(A12) APPLE: Malus domestica Borkhausen EFFECTIVENESS OF ...

Arthropod Management Tests 2009, Vol. 34

doi: 10.4182/amt.2009.A12

(A12) APPLE: Malus domestica Borkhausen EFFECTIVENESS OF INSECTICIDE PROGRAMS AGAINST LEPIDOPTERAN PESTS, 2008 Larry A. Hull Fruit Research and Extension Center Pennsylvania State University P. O. Box 330 Biglerville, PA 17307-0330 Phone: (717) 677-6116 Ext. 6 Fax: (717) 677-4112 E-mail: [email protected] Neelendra K. Joshi E-mail: [email protected] Faruque U. Zaman E-mail: [email protected] Apple maggot (AM): Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) Aphid natural enemies (NE): Ladybeetles, Lacewings, Syrphids, Mullein bugs, etc. Codling moth (CM): Cydia pomonella (L.) European apple sawfly (EAS): Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug) European red mite (ERM): Panonychus ulmi (Koch) Leafrollers (LR): mixture of obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), redbanded leafroller (RBLR), Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and Tufted apple bud moth (TABM); Platynota idaeusalis (Walker) Mite predator (SP): Stethorus punctum (LeConte) Mite predator (ZM): Zetzellia mali (Ewing) Oriental fruit moth (OFM): Grapholita molesta (Busck) Phytoseiid mite predators (PMP): Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman), Typhlodromus pyri (Scheuten) Plum curculio (PC): Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) Potato leafhopper (PLH): Empoasca fabae (Harris) Rosy apple aphid (RAA): Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) Spirea aphid (SA): Aphis spiraecola Patch Spotted tentiform leafminer (STLM): Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.) Stink bugs (SB): Brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), Dusky stink bug, Euschistus tristigmus (Say), Green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare (Say) Tarnished plant bug (PB): Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) Twospotted spider mite (TSSM): Tetranychus urticae Koch Woolly apple aphid (WAA): Erisoma lanigerum (Hausmann) This study was designed to evaluate a number of registered and experimental products for their efficacy as tactics against the codling moth and the oriental fruit moth as well as other pests present. All treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of two replicates of ‘Fuji’, two replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and one replicate of ‘Yorking’ with buffer trees between plots. All trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 30 ft and were 14 yr old. All treatments were applied with a Durand-Wayland airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.4 mph. Applications dates for all treatments are listed in Table 1. All applications were complete sprays. For the one Imidan/Rimon/Delegate treatment, the airblast sprayer was fitted with a 50% “Cornell doughnut” for reducing airflow intake for all insecticide applications (Table 1). A routine schedule of fungicides (Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP, Sovran 50WP, Topsin M 85WDG and Ziram 76WP) was maintained throughout the experiment. Treatment timings were based on the accumulation of degree days from biofix - first sustained adult moth capture in a sex pheromone trap for both CM and OFM Treatment timings were based on the accumulation of degree days from biofix - first sustained adult moth capture in a sex pheromone trap for both CM and OFM. Degree-day calculations were based on minimum and maximum developmental thresholds of 50°F88°F (CM), and 45°F-90°F (OFM). RAA populations were assessed by counting the number of injured clusters per 5-min examination per tree. STLM was evaluated by counting the number of tissue-feeding mines present during a 5-min 1


doi: 10.4182/amt.2009.A12

examination around the periphery of each plot tree. OFM shoot injury was assessed by determining the number of injured shoots per tree in a 3-min examination. Apples exhibiting frass were determined by examining 150 apples per tree in situ and determining the percentage of apples with frass. The number of PLH was determined by counting the number of adults and nymphs per 20 shoots per tree. WAA populations were determined by examining one major scaffold lime on each plot tree and determining the number of live colonies and categorically rating each live colony for the number of live aphids according to the following: 1 = 1-10 WAA, 2 = 11-25 WAA, 3 = 26-50 WAA, 4 = >50 WAA. In addition, WAA populations were later determined by examining 50 shoots per tree and calculating the percentage of shoots infested. Effectiveness of the treatments on SA was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves/10 actively growing shoots/tree and then categorically rating the most infested leaf/shoot (1 = 1-20 SA, 2 = 21-100 SA, 3 = 101-200 SA, and 4 = >200 SA). The total number of aphid NEs was determined by counting the number observed on the same 10 shoots examined for SA. Effect of the test chemicals on ERM, TSSM, PMP and ZM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves per tree, 125 leaves per treatment. S. punctum adults and larvae were counted by making a 3-min assessment while walking slowly around the periphery of each sample tree. Effectiveness of the chemicals on all fruit feeding pests was assessed by scoring for injury dropped apples on 14 and 28 Jul, 5 and 13 Aug, and two picked samples of 40 and 100 fruit per replication on 13 Aug and 16 Sep, respectively. All internally feeding larvae were collected from the picked and dropped fruit and identified to species. Russet evaluations were made on ‘Golden Delicious’ fruits (35 per replicate) on 25 Aug. Each replicate was rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). The individual ratings were added to calculate a russet rating for each replicate. Possible ranges for the replicate russet ratings (and estimate of range of % of surface russeted) are 0-35 (none to raised lenticels) 35-70 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 71-105 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface, 105-140 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 141-175 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface). Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means separation with Fisher’s Protected LSD. Pest pressure was moderate to high throughout the season. On 4 Jun, both Imidan/Rimon/Delegate treatment regimes allowed the fewest number of OFM infested shoots, while the two QRD-416 treatment programs and the Belt plus LI-700 program allowed the highest number of OFM infested shoots (Table 2). RAA infestation levels were low and no differences between treatments were found on 29 May (Table 2). There was no effect of any insecticide treatments on PLH populations during the two assessments in late Jun and early Jul (Table 2). All chemical programs allowed similar levels of injured apples with frass caused by early season CM populations (Table 2). In addition, population levels of SA were similar across all chemical treatments on 25 and 30 Jun (Table 3). The application of Provado and Movento on 2 Jul significantly reduced SA populations in comparison to the untreated check (Table 3). During all observations of SA natural enemies, the chemical treatments appeared to have minimum negative impacts on this complex (Table 3). All chemical treatments gave excellent control of low populations of STLM (Table 4). The Assail/Rimon/Delegate treatment regime and the two treatment regimes of Imidan/Rimon/Delegate allowed the highest populations and infestations of WAA (Table 4). The treatment regimes of Belt+MSO, Belt+LI-700 and the high rate treatment of QRD-416 allowed the fewest ERM populations among chemical programs (Table 5). On treatments with relatively high ERM populations (>15/leaf in late Jul and Aug), it appeared that both treatment programs of Imidan/Rimon/Delegate reduced the response of PMP populations, probably indicating some toxicity (i.e., Delegate) towards this predatory group (Table 5). SP adult and larval populations were high on both Imidan/Rimon/Delegate treatments in Aug (Table 6), most likely a response to the increasing ERM populations. The treatment regimes of Belt/MSO, Assail/Rimon/Delegate, and both Imidan/Rimon/Delegate treatments allowed the fewest number of CM/OFM entries while both treatment regimes of QRD-416 allowed the highest number of entries (Table 7). The treatment regimes of Assail/Rimon/Delegate and both Imidan/Rimon/Delegate treatments produced the highest percentage of clean apples (Table 7). There was no difference in the amount of fruit injury caused by the various fruit feeding pests between the Imidan/Rimon/Delegate treatment program applied with the “Cornell doughnut” (50% reduction in airflow intake) and the same chemical treatment applied without the doughnut (Table 7).

2


doi: 10.4182/amt.2009.A12

Table 1 Treatment/ formulation

Rate Amt/acre

Belt 480SC Provado 1.6F

148.0 ml 118.0 ml

lb AI 0.15625 0.05

Application dates 14 & 30 May, 12 & 26 Jun, 10 & 24 Jul, 7 & 21 Aug 2 Jul

Belt 480SC + 148.0 ml + MSO (oil) 946.0 ml Movento 240SC + 177.0 ml + Damoil 3785.0 ml

0.15625 0.25% 0.09375 1.0%

Belt 480SC + 148.0 ml + LI-700 946.0 ml Movento 240SC + 266.6 ml + Damoil 3785.0 ml

0.15625 0.25% 0.14063 1.0%

2 Jul

QRD-416 25EC + 1892.0 ml + LI-700 473.0 ml Delegate 25W 147.0 g Imidan 70W 1361.0 g Altacor 35WDG 57.0 g

0.125% 0.08125 2.1 0.044

14 & 30 May, 12 Jun 26 Jun 10 & 24 Jul 7 & 21 Aug


0.125% 0.08125 2.1 0.066

14 & 30 May, 12 Jun 26 Jun 10 & 24 Jul 7 & 21 Aug

Assail 30SG Rimon 0.83EC Delegate 25W Altacor 35WDG

142.0 g 590.0 ml 147.0 g 85.0 g

0.09375 0.13 0.08125 0.066

14 May, 10 & 24 Jul 30 May 12 & 26 Jun 7 & 21 Aug

Imidan 70W a Rimon 0.83EC a Delegate 25W a Calypso 480SC a Altacor 35WDG

1361.0 g 590.0 ml 128.0 g 148.0 ml 71.0 g

2.1 0.13 0.0703 0.15625 0.0547

14 May, 10 Jul 30 May 12 & 26 Jun 24 Jul 7 & 21 Aug

Imidan 70W Rimon 0.83EC Delegate 25W Calypso 480SC Altacor 35WDG

1361.0 g 590.0 ml 128.0 g 148.0 ml 71.0 g

2.1 0.13 0.0703 0.15625 0.0547

14 May, 10 Jul 30 May 12 & 26 Jun 24 Jul 7 & 21 Aug

Untreated check

---

a

14 & 30 May, 12 & 26 Jun, 10 & 24 Jul, 7 & 21 Aug 2 Jul 14 & 30 May, 12 & 26 Jun, 10 & 24 Jul, 7 & 21 Aug

---

a

Airblast sprayer was fitted with a 50% “Cornell doughnut” for reducing airflow intake for all insecticide applications.

3


doi: 10.4182/amt.2009.A12

Table 2 OFM inf, shoots/3 min

RAA inf. clust/3 min

PLH/10 shoots

% apples w frass

Treatment/ formulation

Rate Amt/acre

4 Jun

17 Jun

29 May

25 Jun

7 Jul

25 Jun


148.0 ml 118.0 ml

4.8ab

9.2a

0.4a

33.8a

3.4a

3.2a

5.6ab

6.2a

1.0a

29.4a

4.6a

4.7a


Belt 480SC + 148.0 ml + LI-700 946.0 ml Movento 240SC + 266.6 ml + Damoil 3785.0 ml 10.6bcd 11.8a QRD-416 25EC + 1892.0 ml + LI-700 473.0 ml Delegate 25W 147.0 g Imidan 70W 1361.0 g Altacor 35WDG 57.0 g 12.6cd 15.2a

0.8a

37.6a

4.0a

4.1a

1.0a

30.6a

4.0a

7.3ab

QRD-416 25EC + LI-700 Delegate 25W Imidan 70W Altacor 35WDG

18.8a

1.4a

38.6a

5.0a

6.8ab

5.4ab

7.8a

0.0a

24.2a

7.4a

4.1a

3.8a

7.4a

2.2a

17.4a

4.8a

3.5a

4.0a

4.2a

0.2a

26.0a

5.8a

5.9ab

7.4abc

9.4a

1.0a

31.6a

6.6a

3785.0 ml + 473.0 ml 147.0 g 1361.0 g 85.0 g 14.2d


142.0 g 590.0 ml 147.0 g 85.0 g

Imidan 70W Rimon 0.83EC Delegate 25W Calypso 480SC

1361.0 g 590.0 ml 128.0 g 148.0 ml

Altacor 35WDG Imidan 70W Rimon 0.83EC Delegate 25W Calypso 480SC Altacor 35WDG

71.0 g 1361.0 g 590.0 ml 128.0 g 148.0 ml 71.0 g

Untreated check

---

13.6c

Means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different (Fisher’s Protected LSD, P < 0.05).

4


doi: 10.4182/amt.2009.A12

Table 3 SA inf. lvs/terminal Treatment/ formulation

Rate Amt/acre

25 Jun

30 Jun


148.0 ml 118.0 ml

0.2a

0.7a

Belt 480SC + MSO (oil) Movento 240SC + Damoil

148.0 ml + 946.0 ml 177.0 ml + 3785.0 ml

0.1a

Belt 480SC + LI-700 Movento 240SC + Damoil

148.0 ml + 946.0 ml 266.6 ml + 3785.0 ml

QRD-416 25EC + LI-700 Delegate 25W Imidan 70W Altacor 35WDG QRD-416 25EC + LI-700 Delegate 25W Imidan 70W Altacor 35WDG

7 Jul

SA most inf. leaf/term.

Total NE’s/10 term.

14 Jul

30 Jun

7 Jul

14 Jul

25 Jun

30 Jun

7 Jul

14 Jul

0.1abc

0.1a

0.4a

0.1ab

0.1a

1.2a

5.6a

0.8a

0.8a

0.9a

0.0a

0.0a

0.5a

0.0a

0.0a

0.8a

1.4a

0.6a

0.6a

0.1a

0.5a

0.0a

0.0a

0.3a

0.0a

0.0a

1.2a

1.2a

0.6a

0.6a

1892.0 ml + 473.0 ml 147.0 g 1361.0 g 57.0 g

0.2a

0.7a

0.2a-d ---

0.7a

0.2abc ---

1.0a

1.4a

1.4a

---

3785.0 ml + 473.0 ml 147.0 g 1361.0 g 85.0 g

0.2a

0.8a

0.2abc ---

0.5a

0.1abc ---

1.0a

1.2a

2.2a

---


142.0 g 590.0 ml 147.0 g 85.0 g

0.2a

1.1a

0.4cd

---

0.7a

0.4c

---

0.8a

2.2a

1.2a

---


1361.0 g 590.0 ml 128.0 g 148.0 ml 71.0 g

0.5a

0.9a

0.4bcd ---

0.6a

0.3bc

---

0.6a

1.4a

1.2a

---


1361.0 g 590.0 ml 128.0 g 148.0 ml 71.0 g

0.3a

1.3a

0.5d

0.7a

0.4c

---

1.4a

3.6a

0.8a

---

Untreated check

---

0.0a

0.4a

0.4bcd

0.3a

0.3bc

0.8a

1.6a

1.4a

--0.0a

0.1a


5

1.2a


doi: 10.4182/amt.2009.A12

Table 4 WAA Russet STLM/3 min

Colonies/limb

Rating

% Inf. shoots

rating


Rate Amt/acre

23 Jul

30 Jul

30 Jul

11 Aug

3 Sep


148.0 ml 118.0 ml

0.4a

1.0a

1.0a

2.4ab

74.0a


0.0a

0.0a

0.0a

0.4a

65.0a


0.2a

0.4a

0.4a

0.0a

73.0a


1.2a

0.0a

0.0a

0.4a

78.0a


0.0a

0.4a

0.4a

0.0a

87.0a


142.0 g 590.0 ml 147.0 g 85.0 g

0.2a

16.8b

20.2b

13.2c

69.0a


1361.0 g 590.0 ml 128.0 g 148.0 ml 71.0 g

0.4a

1.6a

1.6a

6.0bc

69.0a


1361.0 g 590.0 ml 128.0 g 148.0 ml 71.0 g

0.2a

11.4b

13.4b

9.6c

62.0a

8.4b

0.2a

0.2a

0.4a

52.0a

Untreated check

---


6


doi: 10.4182/amt.2009.A12

Table 5 ERM/leaf

PMP/leaf


Rate Amt/acre

9 Jun

8 Jul

22 Jul

11 Aug

9 Jun

8 Jul

22 Jul


148.0 ml 118.0 ml

0.2a

2.7cde

4.5cd

5.2bc

0.0a

0.0c

0.5abc

1.0a

Belt 480SC + MSO (oil) Movento 240SC + Damoil

148.0 ml + 946.0 ml 177.0 ml + 3785.0 ml

0.2a

0.3a

1.2ab

2.6abc

0.1a

0.1abc

0.4abc

0.6abc

Belt 480SC + LI-700 Movento 240SC + Damoil

148.0 ml + 946.0 ml 266.6 ml + 3785.0 ml

0.1a

0.4a

0.3a

0.7a

0.1a

0.0c

0.1cd

0.2c


1892.0 ml + 473.0 ml 147.0 g 1361.0 g 57.0 g

0.2a

1.2abc

6.4d

9.4c

0.1a

0.1abc

0.5abc

0.5abc


3785.0 ml + 473.0 ml 147.0 g 1361.0 g 85.0 g

0.1a

0.8ab

2.7bc

3.8abc

0.2a

0.0c

0.6ab

0.8ab


142.0 g 590.0 ml 147.0 g 85.0 g

0.5a

6.3ef

21.6e

29.6d

0.3a

0.0c

0.3a-d

0.4bc


1361.0 g 590.0 ml 128.0 g 148.0 ml 71.0 g

0.2a

5.5def

15.9e

27.7d

0.1a

0.0bc

0.0d

0.2c


1361.0 g 590.0 ml 128.0 g 148.0 ml 71.0 g

0.2a

23.2e

34.2d

0.1a

0.1abc

0.2bcd

0.3bc

0.1a

0.2a

0.5ab

0.7ab

Untreated check

---

0.3a

10.8f 2.0bcd

3.0cd

1.4ab


7

11 Aug


doi: 10.4182/amt.2009.A12

Table 6 Treatment/ formulation

Rate Amt/acre


148.0 ml 118.0 ml

TSSM/leaf

ZM/leaf

8 Jul

11 Aug

6 Aug

11 Aug

19 Aug

0.0a

2.0bcd

1.6cde

2.2cde

Belt 480SC + 148.0 ml + MSO (oil) 946.0 ml Movento 240SC + 177.0 ml + Damoil 3785.0 ml 0.0a

0.0a

1.4d

0.2e

0.0e

Belt 480SC + 148.0 ml + LI-700 946.0 ml Movento 240SC + 266.6 ml + Damoil 3785.0 ml 0.0a

0.0a

1.4cd

0.0e

0.8de

QRD-416 25EC + 1892.0 ml + LI-700 473.0 ml Delegate 25W 147.0 g Imidan 70W 1361.0 g Altacor 35WDG 57.0 g 0.2ab

0.1a

8.4a

4.0abc

5.4bc

QRD-416 25EC + 3785.0 ml + LI-700 473.0 ml Delegate 25W 147.0 g Imidan 70W 1361.0 g Altacor 35WDG 85.0 g 0.0a

0.0a

5.2ab

6.6a

2.8bcd


142.0 g 590.0 ml 147.0 g 85.0 g

0.2ab

0.3a

3.2bcd

2.6bcd

8.2ab


1361.0 g 590.0 ml 128.0 g 148.0 ml 71.0 g

0.4b

0.4a

4.8abc

5.4ab

13.0a


1361.0 g 590.0 ml 128.0 g 148.0 ml 71.0 g

0.2ab

0.0a

5.2ab

3.6abc

11.0a

0.2ab

0.1a

1.0d

0.4de

0.2e

Untreated check

---

0.2ab

SP Ad. + Lar/3 min


8


doi: 10.4182/amt.2009.A12

Table 7 Injuries/100 apples CM/OFM Treatment/ formulation

Live Stings

% clean Entries

worms

EAS

AM

LR

PC

PB

SB

apples

877

11.9abc

26.3c

4.9bc

0.2a

0.2a

1.8a

0.5a

2.1a

0.1a

60.6c

27 (66)

14 (34)


797

10.2ab

17.5ab

2.7ab

0.4a

0.0a

2.0ab

7.5a

2.4a

0.5a

62.6bc

15 (75)

5 (25)


841

12.2bc

21.0bc

3.6ab

0.3a

0.0a

2.0abc

1.1a

2.6a

0.3a

62.9bc

15 (63)

9 (37)


1892.0 ml + 473.0 ml 147.0 g 1361.0 g 57.0 g

879

19.6d

46.5d

7.9d

0.1a

0.2a

4.4bcd

3.2a

1.6a

0.1a

32.1d

31 (49)

32 (51)


3785.0 ml + 473.0 ml 147.0 g 1361.0 g 85.0 g

826

16.5cd

44.7d

6.7cd

0.0a

0.1a

4.7cd

6.1a

1.9a

0.2a

34.7d

27 (55)

22 (45)


142.0 g 590.0 ml 147.0 g 85.0 g

782

9.5ab

16.9ab

2.6ab

0.2a

0.1a

2.6a-d

0.5a

1.9a

0.0a

71.1ab

14 (78)

4 (22)


1361.0 g 590.0 ml 128.0 g 148.0 ml 71.0 g

785

9.6ab

13.2a

2.3a

0.4a

0.0a

1.9a

0.3a

1.5a

0.0a

74.4a

11 (65)

6 (35)


1361.0 g 590.0 ml 128.0 g 148.0 ml 71.0 g

784

8.3a

16.6ab

3.6ab

0.3a

0.0a

1.7a

0.8a

1.8a

0.0a

71.8ab

17 (81)

4 (19)

959

12.2bc

73.2e

0.2a

0.2a

4.8d

1.3a

1.0a

0.6a

19.1e

93 (69)

42 (31)


Untreated check

Rate Amt/acre 148.0 ml 118.0 ml

---

No. fruit sampled

No. (%) internal larvae in fruit

18.0e


9

CM

OFM