L. S. Zhang & J. Y. Zhong. 1990. The Ailao Shan/Red River metamorphic belt: Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and South China. Nature 343: 431–437. Teng, L. S. 1990. Geotectonic evolution of late Cenozoic arc-continent collision in Taiwan. Tectonophysics 183(1–4): 57–76. Wu, Z. Y. (editor-in-chief). 1977–2006. Flora Yunnanica, Vols. 1–16. Science Press, Beijing. Wu, Z. Y. 1987. Vegetation of Yunnan. Science Press, Beijing. Wu, Z. Y. 1991. The areal-types of Chinese genera of seed plants. Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4(suppl.): 1–139. Wu, Z. Y. & S. G. Wu. 1996. A proposal for a new floristic kingdom (realm): The Asiatic kingdom, its delineation and characteristics. Pp. 3–42 in A. L. Zhang & S. G. Wu (editors), Floristic Characteristics and Diversity of East Asian Plants. China Higher Education and Springer Press, Beijing. Wu, Z. Y., Z. K. Zhou, D. Z. Li, H. Peng & H. Sun. 2003. The areal-types of the world families of seed plants. Acta Bot. Yunnan. 25: 245–257. Wu, Z. Y., Z. K. Zhou, H. Sun, D. Z. Li & H. Peng. 2006. The Areal-types of Seed Plants and Their Origin and Differentiation. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming. Wu, Z. Y., H. Sun, Z. K. Zhou, D. Z. Li & H. Peng. 2010. Floristics of Seed Plants from China. Science Press, Beijing. Yan, L. C., J. P. Shi, H. Zhu, H. Peng, Y. H. Liu & H. Wang. 2009. The studies on floristics of seed plants in Ailaoshan Region, Yunnan, China. J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 17: 283–291. Ye, H. G. & F. W. Xing. 2005. Checklist of Guangdong Plants. World Book Press, Guangdong. Ying, T. S. & K. S Hsu. 2002. An analysis of the flora of seed plants of Taiwan, China: Its nature, characteristics and relations with the flora of the mainland. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 41(1): 1–51. Yu, Y. F. 1995. Origin, evolution and distribution of the Taxodiaceae. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33(4): 362–389. Zhu, H. 1997. Ecological and biogeographical studies on the tropical rain forest of south Yunnan, Southwest China with a special reference to its relation with rain forests of tropical Asia. J. Biogeogr. 24: 647–662. Zhu, H. 2008a. The tropical flora of southern Yunnan, China, and its biogeographical affinities. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 661–680. Zhu, H. 2008b. Distribution patterns of genera of Yunnan seed plants with references to their biogeographical significances. Advances Earth Sci. 23(8): 830–839. Zhu, H. 2012. Biogeographical divergence of the flora of Yunnan, southwestern China initiated by the uplift of

Himalaya and extrusion of Indochina block. PLoS ONE 7(9): e45601. Zhu, H. 2015. Biogeography of Shangri-la flora in southwestern China. Phytotaxa 203(3): 231–244. Zhu, H. & L. C. Yan. 2009. Biogeographical affinities of the flora of southeastern Yunnan, China. Bot. Stud. 50: 467– 475.

Appendix 1. Families and genera of seed plants known for Yunnan (Y) and Taiwan (T). Note the sources that support the lists from the Flora of Yunnan (Wu, 1977– 2006, and updated database at KUN) and the Flora of Taiwan (Boufford et al., 2003) Acanthaceae (Y, gen. 55; T, gen. 14): Acanthus L. (Y, sp. 1): Adenacanthus Nees (Y, sp. 1), Adhatoda Mill. (Y, sp. 1), Aechmanthera Nees (Y, spp. 2), Andrographis Wall. (Y, spp. 2), Asystasia Blume (Y, spp. 3), Asystasiella Lindau (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Avicennia L. (T, sp. 1), Baphicacanthus Bremek. (Y, sp. 1), Barleria L. (Y, spp. 3), Calophanoides Ridl. (Y, spp. 11), Championella Bremek. (Y, spp. 3), Chroesthes Benoist (Y, sp. 1), Clinacanthus Nees (Y, sp. 1), Codonacanthus Nees (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Cystacanthus T. Anderson (Y, spp. 4), Dicliptera Juss. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Diflugossa Bremek. (Y, spp. 4), Dipteracanthus Nees (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Echinacanthus Nees (Y, sp. 1), Eranthemum L. (Y, spp. 4), Gendarussa Nees (Y, spp. 2), Goldfussia Nees (Y, spp. 7), Gutzlaffia Hance (Y, sp. 1), Hemigraphis Nees (T, spp. 3), Hygrophila R. Br. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 4), Hymenochlaena Bremek. (Y, sp. 1), Hypoestes Sol. ex R. Br. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Isoglossa Oerst. (Y, sp. 1), Kudoacanthus Hosok. (T, sp. 1), Lepidagathis Willd. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 4), Mananthes Bremek. (Y, spp. 4), Nelsonia R. Br. (Y, sp. 1), Ophiorrhiziphyllon Kurz (Y, sp. 1), Paragutzlaffia H. P. Tsui (Y, spp. 2), Pararuellia Bremek. & Nannenga-Bremek. (Y, spp. 3), Perilepta Bremek. (Y, spp. 3), Peristrophe Nees (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 2), Phaulopsis Willd. (Y, sp. 1), Phlogacanthus Nees (Y, spp. 4), Pseudaechmanthera Bremek. (Y, sp. 1), Pseuderanthemum Radlk. (Y, spp. 7), Pteracanthus (Nees) Bremek. (Y, spp. 24), Pteroptychia Bremek. (Y, sp. 1), Pyrrothrix Bremek. (Y, spp. 3), Rhaphidospora Nees (Y, sp. 1), Rhinacanthus Nees (Y, spp. 3), Rostellularia Rchb. (Y, spp. 3), Rungia Nees (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 2), Semnostachya Bremek. (Y, spp. 2), Sericocalyx Bremek. (Y, sp. 1), Staurogyne Wall. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 2), Strobilanthes Blume (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 6), Sympagis (Nees) Bremek. (Y, sp. 1), Tarphochlamys Bremek (Y, sp. 1), Tetraglochidium Bremek. (Y, spp. 2), Tetragoga Bremek. (Y, sp. 1), Thunbergia Retz. (Y, spp. 6). Acoraceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Acorus L. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1). Actinidiaceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 1): Actinidia Lindl. (Y, spp. 23; T, spp. 6), Clematoclethra (Franch.) Maxim. (Y, spp. 2), Saurauia Willd. (Y, spp. 12). Adoxaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 1): Adoxa L. (Y, sp. 1), Viburnum L. (Y, spp. 43; T, spp. 14). Akaniaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Bretschneidera Hemsl. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Alismataceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 3): Alisma L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Caldesia Parl. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Sagittaria L. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2). Amaranthaceae (Y, gen. 9; T, gen. 8): Achyranthes L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Aerva Forssk. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Alternanthera Forssk. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 4), Amaranthus L. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 4), Celosia L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Cyathula Blume (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Deeringia R. Br. (Y,

760


sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Philoxerus R. Br. (T, sp. 1), Psilotrichum Blume (Y, sp. 1), Stilbanthus Hook. f. (Y, sp. 1) Amaryllidaceae (Y, gen. 5; T, gen. 3): Allium L. (Y, spp. 25; T, spp. 2), Crinum L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Lycoris Herb. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Narcissus L. (Y, sp. 1), Nothoscordum Kunth (Y, sp. 1). Anacardiaceae (Y, gen. 15; T, gen. 4): Buchanania Spreng. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Choerospondias Burtt & A. W. Hill (Y, sp. 1), Cotinus Mill. (Y, spp. 2), Dobinea Buch.-Ham. (Y, spp. 2), Dracontomelon Blume (Y, spp. 2), Drimycarpus Hook. f. (Y, spp. 2), Lannea A. Rich. (Y, sp. 1), Mangifera L. (Y, spp. 5), Pegia Colebr. (Y, spp. 2), Pistacia L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Rhus L. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 4), Semecarpus L. f. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Spondias L. (Y, spp. 3), Terminthia Bernh. (Y, sp. 1), Toxicodendron Mill. (Y, spp. 13). Annonaceae (Y, gen. 15; T, gen. 3): Alphonsea Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, spp. 5), Artabotrys R. Br. (Y, spp. 5), Cyathostemma Griff. (Y, sp. 1), Dasymaschalon (Hook. f. & Thomson) Dalle Torre & Harms (Y, spp. 2), Desmos Lour. (Y, spp. 4), Fissistigma Griff. (Y, spp. 16; T, spp. 2), Goniothalamus (Bl.) Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Mezzettiopsis Ridl. (Y, sp. 1), Miliusa Lesch. (Y, spp. 4), Mitrephora (Bl.) Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, spp. 3), Orophea Blume (Y, spp. 2), Phaeanthus Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, sp. 1), Polyalthia Blume (Y, spp. 10; T, sp. 1), Pseuduvaria Miq. (Y, sp. 1), Uvaria L. (Y, spp. 5). Apocynaceae (Y, gen. 48; T, gen. 19): Aganosma G. Don (Y, spp. 4), Alstonia R. Br. (Y, spp. 4), Alyxia Banks (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 2), Amalocalyx Pierre (Y, sp. 1), Anodendron A. DC. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Asclepias L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Beaumontia Wall. (Y, spp. 4), Belostemma Wall. (Y, spp. 2), Biondia Schlt. (Y, spp. 2), Bousigonia Pierre (Y, spp. 2), Brachystelma R. Br. (Y, sp. 1), Calotropis R. Br. (Y, spp. 2), Carissa L. (Y, spp. 2), Cerbera L. (T, sp. 1), Ceropegia L. (Y, spp. 8), Chonemorpha G. Don (Y, spp. 6), Cynanchum L. (Y, spp. 23; T, spp. 4), Dischidia R. Br. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Dolichopetalum Tsiang (Y, sp. 1), Dregea E. Mey. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Epigynum Wight (Y, sp. 1), Ervatamia (A. DC.) Stapf (Y, spp. 8), Gongronema (Endl.) Decne. (Y, sp. 1), Gymnema R. Br. (Y, spp. 7; T, sp. 1), Heterostemma Wight & Arn. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Holarrhena R. Br. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Holostemma R. Br. (Y, sp. 1), Hoya R. Br. (Y, spp. 15; T, sp. 1), Ichnocarpus R. Br. (Y, sp. 1), Kopsia Blume (Y, sp. 1), Marsdenia R. Br. (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 2), Melodinus J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Metaplexis R. Br. (Y, sp. 1), Parameria Benth. (Y, sp. 1), Paravallaris Pierre ex Hua (Y, spp. 2), Parepigynum Tsiang & P. T. Li (Y, sp. 1), Parsonsia R. Br. (T, sp. 1), Pentasacme Wall. (Y, sp. 1), Pottsia Hook. & Arn. (Y, spp. 3), Raphistemma Wall. (Y, sp. 1), Rauvolfia L. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Sindechites Oliv. (Y, sp. 1), Stephanotis Thouars (Y, spp. 2), Strophanthus DC. (Y, spp. 4), Tabernaemontana L. (T, spp. 2), Telosma Coville (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Thevetia L. (Y, sp. 1), Trachelospermum Lem. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 4), Tylophora R. Br. (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 3), Vallaris Burm. f. (Y, sp. 1), Wrightia R. Br. (Y, spp. 5). Aponogetonaceae (T, gen. 1): Aponogeton L. f. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Aquifoliaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Ilex L. (Y, spp. 79; T, spp. 21). Araceae (Y, gen. 21; T, gen. 14): Aglaonema Schott (Y, spp. 2), Alocasia Schott (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Amorphophallus Blume (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 4), Anadendrum Schott (Y, spp. 2), Arisaema Mart. (Y, spp. 39; T, spp. 9), Colocasia Schott (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 4), Cryptocoryne Fisch. (Y, sp. 1), Epipremnopsis Engl. (Y, spp. 2), Epipremnum Schott (Y, sp.

1; T, spp. 2), Gonatanthus Klotzsch (Y, spp. 2), Hapaline Schott (Y, sp. 1), Homalomena Schott (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Lasia Lour. (Y, sp. 1), Pinellia Ten. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Pistia L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Pothoidium Schott (T, sp. 1), Pothos L. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Remusatia Schott (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Rhaphidophora Hassk. (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 2), Sauromatum Schott (Y, sp. 1), Schismatoglottis Zoll. & Moritzi (T, sp. 1), Steudnera K. Koch (Y, spp. 2), Typhonium Schott (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 2). Araliaceae (Y, gen. 18; T, gen. 9): Acanthopanax Miq. (Y, spp. 9), Aralia L. (Y, spp. 18; T, spp. 4), Brassaiopsis Decne. & Planch. (Y, spp. 20), Dendropanax Decne. & Planch. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 2), Diplopanax Hand.-Mazz. (Y, sp. 1), Eleutherococcus Maxim. (T, sp. 1), Fatsia Decne. & Planch. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Hedera L. (Y, sp. 1), Heteropanax Seem. (Y, spp. 4), Kalopanax Miq. (Y, sp. 1), Macropanax Miq. (Y, spp. 5), Merrilliopanax H. L. Li (Y, spp. 2), Metapanax J. Wen & Frodin (Y, spp. 2), Osmoxylon Miq. (T, sp. 1), Panax L. (Y, spp. 4), Pentapanax Seem. (Y, spp. 8; T, sp. 1), Schefflera J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, spp. 30; T, spp. 4), Sinopanax H. L. Li (T, sp. 1), Tetrapanax K. Koch (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Trevesia Vis. (Y, sp. 1), Tupidanthus Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, sp. 1). Aristolochiaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Aristolochia L. (Y, spp. 24; T, spp. 5), Asarum L. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 6). Asclepiadaceae (Y, gen. 10; T, gen. 2): Adelostemma Hook. f. (Y, sp. 1), Cryptolepis R. Br. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Genianthus Hook. f. (Y, sp. 1), Goniostemma Wight (Y, sp. 1), Jasminanthes Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Myriopteron Griff. (Y, sp. 1), Oxystelma R. Br. (Y, sp. 1), Periploca L. (Y, spp. 3), Secamone R. Br. (Y, spp. 4), Streptocaulon Wight & Arn. (Y, spp. 2), Toxocarpus Wight & Arn. (Y, spp. 5). Asparagaceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 3): Agave L. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Asparagus L. (Y, spp. 13; T, sp. 1), Dracaena Vand. ex L. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 2). Asteraceae (Y, gen. 132; T, gen. 76): Acanthospermum Schrank (Y, sp. 1), Achillea L. (Y, sp. 1), Acmella Rich. (T, spp. 2), Adenocaulon Hook. (Y, sp. 1), Adenostemma J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Ageratina Spach (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Ageratum L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Ainsliaea DC. (Y, spp. 27; T, spp. 3), Ajania Poljakov (Y, spp. 7), Ambrosia L. (T, sp. 1), Anaphalis DC. (Y, spp. 26; T, spp. 4), Anisopappus Hook. & Arn. (Y, sp. 1), Arctium L. (Y, sp. 1), Artemisia L. (Y, spp. 54; T, spp. 15), Aster L. (Y, spp. 36; T, spp. 16), Atractylodes DC. (Y, spp. 2), Bidens L. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 4), Blainvillea Cass. (Y, sp. 1), Blumea DC. (Y, spp. 26; T, spp. 11), Blumeopsis Gagnep. (Y, sp. 1), Calendula L. (Y, sp. 1), Callistephus Cass. (Y, sp. 1), Camchaya Gagnep. (Y, sp. 1), Carduus L. (Y, spp. 2), Carpesium L. (Y, spp. 11; T, spp. 5), Carthamus L. (Y, sp. 1), Centaurea L. (Y, sp. 1), Centipeda Lour. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Cephalorrhynchus Boiss. (Y, sp. 1), Chaetoseris C. Shih (Y, spp. 14), Chrysanthemum L. (Y, spp. 2), Cicerbita Wallr. (Y, sp. 1), Cichorium L. (T, sp. 1), Cirsium Mill. (Y, spp. 16; T, spp. 8), Cissampelopsis (DC.) Miq. (Y, spp. 5), Conyza Less. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 6), Coreopsis L. (Y, spp. 2), Cotula L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Crassocephalum Moench (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Cremanthodium Benth. (Y, spp. 36), Crepidiastrum Nakai (T, spp. 2), Crepis L. (Y, spp. 7), Crossostephium Less. (T, sp. 1), Cyathocline Cass. (Y, sp. 1), Dendranthema (DC.) Des Moul. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 4), Dichrocephala L’He´r. ex DC. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Diplazoptilon Y. Ling (Y, sp. 1), Doellingeria Nees (Y, sp. 1), Dolomiaea DC. (Y, spp. 6), Doronicum L. (Y, spp. 2), Dubyaea DC. (Y, spp. 5), Echinops L. (T, sp. 1), Eclipta



L. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Elephantopus L. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Emilia Cass. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Enydra Lour. (Y, sp. 1), Epaltes Cass. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Erechtites Raf. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Erigeron L. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 2), Ethulia L. f. (Y, sp. 1), Eupatorium L. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 7), Faberia Hemsl. (Y, spp. 3), Farfugium Lindl. (T, sp. 1), Formania W. W. Sm. & Small (Y, sp. 1), Galinsoga Ruiz & Pav. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Gerbera L. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Glossocardia Cass. (T, sp. 1), Gnaphalium L. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 8), Gochnatia Kunth (Y, sp. 1), Grangea Adans. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Gynura Cass. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 3), Hemisteptia Bunge (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Heteropappus Less. (Y, sp. 1), Hieracium L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Hippolytia Poljakov (Y, spp. 2), Hypochaeris L. (T, sp. 1), Inula L. (Y, spp. 9), Ixeridium (A. Gray) Tzvel. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2), Ixeris Cass. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 6), Kalimeris Cass. (Y, sp. 1), Lactuca L. (Y, spp. 2), Lagenophora Cass. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Laggera Sch.-Bip. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Lapsana L. (Y, sp. 1), Lapsanastrum Pak & K. Bremer (T, spp. 2), Launaea Cass. (Y, sp. 1), Leibnitzia Cass. (Y, spp. 4), Leontopodium R. Brown (Y, spp. 14; T, sp. 1), Ligularia Cass. (Y, spp. 57; T, spp. 3), Microglossa DC. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Mikania Willd. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Mulgedium Cass. (Y, spp. 3), Myriactis Less. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Nannoglottis Maxim. (Y, spp. 3), Nemosenecio (Kitam.) B. Nord. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Neopallasia (Pall.) Poljak. (Y, sp. 1), Notoseris C. Shih (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Nouelia Franch. (Y, sp. 1), Paraixeris Nakai (Y, spp. 2), Paramicrorhynchus Kirp. (Y, sp. 1), Paraprenanthes C. C. Chang (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Parasenecio W. W. Sm. & Small (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 3), Parthenium L. (Y, spp. 2), Pentanema Cass. (Y, sp. 1), Pertya Sch.-Bip. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Petasites Mill. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Picris L. (Y, spp. 3), Piloselloides (Less.) C. Jeffr. (Y, sp. 1), Pluchea Cass. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 4), Prenanthes L. (Y, spp. 4), Pseudelephantopus Rohr (T, sp. 1), Pterocypsella C. Shih (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 3), Pyrethrum Zinn. (Y, spp. 2), Rhynchospermum Reinw. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Saussurea DC. (Y, spp. 90; T, spp. 5), Senecio L. (Y, spp. 28; T, spp. 7), Serratula L. (Y, sp. 1), Sheareria S. Moore (Y, sp. 1), Sigesbeckia L. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Sinacalia H. Rob. & Brettell (Y, sp. 1), Sinosenecio B. Nord. (Y, spp. 7), Solidago L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Soliva Ruiz & Pav. (T, spp. 2), Sonchus L. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 3), Soroseris Stebb. (Y, spp. 3), Sphaeranthus L. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Spilanthes Jacq. (Y, spp. 2), Stebbinsia Lipsch. (Y, sp. 1), Stenoseris C. Shih (Y, spp. 4), Syncalathium Lipsch. (Y, sp. 1), Synedrella Gaertn. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Syneilesis Maxim. (T, spp. 2), Synotis (C. B. Clarke) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Che (Y, spp. 27), Taraxacum F. H. Wigg (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 2), Tephroseris (Reichenb.) Reichenb. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Thespis DC. (Y, sp. 1), Tragopogon L. (Y, sp. 1), Tricholepis DC. (Y, sp. 1), Tridax L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Tussilago L. (Y, sp. 1), Vernonia Schreb. (Y, spp. 22; T, spp. 5), Wedelia Jacq. (Y, spp. 3, Y; T, spp. 4), Xanthium L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Xanthopappus C. Winkl. (Y, sp. 1), Youngia Cass. (Y, spp. 14; T, sp. 1). Balanophoraceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 1): Balanophora J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 5), Rhopalocnemis Jungh. (Y, sp. 1). Balsaminaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Impatiens L. (Y, spp. 112; T, spp. 3). Begoniaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Begonia L. (Y, spp. 92; T, spp. 13). Berberidaceae (Y, gen. 8; T, gen. 3): Berberis L. (Y, spp. 88; T, spp. 7), Caulophyllum Michx. (Y, sp. 1), Diphylleia Michx. (Y, sp. 1), Dysosma Woodson (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Epimedium L. (Y, spp. 2), Mahonia Nutt. (Y, spp. 17; T,

spp. 2), Nandina Thunb. (Y, sp. 1), Sinopodophyllum T. S. Ying (Y, sp. 1). Betulaceae (Y, gen. 6; T, gen. 3): Alnus Mill. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Betula L. (Y, spp. 11), Carpinus L. (Y, spp. 14; T, spp. 3), Corylus L. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Ostrya Scop. (Y, sp. 1), Ostryopsis Decne. (Y, sp. 1). Bignoniaceae (Y, gen. 12; T, gen. 2): Campsis Lour. (Y, sp. 1), Catalpa Scop. (Y, spp. 3), Dolichandrone (Fenzl) Seem. (Y, spp. 2), Incarvillea Juss. (Y, spp. 6), Mayodendron Kurz (Y, sp. 1), Millingtonia L. f. (Y, sp. 1), Nyctocalos Teijsm. & Binn. (Y, spp. 2), Oroxylum Vent. (Y, sp. 1), Pauldopia Steenis (Y, sp. 1), Paulownia Sieb. & Zucc. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 3), Radermachera Zoll. & Moritzi (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Stereospermum Cham. (Y, spp. 3). Bombacaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Bombax L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1). Boraginaceae (Y, gen. 20; T, gen. 13): Antiotrema Hand.Mazz. (Y, sp. 1), Bothriospermum Bunge (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Carmona Cav. (T, sp. 1), Chionocharis I. M. Johnst. (Y, sp. 1), Coldenia L. (T, sp. 1), Cordia L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Cynoglossum L. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 3), Ehretia P. Browne (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 5), Eritrichium Schrad. (Y, spp. 3), Heliotropium L. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Lasiocaryum I. M. Johnst. (Y, spp. 2), Lithospermum L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Microcaryum I. M. Johnst. (Y, sp. 1), Microula Benth. (Y, spp. 8), Myosotis L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Onosma L. (Y, spp. 14), Rotula Lour. (Y, sp. 1), Sinojohnstonia Hu (Y, sp. 1), Thyrocarpus Hance (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Tournefortia L. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Trichodesma R. Br. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Trigonotis Steven (Y, spp. 14; T, spp. 3). Borthwickiaceae (Y, gen. 1): Borthwickia W. W. Sm. (Y, sp. 1). Burmanniaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 3): Burmannia L. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 3), Gymnosiphon Blume (T, sp. 1), Thismia Griff. (T, sp. 1). Burseraceae (Y, gen. 3): Canarium L. (Y, spp. 7), Garuga Roxb. (Y, spp. 4), Protium Burm. f. (Y, spp. 2). Butomaceae (Y, gen. 2): Limnocharis Bonpl. (Y, sp. 1), Tenagocharis Hochst. (Y, sp. 1). Buxaceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 3): Buxus L. (Y, spp. 8; T, sp. 1), Pachysandra Michx. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Sarcococca Lindl. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1). Cabombaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Brasenia Schreb. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Calycanthaceae (Y, gen. 1): Chimonanthus Lindl. (Y, spp. 2). Campanulaceae (Y, gen. 13; T, gen. 9): Adenophora Fisch. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 2), Asyneuma Griseb. & Schenk (Y, sp. 1), Campanula L. (Y, spp. 12; T, sp. 1), Campanumoea Blume (Y, spp. 4), Codonopsis Wall. (Y, spp. 19; T, sp. 1), Cyananthus Wall. ex Benth. (Y, spp. 19), Cyclocodon Griff. (T, sp. 1), Hippobroma G. Don (T, sp. 1), Homocodon D. Y. Hong (Y, sp. 1), Leptocodon (Hook. f.) Lem. (Y, spp. 2), Lobelia L. (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 4), Peracarpa Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Platycodon A. DC. (Y, sp. 1), Pratia Gaudich. (Y, spp. 2), Triodanis Raf. Greene (T, sp. 1), Wahlenbergia Schrad. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Cardiopteridaceae (Y, gen. 1): Cardiopteris Wall. (Y, sp. 1). Capparidaceae (Y, gen. 4; T, gen. 2): Capparis L. (Y, spp. 19; T, spp. 4), Cleome L. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 3), Crateva L. (Y, spp. 3), Stixis Lour. (Y, sp. 1). Caprifoliaceae (Y, gen. 18; T, gen. 7): Abelia R. Br. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Acanthocalyx (DC.) M. Cannon (Y, spp. 3), Cephalostigma A. DC. (Y, sp. 1), Cryptothladia (Bunge) M. Cannon (Y, sp. 1), Dipelta Maxim. (Y, sp. 1), Dipsacus L. (Y, spp. 5), Leycesteria Wall. (Y, spp. 4), Lonicera L. (Y, spp. 39; T, spp. 7), Nardostachys DC. (Y, sp. 1), Patrinia Juss. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 4), Pterocephalus Adans. (Y, spp. 2), Sambucus L. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Scabiosa L. (Y, sp. 1;

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T, sp. 1), Symphoricarpos Duhamel (Y, sp. 1), Triosteum L. (Y, sp. 1), Triplostegia Wall. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Valeriana L. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 3), Weigela Thunb. (Y, sp. 1). Carlemanniaceae (Y, gen. 2): Carlemannia Benth. (Y, sp. 1), Silvianthus Hook. f. (Y, sp. 1). Caryophyllaceae (Y, gen. 17; T, gen. 11): Arenaria L. (Y, spp. 43; T, spp. 3), Brachystemma D. Don (Y, sp. 1), Cerastium L. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 2), Cucubalus L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Dianthus L. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 3), Drymaria Willd. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Lychnis L. (Y, spp. 3), Moehringia L. (T, sp. 1), Myosoton Moench (Y, sp. 1), Polycarpaea Lam. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Polycarpon L. (Y, sp. 1), Psammosilene W. C. Wu & C. Y. Wu (Y, sp. 1), Pseudostellaria Pax (Y, spp. 3), Sagina L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Silene L. (Y, spp. 49; T, spp. 5), Spergula L. (T, sp. 1), Spergularia (Pers.) J. & C. Presl (Y, sp. 1), Stellaria L. (Y, spp. 19; T, spp. 5), Vaccaria Wolf (Y, sp. 1). Celastraceae (Y, gen. 10; T, gen. 6): Celastrus L. (Y, spp. 18; T, spp. 4), Euonymus L. (Y, spp. 56; T, spp. 10), Glyptopetalum Thwaites (Y, spp. 5), Loeseneriella A. C. Sm. (Y, spp. 3), Maytenus Molina (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 2), Microtropis Wall. (Y, spp. 18; T, spp. 2), Perrottetia Kunth (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Pristimera Miers (Y, spp. 3), Salacia L. (Y, spp. 6), Tripterygium Hook. f. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Cephalotaxaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1). Ceratophyllaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Ceratophyllum L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 3). Cercidiphyllaceae (Y, gen. 1): Cercidiphyllum Sieb. & Zucc. (Y, sp. 1). Chenopodiaceae (Y, gen. 5; T, gen. 3): Acroglochin Schrad. (Y, spp. 2), Atriplex L. (T, spp. 2), Axyris L. (Y, sp. 1), Chenopodium L. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 5), Kochia Roth (Y, sp. 1), Salsola L. (Y, sp. 1), Suaeda Forssk. (T, sp. 1). Chloranthaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Chloranthus Sw. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Sarcandra Gardn. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1). Circaeasteraceae (Y, gen. 1): Circaeaster Maxim. (Y, sp. 1). Clethraceae (Y, gen. 1): Clethra L. (Y, spp. 5). Clusiaceae (Y, gen. 4; T, gen. 2): Calophyllum L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Garcinia L. (Y, spp. 13; T, spp. 3), Mesua L. (Y, sp. 1), Ochrocarpos Noronha (Y, sp. 1). Combretaceae (Y, gen. 4; T, gen. 2): Anogeissus Wall. (Y, sp. 1), Combretum Loefl. (Y, spp. 10), Lumnitzera Willd. (T, sp. 1), Quisqualis L. (Y, spp. 2), Terminalia L. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1). Commelinaceae (Y, gen. 11; T, gen. 8): Amischotolype Hassk. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Belosynapsis Hassk. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Commelina L. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 5), Cyanotis D. Don (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Dictyospermum Wight (Y, spp. 2), Floscopa Lour. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Murdannia Royle (Y, spp. 14; T, spp. 4), Pollia Thunb. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 3), Porandra D. Y. Hong (Y, spp. 2), Rhopalephora Hassk. (T, sp. 1), Spatholirion Ridl. (Y, spp. 2), Streptolirion Edgew. (Y, spp. 2). Connaraceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 2): Connarus L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Rourea Aubl. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Roureopsis Planch. (Y, sp. 1). Convolvulaceae (Y, gen. 16; T, gen. 14): Argyreia Lour. (Y, spp. 16; T, sp. 1), Blinkworthia Choisy (Y, sp. 1), Calonyction Choisy (Y, spp. 3), Calystegia R. Br. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Convolvulus L. (Y, sp. 1), Cuscuta L. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 4), Dichondra J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Erycibe Roxb. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Evolvulus L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Hewittia Wight & Arn. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Ipomoea L. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 21), Jacquemontia Choisy (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Lepistemon Blume (T, sp. 1), Merremia Dennst. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 7), Neuropeltis Wall.

(Y, sp. 1), Operculina Silva Manso (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Porana Burm. f. (Y, spp. 12), Stictocardia Hallier f. (T, sp. 1), Xenostegia D. F. Austin & G. W. Staples (T, sp. 1). Coriariaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Coriaria L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1). Cornaceae (Y, gen. 8; T, gen. 5): Alangium Lam. (Y, spp. 7; T, sp. 1), Aucuba Thunb. (Y, spp. 16; T, spp. 2), Cornus L. (¼ Swida Opiz) (Y, spp. 13; T, spp. 2), Davidia Baill. (Y, sp. 1), Dendrobenthamia Hutch. (Y, spp. 9; T, sp. 1), Helwingia Willd. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Macrocarpium (Spach.) Nakai (Y, sp. 1), Mastixia Blume (Y, spp. 2). Crassulaceae (Y, gen. 7; T, gen. 4): Bryophyllum Salisb. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Hylotelephium H. Ohba (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Kalanchoe Adans. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 3), Rhodiola L. (Y, spp. 23), Sedum L. (Y, spp. 39; T, spp. 14), Sinocrassula A. Berger (Y, spp. 5), Tillaea L. (Y, spp. 2). Cruciferae (Y, gen. 31; T, gen. 14): Aphragmus Andrz. ex DC. (Y, sp. 1), Arabidopsis Heynh. (Y, spp. 4), Arabis L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 3), Barbarea W. T. Aiton (T, spp. 2), Brassica L. (Y, spp. 11), Braya Sternb. & Hoppe (Y, spp. 2), Capsella Medik. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Cardamine L. (Y, spp. 20; T, spp. 5), Cheiranthus L. (Y, spp. 2), Cochlearia L. (T, sp. 1), Coronopus Zinn (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Descurainia Webb & Berthel. (Y, sp. 1), Dimorphostemon Kitag. (Y, spp. 2), Dipoma Franch. (Y, sp. 1), Draba L. (Y, spp. 20; T, sp. 1), Erysimum L. (Y, spp. 6), Eutrema R. Br. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Hemilophia Franch. (Y, sp. 1), Isatis L. (Y, spp. 2), Lepidium L. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Loxostemon Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, spp. 6), Matthiola W. T. Aiton (Y, sp. 1), Megacarpaea DC. (Y, sp. 1), Nasturtium W. T. Aiton (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Neomartinella Pilg. (Y, sp. 1), Neslia Desv. (T, sp. 1), Pegaeophyton Hayek & Hand.-Mazz. (Y, sp. 1), Raphanus L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Rorippa Scop. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 6), Sisymbrium L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Solmslaubachia Muschl. (Y, spp. 5), Staintoniella H. Hara (Y, sp. 1), Thlaspi L. (Y, spp. 3), Yinshania Ma & Y. Z. Zhao (Y, sp. 1). Crypteroniaceae (Y, gen. 1): Crypteronia Blume (Y, sp. 1). Cucurbitaceae (Y, gen. 25; T, gen. 13): Actinostemma Griff. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Benincasa Savi (Y, sp. 1), Biswarea Cogn. (Y, sp. 1), Bolbostemma Franquet (Y, sp. 1), Coccinia Wight & Arn. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Cucumis L. (Y, spp. 3), Diplocyclos (Endl.) T. Post & Kuntze (T, sp. 1), Gomphogyne Griff. (Y, sp. 1), Gymnopetalum Arn. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Gynostemma Blume (Y, spp. 8; T, sp. 1), Hemsleya Cogn. (Y, spp. 20), Herpetospermum Wall. (Y, sp. 1), Hodgsonia Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, sp. 1), Lagenaria Ser. (Y, sp. 1), Luffa Mill. (Y, spp. 2), Momordica L. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2), Mukia Arn. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Neoalsomitra Hutch. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Schizopepon Maxim. (Y, spp. 2), Sicyos L. (Y, sp. 1), Siraitia Merr. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Solena Lour. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Thladiantha Bunge (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 2), Trichosanthes L. (Y, spp. 26; T, spp. 6), Zanonia L. (Y, sp. 1), Zehneria Endl. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 3). Cupressaceae (Y, gen. 6; T, gen. 3): Calocedrus Kurz (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1): Chamaecyparis Spach. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Cupressus L. (Y, spp. 3), Fokienia A. Henry & H. H. Thomas (Y, sp. 1), Juniperus L. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Platycladus Spach (Y, sp. 1). Cycadaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Cycas L. (Y, spp. 10; T, sp. 1). Cyperaceae (Y, gen. 26; T, gen. 25): Actinoscirpus (Ohwi) R. W. Haines & Lye (T, sp. 1), Blysmus Panz. (Y, sp. 1), Bolboschoenus Palla (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Bulbostylis Kunth (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Carex L. (Y, spp. 134; T, spp. 57), Cladium P. Browne (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Courtoisina Sojak (Y, sp. 1), Cyperus L. (Y, spp. 20; T, spp. 22), Diplacrum R.



Br. (T, sp. 1), Eleocharis R. Br. (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 7), Eriophorum L. (Y, sp. 1), Fimbristylis Vahl (Y, spp. 23; T, spp. 23), Fuirena Rottb. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Gahnia J. R. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Hypolytrum Rich. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Isolepis R. Br. (Y, sp. 1), Juncellus (Griseb.) C. B. Clarke (Y, sp. 1), Kobresia Willd. (Y, spp. 27), Kyllinga Rottb. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2), Lepironia Rich. (T, sp. 1), Lipocarpha R. Br. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Mariscus Vahl (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 5), Pycreus P. Beauv. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 6), Remirea Aubl. (T, sp. 1), Rhynchospora Vahl (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 5), Schoenoplectus (Reichb.) Palla (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 5), Schoenus L. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Scirpus L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Scleria P. J. Bergius (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 8), Thoracostachyum Kurz (Y, sp. 1), Torulinium Desv. (T, sp. 1), Trichophorum Pers. (T, sp. 1). Daphniphyllaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 1): Daphniphyllum Blume (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 2), Dichapetalum Thouars (Y, sp. 1). Diapensiaceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 1): Berneuxia Decne. (Y, sp. 1), Diapensia L. (Y, spp. 3), Shortia Torr. & A. Gray (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Dilleniaceae (Y, gen. 2): Dillenia L. (Y, spp. 3), Tetracera L. (Y, sp. 1). Dioscoreaceae (Y, 1 gen.; T, 1 gen.): Dioscorea L. (Y, spp. 38; T, spp. 13). Dipentodontaceae (Y, gen. 1): Dipentodon Dunn (Y, sp. 1). Dipterocarpaceae (Y, gen. 5): Dipterocarpus C. F. Gaertn. (Y, spp. 3), Hopea Roxb. (Y, sp. 1), Parashorea Kurz (Y, sp. 1), Shorea Roxb. (Y, sp. 1), Vatica L. (Y, sp. 1). Droseraceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Drosera L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 4). Ebenaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Diospyros L. (Y, spp. 22; T, spp. 10). Elaeagnaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 1): Elaeagnus L. (Y, spp. 27; T, spp. 9), Hippophae L. (Y, sp. 1). Elaeocarpaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Elaeocarpus L. (Y, spp. 32; T, spp. 4), Sloanea L. (Y, spp. 10; T, sp. 1). Elatinaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Bergia L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Elatine L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1). Ephedraceae (Y, gen. 1): Ephedra L. (Y, sp. 1). Ericaceae (Y, gen. 19; T, gen. 11): Agapetes D. Don ex G. Don (Y, spp. 20), Arctous Niedenzu (Y, sp. 1), Cassiope D. Don (Y, spp. 9), Cheilotheca Hook. f. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Chimaphila Pursh (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Craibiodendron W. W. Sm. (Y, spp. 4), Diplarche Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, spp. 2), Enkianthus Lour. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Eremotropa Andres (Y, spp. 2), Gaultheria Kalm ex L. (Y, spp. 18; T, spp. 2), Leucothoe D. Don (Y, spp. 2), Lyonia Nutt. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Moneses Salisb. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Monotropa L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Orthilia Raf. (Y, sp. 1), Pieris D. Don (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Pyrola L. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 3), Rhododendron L. (Y, spp. 230; T, spp. 14), Vaccinium L. (Y, spp. 45; T, spp. 6). Eriocaulaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Eriocaulon L. (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 7). Erythroxylaceae (Y, gen. 1): Erythroxylum P. Browne (Y, spp. 2). Escalloniaceae (Y, gen. 1): Polyosma Blume (Y, sp. 1). Eucommiaceae (Y, gen. 1): Eucommia Oliv. (Y, sp. 1). Euphorbiaceae (Y, gen. 48; T, gen. 25): Acalypha L. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 10), Actephila Blume (Y, spp. 2), Alchornea Sw. (Y, spp. 6), Aleurites J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, sp. 1), Andrachne L. (Y, spp. 6), Antidesma L. (Y, spp. 12; T, sp. 1), Aporusa Blume (Y, spp. 4), Baccaurea Lour. (Y, spp. 2), Baliospermum Blume (Y, spp. 3), Bischofia Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Breynia J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Bridelia Willd. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 2), Chaetocarpus Thwaites (Y, sp. 1), Chamaesyce Gray (T, spp. 14),

Claoxylon A. Juss. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Cleidiocarpon Airy-Shaw (Y, sp. 1), Cleidion Blume (Y, spp. 3), Cleistanthus Hook. f. (Y, spp. 3), Cnesmone Blume (Y, sp. 1), Croton L. (Y, spp. 13; T, spp. 2), Dalechampia L. (Y, sp. 1), Deutzianthus Gagnep. (Y, sp. 1), Drypetes Vahl (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 2), Endospermum Benth. (Y, sp. 1), Epiprinus Griff. (Y, sp. 1), Euphorbia L. (Y, spp. 30; T, spp. 8), Excoecaria L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 3), Flueggea Willd. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2), Glochidion J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 5), Homonoia Lour. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Jatropha L. (Y, sp. 1), Lasiococca Hook. f. (Y, sp. 1), Liodendron H. Keng (T, sp. 1), Macaranga Thouars (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 2), Mallotus Lour. (Y, spp. 16; T, spp. 5), Margaritaria L. f. (T, sp. 1), Megistostigma Hook. f. (Y, sp. 1), Melanolepis Rchb. (T, sp. 1), Mercurialis L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Ostodes Blume (Y, spp. 2), Phyllanthodendron Hemsl. (Y, spp. 4), Phyllanthus L. (Y, spp. 19; T, spp. 9), Ricinus L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Sapium Jacq. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 2), Sauropus Blume (Y, spp. 10), Speranskia Baill. (Y, spp. 2), Strophioblachia Boerl. (Y, sp. 1), Sumbaviopsis J. J. Sm. (Y, sp. 1), Suregada Roxb. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Synostemon F. Muell. (T, sp. 1), Trewia L. (Y, sp. 1), Trigonostemon Blume (Y, spp. 4), Vernicia Lour. (Y, spp. 2). Eupteleaceae (Y, gen. 1): Euptelea Sieb. & Zucc. (Y, sp. 1). Fabaceae (Y, gen. 114; T, gen. 67): Abarema Pittier (Y, spp. 5), Abrus Adans. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Acacia Mill. (Y, spp. 16; T, spp. 3), Acrocarpus Wight (Y, sp. 1), Adenanthera L. (Y, sp. 1), Aeschynomene L. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Afgekia Craib (Y, sp. 1), Albizia Durazz. (Y, spp. 13; T, spp. 5), Alysicarpus Neck. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 4), Amphicarpaea Elliot (Y, spp. 3), Antheroporum Gagnep. (Y, spp. 2), Apios Fabr. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Archidendron F. Muell. (T, sp. 1), Astragalus L. (Y, spp. 50; T, spp. 3), Bauhinia L. (Y, spp. 30; T, spp. 3), Bowringia Champ. (Y, sp. 1), Butea Roxb. (Y, spp. 2), Caesalpinia L. (Y, spp. 13; T, spp. 4), Cajanus Adans. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 2), Callerya Endl. (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 2), Calliandra Benth. (Y, sp. 1), Campylotropis Bunge (Y, spp. 23; T, sp. 1), Canavalia Adans. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 4), Caragana Fabr. (Y, spp. 4), Cassia L. (Y, spp. 16), Cercis L. (Y, spp. 3), Chamaecrista Moench (T, spp. 3), Chesneya Lindl. ex Endl. (Y, spp. 3), Christia Moench (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Cladrastis Raf. (Y, spp. 3), Clitoria L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Cochlianthus Benth. (Y, spp. 2), Codariocalyx Hassk. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Colutea L. (Y, sp. 1), Craspedolobium Harms (Y, sp. 1), Crotalaria L. (Y, spp. 25; T, spp. 19), Cylindrokelupha Kosterm. (Y, spp. 8), Dalbergia L. f. (Y, spp. 14; T, spp. 2), Dendrolobium (Wight & Arn.) Benth. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 3), Derris Lour. (Y, spp. 13; T, spp. 3), Desmodium Desv. (Y, spp. 30; T, spp. 15), Dolichos L. (Y, spp. 2), Dumasia DC. (Y, spp. 7; T, sp. 1), Dunbaria Wight & Arn. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 3), Dysolobium (Benth.) Prain (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Entada Adans. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 3), Eriosema (DC.) G. Don (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Erythrina L. (Y, spp. 7; T, sp. 1), Erythrophleum Afzel. (Y, sp. 1), Euchresta Benn. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Flemingia Roxb. (Y, spp. 17; T, spp. 3), Fordia Hemsl. (Y, spp. 2), Galactia P. Browne (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Gleditsia L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Glycine Willd. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 3), Glycyrrhiza L. (Y, sp. 1), Gueldenstaedtia Fisch. (Y, spp. 3), Gymnocladus Lam. (Y, sp. 1), Hedysarum L. (Y, spp. 9), Hylodesmum H. Ohashi & R. R. Mill (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 4), Indigofera L. (Y, spp. 48; T, spp. 15), Kummerowia Schindl. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Lablab Adans. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Lathyrus L. (Y, spp. 3), Lespedeza Michx. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 4), Leucaena Benth. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Lotus L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Lysidice

764


Hance (Y, sp. 1), Maackia Rupr. (T, sp. 1), Macrotyloma (Wight & Arn.) Verdc. (T, sp. 1), Mecopus Benn. (Y, sp. 1), Medicago L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 3), Melilotus Mill. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Millettia Wight & Arn. (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 2), Mimosa L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 3), Mucuna Adans. (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 2), Nogra Merr. (Y, sp. 1), Ohwia H. Ohashi (T, sp. 1), Ormocarpum P. Beauv. (T, sp. 1), Ormosia Jacks. (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 2), Oxytropis DC. (Y, spp. 3), Parkia R. Br. (Y, sp. 1), Parochetus Buch.-Ham. (Y, sp. 1), Peltophorum (Vogel) Benth. (Y, sp. 1), Phaseolus L. (Y, spp. 3), Phylacium Benn. (Y, sp. 1), Phyllodium Desv. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Piptanthus (Hook.) D. Don (Y, spp. 2), Pisum L. (Y, sp. 1), Pithecellobium Mart. (Y, sp. 1), Priotropis Wight & Arn. (Y, sp. 1), Psophocarpus Neck. ex DC. (Y, sp. 1), Pterocarpus Jacq. (Y, spp. 2), Pterolobium R. Br. (Y, spp. 2), Pueraria DC. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 2), Pycnospora R. Br. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Rhynchosia Lour. (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 3), Robinia L. (Y, sp. 1), Saraca L. (Y, spp. 2), Senna Mill. (T, spp. 4), Sesbania Scop. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Shuteria Wight & Arn. (Y, spp. 2), Sindora Miq. (Y, sp. 1), Sinodolichos Verdc. (Y, sp. 1), Smithia Aiton (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Sophora L. (Y, spp. 14; T, spp. 2), Spatholobus Hassk. (Y, spp. 8), Tadehagi H. Ohashi (Y, spp. 2), Tamarindus L. (Y, sp. 1), Tephrosia Pers. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 4), Teramnus P. Browne (T, sp. 1), Thermopsis R. Br. (Y, spp. 4), Tibetia (Ali) H. P. Tsui (Y, spp. 4), Trifolium L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 3), Trigonella L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Uraria Desv. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 4), Urariopsis Schindl. (Y, spp. 2), Vicia L. (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 3), Vigna Savi (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 8), Wisteria Nutt. (Y, spp. 3), Zenia Chun (Y, sp. 1), Zornia J. F. Gmel. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2). Fagaceae (Y, gen. 7; T, gen. 8): Castanea Mill. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Castanopsis (D. Don) Spach (Y, spp. 34; T, spp. 7), Cyclobalanopsis Oersted (Y, spp. 30; T, spp. 14), Fagus L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Limlia Masam. & Tomiya (T, sp. 1), Lithocarpus Blume (Y, spp. 44; T, spp. 2), Pasania Oerst. (T, spp. 12), Quercus L. (Y, spp. 28; T, spp. 9), Trigonobalanus Forman (Y, sp. 1). Flacourtiaceae (Y, gen. 9; T, gen. 4): Bennettiodendron Merr. (Y, spp. 2), Carrierea Franch. (Y, spp. 2), Flacourtia Comm. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Gynocardia R. Br. (Y, sp. 1), Hydnocarpus Gaertn. (Y, spp. 4), Idesia Maxim. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Itoa Hemsl. (Y, sp. 1), Scolopia Schreb. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Xylosma G. Forst. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1). Flagellariaceae (T, gen. 1): Flagellaria L. (T, sp. 1). Fumariaceae (Y, gen. 4; T, gen. 2): Corydalis DC. (Y, spp. 72; T, spp. 8), Dactylicapnos Wall. (Y, spp. 4), Dicentra Borkh. (Y, spp. 2), Fumaria L. (T, sp. 1), Hypecoum L. (Y, sp. 1). Gentianaceae (Y, gen. 17; T, gen. 6): Canscora Lam. (Y, sp. 1), Centaurium Hill (T, sp. 1), Comastoma (Wettst.) Toyokuni (Y, spp. 6), Cotylanthera Blume (Y, sp. 1), Crawfurdia Wall. (Y, spp. 8), Exacum L. (Y, spp. 2), Gentiana L. (Y, spp. 119; T, spp. 10), Gentianella Moench (Y, spp. 3), Gentianopsis Ma (Y, spp. 5), Halenia Borkh. (Y, sp. 1), Latouchea Franch. (Y, sp. 1), Lomatogonium A. Braun (Y, spp. 8; T, sp. 1), Megacodon (Hemsl.) Harry Sm. (Y, sp. 1), Pterygocalyx Maxim. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Sebaea Sol. (Y, sp. 1), Swertia L. (Y, spp. 35; T, spp. 4), Tripterospermum Blume (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 6), Veratrilla Baill. ex Franch. (Y, sp. 1). Geraniaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 2): Erodium L’He´r. (T, spp. 2), Geranium L. (Y, spp. 29; T, spp. 5). Gesneriaceae (Y, gen. 30; T, gen. 11): Aeschynanthus Jack (Y, spp. 31; T, sp. 1), Ancylostemon Craib (Y, spp. 6), Anna Pellegr. (Y, sp. 1), Beccarinda Kuntze (Y, spp. 5), Boea Comm. ex Lam. (Y, sp. 1), Boeica T. Anderson (Y, spp. 2),

Briggsia Craib (Y, spp. 8), Calcareoboea C. Y. Wu (Y, sp. 1), Chirita Buch.-Ham. (Y, spp. 15; T, sp. 1), Conandron Sieb. & Zucc. (T, sp. 1), Corallodiscus Batalin (Y, spp. 11), Cyrtandra J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (T, sp. 1), Didissandra C. B. Clarke (Y, spp. 2), Didymocarpus Wall. (Y, spp. 15), Epithema Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Hemiboea C. B. Clarke (Y, spp. 8; T, sp. 1), Hemiboeopsis W. T. Wang (Y, sp. 1), Lagarosolen W. T. Wang (Y, sp. 1), Leptoboea Benth. (Y, sp. 1), Loxostigma C. B. Clarke (Y, spp. 7), Lysionotus D. Don (Y, spp. 17; T, sp. 1), Oreocharis Benth. (Y, spp. 14), Ornithoboea Parish (Y, spp. 4), Paraboea (C. B. Clarke) Ridl. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Petrocosmea Oliv. (Y, spp. 20), Rhabdothamnopsis Hemsl. (Y, sp. 1), Rhynchoglossum Blume (Y, sp. 1), Rhynchotechum Blume (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 4), Stauranthera Benth. (Y, spp. 2), Titanotrichum Soler. (T, sp. 1), Tremacron Craib (Y, spp. 4), Trisepalum C. B. Clarke (Y, sp. 1), Whytockia W. W. Sm. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1). Ginkgoaceae (Y, gen. 1): Ginkgo L. (Y, sp. 1). Gnetaceae (Y, gen. 1): Gnetum L. (Y, spp. 4). Goodeniaceae (T, gen. 1): Scaevola L. (T, spp. 2). Grossulariaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Ribes L. (Y, spp. 16; T, sp. 1). Haloragaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Haloragis J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Myriophyllum L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 4). Hamamelidaceae (Y, gen. 11; T, gen. 6): Altingia Noronha (Y, spp. 4), Corylopsis Sieb. & Zucc. (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 2), Distyliopsis Endress (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Distylium Sieb. & Zucc. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2), Eustigma Gardn. & Champ. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Liquidambar L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Loropetalum R. Br. ex Rchb. (Y, spp. 2), Mytilaria Lecomte (Y, sp. 1), Rhodoleia Champ. (Y, spp. 3), Sycopsis Oliv. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Exbucklandia R. W. Brown (Y, spp. 2). Hernandiaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 2): Hernandia L. (T, sp. 1), Illigera Blume (Y, spp. 11; T, sp. 1). Hippocastanaceae (Y, gen. 1): Aesculus L. (Y, spp. 5). Hydrangeaceae (Y, gen. 6; T, gen. 4): Deutzia Thunb. (Y, spp. 21; T, spp. 3), Dichroa Lour. (Y, spp. 4), Hydrangea L. (Y, spp. 18; T, spp. 7), Philadelphus L. (Y, spp. 10), Pileostegia Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Schizophragma Sieb. & Zucc. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1). Hydrocharitaceae (Y, gen. 6; T, gen. 8): Blyxa Noronha (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 3), Halophila Thouars (T, spp. 3), Hydrilla Rich. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Hydrocharis L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Najas L. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 7), Ottelia Pers. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Thalassia Banks (T, sp. 1), Vallisneria L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Hydrophyllaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Hydrolea L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Hypericaceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 2): Cratoxylum Blume (Y, spp. 2), Hypericum L. (Y, spp. 27; T, spp. 14), Triadenum Raf. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Hypoxidaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 3): Curculigo Gaertn. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2), Hypoxis L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Molineria Colla (T, sp. 1). Icacinaceae (Y, gen. 10; T, gen. 3): Apodytes E. Mey. (Y, sp. 1), Gomphandra Wall. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Gonocaryum Miq. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Iodes Blume (Y, spp. 4), Mappianthus Hand.-Mazz. (Y, sp. 1), Natsiatopsis Kurz (Y, sp. 1), Natsiatum Buch.-Ham. (Y, sp. 1), Nothapodytes Blume (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Pittosporopsis Craib (Y, sp. 1), Platea Blume (Y, sp. 1). Iridaceae (Y, gen. 4; T, gen. 3): Belamcanda Adans. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Crocus L. (Y, sp. 1), Iris L. (Y, spp. 23; T, spp. 2), Sisyrinchium L. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2). Iteaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Itea L. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 2).



Ixonanthaceae (Y, gen. 1): Ixonanthes Jack (Y, spp. 2). Juglandaceae (Y, gen. 8; T, gen. 3): Annamocarya A. Chev. (Y, sp. 1), Carya Nutt. (Y, sp. 1), Cyclocarya Iljinsk. (Y, sp. 1), Engelhardtia Leschen. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Juglans L. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Platycarya Sieb. & Zucc. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Pterocarya Kunth (Y, spp. 3), Rhoiptelea Diels & Hand.-Mazz. (Y, sp. 1). Juncaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Juncus L. (Y, spp. 51; T, spp. 5), Luzula DC. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 4). Juncaginaceae (Y, gen. 1): Triglochin L. (Y, spp. 2). Lamiaceae (Y, gen. 78; T, gen. 41): Acrocephalus Benth. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Agastache J. Clayton. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Ajuga L. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 5), Amethystea L. (Y, sp. 1), Anisochilus Wall. (Y, sp. 1), Anisomeles R. Br. (T, sp. 1), Basilicum Moench (T, sp. 1), Bostrychanthera Benth. (T, sp. 1), Callicarpa L. (Y, spp. 14; T, spp. 9), Cardioteucris C. Y. Wu (Y, sp. 1), Caryopteris Bunge (Y, spp. 9; T, sp. 1), Ceratanthus F. Muell. (Y, sp. 1), Chelonopsis Miq. (Y, spp. 8), Clerodendranthus Kudoˆ (Y, sp. 1), Clerodendrum L. (Y, spp. 25; T, spp. 7), Clinopodium L. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 3), Colebrookea Sm. (Y, sp. 1), Coleus Lour. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 2), Colquhounia Wall. (Y, spp. 5), Comanthosphace S. Moore (T, sp. 1), Congea Roxb. (Y, spp. 2), Craniotome Rchb. (Y, sp. 1), Dracocephalum L. (Y, spp. 8), Dysophylla Blume (Y, spp. 5), Elsholtzia Willd. (Y, spp. 26; T, spp. 2), Epimeredi Adans. (Y, sp. 1), Eriophyton Benth. (Y, sp. 1), Eurysolen Prain (Y, sp. 1), Galeopsis L. (Y, sp. 1), Garrettia H. R. Fletcher (Y, sp. 1), Geniosporum Wall. (Y, sp. 1), Glechoma L. (Y, spp. 2), Gmelina L. (Y, spp. 3), Gomphostemma Wall. (Y, spp. 10; T, sp. 1), Hanceola Kudoˆ (Y, spp. 2), Heterolamium C. Y. Wu (Y, sp. 1), Holocheila (Kudo) S. Chow ex C. Y. Wu & S. Ch (Y, sp. 1), Hyptis Jacq. (T, spp. 4), Isodon (Schrad.) Spach (T, spp. 3), Keiskea Miq. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Kinostemon Kudoˆ (Y, sp. 1), Lagopsis Bunge (Y, sp. 1), Lamiophlomis Kudoˆ (Y, sp. 1), Lamium L. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Leonurus L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Leucas R. Br. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Leucosceptrum Sm. (Y, sp. 1), Loxocalyx Hemsl. (Y, sp. 1), Lycopus L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Maesa Forssk. (Y, spp. 19; T, spp. 3), Meehania Britt. (Y, sp. 1), Melissa L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Mentha L. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Mesona Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Micromeria Benth. (Y, spp. 3), Microtoena Prain (Y, spp. 10), Mosla (Benth.) Buch.-Ham. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 3), Nepeta L. (Y, spp. 8), Notochaete Benth. (Y, spp. 2), Ocimum L. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 3), Origanum L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Orthosiphon Benth. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Paralamium Dunn (Y, sp. 1), Paraphlomis Prain (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 3), Perilla L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Phlomis L. (Y, spp. 16), Phyllophyton Kudoˆ (Y, sp. 1), Pogostemon Desf. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 3), Premna L. (Y, spp. 27; T, spp. 5), Prunella L. (Y, spp. 2), Rabdosia (Blume) Hasskarl (Y, spp. 47), Rostrinucula Kudoˆ (Y, sp. 1), Rubiteucris Kudoˆ (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Salvia L. (Y, spp. 37; T, spp. 9), Schizonepeta Briq. (Y, sp. 1), Schnabelia Hand.-Mazz. (Y, sp. 1), Scutellaria L. (Y, spp. 33; T, spp. 6), Siphocranion Kudoˆ (Y, spp. 2), Skapanthus C. Y. Wu & H. W. Li (Y, sp. 1), Sphenodesme Jack (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Stachys L. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 2), Suzukia Kudoˆ (T, spp. 2), Symphorema Roxb. (Y, sp. 1), Teucrium L. (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 3), Vitex L. (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 4). Lardizabalaceae (Y, gen. 5; T, gen. 2): Akebia Decne. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Decaisnea Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, sp. 1), Holboellia Wall. (Y, spp. 5), Sinofranchetia Hemsl. (Y, sp. 1), Stauntonia DC. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 3). Lauraceae (Y, gen. 16; T, gen. 12): Actinodaphne Nees (Y, spp. 7), Alseodaphne Nees (Y, spp. 7), Beilschmiedia Nees (Y, spp. 17; T, spp. 2), Caryodaphnopsis Airy Shaw (Y, spp.

4), Cassytha L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Cinnamomum Schaeffer (Y, spp. 26; T, spp. 14), Cryptocarya R. Br. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 3), Dehaasia Blume (T, sp. 1), Endiandra R. Br. (T, sp. 1), Lindera Thunb. (Y, spp. 21; T, spp. 7), Litsea Lam. (Y, spp. 43; T, spp. 10), Machilus Nees (Y, spp. 23; T, spp. 6), Neocinnamomum H. Liou (Y, spp. 4), Neolitsea Merr. (Y, spp. 16; T, spp. 10), Nothaphoebe Blume (Y, sp. 1), Phoebe Nees (Y, spp. 21; T, sp. 1), Sassafras T. Nees & C. H. Eberm. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Syndiclis Hook. f. (Y, spp. 5). Lecythidaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Barringtonia J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2). Lemnaceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 3): Lemna L. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Spirodela Schleid. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Wolffia Horkel (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Lentibulariaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 1): Pinguicula L. (Y, sp. 1), Utricularia L. (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 8). Liliaceae (Y, gen. 36; T, gen. 20): Aletris L. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 2), Aloe L. (Y, sp. 1), Aspidistra Ker Gawl. (Y, 4 spp.; T, sp. 1), Barnardia Lindl. (T, sp. 1), Campylandra Baker (T, sp. 1), Cardiocrinum (Endl.) Lindl. (Y, sp. 1), Chlorophytum Ker-Gawl. (Y, spp. 4), Clintonia Raf. (Y, sp. 1), Dianella Lam. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Disporopsis Hance (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Disporum Salisb. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 4), Diuranthera Hemsl. (Y, sp. 1), Eremurus M. Bieb. (Y, sp. 1), Fritillaria L. (Y, spp. 4), Gloriosa L. (Y, sp. 1), Helonias L. (T, sp. 1), Hemerocallis L. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Hosta Tratt. (Y, spp. 2), Iphigenia Kunth (Y, sp. 1), Lilium L. (Y, spp. 23; T, spp. 2), Liriope Lour. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Lloydia Rchb. (Y, spp. 6), Maianthemum F. H. Wigg. (Y, spp. 12), Nomocharis Franch. (Y, spp. 7), Notholirion Wall. (Y, spp. 3), Ophiopogon Ker Gawl. (Y, spp. 33; T, spp. 2), Peliosanthes Andrews (Y, spp. 7; T, sp. 1), Petrosavia Becc. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Polygonatum Mill. (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 2), Reineckea Kunth (Y, sp. 1), Rohdea Roth (Y, sp. 1), Scilla L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Smilacina Desf. (T, sp. 1), Streptopus Michx. (Y, spp. 3), Theropogon Maxim. (Y, sp. 1), Thysanotus R. Br. (T, sp. 1), Tofieldia Huds. (Y, spp. 2), Tricyrtis Wall. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Tupistra Ker Gawl. (Y, spp. 11), Veratrum L. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 2), Ypsilandra Franch. (Y, spp. 3). Linaceae (Y, gen. 4): Anisadenia Wall. (Y, spp. 2), Linum L. (Y, spp. 2), Reinwardtia Dumort. (Y, sp. 1), Tirpitzia Hallier f. (Y, sp. 1). Linderniaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Lindernia All. (Y, spp. 14; T, spp. 15), Torenia L. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 4). Loganiaceae (Y, gen. 7; T, gen. 6): Buddleja L. (Y, spp. 23; T, spp. 2), Fagraea Thunb. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Gardneria Wall. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 2), Gelsemium Juss. (Y, sp. 1), Geniostoma J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (T, sp. 1), Mitrasacme Labill. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Mitreola L. (Y, spp. 3), Strychnos L. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1). Loranthaceae (Y, gen. 10; T, gen. 4): Arceuthobium M. Bieb. (Y, spp. 2), Dendrophthoe Mart. (Y, sp. 1), Elytranthe (Blume) Blume (Y, spp. 2), Helixanthera Lour. (Y, spp. 5), Korthalsella Tiegh. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Loranthus Jacq. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Macrosolen (Bl.) Reichb. (Y, spp. 2), Scurrula L. (Y, spp. 7), Taxillus Tiegh. (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 10), Viscum L. (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 4). Lythraceae (Y, gen. 7; T, gen. 5): Ammannia L. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 3), Lagerstroemia L. (Y, spp. 7; T, sp. 1), Lawsonia L. (Y, sp. 1), Lythrum L. (Y, sp. 1), Pemphis J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (T, sp. 1), Rotala L. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 6), Trapa L. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Woodfordia Salisb. (Y, sp. 1). Magnoliaceae (Y, gen. 12; T, gen. 2): Alcimandra Dandy (Y, sp. 1), Liriodendron L. (Y, spp. 2), Magnolia L. (Y, spp. 10; T, sp. 1), Manglietia Blume (Y, spp. 16), Manglietiastrum Y. W. Law (Y, sp. 1), Michelia L. (Y, spp. 23; T, sp. 1),

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Parakmeria Hu & W. C. Cheng (Y, spp. 2), Paramichelia Hu (Y, sp. 1), Talauma Juss. (Y, sp. 1), Tsoongiodendron Chun (Y, sp. 1), Woonyoungia Law (Y, sp. 1), Yulania Spach (Y, spp. 6). Malpighiaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 3): Aspidopterys Juss. (Y, spp. 6), Hiptage Gaertn. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Ryssopterys Blume (T, sp. 1), Tristellateia Thouars (T, sp. 1). Malvaceae (Y, gen. 11; T, gen. 8): Abelmoschus Medik. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Abutilon Mill. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 3), Althaea L. (Y, sp. 1), Cenocentrum Gagnep. (Y, sp. 1), Hibiscus L. (Y, spp. 14; T, spp. 5), Kydia Roxb. (Y, spp. 3), Malva L. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2), Malvastrum A. Gray (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Sida L. (Y, spp. 11; T, spp. 7), Thespesia Sol. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Urena L. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2). Marantaceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 1): Donax Lour. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Phrynium Willd. (Y, spp. 3), Stachyphrynium K. Schum (Y, sp. 1). Martyniaceae (Y, gen. 1): Martynia L. (Y, sp. 1). Melastomataceae (Y, gen. 17; T, gen. 12): Allomorphia Blume (Y, spp. 4), Astronia Blume (T, sp. 1), Barthea Hook. f. (T, sp. 1), Blastus Lour. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Bredia Blume (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 2), Cyphotheca Diels. (Y, sp. 1), Fordiophyton Stapf (Y, spp. 4), Medinilla Gaudich. (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 2), Melastoma L. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 3), Memecylon L. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Osbeckia L. (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 2), Otanthera Blume (T, sp. 1), Oxyspora DC. (Y, spp. 3), Pachycentria Blume (T, sp. 1), Phyllagathis Blume (Y, spp. 6), Plagiopetalum Rehder (Y, spp. 3), Sarcopyramis Wall. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Sonerila Roxb. (Y, spp. 7; T, sp. 1), Sporoxeia W. W. Sm. (Y, spp. 3), Stapfiophyton H. L. Li (Y, sp. 1), Styrophyton S. Y. Hu (Y, sp. 1). Meliaceae (Y, gen. 12; T, gen. 5): Aglaia Lour. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 3), Amoora Roxb. (Y, spp. 7), Aphanamixis Blume (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Chisocheton Blume (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Chukrasia A. Juss. (Y, sp. 1), Cipadessa Blume (Y, spp. 2), Dysoxylum Blume (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 4), Melia L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Munronia Wight (Y, spp. 3), Toona (Endl.) Roem. (Y, spp. 3), Trichilia P. Browne (Y, sp. 1), Walsura Roxb. (Y, spp. 2). Menispermaceae (Y, gen. 16; T, gen. 6): Albertisia Becc. (Y, sp. 1), Aspidocarya Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, sp. 1), Cissampelos L. (Y, sp. 1), Cocculus DC. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Cyclea Arn. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 3), Diploclisia Miers. (Y, spp. 2), Eleutharrhena Forman (Y, sp. 1), Fibraurea Lour. (Y, sp. 1), Hypserpa Miers (Y, sp. 1), Parabaena Miers (Y, sp. 1), Pericampylus Miers (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Pycnarrhena Miers (Y, sp. 1), Sinomenium Diels (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Stephania Lour. (Y, spp. 17; T, spp. 4), Tinomiscium Miers (Y, sp. 1), Tinospora Miers (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1). Menyanthaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 1): Menyanthes L. (Y, sp. 1), Nymphoides Hill (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 6). Mitrastemonaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Mitrastemon Makino (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2). Molluginaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Glinus L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Mollugo L. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2). Moraceae (Y, gen. 8; T, gen. 6): Antiaris Lesch. (Y, sp. 1), Artocarpus J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 2), Broussonetia L’He´r. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 3), Cudrania Tre´cul (Y, spp. 5), Fatoua Gaudich. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Ficus L. (Y, spp. 66; T, spp. 22), Maclura Nutt. (T, sp. 1), Morus L. (Y, spp. 8; T, sp. 1), Streblus Lour. (Y, spp. 6). Musaceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 1): Ensete Bruce (Y, sp. 1), Musa L. (Y, spp. 8; T, sp. 1), Musella (Fr.) C. Y. Wu (Y, sp. 1). Myricaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Myrica L. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2). Myristicaceae (Y, gen. 3): Horsfieldia Willd. (Y, spp. 4), Knema Lour. (Y, spp. 5), Myristica Gronov. (Y, sp. 1).

Myrsinaceae (Y, gen. 4; T, gen. 3): Ardisia Sw. (Y, spp. 36; T, spp. 15), Embelia Burm. f. (Y, spp. 18; T, spp. 2), Myrsine L. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 3), Rapanea Aubl. (Y, spp. 6). Myrtaceae (Y, gen. 4; T, gen. 4): Acmena DC. (T, sp. 1), Cleistocalyx Blume (Y, sp. 1), Decaspermum J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Rhodomyrtus (DC.) Reichenbach (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Syzygium R. Br. (Y, spp. 34; T, spp. 8). Nelumbonaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Nelumbo Adans. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Nyctaginaceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 2): Boerhavia L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Commicarpus Standl. (Y, sp. 1), Pisonia L. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2). Nymphaeaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 3): Euryale Salisb. (T, sp. 1), Nuphar Sm. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Nymphaea L. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2). Nyssaceae (Y, gen. 2): Camptotheca Decne. (Y, sp. 1), Nyssa Gronov. (Y, spp. 4). Olacaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 1): Malania Chun & S. K. Lee (Y, sp. 1), Olax L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Oleaceae (Y, gen. 11; T, gen. 5): Chionanthus L. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 3), Erythropalum Blume (Y, sp. 1), Fontanesia Labill. (Y, sp. 1), Forsythia Vahl (Y, spp. 3), Fraxinus L. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 2), Jasminum L. (Y, spp. 30; T, spp. 4), Ligustrum L. (Y, spp. 13; T, spp. 4), Linociera Sw. (Y, spp. 4), Olea L. (Y, spp. 9), Osmanthus Lour. (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 6), Syringa L. (Y, spp. 6). Onagraceae (Y, gen. 4; T, gen. 3): Chamaenerion Seguier (Y, spp. 2), Circaea L. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 3), Epilobium L. (Y, spp. 17; T, spp. 6), Ludwigia L. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 7). Opiliaceae (Y, gen. 5; T, gen. 1): Cansjera Juss. (Y, sp. 1), Champereia Griff. (T, sp. 1), Lepionurus Blume (Y, sp. 1), Melientha Pierre (Y, sp. 1), Opilia Roxb. (Y, sp. 1), Urobotrya Stapf (Y, sp. 1). Orchidaceae (Y, gen. 136; T, gen. 104): Acampe Lindl. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Acanthephippium Blume (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Acriopsis Reinw. (Y, sp. 1), Aerides Lour. (Y, spp. 4), Agrostophyllum Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Amitostigma Schltr. (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 2), Androcorys Schltr. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Ania Lindl. (T, sp. 1), Anoectochilus Blume (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 2), Anthogonium Wall. (Y, sp. 1), Aphyllorchis Blume (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Apostasia Blume (Y, spp. 2), Appendicula Blume (T, spp. 2), Arachnis Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Arundina Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Ascocentrum Schltr. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Bletilla Rchb. f. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Brachycorythis Lindl. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Bulbophyllum Thouars (Y, spp. 65; T, spp. 24), Bulleyia Schltr. (Y, sp. 1), Calanthe Ker Gawl. (Y, spp. 27; T, spp. 19), Calypso Salisb. (Y, sp. 1), Cephalanthera Rich. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Cephalantheropsis Guillaumin (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 3), Ceratostylis Blume (Y, sp. 1), Chamaegastrodia Makino & F. Maek. (Y, spp. 2), Cheirostylis Blume (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 8), Chiloschista Lindl. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Chrysoglossum Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Cleisostoma Blume (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 2), Coeloglossum Hartm. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Coelogyne Lindl. (Y, spp. 23), Collabium Blume (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Corybas Salisb. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Corymborkis Thouars (Y, sp. 1), Cremastra Lindl. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Cryptochilus Wall. (Y, spp. 2), Cryptostylis R. Br. (T, spp. 2), Cymbidium Sw. (Y, spp. 28; T, spp. 9), Cypripedium L. (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 4), Cyrtosia Blume (T, sp. 1), Dendrobium Sw. (Y, spp. 59; T, spp. 12), Dendrochilum Blume (T, sp. 1), Didiciea King & Prain (T, sp. 1), Didymoplexiella Garay (T, sp. 1), Didymoplexis Griff. (T, sp. 1), Diglyphosa Blume (Y, sp. 1), Diphylax Hook. f. (Y, spp. 3), Diplomeris D. Don (Y, sp. 1), Diploprora Hook. f. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Disperis Sw. (T, sp. 1), Epigeneium



Gagnep. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 2), Epipactis Zinn. (Y, spp. 3), Epipogium Gmelin (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Eria Lindl. (Y, spp. 30; T, spp. 7), Eriodes Rolfe (Y, sp. 1), Erythrodes Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Erythrorchis Blume (T, sp. 1), Esmeralda Rchb. f. (Y, spp. 2), Eulophia R. Br. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 4), Flickingeria A. D. Hawkes (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 2), Galeola Lour. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Gastrochilus D. Don (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 9), Gastrodia R. Br. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 9), Geodorum G. Jacks. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Goodyera R. Br. (Y, spp. 16; T, spp. 20), Gymnadenia R. Br. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 4), Habenaria Willd. (Y, spp. 35; T, spp. 8), Hancockia Rolfe (Y, sp. 1), Haraella Kudoˆ (T, sp. 1), Hemipilia Lindl. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Herminium L. (Y, spp. 16; T, sp. 1), Herpysma Lindl. (Y, sp. 1), Hetaeria Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Holcoglossum Schltr. (Y, spp. 7; T, sp. 1), Hygrochilus Pfitz. (Y, sp. 1), Hylophila Lindl. (T, sp. 1), Kingidium P. F. Hunt (Y, spp. 3), Lecanorchis Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 3), Liparis Rich. (Y, spp. 35; T, spp. 20), Listera R. Br. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 9), Ludisia A. Rich. (Y, sp. 1), Luisia Gaudich. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 3), Malaxis Sol. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 7), Malleola J. J. Sm. & Schltr. (Y, sp. 1), Microtatorchis Schltr. (T, sp. 1), Microtis R. Br. (T, sp. 1), Mischobulbum Schltr. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Monomeria Lindl. (Y, sp. 1), Myrmechis Blume (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Neogyna Rchb. f. (Y, sp. 1), Neottia Guett. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Neottianthe Schltr. (Y, spp. 7), Nervilia Comm. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 5), Neuwiedia Blume (Y, sp. 1), Oberonia Lindl. (Y, spp. 18; T, spp. 7), Odontochilus Blume (T, spp. 4), Orchis L. (Y, spp. 11), Oreorchis Lindl. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 4), Ornithochilus (Lindl.) Wall. (Y, spp. 2), Otochilus Lindl. (Y, spp. 4), Pachystoma Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Panisea (Lindl.) Steud. (Y, spp. 4), Paphiopedilum Pfitz. (Y, spp. 14), Papilionanthe Schltr. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Parapteroceras Averyanov (Y, sp. 1), Pecteilis Raf. (Y, spp. 2), Pelatantheria Ridl. (Y, spp. 3), Pennilabium J. J. Sm. (Y, sp. 1), Peristylus Blume (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 4), Phaius Lour. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 4), Phalaenopsis Blume (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Pholidota Lindl. (Y, spp. 11; T, sp. 1), Phreatia Lindl. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 4), Platanthera Rich. (Y, spp. 22; T, spp. 6), Pleione D. Don (Y, spp. 15; T, sp. 1), Podochilus Blume (Y, sp. 1), Pogonia Juss. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Polystachya Hook. (Y, sp. 1), Pomatocalpa Breda, Kuhl & Hasselt (T, sp. 1), Porpax Lindl. (Y, sp. 1), Pteroceras Hasselt (Y, spp. 2), Renanthera Lour. (Y, spp. 2), Rhynchostylis Blume (Y, sp. 1), Risleya King & Pantl. (Y, sp. 1), Robiquetia Gaudich. (Y, sp. 1), Sarcoglyphis Garay (Y, spp. 2), Satyrium Sw. (Y, spp. 3), Schoenorchis Blume (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Sedirea Garay & H. R. Sweet (Y, sp. 1), Smithorchis T. Tang & F. T. Wang (Y, sp. 1), Smitinandia Holttum (Y, sp. 1), Spathoglottis Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Spiranthes Rich. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Staurochilus Ridl. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Stereosandra Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Sunipia Lindl. (Y, spp. 7; T, sp. 1), Taeniophyllum Blume (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Tainia Blume (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 3), Thelasis Blume (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Thrixspermum Lour. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 9), Thunia Rchb. f. (Y, sp. 1), Tipularia Nutt. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Trichoglottis Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Tropidia Lindl. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 3), Tsaiorchis Tang & F. T. Wang (Y, sp. 1), Tuberolabium Yamam. (T, sp. 1), Tulotis Raf. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Uncifera Lindl. (Y, sp. 1), Vanda Jones ex R. Br. (Y, spp. 8; T, sp. 1), Vandopsis Pfitz. (Y, spp. 2), Vanilla Mill. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Vexillabium F. Maek. (T, spp. 2), Vrydagzynea Blume (T, sp. 1), Yoania Maxim. (T, sp. 1), Zeuxine Lindl. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 10). Orobanchaceae (Y, gen. 9; T, gen. 7): Aeginetia L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Boschniakia C. A. Mey. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1),

Christisonia Gardner (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Euphrasia L. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 3), Gleadovia Gamble & Prain (Y, sp. 1), Melampyrum L. (Y, sp. 1), Orobanche L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Pedicularis L. (Y, spp. 150; T, spp. 2), Striga Lour. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2). Oxalidaceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 2): Averrhoa L. (Y, sp. 1), Biophytum DC. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Oxalis L. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 2). Paeoniaceae (Y, gen. 1): Paeonia L. (Y, spp. 5). Palmae (Y, gen. 17; T, gen. 5): Areca L. (Y, spp. 2), Arenga Labill. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Calamus L. (Y, spp. 23; T, spp. 2), Caryota L. (Y, spp. 5), Chuniophoenix Burret. (Y, spp. 2), Cocos L. (Y, sp. 1), Daemonorops Blume (Y, sp. 1), Guihaia J. Dransf., S. K. Lee & F. N. Wei (Y, sp. 1), Licuala Thunb. (Y, sp. 1), Livistona R. Br. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Phoenix L. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Pinanga Blume (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Plectocomia Mart. (Y, spp. 3), Rhapis L. f. (Y, spp. 3), Salacca Reinw. (Y, sp. 1), Trachycarpus H. Wendl. (Y, spp. 3), Wallichia Roxb. (Y, spp. 6). Pandaceae (Y, gen. 1): Microdesmis Hook. f. (Y, sp. 1). Pandanaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 2): Freycinetia Gaudich. (T, sp. 1), Pandanus Parkinson (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1). Papaveraceae (Y, gen. 6; T, gen. 3): Argemone L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Dicranostigma Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, spp. 2), Eomecon Hance (Y, sp. 1), Macleaya R. Br. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Meconopsis R. Vig. (Y, spp. 17), Papaver L. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2). Passifloraceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2), Adenia Forssk. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Passiflora L. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 3). Pentaphragmataceae (Y, gen. 1): Pentaphragma Wall. (Y, sp. 1). Pentaphylacaceae (Y, gen. 1): Pentaphylax Gardner & Champ. (Y, sp. 1). Philydraceae (T, gen. 1): Philydrum Banks (T, sp. 1). Phrymaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 1): Mazus Lour. (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 7), Phryma L. (Y, sp. 1). Pinaceae (Y, gen. 8; T, gen. 6): Abies Mill. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Keteleeria Carrie`re (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Larix Mill. (Y, sp. 1), Picea A. Dietr. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Pinus L. (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 3), Pseudolarix Gordon (Y, sp. 1), Pseudotsuga Carrie`re (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Tsuga Carrie`re (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1). Piperaceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 2): Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 6), Piper L. (Y, spp. 41; T, spp. 8), Zippelia Blume (Y, sp. 1). Pittosporaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Pittosporum Banks (Y, spp. 28; T, spp. 5). Plantaginaceae (Y, gen. 10; T, gen. 7): Bacopa Aubl. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Callitriche L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 3), Hippuris L. (Y, sp. 1), Lagotis Geartn. (Y, spp. 5), Limnophila R. Br. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 7), Linaria Mill. (Y, spp. 3), Plantago L. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 5), Scoparia L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Veronica L. (Y, spp. 19; T, spp. 10), Veronicastrum Heister (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 2). Plumbaginaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Ceratostigma Bunge (Y, spp. 2), Limonium Mill. (T, spp. 2), Plumbago L. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1). Poaceae (Y, gen. 175; T, gen. 123): Achnatherum P. Beauv. (Y, spp. 4), Acidosasa C. D. Chu & C. S. Chao (Y, sp. 1), Acrachne Wight & Arn. (Y, sp. 1), Agropogon P. Fourn. (Y, sp. 1), Agropyron Gaertn. (T, spp. 2), Agrostis L. (Y, spp. 31; T, spp. 2), Alloteropsis J. Presl (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Alopecurus L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Ampelocalamus S. L. Chen, T. H. Wen & G. Y. Sheng (Y, spp. 5), Andropogon L. (Y, spp. 3), Anisachne Keng (Y, sp. 1), Aniselytron Merr. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Anthoxanthum L. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Apluda L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Apocopis Nees (Y, spp. 4),

768

Aristida L. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Arthraxon P. Beauv. (Y, spp. 13; T, spp. 3), Arundinaria Michx. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 6), Arundinella Raddi (Y, spp. 16; T, spp. 3), Arundo L. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Avena L. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 2), Axonopus P. Beauv. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Bambusa Schreb. (Y, spp. 21; T, spp. 18), Beckmannia Host (Y, sp. 1), Bonia Balansa (Y, sp. 1), Bothriochloa Kuntze (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 3), Brachiaria Griseb. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 4), Brachyelytrum P. Beauv. (Y, sp. 1), Brachypodium P. Beauv. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Briza L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Bromus L. (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 4), Calamagrostis Adans. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Capillipedium Stapf (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 3), Catabrosa P. Beauv. (Y, sp. 1), Cenchrus L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Centotheca Desv. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Cephalostachyum Munro (Y, spp. 6), Chimonobambusa Makino (Y, spp. 9; T, sp. 1), Chimonocalamus J. R. Kue (Y, spp. 9), Chloris Sw. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 4), Chrysopogon Trin. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Coelachne R. Br. (Y, sp. 1), Coelorachis Brongn. (Y, spp. 2), Coix L. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Crypsis Aiton. (Y, sp. 1), Cymbopogon Spreng. (Y, spp. 19; T, sp. 1), Cynodon Rich. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Cyrtococcum Stapf (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2), Dactylis L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Dactyloctenium Willd. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Danthonia DC. (Y, sp. 1), Dendrocalamus Nees (Y, spp. 22; T, spp. 5), Deschampsia P. Beauv. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Deyeuxia Clarion (Y, spp. 16; T, spp. 2), Dichanthium Willemet (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2), Digitaria Haller (Y, spp. 20; T, spp. 13), Dimeria R. Br. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Dinebra Jacq. (Y, sp. 1), Diplachne P. Beauv. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Drepanostachyum Keng f. (Y, spp. 2), Duthiea Hack. (Y, sp. 1), Eccoilopus Steud. (T, spp. 2), Echinochloa P. Beauv. (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 3), Eleusine Gaertn. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Elymus L. (Y, spp. 6), Elytrigia Desv. (Y, sp. 1), Elytrophorus P. Beauv. (Y, sp. 1), Enneapogon Desv. (Y, sp. 1), Enteropogon Nees (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Eragrostiella Bor (Y, sp. 1), Eragrostis Wolf (Y, spp. 23; T, spp. 17), Eremochloa Buese (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Erianthus Michx. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2), Eriochloa Kunth (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Eulalia Kunth (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 3), Eulaliopsis Honda (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Eustachys Desv. (T, sp. 1), Fargesia Franch. (Y, spp. 39), Ferrocalamus J. R. Xue & Keng f. (Y, spp. 2), Festuca L. (Y, spp. 27; T, spp. 7), Gaoligongshania D. Z. Li, Hsueh & N. H. Xia (Y, sp. 1), Garnotia Brongn. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Germainia Balansa & Poitr. (Y, sp. 1), Gigantochloa Kurz (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Glyceria R. Br. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Hackelochloa Kuntze (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Harpachne Hochst. (Y, sp. 1), Helictotrichon Besser (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Hemarthria R. Br. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Heteropogon Pers. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Hierochloe R. Br. (Y, sp. 1), Hordeum L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Hygroryza Nees (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Hymenachne P. Beauv. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Hyparrhenia Andersson (Y, spp. 5), Hystrix Moench (Y, sp. 1), Ichnanthus P. Beauv. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Imperata Cirillo (Y, sp. 1), Indocalamus Nakai (Y, sp. 1), Indosasa McClure (Y, spp. 5), Isachne R. Br. (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 8, T), Ischaemum L. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 7), Koeleria Pers. (Y, sp. 1), Leersia Sw. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Leptaspis R. Br. (T, sp. 1), Leptocanna L. C. Chia & H. L. Fung (Y, sp. 1), Leptochloa P. Beauv. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Lepturus R. Br. (T, sp. 1), Littledalea Hemsl. (Y, spp. 2), Lolium L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Lophatherum Brongn. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Melica L. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Melocalamus Benth. (Y, spp. 3), Microchloa R. Br. (Y, sp. 1), Microstegium Nees (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 8), Milium L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Miscanthus Andersson (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 2), Muhlenbergia Schreb. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Narenga Bor (T, sp. 1), Neohusnotia A. Camus (Y, sp. 1), Neyraudia Hook. f. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Ophiuros C. F. Gaertn. (Y, sp.


1), Oplismenus P. Beauv. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 3), Orthoraphium Nees (Y, sp. 1), Oryza L. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2), Oryzopsis Michx. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Ottochloa Dandy (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Panicum L. (Y, spp. 14; T, spp. 12), Paspalidium Stapf (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Paspalum L. (Y, spp. 10; T, spp. 13), Pennisetum Rich. (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 4), Perotis Aiton (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Phacelurus Griseb. (Y, sp. 1), Phaenosperma Munro (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Phalaris L. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2), Phleum L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Phragmites Adans. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Phyllostachys Siebold & Zucc. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 8), Poa L. (Y, spp. 78; T, spp. 7), Pogonatherum P. Beauv. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Polypogon Desf. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Polytoca R. Br. (Y, sp. 1), Pseudechinolaena Stapf (Y, sp. 1), Pseudopogonatherum A. Camus (Y, spp. 2), Pseudoraphis Griff. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Pseudosasa Makino (T, spp. 2), Pseudosorghum A. Camus (Y, spp. 2), Pseudostachyum Munro (Y, sp. 1), Ptilagrostis Griseb. (Y, spp. 3), Qiongzhuea (Wen & Ohmberger) Hsueh & Yi (Y, spp. 2), Racemobambos Holttum (Y, sp. 1), Rhytachne Desv. (Y, spp. 2), Roegneria K. Koch (Y, spp. 20), Rottboellia L. f. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Saccharum L. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 4), Sacciolepis Nash (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Schizachne Hack. (Y, sp. 1), Schizachyrium Nees (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Schizostachyum Thomas Nees (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Sehima Forssk. (Y, sp. 1), Semiarundinaria Nakai (T, sp. 1), Setaria P. Beauv. (Y, spp. 13; T, spp. 9), Shibataea Makino (T, sp. 1), Sinobambusa Makino (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Sorghum Moench (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 5), Sphaerocaryum Nees (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Spinifex L. (T, sp. 1), Spodiopogon Trin. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Sporobolus R. Br. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2), Stenotaphrum Trin. (Y, sp. 1), Stipa L. (Y, spp. 3), Stipagrostis Nees (Y, sp. 1), Thaumastochloa C. E. Hubb. (T, spp. 2), Themeda Forssk. (Y, spp. 14; T, spp. 2), Thuarea Pers. (T, sp. 1), Thyrsia Stapf (Y, sp. 1), Thyrsostachys Gamble (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Thysanolaena Nees (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Tragus Haller (Y, spp. 2), Trikeraia Bor (Y, sp. 1), Tripogon Roem. & Schult. (Y, spp. 7; T, sp. 1), Trisetum Pers. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Triticum L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Urochloa P. Beauv. (Y, spp. 5), Vulpia C. C. Gmel. (T, sp. 1), Yushania Keng f. (Y, spp. 27; T, sp. 1), Zizania L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Zoysia Willd. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 4). Podocarpaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 2): Nageia Gaertn. (T, spp. 2), Podocarpus L’He´r. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 4). Podostemaceae (Y, gen. 1), Hydrobryum Endl. (Y, sp. 1). Polemoniaceae (Y, gen. 1): Polemonium L. (Y, sp. 1). Polygalaceae (Y, gen. 4; T, gen. 3): Epirixanthes Blume (T, sp. 1), Polygala L. (Y, spp. 24; T, spp. 5), Salomonia Lour. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Securidaca L. (Y, spp. 2), Xanthophyllum Roxb. (Y, spp. 3). Polygonaceae (Y, gen. 9; T, gen. 3): Antenoron Raf. (Y, sp. 1), Fagopyrum Mill. Y, (Y, spp. 10; T, sp. 1), Fallopia Adans. (Y, spp. 6), Koenigia L. (Y, sp. 1), Oxyria Hill (Y, spp. 2), Polygonum L. (Y, spp. 64; T, spp. 35), Reynoutria Houtt. (Y, sp. 1), Rheum L. (Y, spp. 12), Rumex L. (Y, spp. 11; T, spp. 6). Pontederiaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Eichhornia Kunth (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Monochoria C. Presl (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1). Portulacaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Portulaca L. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 3), Talinum Adans. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Potamogetonaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Potamogeton L. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 9). Primulaceae (Y, gen. 4; T, gen. 5): Anagallis L. (T, sp. 1), Androsace L. (Y, spp. 23; T, sp. 1), Lysimachia L. (Y, spp. 65; T, spp. 10), Omphalogramma Franch. (Y, spp. 6),



Primula L. (Y, spp. 127; T, sp. 1), Stimpsonia C. Wright (T, sp. 1). Proteaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 1): Helicia Lour. (Y spp. 12; T, spp. 3), Heliciopsis Sleum. (Y, sp. 1). Rafflesiaceae (Y, gen. 1): Sapria Griff. (Y, sp. 1). Ranunculaceae (Y, gen. 28; T, gen. 10): Aconitum L. (Y, spp. 66; T, sp. 1), Actaea L. (Y, sp. 1), Adonis L. (Y, sp. 1), Anemoclema (Franch.) W. T. Wang (Y, sp. 1), Anemone L. (Y, spp. 25; T, spp. 2), Aquilegia L. (Y, sp. 1), Asteropyrum J. R. Drumm. & Hutch. (Y, spp. 2), Batrachium (DC.) S. F. Gray (Y, spp. 3), Beesia Balf. f. & W. W. Sm. (Y, sp. 1), Calathodes Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Callianthemum C. A. Mey. (Y, sp. 1), Caltha L. (Y, spp. 3), Cimicifuga Wernisch. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Clematis L. (Y, spp. 56; T, spp. 15), Coptis Salisb. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Delphinium L. (Y, spp. 49), Dichocarpum W. T. Wang & P. K. Hsiao (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Halerpestes Greene (Y, sp. 1), Kingdonia Balf. f. & W. W. Sm. (Y, sp. 1), Metanemone W. T. Wang (Y, sp. 1), Naravelia Adans. (Y, sp. 1), Oxygraphis Bunge (Y, spp. 3), Paraquilegia J. R. Drumm. & Hutch. (Y, sp. 1), Pulsatilla Mill. (Y, sp. 1), Ranunculus L. (Y, spp. 35; T, sp. 11), Souliea Franch. (Y, sp. 1), Thalictrum L. (Y, spp. 35; T, spp. 4), Trollius L. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1). Rhamnaceae (Y, gen. 14; T, gen. 6): Alphitonia Reissek (Y, sp. 1), Berchemia Neck. (Y, spp. 13; T, spp. 4), Berchemiella Nakai (Y, sp. 1), Chaydaia Pit. (Y, sp. 1), Colubrina Rich. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Gouania Jacq. (Y, spp. 2), Hovenia Thunb. (Y, sp. 1), Paliurus Mill. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Rhamnella Miq. (Y, spp. 4), Rhamnus L. (Y, spp. 30; T, spp. 7), Sageretia Brongn. (Y, spp. 20; T, spp. 2), Scutia Comm. (Y, sp. 1), Ventilago Gaertn. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 2), Ziziphus Mill. (Y, spp. 10). Rhizophoraceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Carallia Roxb. (Y, spp. 2), Kandelia (DC.) Wight & Arn. (T, sp. 1), Pellacalyx Korth. (Y, sp. 1), Rhizophora L. (T, sp. 1). Rosaceae (Y, gen. 41; T, gen. 23): Agrimonia L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Amygdalus L. (Y, spp. 4), Aria (Pers.) Host (T, sp. 1), Armeniaca Scop. (Y, spp. 2), Aruncus L. (Y, spp. 2), Cerasus Mill. (Y, spp. 20), Chaenomeles Lindl. (Y, spp. 4), Coluria R. Br. (Y, spp. 2), Cotoneaster Medik. (Y, spp. 40; T, spp. 5), Crataegus L. (Y, spp. 7), Cydonia Mill. (Y, sp. 1), Dichotomanthes Kurz (Y, sp. 1), Docynia Decne. (Y, spp. 2), Duchesnea Sm. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Eriobotrya Lindl. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 2), Filipendula Mill. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Fragaria L. (Y, spp. 7; T, sp. 1), Geum L. (Y, spp. 2), Kerria DC. (Y, sp. 1), Laurocerasus Duham. (Y, spp. 9), Malus Mill. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 2), Neillia D. Don (Y, spp. 8), Osteomeles Lindl. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Padus Mill. (Y, spp. 7), Photinia Lindl. (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 2), Potentilla L. (Y, spp. 40; T, spp. 6), Pourthiaea Decne. (T, sp. 1), Prinsepia Royle (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Prunus L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 12), Pygeum Gaertn. (Y, spp. 5), Pyracantha M. Roem. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Pyrus L. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 2), Raphiolepis Lindl. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Rosa L. (Y, spp. 41; T, spp. 8), Rubus L. (Y, spp. 104; T, spp. 34), Sanguisorba L. (Y, spp. 2), Sibbaldia L. (Y, spp. 8; T, sp. 1), Sibiraea Maxim. (Y, sp. 1), Sorbaria (Ser.) A. Braun (Y, sp. 1), Sorbus L. (Y, spp. 48; T, sp. 1), Spenceria Trimen (Y, sp. 1), Spiraea L. (Y, spp. 26; T, spp. 4), Stephanandra Sieb. & Zucc. (T, sp. 1), Stranvaesia Lindl. (Y, spp. 4). Rubiaceae (Y, gen. 68; T, gen. 39): Acranthera Arn. (Y, sp. 1), Adina Salisb. (Y, spp. 2), Aidia Lour. (Y, spp. 5), Argostemma Wall. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Borreria G. Mey. (Y, spp. 3), Brachytome Hook. f. (Y, spp. 3), Caelospermum Blume (Y, sp. 1), Canthium Lam. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Catunaregam Wolf (Y, sp. 1), Cephaelis Sw. (Y, sp. 1), Cephalanthus L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Chassalia Comm. (Y,

sp. 1), Clarkella Hook. f. (Y, sp. 1), Coptosapelta Korth. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Damnacanthus Gaertn. f. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 2), Dentella J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Diodia L. (T, sp. 1), Diplospora DC. (Y, spp. 3), Duperrea Pierre ex Pit. (Y, sp. 1), Emmenopterys Oliv. (Y, sp. 1), Fagerlindia Tirveng. (Y, sp. 1), Galium L. (Y, spp. 17; T, spp. 10), Gardenia J. Ellis (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Geophila D. Don (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Guettarda L. (T, sp. 1), Hayataella Masam. (T, sp. 1), Hedyotis L. (Y, spp. 21; T, spp. 9), Himalrandia T. Yamaz. (Y, sp. 1), Hymenodictyon Wall. (Y, spp. 2), Hyptianthera Wight & Arn. (Y, sp. 1), Ixora L. (Y, spp. 16; T, sp. 1), Kelloggia Torr. (Y, sp. 1), Knoxia L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Lasianthus Jack (Y, spp. 21; T, sp. 14), Leptodermis Wall. (Y, spp. 16), Leptomischus Drake (Y, spp. 4), Lerchea L. (Y, spp. 2), Litosanthes Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Luculia Sweet (Y, spp. 3), Metadina Bakh. f. (Y, sp. 1), Mitchella L. (T, sp. 1), Mitragyna Korth. (Y, sp. 1), Morinda L. (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 3), Mussaenda L. (Y, spp. 21; T, spp. 2), Mycetia Reinw. (Y, spp. 11), Myrioneuron R. Br. (Y, spp. 4), Nauclea L. (Y, sp. 1), Neanotis W. H. Lewis (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Neohymenopogon Bennet (Y, spp. 2), Neolamarckia J. Bosser (Y, sp. 1), Neonauclea Merr. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Nertera Banks (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Ophiorrhiza L. (Y, spp. 42; T, spp. 4), Oxyceros Lour. (Y, spp. 3), Paederia L. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 2), Pavetta L. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Porterandia Ridl. (Y, sp. 1), Prismatomeris Thwaites. (Y, sp. 1), Psychotria L. (Y, spp. 13; T, spp. 4), Randia L. (T, spp. 5), Richardia L. (T, spp. 2), Rubia L. (Y, spp. 19; T, spp. 3), Saprosma Blume (Y, spp. 3), Schizomussaenda H. L. Li (Y, sp. 1), Serissa Comm. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Sinoadina Ridsdale (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Spermacoce L. (T, spp. 5), Spiradiclis Blume (Y, spp. 6), Tarenna Gaertn. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 3), Tarennoidea Tirveng. & Sastre (Y, sp. 1), Theligonum L. (T, sp. 1), Timonius DC. (T, sp. 1), Trailliaedoxa W. W. Sm. & Forrest (Y, sp. 1), Tricalysia A. Rich. (T, sp. 1), Uncaria Schreb. (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 2), Urophyllum Wall. (Y, spp. 3), Wendlandia Bartl. (Y, spp. 22; T, spp. 3), Xanthophytum Reinw. (Y, sp. 1). Ruppiaceae (T, gen. 1): Ruppia L. (T, sp. 1). Rutaceae (Y, gen. 20; T, gen. 13): Acronychia J. R. Forst & G. ˆ (Y, sp. 1), Atalantia Forst. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Aegle Correa ˆ (Y, spp. 6), Boenninghausenia Rchb. (Y, spp. 2; T, Correa sp. 1), Citrus L. (Y, spp. 13; T, spp. 4), Clausena Burm. f. (Y, spp. 11; T, spp. 2), Euodia J. R. (Y, spp. 11), Evodia Lam. (Y, sp. 1), Fortunella Swingle (Y, spp. 3), Glycosmis ˆ (Y, spp. 8; T, sp. 1), Luvunga Buch.-Ham. (Y, spp. Correa 2), Melicope J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (T, spp. 3), Micromelum Blume (Y, spp. 3), Murraya J. Ko¨nig (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 3), Orixa Thunb. (Y, sp. 1), Paramignya Wight (Y, spp. 2), Phellodendron Rupr. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Poncirus Raf. (Y, spp. 2), Severinia Ten. (T, sp. 1), Skimmia Thunb. (Y, sp. 1; T, spp. 2), Tetradium Lour. (T, spp. 2), Toddalia Juss. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Zanthoxylum L. (Y, spp. 28; T, spp. 9). Sabiaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Meliosma Blume (Y, spp. 22; T, spp. 4), Sabia Colebr. (Y, spp. 13; T, spp. 2). Salicaceae (Y, gen. 4; T, gen. 3): Casearia Jacq. (Y, spp. 7; T, sp. 1), Homalium Jacq. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Populus L. (Y, spp. 16), Salix L. (Y, spp. 87; T, spp. 5). Santalaceae (Y, gen. 6; T, gen. 1): Dendrotrophe Miq. (Y, spp. 7), Osyris L. (Y, sp. 1), Phacellaria Benth. (Y, spp. 5), Pyrularia Michx. (Y, sp. 1), Scleropyrum Arn. (Y, sp. 1), Thesium L. (Y, spp. 9; T, sp. 1). Sapindaceae (Y, gen. 20; T, gen. 9): Acer L. (Y, spp. 51; T, spp. 4), Allophylus L. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Amesiodendron Hu (Y, sp. 1), Arytera Blume (Y, sp. 1), Cardiospermum L.

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(Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Delavaya Franch. (Y, sp. 1), Dimocarpus Lour. (Y, spp. 3), Dipteronia Oliv. (Y, sp. 1), Dodonaea Mill. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Eurycorymbus Hand.Mazz. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Harpullia Roxb. (Y, sp. 1), Koelreuteria Laxm. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Lepisanthes Blume (Y, spp. 3), Litchi Sonn. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Mischocarpus Blume (Y, spp. 2), Nephelium L. (Y, sp. 1), Pavieasia Pierre (Y, sp. 1), Pometia J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Sapindus L. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Xerospermum Blume (Y, sp. 1). Sapotaceae (Y, gen. 7; T, gen. 2): Eberhardtia Lecomte (Y, spp. 2), Madhuca J. F. Gmel. (Y, sp. 1), Palaquium Blanco (T, sp. 1), Planchonella Pierre (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Pouteria Aubl. (Y, sp. 1), Sarcosperma Hook. f. (Y, spp. 3), Sinosideroxylon (Engl.) Aubr. (Y, sp. 1), Xantolis Raf. (Y, spp. 3). Sargentodoxaceae (Y, gen. 1): Sargentodoxa Rehder & E. H. Wilson (Y, sp. 1). Saururaceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 2): Gymnotheca Decne. (Y, sp. 1), Houttuynia Thunb. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Saururus L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Saxifragaceae (Y, gen. 9; T, gen. 7): Astilbe Buch.-Ham. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2), Bergenia Moench (Y, spp. 2), Cardiandra Sieb. & Zucc. (T, sp. 1), Chrysosplenium L. (Y, spp. 11; T, spp. 2), Mitella L. (T, sp. 1), Parnassia L. (Y, spp. 20; T, sp. 1), Penthorum L. (Y, sp. 1), Rodgersia A. Gray (Y, spp. 3), Saniculiphyllum C. Y. Wu & Ku (Y, sp. 1), Saxifraga L. (Y, spp. 103; T, sp. 1), Tiarella L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Schisandraceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 3): Illicium L. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 3), Kadsura Juss. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 2), Schisandra Michx. (Y, spp. 11; T, sp. 1). Schoepfiaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Schoepfia Schreb. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1). Scrophulariaceae (Y, gen. 29; T, gen. 12): Adenosma R. Br. (Y, spp. 3), Alectra Thunb. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Brandisia Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, spp. 6), Buchnera L. (Y, sp. 1), Centranthera R. Br. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Cyrtandromoea Zoll. (Y, spp. 2), Deinostema T. Yamaz. (T, spp. 2), Dopatrium Buch.-Ham. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Ellisiophyllum Maxim. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Gratiola L. (Y, spp. 2), Hemiphragma Wall. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Lancea Hook. f. & Thomson (Y, spp. 2), Legazpia Blanco (T, sp. 1), Limosella L. (Y, sp. 1), Lindenbergia Lehm. (Y, spp. 4), Microcarpaea R. Br. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Mimulicalyx P. C. Tsoong (Y, spp. 2), Mimulus L. (Y, spp. 3), Myoporum Banks & Sol. (T, sp. 1), Neopicrorhiza D. Y. Hong (Y, sp. 1), Petitmenginia Bonati (Y, sp. 1), Phtheirospermum Bunge (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Picria Lour. (Y, sp. 1), Pseudolysimachion (W. D. J. Koch) Opiz (Y, sp. 1), Pterygiella Oliv. (Y, spp. 4), Rehmannia Libosch. (Y, sp. 1), Scrophularia L. (Y, spp. 11; T, sp. 1), Siphonostegia Benth (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Sopubia Buch.-Ham. (Y, sp. 1), Verbascum L. (Y, spp. 2), Wightia Wall. (Y, spp. 2), Xizangia D. Y. Hong (Y, sp. 1). Simaroubaceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 3): Ailanthus Desf. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 2), Brucea J. F. Mill. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Picrasma Blume (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1). Sladeniaceae (Y, gen. 1): Sladenia Kurz (Y, sp. 1). Smilacaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Heterosmilax Kunth (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 3), Smilax L. (Y, spp. 47; T, spp. 18). Solanaceae (Y, gen. 11; T, gen. 5): Anisodus Link (Y, spp. 4), Atropanthe Pascher (Y, sp. 1), Hyoscyamus L. (Y, sp. 1), Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassl. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 2), Lycium L. (Y, spp. 2), Mandragora L. (Y, sp. 1), Physaliastrum Makino (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Physalis L. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 2), Scopolia Jacq. (Y, sp. 1), Solanum L. (Y, spp. 29; T, spp. 19), Tubocapsicum (Wettst.) Makino (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1).

Sonneratiaceae (Y, gen. 1): Duabanga Buch.-Ham. (Y, sp. 1). Sphenocleaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Sphenoclea Gaertn. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Stachyuraceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Stachyurus Sieb. & Zucc. (Y, spp. 8; T, sp. 1). Staphyleaceae (Y, gen. 4; T, gen. 2): Euscaphis Sieb. & Zucc. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Staphylea L. (Y, spp. 2), Tapiscia Oliv. (Y, sp. 1), Turpinia Vent. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 3). Stemonaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Stemona Lour. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1). Sterculiaceae (Y, gen. 16; T, gen. 9): Ambroma L. f. (Y, sp. 1), Byttneria Loefl. (Y, spp. 3), Commersonia J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, sp. 1), Craigia W. W. Sm. & W. E. Evans (Y, sp. 1), Eriolaena DC. (Y, spp. 5), Firmiana Marsili (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Helicteres L. (Y, spp. 8; T, sp. 1), Heritiera Aiton (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Kleinhovia L. (T, sp. 1), Melhania Forssk. (Y, sp. 1), Melochia L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Paradombeya Stapf (Y, sp. 1), Pentapetes L. (Y, sp. 1), Pterospermum Schreb. (Y, spp. 7; T, sp. 1), Reevesia Lindl. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Sterculia L. (Y, spp. 18; T, sp. 1), Waltheria L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Stylidiaceae (Y, gen. 1): Stylidium Sw. (Y, sp. 1). Styracaceae (Y, gen. 8; T, gen. 2): Alniphyllum Matsum. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Bruinsmia Boerl. & Koord. (Y, sp. 1), Huodendron Rehd. (Y, spp. 3), Melliodendron Hand.-Mazz. (Y, sp. 1), Parastyrax W. W. Sm. (Y, spp. 2), Pterostyrax Siebold & Zucc. (Y, spp. 2), Rehderodendron Hu (Y, spp. 7), Styrax L. (Y, spp. 18; T, spp. 3). Symplocaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Symplocos Jacq. (Y, spp. 41; T, spp. 26). Taccaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Tacca J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp 1). Tamaricaceae (Y, gen. 2): Myricaria Desv. (Y, spp. 3), Tamarix L. (Y, sp. 1). Taxaceae (Y, gen. 3; T, gen. 2): Amentotaxus Pilg. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Taxus L. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Torreya Arn. (Y, spp. 2). Taxodiaceae (Y, gen. 5; T, gen. 2): Cryptomeria D. Don (Y, sp. 1), Cunninghamia R. Br. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Glyptostrobus Endl. (Y, sp. 1), Metasequoia Hu & W. C. Cheng (Y, sp. 1), Taiwania Hayata (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Tetracentraceae (Y, gen. 1): Tetracentron Oliv. (Y, sp. 1). Tetramelaceae (Y, gen. 1): Tetrameles R. Br. (Y, sp. 1). Theaceae (Y, gen. 9; T, gen. 9): Adinandra Jack (Y, spp. 9; T, spp. 2), Anneslea Wall. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Camellia L. (Y, spp. 39; T, spp. 12), Cleyera Thunb. (T, sp. 1), Eurya Thunb. (Y, spp. 43; T, sp. 12), Gordonia J. Ellis (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Pyrenaria Blume (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1), Schima Reinw. (Y, spp. 8; T, sp. 1), Stewartia L. (Y, spp. 4), Ternstroemia Mut. (Y, spp. 6; T, sp. 1). Thymelaeaceae (Y, gen. 7; T, gen. 3): Aquilaria Lam. (Y, sp. 1), Daphne L. (Y, spp. 18; T, spp. 3), Edgeworthia Meisn. (Y, spp. 3), Eriosolena Blume (Y, sp. 1), Rhamnoneuron Gilg (Y, sp. 1), Stellera L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Wikstroemia Endl. (Y, spp. 14; T, spp. 5). Tiliaceae (Y, gen. 7; T, gen. 4): Berrya Roxb. (T, sp. 1), Burretiodendron Rehd. (Y, spp. 3), Colona Cav. (Y, spp. 2), Corchorus L. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 3), Grewia L. (Y, spp. 15; T, spp. 4), Microcos L. (Y, spp. 2), Tilia L. (Y, spp. 8), Triumfetta L. (Y, spp. 4; T, spp. 4). Toricelliaceae (Y, gen. 1): Torricellia DC. (Y, sp. 1). Trilliaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Paris L. (Y, spp. 11; T, sp. 1), Trillium L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Triuridaceae (T, gen. 1): Sciaphila Blume (T, spp. 2). Trochodendraceae (T, gen. 1): Trochodendron Sieb. & Zucc. (T, sp. 1).



Typhaceae (Y, gen. 2; T, gen. 2): Sparganium L. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Typha L. (Y, spp. 3; T, spp. 2). Ulmaceae (Y, gen. 6; T, gen. 5): Aphananthe Planch. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Celtis L. (Y, spp. 11; T, spp. 5), Gironniera Gaudich. (Y, sp. 1), Trema Lour. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 3), Ulmus L. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 2), Zelkova Spach (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1). Umbelliferae (Y, gen. 50; T, gen. 17): Acronema Falc. (Y, spp. 10), Anethum L. (Y, sp. 1), Angelica L. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 4), Anthriscus (Pers.) Hoffm. (Y, spp. 2), Arcuatopterus Shan & Sheh (Y, spp. 3), Bupleurum L. (Y, spp. 12; T, sp. 1), Carum L. (Y, sp. 1), Centella L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Chaerophyllopsis de Boissiess (Y, sp. 1), Chaerophyllum L. (Y, sp. 1), Chamaesium H. Wolff (Y, spp. 6), Cicuta L. (Y, sp. 1), Cnidium Cuss. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Conioselinum Hoffm. (T, sp. 1), Coriandrum L. (Y, sp. 1), Cortia DC. (Y, sp. 1), Cryptotaenia DC. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Cyclorhiza M. L. Sheh & R. H. Shan (Y, spp. 2), Daucus L. (Y, sp. 1), Dickinsia Franch. (Y, sp. 1), Eryngium L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Ferula L. (Y, spp. 2), Foeniculum Mill. (Y, sp. 1), Glehnia F. Schmidt (T, sp. 1), Haplosphaera Hand.-Mazz. (Y, sp. 1), Harrysmithia H. Wolff (Y, sp. 1), Heracleum L. (Y, spp. 19), Hydrocotyle L. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 7), Ligusticum L. (Y, spp. 27), Meeboldia H. Wolff (Y, sp. 1), Melanosciadium H. Boissieu (Y, sp. 1), Nothosmyrnium Miq. (Y, sp. 1), Notopterygium H. Boissieu (Y, spp. 2), Oenanthe L. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 2), Oreomyrrhis Endl. (T, spp. 3), Osmorhiza Raf. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Ostericum Hoffm. (Y, sp. 1), Peucedanum L. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 2), Physospermopsis H. Wolff (Y, spp. 6), Pimpinella L. (Y, spp. 28; T, spp. 2), Pleurospermum Hoffm. (Y, spp. 19), Pternopetalum Franch. (Y, spp. 17), Sanicula L. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 2), Selinum L. (Y, spp. 2), Seseli L. (Y, spp. 3), Sinocarum H. Wolff (Y, spp. 7), Sinolimprichtia H. Wolff (Y, sp. 1), Sium L. (T, sp. 1), Tetrataenium (DC.) Manden. (Y, spp. 2), Tongoloa H. Wolff (Y, spp. 7), Torilis Adans. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2), Trachydium Lindl. (Y, spp. 7), Trachyspermum Link (Y, spp. 2), Vicatia DC. (Y, spp. 3). Urticaceae (Y, gen. 19; T, gen. 21): Boehmeria Jacq. (Y, spp. 17; T, spp. 8), Chamabainia Wight (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Cypholophus Wedd. (T, sp. 1), Debregeasia Gaudich. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Dendrocnide Miq. (T, spp. 2), Droguetia Gaudich. (Y, sp. 1), Elatostema J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Y,

spp. 71; T, spp. 14), Girardinia Gaudich. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Gonostegia Turcz. (T, spp. 3), Laportea Gaudich. (Y, spp. 5; T, spp. 2), Lecanthus Wedd. (Y, spp. 3; T, sp. 1), Leucosyke Zoll. & Moritsi (T, sp. 1), Maoutia Wedd. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Memorialis (Benn.) Buch.-Ham. (Y, sp. 1), Nanocnide Blume (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Oreocnide Miq. (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 2), Pellionia Gaudich. (Y, spp. 14; T, spp. 2), Pilea Lindl. (Y, spp. 43; T, spp. 13), Pipturus Wedd. (T, sp. 1), Poikilospermum Zipp. (Y, spp. 2; T, sp. 1), Pouzolzia Gaudich. (Y, spp. 6; T, spp. 2), Procris Comm. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Sarcochlamys Gaudich. (Y, sp. 1), Urtica L. (Y, spp. 8; T, spp. 2). Verbenaceae (Y, gen. 5; T, gen. 2): Duranta L. (Y, sp. 1), Lantana L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Phyla Lour. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1), Stachytarpheta Vahl (Y, sp. 1), Tsoongia Merr. (Y, sp. 1). Violaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 2): Hybanthus Jacq. (T, sp. 1), Viola L. (Y, spp. 58; T, spp. 13). Vitaceae (Y, gen. 9; T, gen. 7): Ampelocissus Planch. (Y, spp. 3), Ampelopsis Michx. (Y, spp. 10; T, sp. 1), Cayratia Juss. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 2), Cissus L. (Y, spp. 14; T, spp. 5), Leea D. Royen (Y, spp. 7; T, spp. 2), Parthenocissus Planch. (Y, spp. 4; T, sp. 1), Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch. (Y, spp. 32; T, spp. 4), Vitis L. (Y, spp. 12; T, spp. 4), Yua C. L. Li (Y, spp. 2). Xyridaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Xyris L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Zannichelliaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 2): Halodule Endl. (T, spp. 2), Zannichellia L. (Y, sp. 1; T, sp. 1). Zingiberaceae (Y, gen. 18; T, gen. 5): Alpinia Roxb. (Y, spp. 25; T, spp. 12), Amomum Roxb. (Y, spp. 26), Boesenbergia Kuntze (Y, spp. 3), Caulokaempferia Larsen (Y, sp. 1), Cautleya Hook. f. (Y, spp. 2), Costus L. (Y, spp. 5; T, sp. 1), Curcuma L. (Y, spp. 11), Etlingera Giseke (Y, spp. 2), Globba L. (Y, spp. 3), Hedychium J. Koenig (Y, spp. 16; T, sp. 1), Kaempferia L. (Y, spp. 3), Paramomum S. Q. Tong (Y, sp. 1), Pommereschea Wittm. (Y, spp. 2), Rhynchanthus Hook. f. (Y, sp. 1), Roscoea Sm. (Y, spp. 10), Siliquamomum Baill. (Y, sp. 1), Stahlianthus Kuntze (Y, spp. 2), Vanoverberghia Merr. (T, sp. 1), Zingiber Mill. (Y, spp. 25; T, spp. 4). Zosteraceae (T, gen. 1): Zostera L. (T, sp. 1). Zygophyllaceae (Y, gen. 1; T, gen. 1): Tribulus L. (Y, spp. 2; T, spp. 2).