A mild TCEP-based para-azidobenzyl cleavage strategy to transform

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Mobile Phase: 99:1 Water (0.1% formic acid): MeCN (0.1% formic acid) to 1:9 Water .... 1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)hydrazine-1,2-dicarboxylate (200 mg, 0.70 mmol) in DMF ... all volatile material was removed in vacuo using toluene as an azeotrope.
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for ChemComm. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014

A mild TCEP-based para-azidobenzyl cleavage strategy to transform reversible cysteine thiol labelling reagents into irreversible conjugates Antoine Maruani, Shamim Alom, Pierre Canavelli, Maximilian T. W. Lee, Rachel E. Morgan, Vijay Chudasama* and Stephen Caddick Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, UK * Tel: +44 (0)20 76792077; E-mail: [email protected]

General Experimental All reagents were purchased from Aldrich, AlfaAesar or Lumiprobe and were used as received. Where described below pet. refers to petroleum ether (40–60 °C). All reactions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on pre-coated SIL G/UV254 silica gel plates (254 m) purchased from VWR. Flash column chromatography was carried out with Kiesegel 60M 0.04/0.063 mm (200–400 mesh) silica gel. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded at ambient temperature on a Bruker Avance 500 instrument operating at a frequency of 500 MHz for 1H and 125 MHz for 13C, and a Bruker Avance 600 instrument operating at a frequency of 600 MHz for 1H and 150 MHz for 13C in CDCl3 or CD3OD (as indicated below). The chemical shifts () for 1H and 13C are quoted relative to residual signals of the solvent on the ppm scale. 1H NMR peaks are reported as singlet (s), doublet (d), triplet (t), quartet (q), quint. (quintet), sext. (sextet), oct. (octet), m (multiplet), br (broad), dd (doublet of doublet), dt (doublet of triplets), ABq (AB quartet). Coupling constants (J values) are reported in Hertz (Hz) and are H-H coupling constants unless otherwise stated. Signal multiplicities in 13C NMR were determined using the distortionless enhancement by phase transfer (DEPT) spectral editing technique. Infrared spectra were obtained on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 FTIR Spectrometer operating in ATR mode with frequencies given in reciprocal centimetres (cm-1). Melting points were measured with a Gallenkamp apparatus and are uncorrected. Mass spectra were obtained on a VG70-SE mass spectrometer.

Protein LC-MS LC-MS was performed on protein samples using a Thermo Scientific uPLC connected to MSQ Plus Single Quad Detector (SQD). Column: Hypersil Gold C4, 1.9 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm. Wavelength: 254 nm. Mobile Phase: 99:1 Water (0.1% formic acid): MeCN (0.1% formic acid) to 1:9 Water (0.1% formic acid): MeCN (0.1% formic acid) gradient over 4.5 min. Flow Rate: 0.3 mL/min. MS Mode: ES+. Scan Range: m/z = 500–2000. Scan time: 1.5 s. Data obtained in continuum mode. The electrospray source of the MS was operated with a capillary voltage of 3.5 kV and a cone voltage of 50 V. Nitrogen was used as the nebulizer and desolvation gas at a total flow of 600 L/h. Ion series were generated by integration of the total ion chromatogram (TIC) over the 4.2–5.5 min range. Total mass spectra for protein samples were reconstructed from the ion series using the pre-installed ProMass software using default settings for large proteins in m/z range 500–1500.

Cloning and expression of proteins The gene for GFPS147C in the vector pNIC28-Bsa4 was generated as described previously.1

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GFPS147C 11

Sequence MHHHHHHSSGVDLGTDNLYFQSMRKGEELFTGVVPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVRGEGEGDATNGK LTLKFICTTGKLPVPWPTLVTTLTYGVQCFARYPDHMKQHDFFKSAMPEGYVQERTISFKDDGTY KTRAEVKFEGDTLVNRIELKGIDFKEDGNILGHKLEYNFNCHNVYITADKQKNGIKANFKIRHNV EDGSVQLADHYQQNTPIGDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQSVLSKDPNEKRDHMVLLEFVTAAGITHGMDE LYK Expected mass: 29,341 Da. Observed mass: 29,332 Da. (a) RT: 0.00 - 6.00

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Figure S1. (a) TIC, (b) non-deconvoluted and (c) deconvoluted MS data for GFPS147C 1.

SDS-PAGE gels Non-reducing glycine-SDS-PAGE at 16% acrylamide gels were performed following standard lab procedures. A 6% stacking gel was used and a broad-range MW marker (10–250 kDa, Precision Plus Protein Standards, Bio-Rad) was co-run to estimate protein weights. Samples (15 μL at ~12 μM GFP construct) were mixed with loading buffer (3 μL, composition for 6 × SDS: 1 g SDS, 3 mL glycerol, 6 mL 0.5 M Tris buffer pH 6.8, 2 mg bromophenol blue in 10 mL) and heated at 75 °C for 3 min. The gel was run at 150 V for 60 min in 1 × SDS running buffer. The gel was stained with Coomassie dye.

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Synthesis of compounds 1,2-Diethyl-1,2-dihydro-pyridazine-3,6-dione 2

To a solution of maleic anhydride (98 mg, 1.0 mmol) in glacial AcOH (3 mL) was added N,N’-diethylhydrazine·2HCl (161 mg, 1.0 mmol) and the reaction mixture heated at 130 °C for 16 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude residue purified by column chromatography (50% EtOAc/pet. to neat EtOAc) to give 1,2-diethyl-1,2-dihydro-pyridazine-3,6-dione (121 mg, 0.72 mmol, 72%) as a white solid: 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.85 (s, 2H), 4.11 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 4H), 1.25 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) δ 157.6 (C), 134.7 (CH), 40.2 (CH2), 13.3 (CH3); IR (solid) 2984, 1636, 1590 cm−1; LRMS (CI) 169 (100, [M+H]+); HRMS (CI) calcd for C8H13N2O2 [M+H]+ 169.0977, observed 169.0980.

S-4

Di-tert-butyl 1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)hydrazine-1,2-dicarboxylate2

To a solution of di-tert-butyl hydrazine-1,2-dicarboxylate (300 mg, 1.29 mmol) in a mixture of toluene (2 mL) and 5% aq. NaOH (2 mL) was added tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (13 mg, 0.03 mmol) and propargyl bromide (461 mg, 3.87 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 21 °C for 16 h. After this time, H2O (20 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (15 mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash column chromatography (20% EtOAc/pet.) yielded di-tert-butyl 1-(prop-2-yn-1yl)hydrazine-1,2-dicarboxylate (435 mg, 1.61 mmol, 85%) as a white solid: m.p. 101-103 ºC (lit. m.p. 103.1-103.4 °C)2; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.47 (br s, 0.78H), 6.18 (br s, 0.22H,), 4.28-4.22 (m, 2H), 2.24 (t, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 1.48 (s, 18H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 154.7 (C), 82.2 (C), 81.7 (C), 78.8 (C), 72.1 (CH), 39.7 (CH2), 28.3 (CH3), 28.2 (CH3); IR (solid) 3310, 2112, 1703 cm-1.

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S-6

1-Azido-4-methylbenzene3

To a solution of p-toluidine (2.0 g, 18.4 mmol) in 2N HCl (28 mL) at −5 °C was added slowly a solution of sodium nitrite (1.5 g, 22.4 mmol) in H2O (5 mL) over 5 min making sure that the internal temperature did not rise above 0 °C. After completion of addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at −5 °C for 5 min to form a diazonium salt. Then urea (130 mg, 2.2 mmol) was added to neutralise the diazonium salt solution. Following this, the diazonium salt solution was added to a solution of sodium azide (2.4 g, 37.2 mmol) and sodium acetate (4.6 g, 56 mmol) in 30 mL of H2O at 0 °C over 5 min. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C. The mixture was extracted into Et2O (2 × 60 mL), the combined organic layers dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo to afford 1-azido-4-methylbenzene (2.3 g, 17.3 mmol, 94%) as a yellow oil: 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.15 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 137.2 (CH), 134.7 (CH), 130.4 (CH), 118.9 (CH), 21.0 (CH3). IR (thin film) 2104, 1609, 1521 cm-1.

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1-Azido-4-(bromomethyl)benzene4

A solution of 1-azido-4-methylbenzene (0.85 g, 6.4 mmol), N-bromosuccinimide (1.5 g, 8.3 mmol) and azobis(isobutyronitrile) (0.31 g, 1.9 mmol) in dry benzene (20 mL) was heated under reflux under argon in the dark for 8 h. After this time, the mixture was poured into H2O (20 mL), extracted into Et2O (2 × 20 mL), the combined organic layers dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash column chromatography (neat pet.) yielded 1-azido-4-(bromomethyl)benzene (1.1 g, 5.1 mmol, 80%) as a light brown solid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.38 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.48 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) δ 140.3 (CH), 134.6 (CH), 130.7 (CH), 119.5 (CH), 33.0 (CH2); IR (solid) 2107, 1607, 1505 cm-1; LRMS (EI) 213 (100, [M81Br]+•), 211 (100, [M79Br]+•); HRMS (EI) calcd for C7H6N3Br [M79Br]+• 210.9740, observed 210.9743.

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Di-tert-butyl 1-(4-azidobenzyl)-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)hydrazine-1,2-dicarboxylate

To a solution of di-tert-butyl 1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)hydrazine-1,2-dicarboxylate (200 mg, 0.70 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added caesium carbonate (480 mg, 1.50 mmol) and 1-azido-4-(bromomethyl)benzene (230 mg, 1.10 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 21 °C for 16 h. After this time, the reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 × 20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (15 mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash column chromatography (20% Et2O/pet.) yielded di-tert-butyl 1-(4-azidobenzyl)-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)hydrazine-1,2dicarboxylate (261 mg, 0.65 mmol, 93%) as a viscous dark yellow liquid: 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.38 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.63–3.98 (m, 4H), 2.19 (t, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.30 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) (major rotamer)  154.6 (C), 154.3 (C), 139.5 (C), 133.6 (C), 131.4 (CH), 118.9 (CH), 81.7 (C), 81.6 (C), 78.5 (C), 72.9 (CH), 52.6 (CH2), 39.3 (CH2), 28.3 (CH3), 28.1 (CH3); IR (thin film) 3257, 2110, 1705, 1600, 1507 cm-1; LRMS (CI) 424 (100, [M+Na]+), 365 (70); HRMS (CI) calcd for C20H27N5O4Na [M+Na]+ 424.1961, observed 424.1965.

S-10

2-(4-Azidobenzyl)-4-bromo-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione 5

To a solution of di-tert-butyl 1-(4-azidobenzyl)-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)hydrazine-1,2-dicarboxylate (236 mg, 0.59 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (9 mL) was added TFA (3 mL) and the reaction mixture stirred at 21 °C for 2 h. After this time, all volatile material was removed in vacuo using toluene as an azeotrope. The crude residue was added to a solution of bromomaleic anhydride (125 mg, 0.71 mmol) in glacial AcOH (15 mL), and the reaction mixture heated at 130 °C for 16 h. Then the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and purification by flash column chromatography (20% EtOAc/pet.) yielded an inseparable mixture of regioisomers 2-(4-azidobenzyl)-4-bromo-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione and 1-(4azidobenzyl)-4-bromo-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione (126 mg, 0.35 mmol, 60%) as an orange oil: 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) (major regioisomer) δ 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.23 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 5.47 (s, 2H), 4.68 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H), 2.42 (t, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) (major regioisomer) δ 155.8 (C), 154.5 (C), 140.7 (C), 135.9 (CH), 134.6 (C), 131.2 (C), 128.5 (CH), 120.0 (CH), 76.1 (C), 74.7 (CH), 49.9 (CH2), 35.4 (CH2); IR (solid) 3299, 3140, 3066, 2970, 2249, 2110, 1637, 1596 cm-1; LRMS (ESI) 384 (100, [M81Br+Na]+), 382 (100, [M79Br+Na]+); HRMS (ESI) calcd for C14H10N5O581BrNa [M81Br+Na]+ 383.9897, observed 383.9721.

S-11

S-12

(R)-Methyl 3-((2-(4-azidobenzyl)-3,6-dioxo-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazin-4yl)thio)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoate 6

To a mixture of regioisomers 2-(4-azidobenzyl)-4-bromo-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6dione and 1-(4-azidobenzyl)-4-bromo-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione 5 (65 mg, 0.19 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (5 mL) was added NEt3 (0.22 mg, 0.22 mmol) and N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-Lcysteine methyl ester (53 mg, 0.22 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 21 °C for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and purification by flash column chromatography (20% EtOAc/pet.) yielded an inseparable mixture of regioisomers (R)-methyl 3-((2-(4-azidobenzyl)-3,6-dioxo1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazin-4-yl)thio)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoate and (R)-methyl 3-((1-(4-azidobenzyl)-3,6-dioxo-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazin-4-yl)thio)-2((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoate (86 mg, 0.17 mmol, 89%) as a yellow viscous oil: 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) (major regioisomer) δ 7.22 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 5.52– 5.31 (m, 3H), 4.75–4.58 (m, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.36 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.24 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (t, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 1.44 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) (major regioisomer) δ 170.5 (C), 156.4 (C), 155.1 (C), 149.9 (C), 140.5 (C), 131.3 (C), 128.5 (CH), 122.8 (CH), 119.9 (CH), 80.9 (C), 76.2 (C), 74.4 (CH), 53.3 (CH3), 52.0 (CH), 48.1 (CH2), 35.6 (CH2), 33.3 (CH2), 28.4 (CH3); IR (film) 3289, 2974, 2241, 2109, 1744, 1710, 1628 cm-1; LRMS (ESI) 537 (100, [M+Na]+); HRMS (ESI) calcd for C23H26N6O6SNa [M+Na]+ 537.1532, observed 537.1533.

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(R)-Methyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-((3,6-dioxo-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridazin-4-yl)thio)propanoate 7

To a solution of (R)-methyl 3-((2-(4-azidobenzyl)-3,6-dioxo-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridazin-4-yl)thio)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoate 6 (20 mg, 44 μmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (13 mg, 53 μmol) and the mixture was stirred at 21 °C for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and purification by flash column chromatography (5% MeOH/CH2Cl2) yielded (R)-methyl 3-((2-(4-azidobenzyl)-3,6-dioxo-1(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazin-4-yl)thio)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoate (14 mg, 36 μmol, 82%) as an yellow oil: 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) (major regioisomer) δ 6.80 (s, 1H), 5.42 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.81–4.74 (m, 2H), 4.71–4.66 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.42–3.28 (m, 2H), 2.32 (t, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.5 (C), 156.0 (C), 155.3 (C), 152.0 (C), 147.9 (C), 115.4 (CH), 81.0 (C), 73.1 (CH), 53.2 (CH3), 52.4 (CH), 40.3 (CH2), 33.0 (CH2), 28.4 (CH3); IR (film) 3295, 2960, 2922, 2851, 2109, 1743, 1708, 1637 cm-1; LRMS (ESI) 406 (100, [M+Na]+); HRMS (ESI) calcd for C16H18N3O6SNa [M+Na]+ 406.1049, observed 406.1049.

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2-(4-Azidobenzyl)-4-(hexylthio)-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione

To a an mixture of regioisomers (R)-methyl 3-((2-(4-azidobenzyl)-3,6-dioxo-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridazin-4-yl)thio)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoate and (R)-methyl 3-((1-(4azidobenzyl)-3,6-dioxo-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazin-4-yl)thio)-2-((tertbutoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoate 6 (86 mg, 0.17 mmol) in THF/PBS at pH 7.4 (1:1, 2 mL) was added hexane thiol (301 mg, 2.55 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 21 °C for 72 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and purification by flash column chromatography (20% EtOAc/pet.) yielded an inseparable mixture of regioisomers 2-(4-azidobenzyl)-4-(hexylthio)-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione and 1-(4-azidobenzyl)-4-(hexylthio)-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione (47 mg, 0.12 mmol, 71%) as a colourless oil: 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) (major regioisomer) δ 7.26–7.19 (m, 2H), 7.04–6.98 (m, 2H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 4.71 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H), 2.80 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.41 (t, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 1.79–1.70 (m, 2H), 1.52–1.44 (m, 2H), 1.37– 1.30 (m, 4H), 0.94–0.88 (m, 3H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) (major regioisomer) δ 157.0 (C), 155.7 (C), 150.7 (C), 140.3 (C), 131.9 (C), 128.3 (CH), 121.8 (CH), 119.9 (CH), 76.3 (C), 74.5 (CH), 48.1 (CH2), 35.5 (CH2), 31.4 (CH2), 31.0 (CH2), 28.8 (CH2), 27.3 (CH2), 22.6 (CH2), 14.1 (CH3); IR (film) 3245, 2955, 2928, 2856, 2243, 2108, 1680, 1631 cm-1; LRMS (EI) 398 (100, [M+H]+); HRMS (ESI) calcd for C20H24N5O2S [M+H]+ 398.1651, observed 398.1654. S-16

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Analogous reaction conditions were applied to (R)-Methyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-((3,6-dioxo1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazin-4-yl)thio)propanoate 7 but no reaction was observed by TLC and there was 95% recovery of starting material by flash column chromatography (20% EtOAc/pet.). N-(2-Azidoethyl)-5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamide5

To a solution of dansyl chloride (0.27 g, 1.0 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) was added 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (0.21 g, 1.0 mmol) and NEt3 (0.28 mL, 2.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 21 °C for 4 h. After this time, all volatile material was removed in vacuo. The crude residue was then added to a solution of NaN3 (0.16 g, 2.5 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL), and the reaction mixture heated at 90 °C for 16 h. Then the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and purification by flash column chromatography (50% Et2O/pet.) yielded N-(2-azidoethyl)-5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamide as a light green oil (0.19 g, 59%): 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.57 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.28–8.23 (m, 2H), 7.60 (dd, J = 8.5, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (dd, J = 8.5, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.34–3.28 (m, 2H), 3.09–3.02 (m, 2H), 2.90 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.2 (C), 134.5 (C), 130.9 (CH), 130.0 (C), 129.8 (CH), 129.6 (C), 128.8 (CH), 123.3 (CH), 118.6 (CH), 115.5 (CH), 51.0 (CH2), 45.6 (CH3), 42.5 (CH2); HRMS (ESI) calcd for C14H18N5O2S [M+H]+ 320.1181, observed 320.1184.

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Bioconjugation reactions involving GFPS147C Pre-treatment procedure for reaction with GFPS147C 1 Immediately prior to bioconjugation with GFPS147C 1, TCEP (10 μL, 10 mM as a solution in water, per 100 μL of protein (1 mg/mL solution)) was added, incubated on ice for 1 h and the excess reducing agent removed by repeated diafiltration into fresh buffer (100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 8.0) using VivaSpin sample concentrators (GE Healthcare, 3,000 MWCO). Reaction of GFPS147C 1 with 1,2-diethyl-1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione 2

1,2-Diethyl-1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione 2 (5 µL, 340 µM in DMF, 10 eq) was added to GFPS147C 1 (100 µL, 1 mg/mL, 34 µM) in sodium phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 8.0). The reaction mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. Excess reagents were removed by repeated diafiltration into fresh buffer

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(100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 8.0) using VivaSpin sample concentrators (GE Healthcare, 3,000 MWCO). The samples were analysed by LCMS. Expected mass: 29,501 Da. Observed mass: 29,503 Da. (a) RT: 0.00 - 6.00

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843.9 820.6 798.4

60 40

777.5 868.7 757.6

20 703.6 720.7

0 600

650

700

738.6 782.1

750

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(c)

S-20

825.4

848.8 853 830.1 839.3

850

895.1

900

923.3

950

1000

C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\GFPPDbcsp8A_141-162.dec

Intensity x 10^6

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29503

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Intensity x 10^6

C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\GFPPDbcsp8A_141-162.dec Mass, Da

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29503

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30000 31000 Mass, Da

32000

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Figure S2 (a) TIC, (b) non-deconvoluted and (c) deconvoluted MS data for 4. Analogous reaction conditions when applied to 1-methyl-1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione 3 in place of 1,2-diethyl-1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione 2 showed no reaction, even after 16 h and 72 h time-points. Reaction of GFPS147C 1 with 2-(4-azidobenzyl)-4-bromo-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2-dihydropyridazine3,6-dione 5

2-(4-Azidobenzyl)-4-bromo-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione 5 (5 µL, 340 µM in DMF, 10 eq) was added to GFPS147C 1 (100 µL, 1 mg/mL, 34 µM) in sodium phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 8.0). The reaction mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. Excess reagents were removed by repeated diafiltration into fresh buffer (100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 8.0) using VivaSpin sample concentrators (GE Healthcare, 3,000 MWCO). The samples were analysed by LCMS. Expected mass: 29,612 Da. Observed mass: 29,613 Da.

S-21

(a) RT: 0.00 - 6.00

SM: 5B 4.86

100

NL: 1.83E10 TIC MS OLD_GFP BBAPPD1 _5hr37CAA O

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 0.72 5.65

10 0.19 0 0.0

0.40

1.43

0.5

1.0

1.75

1.96

1.5

2.41

2.0

2.71

2.5

3.05

3.42

3.0 Time (min)

3.77

3.5

4.22 4.0

4.49 4.5

5.0

5.5

(b) 60

823.6 847

Intensity x 10^6

50 801.4

40

780.3

30

872 760.4

20 10 689.8

741.4 706.2 723.4

898.3

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800

1140.2 1059 1185.6 1289 926.7 956.4 1119.4 974.31022.6 1162.4

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m/z

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823.6 847

Intensity x 10^6

50 801.4

40

780.3

30

872 760.4

20 741.4

10

659 673.7 689.8 667.6

0 600

650

706.2 723.4

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810.9

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750

789.9 794.5

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857.3

898.3

862.7

909.5 926.7

850

900

956.4 974.3

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1000

(c) Intensity x 10^6

C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\OLD_GFPBBAPPD1_5hr37CAAO_178-197.dec 29613

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Intensity x 10^6

C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\OLD_GFPBBAPPD1_5hr37CAAO_178-197.dec Mass, Da 29613

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29000

30000

31000

32000

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Mass, Da

Figure S3. (a) TIC, (b) non-deconvoluted and (c) deconvoluted MS data for 8. S-22

34000

35000

Reduction of GFPS147CPD 8 with TCEP

TCEP (10 µL, final concentration 340 µM, 10 eq) was added to the GFPS147CPD conjugate 8 (90 µL, GFPBBAPPD10eqTCEP1_5hr37CAAI 18/07/2014 13:00:19 1 mg/mL, 34 µM) in sodium phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 8.0). The reaction was incubated at 37 °C for 1.5 h. Excess reagents were removed by repeated diafiltration into fresh buffer (100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 8.0) using VivaSpin sample concentrators (GE Healthcare, 3,000 MWCO). The samples were analysed by LCMS. Expected mass: 29,482 Da. Observed mass: 29,484 Da. RT: 0.00 - 6.00

0.56

NL: 5.06E4

50000

WaveLength 1:254, UV GFPBBAPP D10eqTCEP 1_5hr37CAA I

uAU

40000 30000

4.07

20000

4.44 10000 1.38 1.46

0 0.0

(a)

0.5

1.0

1.68

1.5

3.58 3.32 3.41

1.90 2.0

2.5

3.0

4.96 5.07 5.20

4.76

3.71

5.75

5.44

3.98

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

Time (min)

RT: 0.00 - 6.00 SM: 5B 4.25

100

NL: 1.39E10 TIC MS GFPBBAPP D10eqTCE P1_5hr37C AAI

Relative Abundance

80 60 40 0.74

5.04

20 0.11

0 0.0

0.29 0.40 0.2

1.30 1.41

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.70 1.83 1.94 2.04 2.23

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.55 2.63 2.4

2.6

2.81 3.00 3.16 3.24 2.8

3.0

3.2

5.76

3.53 3.61 3.69 3.90 3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

5.0

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

Time (min) GFPBBAPPD10eqTCEP1_5hr37CAAI #227 RT: 6.00 AV: 1 NL: 3.71E5 T: {0,0} + p ESI !corona sid=50.00 det=1247.00 Full ms [500.00-2000.00] 762.88 100 80

814.83

732.55

833.96

843.3

60

Intensity x 10^6

1025.52 977.05

614.58

20

60 0

922.85

820

40 80

527.44

500

604.58 600

706.44 674.56

797.9

700

800

1091.77 1150.69 1183.63

868.1

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1100

1278.10 1334.81

1200

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1510.74

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1609.18 1690.51 1748.84 1776.69 1859.06 1896.87 1956.78 1600

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20

738.1

757 720.2 671

894.5 1135.1

703.1

1180.6

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m/z 820

70 Intensity x 10^6

Relative Abundance

(b)

843.3

60 797.9

50

868.1

40

776.9

30

757

20 10

671 686.6

605.2

0 600

650

738.1 815.8 838.3 858.4 863.8 894.4 793.9 703 720.4 824.5 766.4780.9 742.4 848.7 807.6 829.6 833.6 854.4 873.2 770.5 788 801.9 883.7 887.8 748.7761.8 877.2

700

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S-23

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922.4

973.9

950

1000

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Intensity x 10^6

(c)

C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\GFPBBAPPD10eqTCEP1_5hr37CAAI_157-168.dec 29484

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Intensity x 10^6

C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\GFPBBAPPD10eqTCEP1_5hr37CAAI_157-168.dec Mass, Da 29484

300 200 100 0 25000

26000

27000

28000

29000 30000 Mass, Da

31000

32000

33000

34000

Figure S4. (a) TIC, (b) non-deconvoluted and (c) deconvoluted MS data for 9. Reaction of GFPS147CPD 8 with glutathione

Glutathione (10 µL, 5 mM) was added to the GFPS147CPD conjugate 8 (90 µL, 1 mg/mL, 34 µM) in sodium phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4). The reaction was incubated at 37 °C for 72 h and then analysed by LCMS. Expected mass: 29,332 Da. Observed mass: 29,336 Da. (a) RT: 0.00 - 6.00

SM: 5B 4.01

100

NL: 1.01E10 TIC MS OLD_GFP BBAPPD0 5mMGlut72 hr37CAAA P

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 0.74

20 10 0.05 0 0.0

4.94 0.40 0.5

1.33 1.0

1.67 1.5

1.96 2.0

2.36

2.57

2.5

2.84

3.19

3.0 Time (min)

S-24

5.36

3.64 3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

5.65

(b) 80 815.9

839.1

Intensity x 10^6

793.9

60 773

40

863.8

753.3 734.5

20 716.6

890.1

1012.7

1129.4

699.6

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815.9

839.1

Intensity x 10^6

793.9

60 773

40

863.8

753.3 734.5

20 699.6

798.6

716.6 757.8

820.8

844.2 890.1

777.7

0 600

650

Intensity x 10^6

(c)

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850

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C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\GFPPDGlut4hrs100614_142-163.dec 29336

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Intensity x 10^6

Mass, Da C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\GFPPDGlut4hrs100614_142-163.dec 29336

300 200 100 0 25000

26000

27000

28000

29000

30000 31000 Mass, Da

32000

33000

34000

35000

Figure S5. (a) TIC, (b) non-deconvoluted and (c) deconvoluted MS data for reaction of GFPS147CPD 8 with glutathione.

S-25

Reaction of GFPS147CPDOH 9 with glutathione

Glutathione (10 µL, 5 mM) was added to the GFPS147CPDOH conjugate 9 (90 µL, 1 mg/mL, 34 µM) in sodium phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4). The reaction was incubated at 37 °C for 72 h and then analysed by LCMS. Expected mass: 29,482 Da. Observed mass: 29,481 Da. 72 h (a) RT: 0.00 - 6.00

SM: 5B NL: 1.21E10 TIC MS OLD_GFPB BAPPD10e qTCEP05m MGlut72hr37 CAAAQ

3.98

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

0.74 4.78

10 0.27

0 0.0

0.50

1.25

0.5

1.49

1.0

1.72

1.5

1.99

2.42

2.0

2.68

2.5

3.16

5.28

3.45

3.0 Time (min)

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.60 5.5

(b) 843.3

Intensity x 10^6

40

819.9 797.8

30 868.1 776.9

20

757

10

738.1 703 670.8 720 632.1 686.7

0

600

894.6

1054

1093.3 1160.1 1229.7 1018.3 1116.3 1134.9 1180.5

922.4 952

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m/z 843.3

Intensity x 10^6

40

819.9 797.8

30 868.1 776.9

20 757

815.8 793.8

10

703

670.8 686.7

632.1

675.4

0 600

650

700

738.1 720

761.5 742.4 733.5 712 724.1

750

781.2

805.3

771.8787.8

800 m/z

S-26

824.5

839 847.7 863.8 894.6 922.4 858.7 828.5 834.3 851.7 872.6 890 876.7 885 899.1

850

900

952

950

1000

Intensity x 10^6

(c)

C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\OLD_GFPBBAPPD10eqTCEP05mMGlut72hr37CAAAQ_143-165.dec 29481

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40000

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50000

55000

Intensity x 10^6

C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\OLD_GFPBBAPPD10eqTCEP05mMGlut72hr37CAAAQ_143-165.dec Mass, Da 29481

150 100 50 0 25000

26000

27000

28000

29000

30000

31000

32000

33000

34000

35000

Mass, Da

Figure S6. (a) TIC, (b) non-deconvoluted and (c) deconvoluted MS data for reaction of GFPS147CPDOH 9 with glutathione. Reaction of GFPS147CPDOH 9 with benzyl azide

Tris(3-hydroxypropyltriazolylmethyl)amine (THPTA) (1.2 μL, 20 mM) was added to a solution of CuBr (2.4 μL, 3 mg/mL in acetonitrile). GFPS147CPDOH 9 (60 μL, 1 mg/mL, 34 µM) in sodium phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 8.0) was added to the premixed copper solution. Benzyl azide (3 μL, 6.8 mM, 10 eq) was added to the reaction mixture and the mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 4 h. Excess reagents were removed by repeated diafiltration into fresh buffer (100 mM sodium phosphate, 5 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) using VivaSpin sample concentrators (GE Healthcare, 3,000 MWCO). The samples were analysed by LCMS. Expected mass: 29,615 Da. Observed mass: 29,614 Da. (a)

S-27

RT: 0.00 - 6.00

SM: 5B 4.30

100

NL: 1.06E10 TIC MS OLD_GFP2BBAPPD10 eqTCEP_1mlStockAAA AAG_sp8ClickNEW2C uBrACNbenzylAzide4hr 37CPCRAAAAAL

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0.05 0 0.0

0.61 0.5

0.98

1.17

1.46

1.0

1.86

1.5

2.36

2.0

2.68

2.5

3.03

3.18

3.0 Time (min)

5.34

3.77 3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.73

5.5

(b) 847.1 823.6

Intensity x 10^6

25 20

801.4 872

15

780.8 760.3

10

706.5 741.4

5 632.2

898.5 956.4 1059.3 1140.2 1185.8 1235.1 1347.6 1034.8 1098.91159.8 1288.5 1010.6 918.1 992.1 1264.7

724 689.8 668.2

0 600

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1200

1431.7 1381.6 1417

1400

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m/z 823.6

Intensity x 10^6

25

847.1

20 801.4 872

15

780.8 760.3

10 706.5

5 632.2 660.2 668.2

0 600

650

838 815.9 827.8 776.4 806.4 832.4 862.6 794.3 750.1754.1 856.3 877.3 898.5 926.6 852.1 944 956.4 789.3 810.9 842.1 768 736.3 772.4 887.6 881.6 892.3904.9 918.1 730.8 745.4 911.7 951.3

741.4

724 689.8 718.4 702.3 696.5

700

750

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850

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950

992.1 997.4

1000

Intensity x 10^6

(c) C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\OLD_GFP2BBAPPD10eqTCEP_1mlStockAAAAAG_sp8ClickNEW2CuBrACNbenzylAzide4hr37CPCRAAAAAL_157-174.dec 29614

100

50

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35000 Mass, Da

40000

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55000

Intensity x 10^6

C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\OLD_GFP2BBAPPD10eqTCEP_1mlStockAAAAAG_sp8ClickNEW2CuBrACNbenzylAzide4hr37CPCRAAAAAL_157-174.dec

29614

100

50

0 25000

26000

27000

28000

29000

30000

31000

32000

33000

Mass, Da

Figure S7. (a) TIC, (b) non-deconvoluted and (c) deconvoluted MS data for 10a.

S-28

34000

35000

Reaction of GFPS147CPDOH 9 with dansyl azide

Tris(3-hydroxypropyltriazolylmethyl)amine (THPTA) (1.2 μL, 20 mM) was added to a solution of CuBr (2.4 μL, 3 mg/mL in acetonitrile). GFPS147CPDOH 9 (60 μL, 1 mg/mL, 34 µM) in sodium phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 8.0) was added to the premixed copper solution. Dansyl azide (3 μL, 6.8 mM in DMF, 10 eq) was added to the reaction mixture and the mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 4 h. Excess reagents were removed by repeated diafiltration into fresh buffer (100 mM sodium phosphate, 5 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) using VivaSpin sample concentrators (GE Healthcare, 3,000 MWCO). The samples were analysed by LCMS. Expected mass: 29,801 Da. Observed mass: 29,800 Da. (a) RT: 0.00 - 6.00

SM: 5B 4.25

100

NL: 1.73E10 TIC MS OLD_GFP2BBAPPD10 eqTCEP_1mlStockAAA AAG_sp8ClickNEW2C uBrACNDansylAzide4hr 37CPCRAAAAAO

4.33

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 5.20

10 0

0.11

0.61 0.5

1.06 1.0

1.35 1.5

1.78

2.15 2.0

2.36

2.57

2.5

2.81

3.34

3.0 Time (min)

3.66 3.5

S-29

5.71

3.93 4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

(b) 70

852.4 828.8 806.5

Intensity x 10^6

60 50

785.3

40 30

877.5

20

746

10

632.1

710.5

765.2

727.9

904.4

678.2 694.1

0 600

800

1065.4 1147.5 1028.4 962.3 932.2 996.21050.1

1000

1193.4

1355.3

1200

1400

70

828.8

60 Intensity x 10^6

1600

1800

2000

m/z 852.4

806.5

50 785.3

40 30

877.5

10

632.1

667.6

0 600

Intensity x 10^6

(c)

765.2

746

20

838.3 859.9 811.2824.5 794.3 867.7 904.4 753.9 816.3 932.2 779.4 833.7 678.2 694.1 843.6 802.3 848.3 887.8 775.1 790.3 759 733.2 722.6 703.1717.3 882.1896.2 915.4 699

650

710.5 727.9

700

750

800 m/z

850

900

962.3

950

996.2

1000

C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\OLD_GFP2BBAPPD10eqTCEP_1mlStockAAAAAG_sp8ClickNEW2CuBrACNDansylAzide4hr37CPCRAAAAAO_157-172.dec

29800

200 100 0 15000

20000

25000

30000

35000 Mass, Da

40000

45000

50000

55000

Intensity x 10^6

C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\OLD_GFP2BBAPPD10eqTCEP_1mlStockAAAAAG_sp8ClickNEW2CuBrACNDansylAzide4hr37CPCRAAAAAO_157-172.dec

300

29800

200 100 0 25000

26000

27000

28000

29000

30000

31000

32000

33000

Mass, Da

Figure S8. (a) TIC, (b) non-deconvoluted and (c) deconvoluted MS data for 10b.

S-30

34000

35000

Reaction of GFPS147CPDOH 9 with sulfo-cyanine5 azide

Tris(3-hydroxypropyltriazolylmethyl)amine (THPTA) (1.2 μL, 20 mM) was added to a solution of CuBr (2.4 μL, 3 mg/mL in acetonitrile). GFPS147CPDOH 9 (60 μL, 1 mg/mL, 34 µM) in sodium phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 8.0) was added to the premixed copper solution. Sulfo-cyanine5 azide (3 μL, 6.8 mM in DMF, 10 eq) was added to the reaction mixture and the mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 4 h. Excess reagents were removed by repeated diafiltration into fresh buffer (100 mM sodium phosphate, 5 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) using VivaSpin sample concentrators (GE Healthcare, 3,000 MWCO). The samples were analysed by LCMS. Expected mass: 30,206 Da. Observed mass: 30,204 Da. (a) RT: 0.00 - 6.00

SM: 5B 5.18

100

NL: 1.71E10 TIC MS OLD_GFP2BBAPPD1 0eqTCEP_1mlStockAA AAAG_sp8ClickNEW2 CuBrACNSulfoCy5Azid e4hr37CAAAAAI

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0.13 0 0.0

0.53 0.5

0.77

1.17 1.0

1.57 1.5

1.80

2.02 2.0

2.34

2.68

2.5

2.89

3.26

3.0 Time (min)

3.56 3.5

S-31

3.85 4.0

4.38

4.62

4.5

5.0

5.5

(b) 817.3

840

Intensity x 10^6

40 30

795.8 864.3

20 775.5 756.2 737.7 632.1 667.7 720.3 688.2 703.1

10 0

600

889.5

800

975.8 1042.7 1140 1163 1209.8 945.1 1008.4 1062.71120.61180.5 1025.9

1000

1374.2 1398.9 1320.4

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

m/z 817.3

840

Intensity x 10^6

40 30 795.8 864.3

20 775.5

800.6

737.7 632.1

667.7

688.2 707.1

720.3 703.1

0 600

(c) Intensity x 10^6

824.1 832.3844.9 810.1 889.5 854.8 765.6779.8 945.1 849.9 868.5 900.2 916.4 806 788.2 872.7 860.1 744.5 760.6 770.1 880 893.7 908.3921.3 726.8 733.3 926.9 756.2

10

650

700

750

800 m/z

850

900

975.8 968.4

950

1000

C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\OLD_GFP2BBAPPD10eqTCEP_1mlStockAAAAAG_sp8ClickNEW2CuBrACNSulfoCy5Azide4hr37CAAAAAI_190-209.dec

30204

150 100 50 0 15000

20000

25000

30000

35000 Mass, Da

40000

45000

50000

55000

Intensity x 10^6

C:\Program Files\ProMassXcali\results\promass_results\OLD_GFP2BBAPPD10eqTCEP_1mlStockAAAAAG_sp8ClickNEW2CuBrACNSulfoCy5Azide4hr37CAAAAAI_190-209.dec

30204

150 100 50

30315

0 25000

26000

27000

28000

29000

30000

31000

32000

33000

Mass, Da

Figure S9. (a) TIC, (b) non-deconvoluted and (c) deconvoluted MS data for 10c.

S-32

34000

35000

250 150 100 75 50 37

25 20 15 10

1

2

3

4

5

Figure S10. SDS-PAGE gel showing various GFP constructs. Lane 1: Precision Plus Protein Standards ladder, 2: GFPS147C 1, 3: GFPS147CPD 8, 4: GFPS147CPDOH 9, 5: GFPS147CPDOHBenzyl 10a.

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