(A12) APPLE: Malus domestica Borkhausen, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘York’ CONCENTRATE AIRBLAST INSECT EXPERIMENT, 2004 Larry A. Hull Penn State University Fruit Research and Extension Center Biglerville, PA 17307-0330 Phone: (717) 677-6116 Fax: (717) 677-4112 E-mail:
[email protected] Clayton Myers Aphid natural enemies (NE): Ladybeetles, Lacewings, Syrphids, Mullein bugs, etc. Codling moth (CM): Cydia pomonella (L.) European apple sawfly (EAS): Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug) European red mite (ERM): Panonychus ulmi (Koch) Leafrollers (LR): mixture of obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and tufted apple bud moth (TABM): Platynota idaeusalis (Walker) Mite predator (ZM): Zetzellia mali (Ewing) Mullein plant bug (MB): Campylomma verbasci (Meyer-Dür) Obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR): Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) Oriental fruit moth (OFM): Grapholita molesta (Busck) Phytoseiid mite predators; (PMP): Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), Typhlodromus pyri (Scheuten) Plum curculio (PC): Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) Spirea aphid (SA): Aphis spiraecola Patch Spotted tentiform leafminer (STLM): Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.) Tarnished plant bud (PB): Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) Twospotted spider mite (TSSM): Tetranychus urticae (Koch) White apple leafhopper (WALH): Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee Treatments involving experimental and registered insecticides were applied to two-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of two replicates of 'Golden Delicious' and three replicates of 'Yorking' with a buffer row and buffer tree between plots. There was one additional replicate of Golden Delicious’ with only a single tree plot. Trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 30 ft and were 29 yr old. All samples were taken from the center tree in each plot. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.0 mph (Table 1). All applications were complete sprays. A special application of Guthion 50W at 2 lb/acre, applied at 100 gpa, was made on 10 Sep to all treatments including the untreated check to prevent further injury from internal feeding lepidopteran larvae until the harvest samples were collected. A routine schedule of fungicides (Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP, Penncozeb 75DF, Sovran 50WP, and Ziram 76WP) was maintained throughout the experiment. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs per 25 injured leaves per tree. STLM was evaluated by counting the number of tissue-feeding mines present during a 5-min examination around the periphery of one tree per replicate. Effectiveness of the treatments on SA was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves per 10 actively growing shoots per tree and by the number of live SA present on the most infested leaf. The density of aphids on the most infested leaf per terminal was determined by rating the most infested leaf as follows: 1 = 1-20 SA, 2 = 21-
100 SA, 3 = 101-200 SA, and 4 = >200 SA. The total number of aphid NEs was determined by counting the number observed on the same 10 shoots examined for SA. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on ERM, TSSM, PMP and ZM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves per tree, 150 leaves per treatment. The number of OFM-injured shoots was determined by counting the number of infested shoots in a 3-min examination. The number of apples showing frass from both CM and OFM was assessed in situ in a 5-min examination per tree on 17 Jun and again on 29 Jul except at this time, 150 apples were examined per tree and the percentage of apples showing evidence of frass was determined. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on OBLR was determined by counting the number of OBLR shelters in a 5-min examination. All larvae were collected and returned to the laboratory for identification. Effectiveness of chemicals on all fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury dropped apples on 12, 20 and 28 Jul; 9 and 23 Aug; and two picked samples of 35 and 100 fruit per replication on 10 Aug and 21 Sep, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher’s Protected LSD mean separation (P ≤ 0.05). Pest pressure was moderate to high throughout the season. Under very low WALH pressure, no insecticide treatments reduced populations of this pest compared to an untreated check (Table 2). No treatments provided a significant reduction of STLM for first brood on 1 Jun (Table 2). Later evaluations for second and third brood (20 Jul and 18 Aug) showed that treatments including Assail provided the best season-long control of STLM. In the 18 Aug evaluation the Assail+oil treatment gave a better reduction of STLM than Assail alone at a higher rate. Neither SA nor their NEs were affected by any treatments (Table 2) under very low population pressure. A high rate of Assail (97 g/acre) without oil on 24 May (following a petal fall application of Imidan) was the only treatment to cause a reduction of first brood OFM shoot damage, compared to an untreated check (Table 3). All treatments reduced the number of apples showing frass (17 Jun) and reduced the percentage of apples with frass (29 Jul) compared to an untreated check (Table 3). In the 29 Jul fruit assessment, the early Rimon/Imidan/Intrepid/Assail program, the high rate of Assail/Imidan/Intrepid program, and the standard Imidan/Intrepid program provided the best reductions in frass damage (Table 3). Both Rimon/Intrepid programs and the low-rate Assail/Intrepid program reduced first brood OBLR shelters compared to an untreated check. Similarly, those three treatments, and the Clutch/Intrepid treatment reduced the number of live OBLR larvae per tree compared to an untreated check (Table 3). Only the treatment including an application of Mesa+Stylet oil at petal fall reduced ERM levels through 21 Jul compared to an untreated check (Table 4). The treatment involving the early-season Rimon applications appeared to cause an increase in ERM populations, especially on 21 Jul (Table 4). We have observed similar increases in ERM populations from previous studies involving Rimon applications. No other treatments provided significant ERM suppression (Table 4). While PMP and ZM levels were largely unaffected compared to an untreated check, the Assail+Stylet oil and the Clutch+Stylet oil treatments did have higher levels of PMP on 17 Aug compared to the untreated check (Table 5). No chemical treatments significantly reduced the number of CM/OFM stings (Table 6). All treatments reduced the number of CM/OFM entries and the amount of LR damage, and all treatments had a significantly higher percentage of clean fruit than an untreated check. The early season Rimon treatment and the standard Imidan/Intrepid provided the greatest reduction in CM/OFM entries and LR damage and both treatments also had the highest percentage of clean fruit (Table 6). Damage from PC, EAS, PB, and MB was low in all treatments.
Table 1. Treatment/formulation
Rate amt product/acre
Rimon 0.83EC Imidan 70WP Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Rimon 0.83EC Imidan 70WP Assail 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP + Stylet Oil Imidan 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP Imidan 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Clutch 50WDG + Stylet Oil Guthion 50WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Lorsban 75WG Imidan 70WP + Mesa 0.077EC + Stylet Oil Imidan 70WP + Tactic Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Tactic Untreated check
590.0 ml 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 71.0 g 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 590.0 ml 1,362.0 g 71.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 71.0 g + 1,892.0 ml 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 97.0 g 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 85.0 g + 3,785.0 ml 680.0 g 473.0 ml 1,362.0 g 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 908.0 g 1,362.0 g + 590.0 ml + 3,785.0 ml 1,362.0 g + 237.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 1,362.0 g + 355.0 ml 1,816.0 g + 237.0 ml ---
Rate lb(AI)/acre 0.129 2.1 0.25 0.1094 1.4 0.1875 0.129 2.1 0.1094 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.1094 0.5% v/v 2.1 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.14875 2.1 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.09375 1% v/v 0.75 0.25 2.1 1.4 0.1875 1.5 2.1 0.012 1% v/v 2.1 0.0625% v/v 1.4 0.1875 2.1 0.1875 2.8 0.0625% v/v ---
Dates of Application 10 May (Petal fall) 24 May 8 Jun, 4 Aug 22 Jun 8 and 22 Jul 18 Aug 2 and 16 Jul 10 May (Petal fall), 4 Aug 24 May, 8 Jun 22 Jun 18 Aug 24 May, 8 Jun, 8 and 22 Jul 10 May (Petal fall), 4 Aug 22 Jun 18 Aug 24 May, 8 Jun, 8 and 22 Jul 10 May (Petal fall), 4 Aug 22 Jun 18 Aug 24 May, 22 Jul 10 May (Petal fall) 22 Jun 8 Jun, 8 Jul, 4 Aug 18 Aug 20 Apr (Pink) 10 May (Petal fall) 24 May, 8 Jun 22 Jun 22 Jul, 4 Aug 8 Jul, 18 Aug
Table 2. WALH/ injured leaf Treatment/ formulation
Rate amt product/acre
Rimon 0.83EC 590.0 ml Imidan 70WP 1,362.0 g Intrepid 2F 473.0 ml Assail 70WP 71.0 g Imidan 70WP + 908.0 g + Intrepid 2F 355.0 ml Rimon 0.83EC 590.0 ml Imidan 70WP 1,362.0 g Assail 70WP 71.0 g Intrepid 2F 473.0 ml Imidan 70WP + 908.0 g + Intrepid 2F 355.0 ml Assail 70WP + 71.0 g + Stylet Oil 1,892.0 ml Imidan 70WP 1,362.0 g Intrepid 2F 473.0 ml Imidan 70WP + 908.0 g + Intrepid 2F 355.0 ml Assail 70WP 97.0 g Imidan 70WP 1,362.0 g Intrepid 2F 473.0 ml Imidan 70WP + 908.0 g + Intrepid 2F 355.0 ml Clutch 50WDG + 85.0 g + Stylet Oil 3,785.0 ml Guthion 50WP 680.0 g Intrepid 2F 473.0 ml Imidan 70WP 1,362.0 g Imidan 70WP + 908.0 g + Intrepid 2F 355.0 ml Lorsban 75WG 908.0 g Imidan 70WP + 1,362.0 g + Mesa 0.077EC + 590.0 ml + Stylet Oil 3,785.0 ml Imidan 70WP + 1,362.0 g + Tactic 237.0 ml Imidan 70WP + 908.0 g + Intrepid 2F 355.0 ml Imidan 70WP + 1,362.0 g + Intrepid 2F 355.0 ml Imidan 70WP + 1,816.0 g + Tactic 237.0 ml Untreated check ---
Rate lb(AI)/acre 0.129 2.1 0.25 0.1094 1.4 0.1875 0.129 2.1 0.1094 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.1094 0.5% 2.1 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.14875 2.1 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.09375 1% 0.75 0.25 2.1 1.4 0.1875 1.5 2.1 0.012 1% 2.1 0.0625% 1.4 0.1875 2.1 0.1875 2.8 0.0625% ---
SA infested leaves/terminal
STLM mines/5 min
18 May
1 Jun
20 Jul
0.3a
1.8a
0.1a
30 Jun
Total NE’s /10 terminals
18 Aug
30 Jun
1.3a
0.2a
1.5ab
0.8a
1.2a
3.3a
2.8 ab
2.3b
1.4a
0.9a
1.0a
0.2a
2.8a
2.0 ab
0.3a
1.3a
0.7a
0.8a
0.1a
3.2a
3.8 bc
1.8b
1.0a
0.7a
0.5a
0.1a
2.8a
17.2 d
9.2c
1.7 ab
1.0a
2.0a
0.3a 0.2a
1.5a 3.7a
11.8cd 22.3d
13.3c 11.8c
2.1b 1.1a
1.2a 0.8a
4.8a 1.0a
Means in a column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different (Fisher's Protected LSD, P > 0.05). Rating: 0 = no aphids, 1 = 1-20 aphids, 2 = 21-100 aphids, 3 = 101-200 aphids, 4 = > 200 aphids.
a
Live SA/most infested leafa
30 Jun
Table 3. Apples w/frass M-infested shoots/3 min Treatment/ formulation
Rate amt product/acre
Rimon 0.83EC Imidan 70WP Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Rimon 0.83EC Imidan 70WP Assail 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP + Stylet Oil Imidan 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP Idan 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Clutch 50WDG + Stylet Oil Guthion 50WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Lorsban 75WG Imidan 70WP + Mesa 0.077EC + Stylet Oil Imidan 70WP + Tactic Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Tactic Untreated check
590.0 ml 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 71.0 g 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 590.0 ml 1,362.0 g 71.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 71.0 g + 1,892.0 ml 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 97.0 g 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 85.0 g + 3,785.0 ml 680.0 g 473.0 ml 1,362.0 g 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 908.0 g 1,362.0 g + 590.0 ml + 3,785.0 ml 1,362.0 g + 237.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 1,362.0 g + 355.0 ml 1,816.0 g + 237.0 ml ---
Rate lb(AI)/acre 0.129 2.1 0.25 0.1094 1.4 0.1875 0.129 2.1 0.1094 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.1094 0.5% v/v 2.1 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.14875 2.1 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.09375 1% v/v 0.75 0.25 2.1 1.4 0.1875 1.5 2.1 0.012 1% v/v 2.1 0.0625% v/v 1.4 0.1875 2.1 0.1875 2.8 0.0625% v/v ---
1 Jun
/5 min 17 Jun
% 29 Jul
OBLR shelters /tree
Live OBLR/tree
9 Jul
9 Jul
22.3c
0.7a
1.1ab
4.3a
1.8a
16.2ab
0.5a
1.8abc
7.0abc
2.8ab
14.2ab
1.7a
2.4c
5.2ab
2.5ab
10.8a
0.2a
1.3abc
12.3cd
5.8bc
15.0ab
0.7a
2.4bc
22.2bc 23.0bc
0.5a 12.8b
0.7a 7.2d
9.0bcd
8.8a-d 14.0d
Means in a column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different (Fisher's Protected LSD, P > 0.05).
2.5ab
5.2abc 7.3c
Table 4. No. (%) internal larvae in fruit
ERM/leaf Treatment/ formulation
Rate amt product/acre
Rate lb(AI)/acre
Rimon 0.83EC Imidan 70WP Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Rimon 0.83EC Imidan 70WP Assail 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP + Stylet Oil Imidan 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP Imidan 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Clutch 50WDG + Stylet Oil Guthion 50WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Lorsban 75WG Imidan 70WP + Mesa 0.077EC + Stylet Oil Imidan 70WP + Tactic Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Tactic Untreated check
590.0 ml 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 71.0 g 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 590.0 ml 1,362.0 g 71.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 71.0 g + 1,892.0 ml 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 97.0 g 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 85.0 g + 3,785.0 ml 680.0 g 473.0 ml 1,362.0 g 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 908.0 g 1,362.0 g + 590.0 ml + 3,785.0 ml 1,362.0 g + 237.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 1,362.0 g+ 355.0 ml 1,816.0 g + 237.0 ml ---
0.129 2.1 0.25 0.1094 1.4 0.1875 0.129 2.1 0.1094 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.1094 0.5% v/v 2.1 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.14875 2.1 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.09375 1% v/v 0.75 0.25 2.1 1.4 0.1875 1.5 2.1 0.012 1% v/v 2.1 0.0625% v/v 1.4 0.1875 2.1 0.1875 2.8 0.0625% v/v ---
10 Jun
21 Jun
6 Jul
21 Jul
3 Aug
17 Aug
CM
OFM
12.7b
7.5a
11 (85)
2 (15)
1.7a
10.3b
45.1b
82.5c
2.2.a
3.3b
22.7b
45.3bc
5.9ab
5.2a
14 (78)
4 (22)
1.5a
6.2b
29.3b
30.7b
2.2a
6.4a
9 (64)
5 (36)
2.1a
3.9b
28.3b
30.2b
2.0a
2.2a
14 (82)
3 (18)
1.3a
3.3b
28.7b
27.6ab
2.3a
3.0a
11 (65)
6 (35)
0.0a 2.1a
0.3a 6.1b
1.9a 26.0b
11.2a 46.1b
1.7a 5.6ab
1.8a 1.8a
11 (79) 32 (49)
3 (21) 33 (51)
Means in a column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different (Fisher's Protected LSD, P > 0.05).
Table 5. Mites/leaf PMP Treatment/ formulation Rimon 0.83EC Imidan 70WP Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Rimon 0.83EC Imidan 70WP Assail 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP + Stylet Oil Imidan 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP Imidan 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Clutch 50WDG + Stylet Oil Guthion 50WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Lorsban 75WG Imidan 70WP + Mesa 0.077EC + Stylet Oil Imidan 70WP + Tactic Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Tactic Untreated check
Rate amt product/acre 590.0 ml 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 71.0 g 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 590.0 ml 1,362.0 g 71.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 71.0 g + 1,892.0 ml 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 97.0 g 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 85.0 g + 3,785.0 ml 680.0 g 473.0 ml 1,362.0 g 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 908.0 g 1,362.0 g + 590.0 ml + 3,785.0 ml 1,362.0 g + 237.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 1,362.0 g+ 355.0 ml 1,816.0 g + 237.0 ml ---
Rate lb(AI)/acre 0.129 2.1 0.25 0.1094 1.4 0.1875 0.129 2.1 0.1094 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.1094 0.5% v/v 2.1 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.14875 2.1 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.09375 1% v/v 0.75 0.25 2.1 1.4 0.1875 1.5 2.1 0.012 1% v/v 2.1 0.0625% v/v 1.4 0.1875 2.1 0.1875 2.8 0.0625% v/v ---
21 Jun
6 Jul
ZM
21 Jul
3 Aug
17 Aug
6 Jul
21 Jul
3 Aug
17 Aug
0.0a
0.1a
0.3a
0.0b
0.0c
0.6a
3.5a
0.3a
0.1a
0.2a
0.3a
0.2a
0.0b
0.1bc
0.7a
2.6a
0.4a
0.3a
0.1a
0.3a
0.8a
0.1ab
0.3a
0.3a
0.8a
0.4a
0.2a
0.2a
0.3a
0.6a
0.0b
0.0c
0.4a
3.1a
0.1a
0.1a
0.2a
0.4a
1.0a
0.2a
0.2ab
0.2a
0.8a
0.3a
0.1a
0.3a 0.1a
0.3a 0.1a
0.9a 0.8a
0.0b 0.1ab
0.2abc 0.0c
0.1a 0.5a
0.4a 0.4a
0.0a 0.3a
0.0a 0.1a
Means in a column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different (Fisher's Protected LSD, P > 0.05).
Table 6. Injuries/100 apples CM/OFM Treatment/ formulation Rimon 0.83EC Imidan 70WP Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Rimon 0.83EC Imidan 70WP Assail 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP + Stylet Oil Imidan 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Assail 70WP Imidan 70WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Clutch 50WDG + Stylet Oil Guthion 50WP Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Lorsban 75WG Imidan 70WP + Mesa 0.077EC + Stylet Oil Imidan 70WP + Tactic Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Intrepid 2F Imidan 70WP + Tactic Untreated check
Rate amt product/acre 590.0 ml 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 71.0 g 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 590.0 ml 1,362.0 g 71.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 71.0 g + 1,892.0 ml 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 97.0 g 1,362.0 g 473.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 85.0 g + 3,785.0 ml 680.0 g 473.0 ml 1,362.0 g 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 908.0 g 1,362.0 g + 590.0 ml + 3,785.0 ml 1,362.0 g + 237.0 ml 908.0 g + 355.0 ml 1,362.0 g + 355.0 ml 1,816.0 g + 237.0 ml ---
Rate lb(AI)/acre
No. apples sampled
0.129 2.1 0.25 0.1094 1.4 0.1875 0.129 2.1 0.1094 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.1094 0.5% v/v 2.1 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.14875 2.1 0.25 1.4 0.1875 0.09375 1% v/v 0.75 0.25 2.1 1.4 0.1875 1.5 2.1 0.012 1% v/v 2.1 0.0625% v/v 1.4 0.1875 2.1 0.1875 2.8 0.0625% v/v ---
Stings
Entries
EAS
LRs
PC
1011
4.0a
11.0a
1.3b
5.8a
0.0a
1.9a
0.0a
77.6a
1041
3.9a
18.3c
0.5a
10.5bc
0.3b
2.2a
0.1a
67.8b
1015
2.3a
19.1cd
0.9 ab
9.6bc
0.0a
2.1a
0.4a
67.9b
1009
4.0a
16.6bc
0.4a
9.7c
0.2ab
2.1a
0.2a
69.2b
1060
4.1a
25.7d
0.2a
10.2c
0.0a
1.0a
0.2a
63.5b
1008 1105
2.9a 5.5a
11.4ab 47.6e
0.3a 0.3a
6.4ab 20.1d
0.0a 0.3b
1.0a 1.5a
0.0a 0.1a
79.8a 35.9c
Means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different, (Fisher's Protected LSD, P > 0.05).
PB
MB
% clean
