(Acari: Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae) from Iran

Zootaxa 4410 (3): 511–524 http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press

Article

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ZOOTAXA

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https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4410.3.5 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B9404102-419E-4360-BAD9-28FE3295525B

Two new species of Tenuipalpus Donnadieu, 1875 (Acari: Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae) from Iran HAMID KHADEM SAFDARKHANI1, MAHDIEH ASADI1,3 & OWEN D. SEEMAN2 1

Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4101. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Corresponding author

Abstract Two new flat mite species (Acari: Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae), Tenuipalpus iranicus sp. nov. ex. Salix aegyptiaca (Salicaceae) and Tenuipalpus kermanicus sp. nov. ex. Tamarix aphylla (Tamaricaceae) from the Hormozgan and Kerman provinces of Iran, respectively, are described and illustrated. These species belong to the proteae species group. Tenuipalpus iranicus sp. nov. is placed in the xerocolus subgroup due to having two pairs each of setae 3a and 4a, and T. kermanicus sp. nov. is placed in the keiensis subgroup because it has one pair of setae 3a and two pairs of 4a. Key words: Prostigmata, Kerman, Colopalpus, leg chaetotaxy, description

Introduction The genus Tenuipalpus Donnadieu, 1875 (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is the largest genus of Tenuipalpidae, with over 300 described species (Mesa et al. 2009). Species of Tenuipalpus occur world-wide, with the exception of Antarctica, but appear most diverse in the tropical and subtropical regions. Baker and Tuttle (1987) divided the genus into two species groups on the basis of the number of dorsolateral setae: the caudatus group with seven pairs of dorsolateral setae on the opisthosoma (f2 present) and the proteae group with six pairs of dorsolateral setae (f2 absent); the caudatus and proteae groups include five and three sub groups, respectively, based on the number of intercoxal setae, which are often duplicated (Baker & Tuttle 1987; Meyer 1993). Ten species of this genus have been reported from Iran (Khanjani et al. 2013 a, b, c). Nine of them belong to the caudatus group, namely: T. daneshvari Khosrowshahi & Arbabi, 1997; T. eriophyoides Baker, 1948; T. euonymi Khosrowshahi, 1991; T. granati Sayed, 1946; T. kamalii Khosrowshahi & Arbabi, 1997; T. parsii Khosrowshahi & Arbabi, 1997; T. portulacae Parsi et al., 1990; T. punicae Pritchard & Baker, 1958; and T. shishehbouri Khanjani, Khanjani & Seeman, 2013c (in: Khanjani et al., 2013c). Only one species belongs to the proteae group: T. zahirii Khanjani & Seeman, 2013a (in: Khanjani et al. 2013a), which was transferred to Colopalpus by Castro et al. (2015). Here, we consider C. zahirii in the broader concept of Tenuipalpus, similar to that of Meyer (1993), for reasons that are discussed below.

Material and methods Leaves and twigs infested with mites were collected, placed into plastic bags and transported to the laboratory. Samples were washed in a water solution of commercial detergent 5% (Dishsoap). This solution was filtered by overlapping two sieves with different mesh sizes (16 Mesh; 400 Mesh). Mites retained in the smaller sieve were washed with 70% ethanol into a Petri dish. False spider mites were collected from the ethanol solution under a stereomicroscope, cleared with lactic acid 75% (at 45°C in an oven for two days) and mounted in Hoyer’s medium. The terminology and abbreviations used for the descriptions of the new species follow those of Lindquist Accepted by S. Mironov: 6 Mar. 2018; published: 18 Apr. 2018

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(1985) and Mesa et al. (2009). Leg chaetotaxy is adapted from Lindquist (1985), Xu & Fan (2010), and Seeman & Beard (2011), and is presented in the figures. Measurements were performed using a DINO-EYE® soft imaging system and are given in micrometers (μm) for the holotype and as a range for paratypes in parentheses. The drawings were made by using a drawing tube attached to an Olympus® BX51 phase-contrast compound microscope. Abbreviations for access collection numbers and depositories: ACASI—Acarological Collection, Acarological Society of Iran (ASI), Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran SBUC—Collection of the Acarology Laboratory, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran QM—Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Australia

Results Genus Tenuipalpus Donnadieu, 1875 Tenuipalpus iranicus Khadem, Asadi & Seeman sp. nov. (Figs. 1–25) Diagnosis. Both sexes: projection on anterior margin of prodorsum with two well developed, pointed lobes. Setae c1, e1 present (d1, f2 absent); dorsum mostly rugose (comprising elongate cells) except for medial propodosomal shield with polygonal reticulation. Dorsal setae short (10–19) and barbed, except longer setae sc2 (24–26) and filiform setae h2. Two pairs each of setae 3a and 4a; seta 1b duplicated (bases adjoining). Palp one-segmented, bearing one barbed tactile seta. Leg chaetotaxy: femora 4-4-2-1; genua 2-2-0-0; tibiae 4-4-3-3; tarsi 9(1)-9(1)-4-4 (tc′ absent on tarsi III–IV); seta d on femora in lateral position. Female: body ovate, without hysterosomal constriction; ventral cuticle between setae 1a–ag with transverse striae; cuticle between setae ag–g1–2 (genital plate) with oblique and longitudinal striae. Ventral and genital plates weakly developed. Male: anterior hysterosoma constricting moderately, posterior hysterosoma at level of setae e1 about half the width of propodosoma; with additional solenidia on tarsus I–IV. Material examined. Holotype female (SBUK) and six female paratypes (4 SBUC, 1 ACASI, 1 QM) ex Salix aegyptiaca (Salicaceae), Iran: Hormozgan Province, Genow, 27°23’N 56°14’E, 14 October 2014, coll. H. Khadem Safdarkhani. Description. FEMALE (holotype). Idiosoma ovate, without hysterosomal constriction. Gnathosoma: rostrum passing base of femur I, with a pair of ventral setae m 10 (10–11). Palpus one-segmented, with one long, barbed seta (probably tibial seta d) (Fig. 3). Dorsum (Fig. 1) Anterior margin of propodosoma with two pointed lobes. Dorsal pattern of propodosoma reticulated with polygonal cells medially, otherwise with elongate cells arranged mostly obliquely; medial hysterosoma with elongate cells arranged transversely, lateral hysterosoma with elongate cells arranged longitudinally. Dorsal setae slender, serrate. Hysterosoma with a pair of large pores between setae d3 and e3. Lengths of dorsal setae: v2 13 (12–13), sc1 18 (16–19), sc2 25 (24–26), c1 16 (15–16), c3 11 (10–11), d3 16 (16– 18), e1 13 (12–14), e3 14 (12–14), f3 14 (12–14), h1 13 (12–13), h2 121 (117–126); distances between dorsal setae: v2–h1 216 (213–221), v2–v2 38 (36–39), sc1–sc1 98 (96–99), sc2–sc2 134 (130–136), c1–c1 30 (28–31), c3–c3 139 (136–143), d3–d3 127 (124–129), e1–e1 16 (15–18), e3–e3 73 (71–76), f3–f3 55 (54–57), h1–h1 14 (13–14), h2–h2 29 (27–30). Venter (Fig. 2). Transverse striae present between 1a–ag; ventral and genital plates weakly defined by transverse and longitudinal striae, respectively; lateral and posterior hysterosoma with longitudinal striae. Coxal setae 1b duplicated (1b1, 1b2), their bases touching. Two pairs of intercoxal setae 3a, setae 3a2 much longer than 3a1; two pairs of long intercoxal setae 4a. Ventral setae smooth and fine. Lengths of ventral setae: 1a 68 (65–69), 1b1 46 (45–49), 1b2 60 (57–61), 1c 18 (18–19), 2b 70 (68–71), 2c 22 (20–22), 3a1 14 (13–15), 3a2 70 (68–71), 3b 20 (19–22), 4a1 84 (81–85), 4a2 70 (69–72), 4b 28 (27–30), ag 24 (22–25), g1 16 (15–17), g2 16 (14–17), ps1 8 (7–8), ps2 12 (11–13).

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Spermatheca: Not known. Legs (Figs. 4–8). Tarsal claws and empodia pad-like with tenent hairs. Setal formula as follows (coxa to tarsus; solenidia included in count): Ι. 3–1–4–2–4–9(1ω), ΙΙ. 2–1–4–2–4–9(1ω), ΙΙΙ. 1–2–2–0–3–4, ΙV. 1–1–1–0–3–4. All dorsal and lateral setae serrate; dorsal setae of femora and genua in lateral position. MALE. Body elongate, anterior hysterosoma constricting moderately: posterior hysterosoma at level of setae e1 about half the width of propodosoma. Gnathosoma: rostrum and palp similar to female (Fig. 11). Dorsum (Fig. 9) Dorsal pattern similar to that of female, except pygidial region with elongate cells arranged longitudinally; and elongate cells generally longer, with more regular arrangement. Dorsal setae and pores similar to female. Lengths of dorsal setae: v2 9–10, sc1 13–15, sc2 15–18, c1 10–11, c3 10–11, d3 10–12, e1 9–10, e3 12– 14, f3 13–14, h1 9–10, h2 133–141; distances between dorsal setae: v2–h1 178–185, v2–v2 29–32, sc1–sc1 80–84, sc2–sc2 106–113, c1–c1 25–28, c3–c3 105–109, d3–d3 83–88, e1–e1 5–6, e3–e3 52–56, f3–f3 44–47, h1–h1 15– 17, h2–h2 24–27.

FIGURES 1–3. Tenuipalpus iranicus sp. nov., adult female. Dorsum (1), venter (2) and palp (3).

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FIGURES 4–8. Tenuipalpus iranicus sp. nov., adult female. Right legs: leg I (4), leg II (5), leg III (6), leg IV (7) and pretarsus (8).

Venter (Fig. 10). Ventral striation mostly transverse, except longitudinal striae between coxae I and II and extreme lateral opisthosoma. Setal form similar to female. Lengths of ventral setae: 1a 92–97, 1b1 91–95, 1b2 92– 95, 1c 17–19, 2b 52–57, 2c 18–22, 3a1 13–15, 3a2 81–85, 3b 18–21, 4a1 67–72, 4a2 43–46, 4b 22–25, ag 15–16, g1 15–16, g2 12–14, ps1 6–7, ps2 10–11. Setae ps1 not modified. Aedeagus (Fig. 12) long, almost three-quarters the length of opisthosoma.


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FIGURES 9–12. Tenuipalpus iranicus sp. nov., male. Dorsum (9), venter (10), palp (11) and aedeagus (12).

Legs (Figs. 13–17). Setal count same as in female except an additional proximal solenidion on each tarsus. Tarsal claws pad-like and empodia with tenent hairs.



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FIGURES 13–17. Tenuipalpus iranicus sp. nov., male. Right legs: leg I (13), leg II (14), leg III (15), leg IV (16) and pretarsus (17).


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FIGURES 18–20. Tenuipalpus iranicus sp. nov., deutonymph. Dorsum (18), venter (19) and palp (20).

DEUTONYMPH. Body ovate. Rostrum and palp (Fig. 20) similar to female. Dorsum (Fig. 18). Propodosoma with extensive medial reticulation; oblique striae laterally. Mid-hysterosoma with transverse striae; pygidial region smooth, flanked by oblique striae. Dorsal setae similar to those in female, except setae c1 positioned anterior to setae c3. Lengths of dorsal setae: v2 6 (6–7), sc1 9 (8–10), sc2 33 (31–34), c1 6 (5–6), c3 8 (8–9), d3 6 (5–6), e3 6 (5–6), f3 6 (6–7), h1 8 (7–9), h2 136 (132–139); distances between dorsal setae: v2–h1 192 (188–195), v2–v2 33 (31–34), sc1–sc1 73 (71–76), sc2–sc2 106 (103–108), c1–c1 34 (32–35), c3–c3 113 (110–115), d3–d3 94 (92–95), e3–e3 55 (54–58), f3–f3 41 (38–42), h1–h1 11 (11–13), h2–h2 23 (21–24).



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FIGURES 21–25. Tenuipalpus iranicus sp. nov., deutonymph. Right legs: leg I (21), leg II (22), leg III (23), leg IV (24) and pretarsus (25).


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Venter (Fig. 19) Transverse striae between seta 1a to mid-way between setae 4a–ag; longitudinal striae between coxae I–II and on opisthosoma. Setation similar to that in female except lacking setae 4a2 and g2. Lengths of ventral setae: 1a 50 (48–51), 1b1 61 (60–63), 1b2 63 (61–66), 1c 13 (12–14), 2b 84 (81–85), 2c 17 (17–19), 3a1 11 (10–11), 3a2 52 (50–55), 3b 16 (15–18), 4a 34 (31–35), 4b 16 (14–16), ag 11 (10–11), g 13 (13–14), ps1 9 (9– 10), ps2 11 (10–11). Legs (Figs. 21–25). Tarsal claws pad-like and empodium with tenent hairs. Leg setal counts (coxa to tarsus; solenidia included in count): Ι. 3–1–4–0–4–8(1ω), ΙΙ. 2–1–4–0–4–8(1ω), ΙΙΙ. 1–2–2–0–3–3, ΙV. 1–0–1–0–3–3. PROTONYMPH and LARVA. Unknown. Remarks. According to Meyer (1993), Tenuipalpus iranicus sp. nov. belongs to the xerocolus subgroup of the proteae species group. Our new species is unique among Tenuipalpus in having setae 1b duplicated. This unusual condition is also known in one other species of flat mites, Amblypalpus iraniensus Farzan, Asadi & Ueckermann, 2013 in Farzan et al. 2013. Our new species also shows some atypical ontogenetic delays in comparison to other flat mites (Lindquist 1985; Beard et al. 2014): setae d [DN] and lʺ [DN] on genu I–II and seta tcʺ [PN, I–III; DN IV] on tarsus I–IV are delayed to the adult stage. Tenuipalpus iranicus is also unusual in the genus by lacking seta lʹ [L] on genu I–III and tcʹ [PN] is absent on tarsus III–IV. Although Meyer’s groups and subgroups may not by monophyletic (Castro et al. 2016), they have strong diagnostic power as they rely on presence/absence character states. According to Meyer (1993), the xerocolus subgroup is small and includes just two species: T. nenaxi Meyer, 1993 and T. sparsus Meyer, 1993. If this subgroup is expanded to include species with two or more pairs of setae 4a, then it also includes T. crassus André, 1953 (with three pairs of 4a) and T. dubinini Reck, 1951 (with six pairs of 4a). Tenuipalpus iranicus is easily separated from species with two pairs of setae 4a by lack of setae d1 (versus present), dorsal setae fine barbed (versus thickened), genual setal count of 2-2-0-0 (versus 3-3-1-0 in T. nenaxi; 3-3-0-0 in T. xerocolus) and tibia I–II without seta lʺ (versus present). Etymology. This species is named after the country where it was collected.

Tenuipalpus kermanicus Khadem, Asadi & Seeman sp. nov. (Figs. 26–33) Diagnosis. Female: body ovate, without hysterosomal constriction; projection on anterior margin of prodorsum with two well-developed, pointed lobes. Setae c1, d1, e1 present (f2 absent); dorsum mostly rugose (comprising elongate cells) except for medial propodosomal shield mostly smooth; hysterosoma with lateral ridge capturing hysterosomal pores and setae e3, f3. Dorsal setae short to medium-length (10–27) and lanceolate to oblanceolate, except filiform h2. One pair of setae 3a, two pairs of setae 4a. Ventral cuticle between setae 1a–g1 with transverse striae; single ventro-genital plate apparent. Palp three-segmented; palp femorogenu with long barbed seta; tarsus with one terminal solenidion. Leg chaetotaxy: femora 4-4-2-1; genua 3-3-1-0; tibiae 5-5-3-3; tarsi 9(1)-9(1)-5-5; seta d on femora in dorsal position. Material examined. Holotype female (SBUK) and five female paratypes (4 SBUC, 1 ACASI) ex Tamarix aphylla (Tamaricaceae), Iran: Kerman Province, Kuhbanan, 31°28’N 56°01’E, 6 May 2014, coll. H. Khadem Safdarkhani. Description. FEMALE. Idiosoma ovate, without hysterosomal constriction. Gnathosoma: rostrum just passing base of femur I, setae m 7–9, barbed. Palpus three-segmented, femorogenu with a long barbed dorsal seta, tibiotarsus with a terminal solenidion (Fig. 28). Dorsum (Fig. 26) Anterior margin of prodorsum with two pointed lobes. Prodorsum with a few irregular, elongate cells anteriorly and laterally, and a mostly smooth area medially; hysterosoma with transverse elongate cells mediodorsally, longitudinal cells laterally; a lateral ridge around hysterosoma captures hysterosomal pores and setae e3, f3. Dorsal setae obovate to oblanceolate, setae v2, sc1, c1, d1, e1 larger than others. Lengths of dorsal setae: v2 26 (24–27), sc1 25 (23–25), sc2 12 (11–12), c1 25 (24–27), c3 13 (12–13), d1 18 (17–20), d3 13 (12–14), e1 18 (16–19), e3 10 (10–11), f3 15 (14–16), h1 12 (12–13), h2 105 (101–108); distances between dorsal setae: v2– h1 173 (169–178), v2–v2 18 (17–18), sc1–sc1 76 (74–77), sc2–sc2 110 (107–114), c1–c1 45 (44–47), c3–c3 119 (117–120), d1–d1 27 (26–28), d3–d3 103 (100–105), e1–e1 19 (18–21), e3–e3 74 (71–75), f3–f3 44 (42–45), h1–h1 19 (18–20), h2–h2 27 (25–28).



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Venter (Fig. 27). Transverse striae between setae 1a and anal plate; anterior area to setae 1a and lateral hysterosoma with longitudinal striae; ventro-genital plate defined by transverse striae among arched striae. One short intercoxal setae 3a; two long pairs of setae 4a. Ventral setae smooth and fine. Lengths of ventral setae: 1a 88 (85–89), 1b 16 (15–16), 1c 19 (17–19), 2b 51 (50–53), 2c 21 (20–22), 3a 17 (15–18), 3b 14 (14–15), 4a1 67 (65–68), 4a2 64 (61–65), 4b 16 (15–16), ag 24 (22–25), g1 16 (16–17), g2 14 (14–15), ps1 19 (18–20), ps2 17 (16–17). Spermatheca: Not visible. Legs (Figs. 29–33). Tarsal claws pad-like and empodium with tenent hairs. Setal formula as follows (coxa to tarsus; solenidia included in count): Ι. 2–1–4–3–5–9(1ω), ΙΙ. 2–1–4–3–5–9(1ω), ΙΙΙ. 1–2–2–1–3–5, ΙV. 1–1–1–0–3– 5. Dorsal femoral setae on legs I–II in dorsal position; setae d on femur I–II, genu I–II and tibia I–II ovate to oblanceolate, serrate; setae l′ on femur I–II and trochanter III thickened, barbed. Male and immature stages. Unknown.

FIGURES 26–28. Tenuipalpus kermanicus sp. nov., adult female. Dorsum (26), venter (27) and palp (28).


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FIGURES 29–33. Tenuipalpus kermanicus sp. nov., adult female. Right legs: leg I (29), leg II (30), leg III (31), leg IV (32) and pretarsus (33).

Remarks. This new species belongs to the keiensis subgroup of the proteae group. In addition to the six species listed in Khanjani et al. (2013), the group also comprises: T. bassiae Mohanasundaram, 1988, T. clematidos Wang, 1983, T. ilocanus Corpuz-Raros, 1978, T. isabelae Mesa et al., 2006, T. salicis Al-Gboory, 1987 and T. NEW TENUIPALPUS DONNADIEU FROM IRAN


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tauricus (Mitrofanov & Strunkova, 1978). Tenuipalpus clematidos and T. salicis are tentatively included here, as they appear to have setae f2 but lack setae d3; it is necessary to note that setae d3 are sometimes overlooked, if they are small, situated marginally, and obscured by leg III. The broad, obovate to oblanceolate dorsal setae of T. kermanicus sp. nov. distinguish it from most species in the proteae group. In this regard, the new species is most similar to T. berkheyae. These two species are easily separated by numerous features such as the three-segmented palps (two-segmented in T. berkheyae), the lateral hysterosomal ridge (absent in T. berkheyae), dorsal position of seta d on femur I (lateral in T. berkheyae) and genual setal count of 3-3-1-0 (1-1-0-0 in T. berkheyae). Etymology. This species is named after the province of Kerman.

Discussion Recently Castro et al. (2015) reinstated Colopalpus as a valid genus (separated from Tenuipalpus, with which it was synonymised) and moved four species into this genus in addition to the type species Colopalpus matthyssei Pritchard & Baker, 1958. These species are: Colopalpus mansonicolus Ghai & Shenhmar, 1984, a replacement name for Colopalpus mansoni Collyer, 1973; Colopalpus nambii (Castro & Feres, 2013) and; Colopalpus pedrus Manson, 1963 known from the females only; and Colopalpus zahirii (Khanjani & Seeman, 2013 in Khanjani et al. 2013). In the genus diagnosis, Castro et al. (2015) stressed the importance of the body shape of females and males (body ovate, i.e., without hysterosomal constriction), the position of d setae on leg segments (dorsal) and characteristics of the egg. Their diagnosis of the genus also noted that the proral setae were very long and situated on tubercles; that the genital and ventral plates are sometimes fused into one genito-ventral plate; and that setae h1 were inserted on a different plane to setae h2, presumably referring to the posterior hysterosomal ridge that carries h1 in C. matthyssei, as the H-setae are in approximately the same position in many Tenuipalpus. Both our new species, particularly T. kermanicus sp. nov., seem to be close to Colopalpus, but while classifying them we found that the diagnostic concept of Colopalpus was vague and therefore difficult to apply. The ovate body shape is present in many Tenuipalpus, and males are not known for all species, including two currently included in Colopalpus; thus, the body shape of the male is incompletely known in Colopalpus. It is also difficult to evaluate what constitutes a significant difference between body forms that are ovate and those that have a slight narrowing of the hysterosoma. Most of the other character states may or may not be present in Colopalpus, including the long proral setae, which were stated as a genus-defining character in its diagnosis; they are present only in the type species. Of the remaining character states, they either apply to other Tenuipalpus species not included in Colopalpus, or cannot be determined easily in numerous old descriptions, such as the ridge that carries setae h1. In T. kermanicus sp. nov., this ridge is present but does not carry setae h1. Obviously, the form of the egg is unknown for almost all Tenuipalpus species, so this character state is not yet diagnostic. The position of the dorsal leg setae may be more significant, as many other Tenuipalpus species have these setae in a lateral position. However, female of T. mansonicolus has dorsal setae in a dorsolateral position (Xu & Zhang 2014), as confirmed by examination of additional Australian material. Furthermore, a similar dorsal to dorsolateral position is apparent in several species of Tenuipalpus: in Meyer’s (1993) work, T. athrixiae, T. capassae, T. dombeyae, T. feliciae, T. jonkeri, T. papiothalensis and T. vitexi are such species. We also note that a typical dorsal position for the dorsal leg setae is likely to be a plesiomorphic character state and therefore cannot be a synapomorphy. For these reasons, we have classified our two new species in Tenuipalpus and have thus treated Colopalpus as its junior synonym. This decision also means we have attempted to compare our new species with all members of this large genus, rather than a small subset currently included in Colopalpus. Our future work on the Tenuipalpidae suggests subsequent investigation of species referred to Colopalpus based on morphological features and molecular data.

References André, M. (1953) Acariens Phytoptipalpidae Parasites des Orchidées, Cactées et plantes grasses cultivées en serres. I.—


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