A chance discovery offers better health, anthropocentric AI and safe nuclear energy Michael T. Deans* *4 Cavendish House, Cavendish Road, Chiswick, London, W4 3TD, UK, Email:
[email protected]
Keywords: Proton-ordered-H-bonds, Transport-DNAs, minions, resonance. Abstract A silica helium thermometer immersed in liquid nitrogen gave surprizing readings. Had ice crystallizing on its surface undergone a phase transition accommodating water molecules’ irregular tetrahedral shape? Reports of a transition in ice XIc at 72K corroborated my proposal. Forming on Earth’s poles during a primordial ice age, it released latent energy as ~ 4 infrared laser light. Polarized by multiple reflection, it selectively photo-phosphorylating deoxynucleotides on tropical water surfaces, creating a chiral DNA ‘noodle soup’. Transfer RNA analogues, ‘transport DNAs’ forming H-bond-lined pores through ‘coacervate’ membranes were the first bioactive molecules. A laser light driven mechanism concentrating substrates enabled chemical reactions. A replicate tDNA signalled life’s origin, barrels of -helices complement ~2,000 tDNAs of 64 types governing metabolism, protein synthesis and enzyme catalysis evolved later. Deficient trace-elements tDNAs deploy as carriers explain metabolic disorders. Anti-parallel β-pleated-sheet oligo-peptides bind 9-basepair DNA units, forming a minion, packing chromosomes better than nucleosome core particles. Replicating without errors, they maintain sequence integrity. Lateral proton-ordered H-bonds contribute emergent functions as biological clocks, ‘chips in the brain’ and nuclear fusion reactors. Minion logic restores the simplicity of science prevailing before 18871. AI modelled on them would satisfy Turing’s criteria2. Harnessing their nuclear fusion could address global warming.
1
Introduction Novel precepts arouse scepticism,
on the immersed silica helium thermometer bulb. All original records were destroyed,
challenge deeply held beliefs and need public
pursuing archives, colleagues or mentors could
acceptance. My account of life’s origins may
cause offence. Ice XIc3 reputedly crystallizes
reconcile religious zealots. Proposals arising
extremely slowly.
offer health benefits, AI improving matchmaking, diplomacy and scientific consensus and non-polluting nuclear energy. They challenge established dogma, scientists could confirm their validity and governments encourage their adoption. I acknowledge predecessors’ contributions, I’ve seen further from their shoulders.
Repeating original observation Figure 1 shows apparatus intended to confirm the Clausius-Clapeyron relation for
Figure 1. Basis for original proposal
nitrogen. It yielded unexpected results when the
Origin of life
instructions were disobeyed. A copper wire conducting heat kept a thermos flask full of liquid nitrogen boiling. A mercury manometer measured temperature, another pressure as a vacuum pump extracted the gas. Water used to
Ice XIc crystallized in pools of liquid nitrogen on Earth’s poles4 during a primordial ice age. Temperature fluctuations drove its ferroelectric phase transition at 72K, accommodating the irregular tetrahedral shape
seal the rubber bung leaked in, recrystallising
2
of water molecules. It released latent energy as
Polarized laser light shone on Darwin’s warm
~4 infrared laser light, ice-light, Figure 2.
tropical waters8, the phosphodiester bonds of
Although Linus Pauling suggested ice
deoxyribonucleic acids9 known to have been
Ih retains entropy at 0K5, its unsurprising that
present selectively absorbed it, polymerizing to
one of the 16 known ice6 forms is orderly. Ice-
form a DNA noodle soup. Life’s order derives
light was reflected by cloud and surface ice like
from that of ice XIc.
Marconi’s trans-Atlantic radio signals7.
Figure 2. Origin of DNA
Figure 3. X-ray diffraction image of tRNA showing hole10 and ratchet pump mechanism: membrane potential polarizes H-bond lining the pore, absorbed ice-light depolarizes them and residual electric field transports charged carrier-substrate complexes.
3
Transport DNA
disorders. Table 1 shows those essential, toxic and not involved in life.
Transport DNAs sharing analogous tRNA’s proton-ordered H-bond hole were the first bioactive molecules. Embedded in Oparin’s lightning polarized coacervate membranes11, ice-light depolarized them and the residual electric field imported carriersubstrate complexes, Figure 3. Differentiation DNAs, dDNAs bind tDNAs, analogous to mRNAs binding tRNAs, control metabolism via cell diet. Predating
Concentration is prerequisite for promoting chemical reactions, most accounts of early life13 overlook the primordial soup’s dilution. Locally, evaporation concentrates chemicals, although the sea-floor vents are rich in metabolites, their isolation and temporary existence make life evolving there unlikely. Polar ice XIc radiating for millions of years accumulated14 DNA (stable in the aseptic conditions), eventually tDNAs emerged.
protein synthesis and enzyme catalysis, they established life’s atomic alphabet, molecular vocabulary and metabolic grammar. The trace elements they incorporate to carriers are often deficient in modern diets, supplements prevent
Barrels of -helices16 complementing tDNAs serve different roles. ATP’s Pi ~ Pi bond energy, released by adenyl cyclase replaces icelight. The conjugated ⎯C== bonds in vitamin A isomer retinal and vitamin E-derivative D-
or treat most common mental and physical tocotrienol transfer energy for carrier synthesis as solitons15, Figure 4.
4
Table 1. Periodic table showing essential, unused and toxic elements
Figure 4. A Retinal and B Dα-tocotrienol conduct solitons
Figure 5. A B-helical DNA B Uncoiled C Anti-parallel β-pleated sheet D 21-unit coil E NCP F Minions replicate G Stacked minions fit chromosome
5
Minions Before protein synthesis evolved, anti-
uncoiling or recoiling and pack chromosomes better than NCP’s. Figure 5. Figure 6 shows amino acids A, L, I & V
parallel β-pleated sheet protein hairpins18 with alternate neutral/basic A | L | I | V / K | R residues, P forming a 17° bend between units bound uncoiled 9-base-pair DNA units retaining B-helical spacing and overlap17 to form 21-unit coils (degrading to nucleosome core particles19, NCPs on extraction). Nine coils complete a minion. Gramicidin S12 has phenylalanine groups analogous to base-pairs.
matching bases C, G, A & T, mnemonic A LIVe CiGAreTte. They maintain sequence integrity. H-bonds between bases, across β-sheets and joining ω-amines to phosphates inter-connect minion components. The latter enable minions’ emergent properties as chips in the brain, biological clocks and molecular-scale nuclear fusion reactors.
Minions replicate 1,701 base-pairs without
Figure 6. A A, L, I & V match C, G, A & T B Three H-bond sets C Bonds adjacent to tunnels, T oscillate
6
The chip in the brain One opposed H-bond per coil maintains electrical neutrality. Their settings store 18-
differentiated areas on which the neural network model21 is based enables wider, faster searches. Table 2 lists associated qualities. The
letter words using a 64-character alphabet. Resonance between minions storing similar words enables memory recall. Axons and dendrites serve as wave-guides20 and synaptic junctions as gates. Holistic memory storage throughout the brain, irrespective of the
1.8 million minions in any human cell nucleus could remember the Bible, Koran and Shakespeare’s works. Minions span 103 octaves, those in our sense organs classify inputs to 18 categories.
7
#
QUALITY
PERIOD
COLOUR
MASS
DISCIPLINE
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9
unity justice stability progress love peace beauty truth goodness goodness truth beauty peace love progress stability justice unity
8.7 f sec 5.5 p sec 350 p sec 22 n sec 1.4 μ sec 87 μ sec 5.5 m sec 350 m sec 22 secs 23 mins 1 day* 9 weeks 11 y* 685 y 43 k y 2.7 M y 170 M y 11 B y*
red silver blue violet bronze yellow pied gold green green gold pied yellow bronze violet blue silver red
me / 7 mp / 7 2 x base pairs 8.3 n gram 0.033 p gram 130 p gram 0.51 μ gram 2 m gram 8.1 gram 32 k gram 130 ton 0.5 M ton 2000 M ton 8 G ton 31 P ton 1.8 Moons 84 Earths Sun
quantum mechanics physics chemistry computer processing biochemistry genetics biology engineering psychology psychiatry head hunting sociology politics history archaeology palaeontology astronomy cosmology
Table 2. Qualities associated with minion coils, ± correspond to introvert and extravert personalities, *signifies approximation, colours feature in metaphors, masses are in ratio 632, me and mp are electron and proton masses. f, p, n, μ, m, k, M, G and P represent 10-15, 10-12, 10-9, 10-6, 10-3, 103, 106, 109 and 1015.
8
minion coiled abacuses make. Named after
Biological clocks The oscillating H-bonds constitute an
frame thy perfect symmetry?28 it describes the
eighteen-handed clock, light travels thrice
apparent path of a light beam. Locally
round the fastest coil in time, τ:
Newton’s straight line29, it returns to source via
τ = 3 * 189 * 7.37 * 10-10 * 3 * 108
a boomerang-like trajectory, rendering plane
≈ 1.39 * 10-15 seconds
surfaces spherical30. Forming nuclei of nested
where 3 reflects Dekatrons™ logic used in Geiger counters22, there are 189 base pairs per coil, 7.37 Å is β-sheet spacing and 3 *108 the velocity of light. 63Nτ yields coil periods, those of coils 11, 13 and 18 approximate day length,
plane combinations predicts allotropes and atomic properties better than electron orbitals31. Protons accelerated along minion tunnels have sufficient energy to fuse with obstructive nuclei:
Sun spot cycle period and the age of the 23
Blake’s poem: What immortal hand or eye dare
½ pm (c/189)2 ≈ 13,000 eV
18
universe . Times outside the range τ to 63 τ and mathematical 0 and ∞ are beyond the limits of perception. Reinterpreting Einstein’s relativity24, Heisenberg’s uncertainty25 and Lemaître’s bigbang cosmology26 might justify astrology27 and
where pm = proton mass. Water adhering to Pd crystals affording similar tunnels accounts for Fleischmann and Pons’ report32. They’re molecular-scale fusion reactors performing the carbon-nitrogen cycle33. 12
C → 13C → 14N → 15N → 4He + 12C
redirect research resources from particle accelerators, telescopes and rocketry to humanitarian projects.
Nuclear fusion The Tyger relativity equation in Figure
Nuclei recoil releasing γ-rays, they’re diffracted at source and the Tyger equation predicts their return. Their ½-lives and energies correlate with those of pulsars34, suggesting Earth life makes the Sun shine.
7 compensates for 1 in 639 wrap-around errors
9
Figure 6. A Nine plane combinations, B Carbon-nitrogen fusion cycle, C Tyger equation uses polar coordinates, Θ and Φ, β = 63-9and e is the base of natural logs, D Water film on Pd crystal # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SYSTEM TISSUE CARRIER SUBSTRATE ++ ++ motility muscle Ca | Mg SO3= + + sensitivity nerve Na | K catecholamines ++ excretion kidney Mn salt + respiration lung I O2.H2O metabolism liver Cu++ amino-acids = ≡ rigidity bone SiF6 |AlF6 apatite ++ assimilation gut Zn β-Dglucose reproduction gonads Ag+ & arginine pyrophosphate water-pumping heart Mn++ & SeO3= water Table 3. Nine independent biological pathways
Trace element metabolism
PATHOLOGY spasticity depression kidney failure bipolar growth defects Alzheimer’s diabetes cancer heart disease
Motility SO3= exchanging Ca++/Mg++ provides
Minions govern nine mutually independent biochemical pathways involving tDNAs,
Mg, cofactor for release of ~4 infrared by
endocrine glands, carriers and substrates,
kinase enzymes. Sarcomeres contract to form
replacing complex commercial charts35. Trace
~½λ resonant cavities, converting chemical to
element supplements can prevent the
mechanical energy more efficiently than
pathologies listed in Table 3.
Huxley’s model36, Figure 7. Exchanging
10
creatine for phospho-creatinine replenishes ATP for sustained contraction37.
Figure 7. A SO3=.Mg++ complex B Sarcomeres are ~½λ long Morphine substitution creates larger rings, blocking tDNAs and preventing pain transmission. Pain sensitivity increases when more pumps are enrolled to compensate, explaining drug addiction39. Substituting LDopa for dopamine prevents Parkinson’s disease40.
Sensitivity Figure 8 shows Na+ ions resembling H2O molecules forming large hydrates, possibly
Figure 8. A Na hydrate, B Adrenaline C Noradrenaline D Dopamine E Morphine F Codeine
Na+.28H2O. Catecholamines form 4-/6-member
voltage environment. They mediate pain
rings around Na+/K+, stabilised by tDNAs’ high-
transmission, exchanging 3Na+/2K+ at
11
synapses, increasing cell sap viscosity and
Respiration
slowing metabolism. K+ ions bind less water, their substitution reduces viscosity, speeding reactions: the fight or flight response38. Morphine substitution creates larger rings, blocking tDNAs and preventing pain transmission. Pain sensitivity increases when more pumps are enrolled to compensate, explaining drug addiction39. Substituting LDopa for dopamine prevents Parkinson’s disease40.
Excretion Hormones: aldosterone, angiotensin and rennin41, aspirin and histamine control salt
Figure 9 A I+.[O2.H2O]2 complex
excretion in urine, sweat and tears complexed
B Proton releases iodonium
with manganese chlorides: MnCl3-, MnCl4= and
C Nitrogen fixation D Oxygen release
MnCl64-. Carbonic anhydrase catalyses the
E Nitric oxide activation F Cyanide toxicity
chloride shift42, exchanging bicarbonate for Figure 9 shows thyroid hormone
chloride and CO2 excretion controls pH: CO2 + H2O ↔ HCO3- + H+
thyroxine, T4 distributing iodine, at target
Breathing exchanges CO2 for O2 distributed
tissues, a proton releases purple metallic iodine,
bound to erythrocyte haemoglobin43.
iodonium, I+, carrier for O2.H2O. Littoral seaweeds44 countering tidal O2 fluctuations have purple/yellow colours reflecting those of I+/I-.
12
The nicotinamide component of tDNA-
hormones cause Cu distribution by anterior
bound NAD[P][H]45 adds protons to N2, O2 and
pituitary growth hormones, stimulating
NO, fixing N2 more efficiently than the Haber
endocrine hormone release which promotes
process46, oxygenating the atmosphere47 and
protein synthesis ─ amplifying a single
controlling vasodilation. HCN and CO blocking
molecular signal ~1014 times and affecting
this tDNA, explains their toxicity.
every cell in the body51.
Mutant tDNAs disrupt nerve cell
Liver hormones balance amino-acids
oxygenation, accounting for bipolar disorder48;
supplied to the brain, maintaining sanity.
excess and deficient O2 cause mania and
Failure yields gigantism, dwarfism and
depression respectively. As Winston Churchill
acromegaly52. dDNAs controlling substrate
did, those inheriting manic depression
availability are inherited in parallel with nuclear
make valuable contributions to society by
DNA. They control tissue differentiation. At
reviewing insights gained while high when low.
cell division, tDNAs feeding from gastrula and
Substituting Li+, diagonally related to I+ in the
blastula are nutrient-starved and overheat. They
periodic table, regulates O2 supply but can
exchange guanyl- for adenyl-cyclase and
cause kidney failure.
tDNA-encoded sequences synthesize hook
Growth
protein. They pair binding daughter cells
The Biuret test49 illustrates copper’s affinity for peptide bonds. tDNAs and tRNAs pass amino-acid Cu++ complexes through cell and endoplasmic reticulum membranes50, selected tRNAs remain attached to mRNAs, simplifying understanding of protein synthesis. A hormone cascade controls it: hypothalamic
together, explaining tissue morphology, Figure 10. Stem cells lack hooks, gametes and immune cells have one, filamentous algae two, sponges three, simple worms four. Five suffice to form all tissue morphologies, one-hook leukocytes neutralize any 6th hook arising, preventing tumour and cancer growth. Respecting this
13
natural process could enable better cancer management.
Figure 10 A Liver equilibrates amino acids B Nine amino-acid groups C Hook proteins determine tissue morphology
Figure 11. Retinal delivers energy from vitamin D3 as solitons, synthesising silicon hexafluoride, carrier for apatite
14
Conducted via olfactory nerves to the brain, its
Rigidity Continuous parathyroid hormone -
release prevents toxic F accumulation in the gland. Vitamin D3 stores ~265nm UV sunlight matching Si ~ F bond energy53 driving SiF6= synthesis via the pH-sensitive reaction, Figure
breakdown yields alumino-silicate plaques and F-. Fluoride inhibits Krebs cycle, kills cells and disrupts protein folding, creating β-amyloid and -protein tangles explaining Alzheimer’s Disease56. Failure of liming soils to prevent leaf-
11: -
+
=
SiO2 + 6F + 4H + UV-light → SiF6 + 2H2O SiF6= carries apatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 or fluorapatite Ca10(PO4)6F2, maintaining bones and teeth. A parallel process forms the SiO2 hard parts of plants. Acidity due to kidney failure or at menopause cause osteoporosis54, 55
acid rain causes leaf-fall . SOx/NOx pollution enables inappropriate SiF6= synthesis in the nasal fossa.
fall57 discouraged diesel regulation. Mutant tRNAs substituting amino acids create similar tangles in Prion diseases58, embedded tRNAs render them infectious. Fluorinated anaesthetics promote renal AlF6≡ excretion and simultaneous F- clearance from the brain, bringing temporary symptomatic relief59. Controlling acid air pollution or a pharmaceutical delivering F- to the brain might manage dementia.
15
Figure 11. Retinal delivers energy from vitamin D3 as solitons, synthesising silicon hexafluoride, carrier for apatite
Assimilation
Figure 12. A Glucose B β-Dglucose.Zn++ complex C Vitamin C D Di-keto-Lgulonate. Zn++ complex Figure 12 shows Zn++ binding to the triangle of sweetness60 insulin, glucagon,
disabling glucose transport and recycling it maintain blood sugar concentrations. Linus Pauling advocated62 vitamin C, its
glucose and other carbohydrate metabolism components exhibit. Pavlov’s dog61
derivative, diketo-Lgulonate takes Zn where
demonstrated that anticipating, tasting or
insulin can’t reach, blocking nasal tDNAs and
smelling food promotes pancreatic β-cell
preventing rhinovirus uptake. Zn incorporates
insulin secretion. Insulin distributing Zn++,
OH-proline to connective tissue protein
carrier for βDglucose and α-cells glucagon
collagen, preventing scurvy63. ZnS in Calamine™ lotion performs the same function.
16
Defective glucose transport causes
nutrition might control food addiction, prevent
diabetes: Zn accumulates in diabetics’ eyes
obesity and manage alcoholism.
causing blindness, they often suffer kidney infections and loss of hand and foot function.
Reproduction
Implanting a Zn monitor and artificial pancreas might manage diabetes. The liver stores glucose as glycogen, leaves convert it to starch and
Figure 13 shows serotonin distributing Ag+ from the pineal gland in 6-member rings like those catecholamines form around K+.
excessive fat deposits cause obesity.
Energy from pink silver porphyrin transferred
Appetizers and aphrodisiacs deliver Zn, governing our appetites for food and sex.
as solitons converts Pi (too highly charged to pass through tDNA pores) to PPi, complexed
Anorexia and bulimia respond to Zn
with arginine for transport. Anti-cancer drugs
64
supplements . Zn conjugates glucose to
mimic the Arg2.PPi complex, providing 28H,
bilirubin for excretion when adult haemoglobin replaces foetal, preventing neonatal jaundice
20C, 8N, 12O and 2P, the atomic ingredients
65
for DNA replication at cell division.
associated brain seizures. Before blue-light irradiation was introduced, sucking a midwife’s pewter spoon was an effective remedy. Alcohol consumption diverts Zn to the liver, it’s cofactor for alcohol dehydrogenase, reduced
Ag repairs tissues and regulates sleep; deficiency allows cancer development. Ag colloids were widely used in medicine67 before antibiotics were introduced, their reinstatement could be beneficial.
brain Zn causes inebriety. Attention to Zn
17
Figure 13. A Serotonin6.Ag+ complex B Pi → PPi for transport C Di-arginine.PPi complex D1 Canaverine 2 Amino-imidazole 3 Dacarbazine 4 Chloroplatinate The -S─Se- bonds70 of oxytocin and
Water-pumping Membrane potential contradicts Mitchell’s chemiosmotic hypothesis68 presuming water diffuses freely through unit membranes. Mevalonate, residue of saturated fat breakdown69, is named after the herb Valerian, aka All-heal. Exchanging its phosphate, phospho-mevalonate for phosphomevalono-lactone transports water, Figure 14.
vasopressin distribute Se from the posterior pituitary. α-tocopherol transfers energy as solitons, oxidising Se to SeO3=. Selenite exchanging Ca++/Mn++ controls Mn, cofactor for converting mevalonate to cholesterol71. Most Western morbidity is attributable to pandemic Se deficiency72: • Water purification removes trace elements • Superphosphate fertilizer Ss competes with Se
18
• Se-poor soils yield Se-deficient foods
Se supplements used in animal
• High temp. food treatment releases H2Se
husbandry75 prevent:
• Se-rich foods are expensive.
• Hypertension in pregnant cattle
Sea-floor Mn-nodules73 are derived
• Swayback in sheep grazing super-phosphate
from early Se-dependent life, limestone
treated pasture
contains its fossilized remains and plate
• Pigs suffering heart failure.
tectonic subduction introduced them to volcanic
The Se-rich diets royal families enjoy
magma. Hard water from sedimentary or
account for their longevity76. Correcting Se
igneous rocks contains more Se than soft water.
deficiency by supplementation would prevent
The persistent correlation between surface
pre-eclampsia, heart attacks, strokes and
geology and breast cancer incidence74 evidences
cancers of tissues specializing in water
pandemic Se deficiency.
pumping: breast, bowel, cervix and prostate.
19
Figure 14. A Exchanging phosphomevalonate for its lactone transports water B Blood pressure controls: 1. tDNA genetics 2. Saturated fat consumption 3. Lipids transporting cholesterol 4. Mn nutrition 5. Exercise and Ca levels 6. S metabolism 7. HgMe+ competing with SeMe2+ 8. Se & vitamin E nutrition
20
Adopting less polluting energy generation
Discussion The minion model of brain function facilitates self-knowledge, career choice,
could resolve climate change.
Author contributions
understanding and helping others. Limes, iodine and cod-liver-oil preventing scurvy,
All my own work.
Funding sources
goitre and rickets and fluorinated water supplies
None.
77
reducing children’s dental caries are
Acknowledgements
precedents for supplementing Se to prevent Like Isaac Newton quoting Bernard de
heart attacks, strokes and cancers of breast, colon, prostate and cervix. The consequences of my observation as a Cambridge student are relevant today. Reducing SOx/NOx acid air pollution could tackle Alzheimer’s dementia, attention to Zn
Chartres: ‘I have stood on the shoulders of giants and seen further’. Occasional replies to correspondence have suggested omissions. The X-ray-diffraction image of tRNA may need copyright permission.
nutrition might address obesity and alcoholism.
21
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