Abstracts From the December 2014 International Sports and Exercise

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2015, 25, S1  -S12 © 2015 Human Kinetics, Inc

www.IJSNEM-Journal.com SPECIAL ISSUE

Abstracts From the December 2014 International Sports and Exercise Nutrition Conference in Newcastle upon Tyne

The effects of low and high intensity exercises on four basic taste sensitivities

Effect of increased dairy consumption on weight loss during 16 weeks of energy restriction and exercise training

Nakanishi, Y1; Inoue, Y2, Ito, T3; Nethery, VM4

Parr, EB1; Coffey, VG2; Burke, LM1,3; Phillips, SM4; Hawley, JA1,5

1Department of Health Science, Osaka-Aoyama University, Japan. 2Laboratory for Human Performance Research, Osaka International University, Japan. 3Department of Health and Sports Science, Mukogawa Women’s University, Japan. 4Department of Nutrition Exercise and Health Sciences, Central Washington University, USA

Exercise alters many physiologic functions and has the potential to affect taste sensitivities and thresholds to specific chemical compounds founds in ingested products. Sensitivities to sweet, sour, salty, and bitter compounds may be altered by exercise components including the exercise intensity. The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of exercise intensity (low and high) on sensitivity to four major tastes of sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. Ten subjects completed two separate 30-min cycling exercise bouts, one at low intensity (50% VO2max) · and the other at high intensity (70% VO2max). Sensitivity to the four tastes (sweet, salty, sour, and bitter) were assessed before and after each exercise bout using taste discs (Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co.Ltd.). Data were analyzed using a series of paired t-tests and significance was established at the 0.05 level of probability. The relationships between several relevant physiologic measures and taste sensitivities were also calculated using the Pearson Correlation procedure. Post-exercise sourness threshold was higher (p < .05) for the high intensity exercise (3.4 ± 0.7) compared to the low intensity exercise (2.6 ± 1.1), with no differences in threshold sensitivities for the other three tastes. Significant negative correlations existed between the changes in sweetness threshold and the changes in blood glucose for both the low (r = –0.79; p < .01) and the high (r = –0.71; p < .05) intensity exercise bouts. A positive correlation (r = 0.69; p < .05) was also observed between the change in sourness threshold and the change in core (oral) temperature for the low intensity exercise. In conclusions, the intensity of exercise altered the sensitivity for sourness but did not affect any of the remaining three taste sensations. As well, the threshold for sweetness was strongly and inversely related to the changes in circulating blood glucose. This information adds to the current understanding of the relationships between exercise intensities and taste sensitivity.

1Exercise & Nutrition Research Group, Australian Catholic Uni-

versity, Melbourne, Australia. 2School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. 3Department of Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia. 4Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada. 5Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom. The worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity is ~45% and has doubled in the past 30 years. Sarcopenia is commonly exacerbated in overweight/obese individuals causing loss of function and independence. Accordingly a critical issue for the majority of adults is how to lose fat mass (FM) while preserving lean mass (LM) to prevent the deleterious effects of inactivity and age-related metabolic diseases. The optimal dietary macronutrient composition to attain weight loss and promote favourable changes in body composition in overweight adults is controversial. We determined the effect of high (30% energy) protein diets on changes in body composition, fitness and selected health parameters after 16 weeks of diet-induced energy restriction (–250 kcal/day) and daily resistance or/aerobic exercise to elicit a further 250 kcal deficit. 115 overweight and obese men/women (age 47 ± 6 y, body mass 90.9 ± 11.7 kg, BMI 33 ± 4 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to one of three diets: high-protein, moderate-carbohydrate (HPMC; 40% CHO: 30% Protein: 30% fat); high-protein, high-carbohydrate (HPHC: 55%: 30%: 15%); or control (CON; 55%: 15%: 30%). High protein diets were achieved by increasing the consumption of dairy foods. Independent of diet, 89 completing subjects lost 7.7 ± 3.2 kg FM (p < .001) and gained 0.5 ± 1.8 kg LM (p < .01). Both waist circumference and waist to hip ratio decreased (–8.2 ± 4.1 cm, p < .001; –0.02 ± 0.03, p = .024) across the intervention. One repetition maximum strength (28 ± 13%), maximal oxygen uptake (0.2 ± 0.2 L/min, 12 ± 10%), fasting [insulin] (–1.8 ± 4.1 mIU/L) and glucose tolerance (–20 ± 57%) improved for all groups (p < .001). We conclude that 1) independent of diet composition there was a significant loss of

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FM coupled with the preservation of LM and improvements in health-related parameters; 2) when protein intake meets or exceed RDI’s, favourable changes in body composition can be attained with mild energy restriction providing there is an appropriate exercise stimulus; and 3) carbohydrate restriction per se is not necessary to achieve optimal physique changes or improvements in health parameters and risk factors for obesity.

Acute endurance exercises induce disorders of the gastrointestinal integrity in a murine model Gutekunst, K1,2;Krüger, K2; August, C3; Diener, M4; Mooren, FC2 1Department

of Sports Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main. 2Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-LiebigUniversity Gieβen. 3Institute for Pathology, Clinical Centre Hanau. 4Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Gieβen

Many endurance athletes complain about gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. GI problems are probably the most common cause of underperformance in endurance events. Up to 90 % of distance runners experience intestinal problems related to exercise. It is assumed that exercise induced shift of perfusion with consecutive hypoperfusion of the enteral vascular system leads to an increased GI permeability and tissue damage. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate permeability, apoptosis, electrogenic ion transport (Isc), and tissue conductance (Gt) of the small intestine in a murine exercise model. After measuring the aerobic capacity by using a rodent treadmill spirometry (custom made), 8- to 12-week-old male Swiss CD-1 mice (31.1 ± 0.5 g; n = 8 per investigation-group) were subjected to an intensive treadmill exercise (80 % VO2max). Sedentary mice served as controls. The small intestine was removed at several time intervals post-exercise. Apoptotic cells were determined by the TUNEL method, while fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran permeation indicated intestinal permeability. The Gt and Isc measurements were carried out in a modified Ussing chamber. Apoptosis of epithelial cells increased continuously until 24 hr after exercise (0.8 ± 0.4 versus 39.2 ± 26.0 %; p < .05). Compared with the control group the permeability increased 2 hours after exercise (0.47 ± 0.07 versus 0.67 ± 0.14 FU/min; p < .05). Isc measurements of the ileum were augmented after 24 hr (3.33 ± 0.56 versus 5.77 ± 1.16 μEq/h/cm2; p < .05). At this time the Gt increased as well (28.80 ± 3.37 versus 32.5 ± 2.59 mS/cm2; p < .05). In the murine exercise model, there is evidence that after intense endurance exercise repair processes occur in small intestinal epithelial cells, which affect permeability, Gt, and Isc. The formation of lamellipodia to close the “leaky” tight junctions caused by apoptosis might be an underlying mechanism.

Making weight and cognitive performance in elite lightweight rowers O’Neill, BV; Harpur, Jl.

GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, UK. Making weight by utilizing acute and rapid weight loss techniques is common practice in weight categorised sports and has implications for physical and cognitive performance. In particular, the literature on the cognitive effects of making weight has primarily focused on combat sports and horse racing. To the authors’ knowledge there are no studies on the cognitive effects of making weight in elite lightweight rowers and this exploratory investigation is the first to do so. Five male, national level lightweight oarsmen (mean age 21 years; range 18-25 years, mean body mass 71 kg; range 66-75 kg) completed the Axon Sports Computerised Cognitive Assessment Tool (CCAT) and Visual Analogue Scales (VAS, assessing fatigue, stress and alertness) over the course of a 10 day period in the lead up to an early season club time trial. Prior to the trial, athletes were to meet a club stipulated weight target (71 kg) and for this study, the method by which they achieved this weight was not prescribed. From baseline to the day of the trial modest changes in body mass were observed (mean body mass loss = 0.78 kg; range +1.06 to –1.93 %) and significant (>1.65 std from a mean score computed from age-based within-subject standard deviation) decrements in cognitive performance were noted for two individuals as measured by tasks involving psychomotor speed, that is, detection (DET) and identification (IDT) tasks. Upon further analysis, a moderate correlation was observed between weight loss and cognitive performance as measured by psychomotor speed (DET) task scores (r2= 0.475, n= 4; one participant removed due to gaining weight from baseline to day 9). Subjective VAS assessments demonstrated that subjects were more fatigued compared to baseline on the day after the trial (Day 10, p < .01, n = 5) with a trend towards decreased alertness and increased stress over the weight loss and testing period. Due to the limited sample size of the current study, the meaningfulness of the relationships between the cognitive and subjective variables measured is limited; however this exploratory study provides valuable insight into a field of limited research. This study also suggests that weight-making strategies in elite rowers can impact elements of cognitive performance and requires further research to fully elucidate this relationship and any concurrent impact on physical performance.

Placebo controlled comparison of beet root juice and inorganic nitrate ingestion: effects on oxygen consumption in trained men Flueck, JL1,2; Bogdanova, A3; Mettler, S4; Perret, C2 1Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, imMed PhD

Program, University of Zurich, Switzerland. 2Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Institute of Sports Medicine, Nottwil, Switzerland. 3Institute for Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland. 4Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. The influence of dietary nitrate such as beet root juice (BR) on physiological exercise performance is controversially discussed in sport science these days. It was shown, that nitrate may reduce

Conference Abstracts

oxygen consumption (VO2) during moderate and submaximal exercise. To date, it is not clear if the ingestion of inorganic nitrate (NIT) has the same effect (on oxygen consumption) as BR. The aim of our study was to investigate, whether the same dosage of BR and NIT reduces oxygen consumption equally. Ten healthy, trained men (median [min, max]: age: 30y [19; 46], height: 180cm [170;187], weight: 71.5kg [60.7; 78.0] and VO2max: 59.3ml/min/kg [40.5; 67.0] participated in this study. A placebo-controlled, randomized and crossover study design was employed. Subjects completed seven trials of 5min cycling at 50% VO2max and 8 min cycling at 80% VO2max. 3 hr before each trial, subjects ingested either a dosage of BR (3, 6 and 12mmol), NIT (3, 6, and 12 mmol) or placebo (PLC). VO2 was measured continuously during the cycling exercise and data of the last minute of each exercise intensity was used for calculations afterwards. Blood withdrawals were taken before and 3h after ingestion for plasma nitrite analysis. Gastrointestinal tolerance was checked by using a visual analogue scale and by recording gastrointestinal side effects. Although there seems a strong tendency for a lower oxygen consumption, VO2 at 50% VO2max (p = .058) and at 80% VO2max (p = .066) were not significantly different between the seven different dosages. The higher the dosage, the lower the VO2. Thus, VO2 at submaximal intensity was 47.4 ml/min/kg [35.2; 50.0], 44.9ml/min/kg [33.7; 52.1] and 44.2ml/min/kg [34.2; 53.6] for 3, 6 and 12 mmol BR respectively; 46.7 ml/min/kg [35.4; 51.7], 47.9 ml/min/kg [34.7; 52.6] and 45.9 ml/min/kg [33.4; 51.1] for 3, 6 and 12 mmol NIT, respectively and 48.0 ml/min/kg [34.3; 53.0] for PLC. Plasma nitrite concentrations were higher after the ingestion of NIT or BR compared to PLC (p = .001). Nevertheless, the plasma nitrite concentrations after the ingestion of the same dosage of BR compared to NIT did not differ. Gastrointestinal tolerance did not differ between the trials and no gastrointestinal side effects occurred after the ingestion of the different dosages.

Factors influencing quality of coaches’ advice on sports nutrition to their athletes in response to a theory-based intervention Drapeau, V2; Jacob, R1; Provencher, V1; Laramée, C1; Goulet, C2; Valois, P3; Lamarche, B1 1Institute

of Nutrition and Functional Foods, 2Department of Physical Education. 3Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Laval University, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6. We previously showed that a theory-based intervention could improve coaches’ sports nutrition knowledge, and the number and quality of the sports nutrition advice provided to their athletes. This study aimed to identify socio-demographic factors related to improvements observed in coaches’ sports nutrition knowledge and the number/quality of the advice provided to their athletes in response to an intervention. Coaches (n = 41) were randomly assigned to a comparison or an intervention group. Both groups attended two 90-minutes sessions of a theory-based intervention targeting determinants of coaches’ intention to give advice on sports nutrition. The intervention group further received an algorithm presenting evidence-based sports

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nutrition information. Before the intervention, all participants completed a socio-demographic questionnaire. Sports nutrition knowledge was assessed before, 1-week post-intervention and 2-month post-intervention with a questionnaire. Coaches’ sports nutrition advice made over a 2-month follow-up period was recorded in a diary. Quality of sports nutrition advice was assessed on a 4-point score based on evidence-based sports nutrition recommendations and their specificity. No group effect was found for all the following analysis. Quality of advice tended to be positively associated with the number of coaches’ sports nutrition advice they provided (r = 0.30; p = .066). Age was negatively associated with the quality of coaches’ sports nutrition advice (r = -0.36, p = .02). Women and coaches at a lower competitive level had a higher sports nutrition quality score than men (3.2 ±0.5 vs. 2.6±0.6, p = .0049) or coaches at higher competitive level (3.2±0.4 vs. 2.7±0.6, p = .003). Baseline knowledge, education and experience were not related to the quality of advice. None of these factors were associated with changes in sports nutrition knowledge or the number of sports nutrition advice. These results indicate that quality of coaches’ sports nutrition advice in response to an intervention is related to age, gender and coaches competition level. Efforts should be made to consider these factors in future interventions.

The effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion and mouth rinse on high-intensity cycling performance Sheridan, HC; Galloway SDR Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK Thirty-minute pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion has been reported to improve short duration, high-intensity cycling capacity. Additionally, a single carbohydrate mouth rinse has been reported to benefit repeated sprint performance. However, the effects of pre-exercise carbohydrate mouth rinse or ingestion on short duration, high-intensity exercise performance has not been examined. Ten highly trained competitive male cyclists [Mean±SD age 35.6±6.6 yrs; height 178.4±5.7 m; mass 78.4±12.3 kg; peak power output (PPO) 371±38 W] attended five laboratory visits: 1) PPO test and initial-familiarisation; 2) full-familiarisation; and three experimental trials 3) 30 min pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion (CI); 4) carbohydrate mouth rinse (MR); and 5) placebo (PL). Trials were completed in a single-blind, randomised cross-over design following two days of diet replication and a 10 h overnight fast. Participants were given a work target (kJ) that equated to ~8 min of work at 85% of their PPO. Blood lactate and glucose concentrations were measured with assessment of mood/arousal before and during the trials. Mean power output and finish time did not differ between the three trials. Mean±SD power output and finish times in the PL, MR and CI trials were 326±29 W, 471.5±26.4 s; 325±29 W, 472.1±21.3 s; and 323±27 W, 474.6±18.8 s, respectively. There was no effect of trial on time taken to complete each 10% segment of the performance task. This study indicates that 30 min pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion or immediate pre-exercise mouth rinse does not improve performance of a

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Effects of body glycogen stores level on acute endurance exercise metabolism in young cyclists Bulut, S; Turnagol, H Hacettepe University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Nutrition and Metabolism in Exercise Division, Beytepe Campus, Ankara, Turkey It is well known that fasting activates fat metabolism. Beside, recent years many research studies accumulated that commencing exercise with low muscle glycogen is an effective strategy to activate fat metabolism and gain more training adaptation than normal muscle glycogen state. To test whether exercise in the fasted state with normal or low muscle glycogen is superior to activate fat metabolism than fed normal or low muscle glycogen pairs we set up this study. We recruited 11 moderately trained, young, men cyclist who volunteered to participate in this research study. We designed fed and fasted (overnight) exercise trials which are separated by one week with counterbalanced randomization. Prior to the study all subjects joined maximal test to determine VO2 peak and peak power output (PPO). For both trial subjects attended two 60min exercise session at 70% VO2 peak (Fed: FdE1, FdE2 and Fasted: FE1, FE2) with one hour rest period, thus the second exercise period aimed to be performed with low muscle glycogen. There were effects of low muscle trials on insulin decrease and glycerol rise in between Fd1-F2 (p = .014, for insulin and for glycerol, p = .004) and FE1-FE2 (p = .05, for insulin and p = .03, for glycerol). But there were no additive effect of fasted state over fed counterpart to decrease in insülin level or to increase in glycerol level. It was the same trend for fat oxidation and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) value. Total fat oxidation (g /60min) was found significantly high between FdE1-FdE2 (12.4 ± 6.4 versus 24.5 ± 7.3, p < .001) and FdE1-FE2(12.4 ± 6.4 versus 26.2 ± 6.8, p = .002). In conclusion we found that there is no superior effect of overnight fasted state exercise with depleted muscle glycogen stores over fed counterpart to increase fat metabolism. And it appears that the major determinant to improve fat metabolism in this study is the state of muscle glycogen rather than liver glycogen stores level. Supported by HU.BAB PhD Thesis Grant (Project number: 013D09407001)

Antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise: A meta-analysis Ranchordas, MK; Rogerson, D; Soltani, H Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK Studies investigating the effect of antioxidants and recovery are controversial. Some studies have shown antioxidants reduce DOMS, others have found no benefit. Thus the purpose

of this meta-analysis was to clarify the effects of antioxidant supplements for reducing DOMS. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus and trial registers. This review included 36 studies, involving 2573 participants. Eight studies used antioxidants from a whole natural food source, 7 studies used an antioxidant extract or mixed antioxidants and 18 studies used either vitamin C, vitamin E or vitamin C and vitamin E co-ingestion. We found that antioxidant supplementation significantly reduces soreness after exercise vs. a placebo at two time points: immediately after exercise (MD –1.00, 95% CI –1.91 to –0.09;13 studies) and at 48 hr after exercise (MD –0.55, 95% CI –0.94 to –0.16; 32 studies). Antioxidant supplementation had no effect on reducing soreness at any of the other time points (24, 72, 96, and 120 hours post exercise).The beneficial effects of antioxidants at reducing soreness were more apparent in the crossover trials than the parallel trials where pooled data for DOMS show that it was significantly lower immediately after exercise (MD -0.98, 95% CI –1.65 to –0.30, three studies) and at 24 hours (MD -0.88, 95% CI –1.13 to –0.63, 6 trials), 48 hr (MD –0.93, 95% CI –1.46 to –0.39, 6 trials) and 96 hours (MD -0.2, 95% CI -0.30 to –0.02, 3 trials) post exercise. With regards to the type of supplement, we found that antioxidant-enriched food supplements were more effective at reducing pain than a supplement form. Whilst antioxidant supplements reduced Soreness 48 hours after exercise by 0.53 on the pain visual analogue scale (VAS) (MD –0.53, 95% CI –1.03 to 0.02, p = .04, 25 trials), whereas antioxidant-enriched food reduced MS to a greater extent at several time points after exercise (immediately after exercise, MD –1.32, 95% CI –2.28 to –0.35, p = 0.007, four trials; 24 hours after exercise, MD -0.59, 95% CI –0.97 to –0.21, p = 0.003, eight trials; 48 hours after exercise, MD –0.73, 95% CI -1.28 to –0.18, p = .010, seven trials; and 96 hr after exercise, MD –0.19, 95% CI –0.37 to –0.01, p = .04, four trials) indicating that antioxidants from enriched food sources are a more effective analgesic in comparison to supplements.

A two week low glycemic index diet affects metabolic parameters of sport students at rest and during exercise without affecting endurance performance Oertzen-Hagemann, V.1, Fisch, M.1, Eibl, A.1 & Platen, P.1 1Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, RuhrUniversität Bochum, Germany

The glycemic index (GI) is an intensively discussed topic in sports nutrition; however the effects of single high glycemic index (HGI) or low glycemic index (LGI) meals on metabolic or performance outcomes are still controversially discussed. Regarding single pre-exercise meals, LGI food has been postulated to enhance endurance capacity because of a higher fat oxidation rate and thus reducing carbohydrate (CHO) storage decline during exercise. Long-term LGI diets are an important issue in health related studies with patients, but no study compared the more chronic effects of a HGI or LGI diet in athletes so far. Aim of the present study was to investigate the combined effects of a 2-week diet with CHO of either LGI or HGI and a single LGI test meal on endurance capacity and

Conference Abstracts

metabolic parameters 90 min after the LGI test meal. 19 young and healthy sport students (14 male and 5 female; age: 25.8 ± 3.2 years; body mass: 73.1 ± 11.8 kg; height: 178.0 ± 8.5 cm; · V O2max: 52.3 ± 6.4 ml·kg-1·min-1) completed four trial days separated by at least two weeks wash-out in a randomized crossover design, one on the day before and one on the last day of 14 days LGI (GI70), respectively. The trial days started with a venous blood sampling followed by an identical LGI test meal containing 2 g CHO per kg body weight (GI=40) after an overnight fast (12 hr). 90 min postprandial (PP) the participants ran 60 min at 65 · · % V O2max and subsequently at 95 % V O2max until exhaustion. Body weight was lower after the LGI- compared to the HGI-intervention (LGI: 72.8 ± 12.3 kg, HGI: 74.0 ± 12.5 kg, p < .05). PP rest and exercise respiratory quotients became lower in LGI- compared to HGI-intervention (PP: LGI: 0.85 ± 0.05, HGI: 0.88 ± 0.04; exercise: LGI: 0.89 ± 0.02, HGI: 0.91 ± 0.03, p < .05). Triglyceride values were lower after LGI compared to HGI (LGI: 0.85 ± 0.30 mmol/L, HGI: 1.09 ± 0.50 mmol/L, p < .05). Blood lactate rest values were lower in LGI compared to HGI after ingestion of the test meal (p < .05) without any differences during exercise. Endurance capacity and parameters of glucose metabolism remained unaffected. To summarize, a 2-week LGI diet in combination with a single LGI test meal reduced body weight and triglycerides and caused a shift from CHO to fat oxidation at rest and during exercise without effects on glucose metabolism or performance.

Assessment of the (Sport) Nutrition Knowledge of Young Athletes Kadlec, L; Braun, H German Sports University, Cologne, Germany The significance of adequate dietary behavior for an athlete’s performance is well proven. Previous studies showed poor nutritional knowledge of young athletes worldwide, whereas in Germany good research in this complex field is missing. The current survey was performed to assess the (sport) nutrition knowledge in young German athletes. By creating this transparency and highlighting gaps in nutritional knowledge, approaches to optimize the situation in Germany will be developed. The professional network around the competitive sport such as nutritionists, physicians, and coaches may benefit. Participants were 196 elite and non-elite male and female athletes from twenty different sports aged 10 to 25 years. A 5-part questionnaire was used; the first part was aimed at identifying demographic information, whereas the other parts compromised a questionnaire on general and sport nutritional knowledge. The overall mean knowledge score was 42%, without gender specific differences (men 41%; women 42%). Nutrition knowledge increased with age. The age group from 19 to 25 years scored higher than younger athletes (p ≤ 0001). Self- assessment of nutrition knowledge and the importance of sport nutrition for athletic performance correlated with knowledge score (p ≤ .05). The fluid balance part of the questionnaire

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had the highest score, and the supplements subcategory is the most poorly answered. Parents, coaches and the internet were identified as the major sources of their nutrition information. Besides the awareness of nutrition as a performance-enhancing tool this study shows several misconceptions and demonstrates that (sport) nutrition knowledge of young German athletes is inadequate, possibly leading to poor dietary behaviours in these athletes. This concern might be extinguished by involving athletes, parents and coaches in additional nutrition education.

Effect of carbohydrate and caffeine ingestion on badminton performance following fatiguing exercise Clarke, ND and Duncan, MJ Department of Applied Sciences and Health, Coventry University, UK The present study investigated the effect of ingesting carbohydrate and caffeine solutions on measures that are central to success in badminton. Following institutional ethical approval, 12 male badminton players (mean ± SD age: 28±9 y, height: 178±5 cm, mass: 78±9 kg) participated in this study. A badminton serve accuracy test, consisting of 10 short serves and 10 long serves towards a target (50 x 50 cm). Next, coincidence anticipation timing (CAT) was assessed and finally, a choice reaction time sprint test was performed. One hour before exercise participants consumed 7 ml·kg-1 body mass of either flavored water (PLA), 6.4% carbohydrate solution (CHO), flavored water containing 4 mg·kg-1 caffeine (CAF) or 6.4% carbohydrate and 4 mg·kg-1 caffeine (C+C). All solutions were flavored with orange-flavored concentrate. During the 33 min fatigue protocol (Bottoms et al., 2012, Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(3), 285-293), participants were provided with an additional 3 ml·kg body mass-1 of solution, which was ingested before the end of the protocol. As soon as the 33 min fatigue protocol was completed, all measures were recorded again. The number of successful short serves improved following the ingestion of CHO and C+C compared with PLA (Pre: PLA: 5±2, CHO: 5±1, CAF: 5±1, C+C: 5±1; Post: PLA: 2±1, CHO: 5±1, CAF: 3±1, C+C: 6±1; P