Adapting to climate change

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Adapting to climate change A review of business adaptation practices in sustainability reports

(Private Sector Initiative of the UNFCCC and Supersector Leaders of the DJSI)

by Thaís Vanessa Ferreira Mattos Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Pierre Ibisch

The Thesis Committee for Thaís Vanessa Ferreira Mattos certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis:

Adapting to climate change A review of business adaptation practices in sustainability reports (Private Sector Initiative of the UNFCCC and Supersector Leaders of the DJSI)

Approved by Supervising Committee: Supervisor: ________________________________________ Pierre Ibisch ________________________________________ Festus Luboyera

Adapting to climate change A review of business adaptation practices in sustainability reports (Private Sector Initiative of the UNFCCC and Supersector Leaders of the DJSI)

by Thaís Vanessa Ferreira Mattos Matriculation number: 11207797 Thesis presented to the Faculty of Forest and Environment of the Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Sciences

28 November 2013

Adapting to climate change A review of business adaptation practices in sustainability reports (Private Sector Initiative of the UNFCCC and Supersector Leaders of the DJSI)

by Thaís Vanessa Ferreira Mattos Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Pierre Ibisch

ABSTRACT

Supported by scientific evidence of observed impacts and projected scenarios of climate change, this research investigates the engagement of the private sector in the efforts to adapt to climate change. Specifically, it explores how companies are making use of their sustainability reports in order to disclose actions intended to adapt their own business to climate change, and to provide mechanisms of adaptation to the most vulnerable communities and countries across the world. To achieve this goal, sustainability frameworks provided by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), which serve as the basic structure of the reporting process, are analysed and evidences whether their structures provide, or not, means for disclosing practices of adaptation are examined. In the next step, 48 sustainability reports of selected enterprises are analysed in order to identify adaptation initiatives disclosed, and find signs whether companies have been reporting their adaptation efforts regardless the structure of the framework applied. Selected companies are partners of the Private Sector Initiative (PSI) of the Nairobi work programme (NWP) on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, programme carried out by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the enterprises selected to integrate the list 20122013 Supersector Leaders of the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI). From the collected and processed data arises an inventory of significant adaptation practices found in the sustainability reports that well exemplify the variety of actions implemented to tackle climate impacts. Recommendations for improving the scope of the sustainability frameworks and a critical reflection on the methodology applied are discussed, among other conclusions.

KEY WORDS Adaptation; adaptation practices; climate change; Corporate Social Responsibility; Global Reporting Initiative; sustainability framework; sustainability performance; sustainability report; private sector; Private Sector Initiative; Supersector Leaders; United Nations Global Compact; vulnerability.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

It was a long journey before completing this work, which is a fruit of new learnings experienced through many countries, and shared with estimated persons. This would not have been possible without: the loving support of my family that provided me with a safe environment to pursue my dreams; the qualified scientific supervision of Prof. Dr. Pierre Ibisch, and his wise and considerate leadership; the constant motivation of Ms. Elizabeth de Carvalhaes and Mr. Alberto Mayer; thank you for believing on me. The enriching ideas exchanged with Adelbert-Ludwig Lazay, Monica Coutinho, and Ms. Gerrit Hansen, who helped me refining my reflections to shape this study; the kind support of Linda O’Connor; the inspiration and learning shared with the professionals of the Adaptation team of the UNFCCC, and with the External Communications Unit of the EC Joint Research Centre; the financial support provided by the Hochschule für nacchaltige Entwicklung Eberswalde through the Deutschlandstipendium of the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, which enabled me to undertake a dedicated research semester. I am truly thankful!

CONTENTS

List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviations and Acronyms Introduction

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Theoretical framework and background context ........................................................................................... 19 1.1 Changes in climate: impacts and projections .............................................................................................. 19 1.2 Responsive strategies against adverse climate impacts ............................................................................. 28 1.3 Review of adaptation milestones under the UNFCCC negotiations ............................................................ 30 1.4 Private sector engagement with adaptation ................................................................................................ 35 1.5 Corporate Social Responsibility: frameworks and tools............................................................................... 37 1.6 Statement of the problem ............................................................................................................................ 40 1.7 Objectives of the study ................................................................................................................................ 41 1.8 Relevance ................................................................................................................................................... 43

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Methodology and research design .................................................................................................................. 44 2.1 Data collection type and sources................................................................................................................. 44 2.2 Definition of scope ....................................................................................................................................... 45 2.3 Data processing .......................................................................................................................................... 47 2.4 Disclosure of results .................................................................................................................................... 47 2.5 Expected Outputs ........................................................................................................................................ 49 2.6 Limitation of the study ................................................................................................................................. 49

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3

Results of the analysis of the sustainability frameworks .............................................................................. 50 3.1 GRI framework ............................................................................................................................................ 50 3.2 UNGC framework ........................................................................................................................................ 58

4

Results of the analysis of the sustainability reports...................................................................................... 61 4.1 Reference Group: PSI partners ................................................................................................................... 61 4.2 Sectoral references: Supersector Leaders of the DJSI ............................................................................... 72 4.3 Focus of the business adaptation practices identified ................................................................................. 82 4.4 Inventory of adaptation practices................................................................................................................. 83

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Discusssion and conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 88 5.1 Discussion of methodology.......................................................................................................................... 88 5.2 Discussion of results ................................................................................................................................... 89 5.3 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................... 94

References Annexes

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Multiple observed indicators of a changing global carbon cycle .................................................................... 20 Figure 2: Cumulative total anthropogenic CO2 emissions from 1870............................................................................ 21 Figure 3: Illustrative examples of global impacts projected for climate change. ........................................................... 23 Figure 4: Examples of regional impacts projected for climate change .......................................................................... 27 Figure 5: Implementation of the NWP. .......................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 6: The strategic nexus for private sector adaptation efforts ............................................................................... 37 Figure 7: Number of current and potential adaptation options that can be assigned within the GRI indicators ............ 58 Figure 8: Number of current and potential adaptation options that can be assigned within the UNGC principles ........ 60 Figure 9: Sectorial representativeness of the PSI partner companies .......................................................................... 61 Figure 10: Frameworks most commonly applied in sustainability reports of PSI partners. ........................................... 62 Figure 11: Rating of the adaptation practices disclosed in sustainability reports of the PSI partners. .......................... 63 Figure 12: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts of drought and drying events (PSI partners) .................... 64 Figure 13: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by increased rainfall and flooding (PSI partners). 65 Figure 14: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by more frequent warming and heat waves (PSI partners) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 66 Figure 15: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by more frequent wind storms, storminess, earthquakes, and tsunamis (PSI partners) ................................................................................................................... 67 Figure 16: Adaptation practices focused on enhancing research and knowledge management on climate change adaptation (PSI partners) .............................................................................................................................................. 68 Figure 17: Reporting of adaptation practices aggregated by sector (PSI partners). ..................................................... 69 Figure 18: Global regions targeted to carry out adaptation practices of the PSI partners............................................. 70 Figure 19: Relation between locations where companies base their head office and regions where adaptation practices are reported (PSI partners)............................................................................................................................ 71 Figure 20: Frameworks most commonly applied in sustainability reports of companies of the DJSI Supersector Leaders. ........................................................................................................................................................................ 72 12

Figure 21: Rating of the adaptation practices disclosed in sustainability reports of companies of the DJSI Supersector Leaders. ........................................................................................................................................................................ 73 Figure 22: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts of drought and drying events (DJSI Supersector Leaders) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 23: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by increased rainfall and flooding (DJSI Supersector Leaders). .................................................................................................................................................. 75 Figure 24: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by more frequent warming and heat waves (DJSI Supersector Leaders) ................................................................................................................................................... 76 Figure 25: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by more frequent wind storms, storminess, earthquakes, and tsunamis (DJSI Supersector Leaders). ............................................................................................ 77 Figure 26: Adaptation practices focused on enhancing research and knowledge management on climate change adaptation (DJSI Supersector Leaders)........................................................................................................................ 78 Figure 27: Reporting of adaptation by sector representativeness of the DJSI Supersector Leaders. ........................... 79 Figure 28: Global regions targeted to carry out adaptation practices (DJSI Supersector Leaders). ............................. 80 Figure 29: Relation between locations where companies base their head office and regions where adaptation practices are reported (DJSI Supersector Leaders)...................................................................................................... 82 Figure 30: Assessment of the adaptation practices carried out according to their goals .............................................. 82 Figure 31: Rating of the adaptation practices disclosed in sustainability reports of the partners of the PSI and the Supersector Leaders of the DJSI.. ................................................................................................................................ 92

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Examples of possible impacts of climate change due to changes in extreme weather and climate events (IPCC 2007). ................................................................................................................................................................. 25 Table 2: Examples of current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors .................. 30 Table 3: Research and knowledge tools to enhance understanding about climate change adaptation. Based on the NWP thematic work areas (UNFCCC 2013j). ............................................................................................................... 33 Table 4: Relevant adaptation-related indicators and associated categories found among the Indicators Protocol Set of the GRI. The scope of these ten indicators approaches climate change adaptation, enabling organisations to disclose their initiatives. .............................................................................................................................................................. 51 Table 5: Relevant adaptation-related principles identified within the UNGC framework. The scope of these three principles approaches climate change adaptation, enabling organisations to disclose their initiatives. ........................ 59 Table 6: Examples of adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts of drought and drying events identified in the sustainability reports of both groups of companies. ...................................................................................................... 84 Table 7: Examples of adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by increased rainfall and flooding identified in the sustainability reports of both groups of companies. ............................................................................. 84 Table 8: Examples of adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by more frequent warming and heat waves identified in the sustainability reports of both groups of companies. .................................................................. 85 Table 9: Examples of adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by more frequent wind storms, storminess, earthquakes, and tsunamis identified in the sustainability reports of both groups of companies............... 86 Table 10: Examples of adaptation practices focused on enhancing research and knowledge management on climate change adaptation identified in the sustainability reports of both groups of companies. .............................................. 87

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AOSIS

Alliance of Small Island States

AR4

Fourth Assessment Report

AR5

Fifth Assessment Report

AWG-LCA

Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action

CAF

Cancun Adaptation Framework

COP

Communication on Progress

COP

Conference of the Parties

CSR

Corporate Social Responsibility

DJSI

Dow Jones Sustainability Index

EU

European Union

FAR

First Assessment Report

GEF

Global Environmental Facility

GHG

greenhouse gases

GRI

Global Reporting Initiative

ICCPR

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

ICESCCR

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

ILO

International Labour Organization

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IUCN

International Union for Conservation of Nature

LDCs

Least Developed Countries work programme

LDCFs

Least Developed Countries Fund

MDGs

Millennium Development Goals

NAPAs

National Adaptation Programmes of Actions

NOAA

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NWP

Nairobi work programme (NWP) on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PSI

Private Sector Initiative

SBI

Subsidiary Body on Implementation

SBSTA

Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice

SIDS

Small Island Developing States

UNCAC

United Nations Convention Against Corruption

UNFCCC

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNGC

United Nations Global Compact

UNUDHR

United Nations Universal Declarations of Human Rights 15

INTRODUCTION

Numerous changes on the physical and biological environment have been systematically registered since the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) started its investigations on the causes of global warming in 1990, and released its First Assessment Report (FAR) calling attention of the global community upon the anthropogenic causes of global warming. Provided with enhanced methods and improved quality of data sets (IPCC, 2007), the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) highlighted the risks of extinction of nearly 20 – 30% of plants and animal species, if global average temperature exceed 1.5°C to 2.4°C; forecasted widespread melting of glaciers and snow cover in mountains, affecting the livelihood of more than one billion people; estimated that, by 2050, climate change might cause displacement and migration of about 200 million people; and warned on the effects of climate change on human health (UNFCCC, 2010a), among other findings. Evidences published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) about the state of the global climate estimated that higher-than-average temperatures were experienced in most parts of the world, while the Artic registered a record-breaking ice melt, and some specific areas were particularly cooler than average. According to NOAA, 2012 marked the 10th warmest year since 1880, when its record keeping began.

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Irreversible climate change due to past emissions and its related impacts increasingly demand actions on adaptation (IPCC 2007) in order to build resilience and prevent the most vulnerable countries and communities against adverse climatic events. Therefore, developing mechanisms to respond to the impacts and vulnerability caused, or reinforced by, the effects of higher temperatures on the Earth system is a field that requires attention and further research. In 2008, a comprehensive study commissioned by the British government shed light on the connections of climate change and global economies, and unveiled impressive values that raised attention of the international community, including the productive sector. The Stern Review predicted an average reduction of around 20% in global per capita consumption for now and forever, in a Business as Usual emissions scenario. Early and effective adaptation action is the main recommendation emphasized, as a manner to avoid higher costs and greater difficulties to adapt in the future (Stern 2007). To date, the focus on mitigation has been prevailing in the international climate negotiations undertaken under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in a process that gathers nearly 200 countries (Parties) trying to reach consensus to establish a legally binding agreement regarding the global climate, thus creating conditions to achieve the “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner” (UNFCCC 1992). Impacts are mainly affecting the least developed countries and small island states that have low adaptive capacity – less financial resources, technology and scientific knowledge – to cope with the effects of climate change (IPCC 2007). The acknowledgment of this fact pushes the Parties of the Convention to bring forward actions to address climate change adaptation. Currently, there is a clearly understanding among the Parties that adaptation to climate change requires an integrated policy response at global level (UNFCCC 2010a) supported by local initiatives able to engage a wide range of multisectorial stakeholders. 17

Various bodies of the Convention include adaptation in their processes: the Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI), with its National Adaptation Programmes of Actions (NAPAs); the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA), with its Nairobi work programme (NWP) on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change; and the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA), with its Cancun Adaptation Framework (CAF) (UNFCCC 2013a). The mandates of the NWP and the CAF distinctly include actions towards the engagement of diverse stakeholders – governments, civil society, businesses, etc. – highlighting their key role to promote a comprehensive approach to climate change adaptation. In this complex context, the business sector is expected to take part into the climate change adaptation efforts not only as a source for leverage financial resources, but also as an important player due to its strong ability for innovation, high-level expertise, and capacity to produce new technologies (UNFCCC 2013b), elements that are crucial to promote transformation and scale it up at globally. Observed changes in the climatic conditions and the uncertainties posed by future scenarios have pushed forward some adaptation initiatives across the global regions, including actions on the ground performed by businesses. As a consequence of the minor relevance given to adaptation and lack of systematic practical experience registered, specifically concerning the private sector, this is a field that still deserves wider research in order to effectively examine benefits and better understand risks of implemented adaptation. The present study intends to contribute with the research about the engagement of the private sector in the efforts to adapt to climate change. This aspect is explored from the perspective of the sustainability performance publicly disclosed in 48 sustainability reports of medium and large enterprises. Nearly four thousand pages of sustainability reports were analysed with a view to find out adaptation practices already disclosed – but not always identified as such – and compile an inventory of outstanding business adaptation practices. The motivation to carry out this endeavour is a strong belief that sustainability frameworks are powerful tools to promote the commitment of companies on adopting environmentally-friendly practices, and enhancing transparency and accountability towards actions undertaken. 18

CHAPTER 1 1 Theoretical framework and background context

1.1 Changes in climate: impacts and projections Systematically registered along the years, anthropogenic causes of global climate change is emphasized in the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the IPCC as extremely likely to be the “dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century” (IPCC 2013). The global concentration of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased by 40% since the pre-industrial era, reaching the unprecedented concentration level of 391 ppm1 (figure 1) in 2011. Primary sources of emissions are fossil fuel combustion and cement production, while net land-use change and deforestation stand as the second higher source of emissions, resulting in an estimated “cumulative anthropogenic emissions of 545 [460 to 630] GtC2” (IPCC 2013). The larger part of these emissions is retained in the atmosphere, and another significant part is absorbed by oceans and natural terrestrial ecosystems (IPCC 2013).

ppm (parts per million): ratio of the number of gas molecules to the total number of molecules of dry air, e.g. 300 ppm means 300 molecules of a gas per million molecules of dry air. 1

2

GtC (Gigatonne of carbon): 1GtC = 1015 grams of carbon.

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Among the main evidences of global scale changes associated with observed warming driven by anthropogenic influences, the AR5 highlights: (a) changes in temperature extremes, with decrease in the number of cold days and nights, and increase in the number of warm days and nights; (b) more than doubled the probability of occurrence of heat waves in some regions, and increased frequency of these events; (c) shifts in the water cycles resulting in more frequent and intense precipitation patterns over land regions; (d) absorption of nearly 30% of accumulated past GHG emissions within the ocean, causing its acidification and thermal expansion; (e) Artic sea ice loss, retreat of glaciers, and higher surface mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet; (f) global mean sea level rise, as a consequence of ocean thermal expansion and glacier mass loss (IPCC 2013).

Figure 1: Multiple observed indicators of a changing global carbon cycle (UNFCCC 2013). Figure subject to final copyedit.

Projections about effects of GHG emissions suggest that, late on this century, the global mean surface temperature will be largely determined by accumulated emissions (figure 2). As climate change affects the carbon cycle process and aggravates its concentration in the atmosphere, “most aspects of climate change will persist for many centuries even if emissions of CO2 are stopped” (IPCC 2013). The scenarios described in the AR5 foresee the following main possible impacts on the global system:

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(a)

surface global temperature is likely to surpass in 1.5°C the pre-industrial

levels by the end of the 21st century, and larger variations on mean seasonal temperatures are expected in the tropics and subtropics; (b)

more frequent extremes of hot and cold temperatures are expected;

(c)

some regions are anticipated to face longer, recurrent, and more intense heat

waves; (d)

warming is expected to cause unusual response of the global water cycles;

(e)

continuous warming of oceans is predicted to affect its circulation, as heat

penetrates deeply the waters; (f)

temperature in the Artic region is expected to be warmer than the global

mean; (g)

global mean sea level is projected to rise (IPCC 2013).

Figure 2: Cumulative total anthropogenic CO2 emissions from 1870 (GtCO2). Figure subject to final copyedit.

Warnings about the effects and to which extent these global scale changes disturb natural and human systems were addressed by the Working Group II in its Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report. It focuses on investigating vulnerability, adaptation assessment and adaptive capacity, in defined regions of given systems e.g.: agriculture and forestry, human health, and industry. Figure 3 provides a summary of the main impacts

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over water resources, ecosystems, food production, coastal regions and human health, as global mean temperature increases. River runoffs and water availability are predicted to decrease at mid-latitudes, increasing stress over dry regions and expanding areas already affected by drought. Productivity of crops are estimated to increase, at mid- to high latitudes, as a consequence of higher temperature, while at lower latitudes forecast indicates reduction of productivity leading to higher risk of hunger. There is growth potential for global food production, in case temperature do not exceed the range of 1°C to 3°C, and above these levels projection indicates decrease in food production (IPCC 2007). Pressured by risks of erosion, sea-level rise, and human activity, the coastal regions are in great exposure to climate change. Elevated sea level is expected to negatively impact wetlands, induce flood, and displace people living in these areas, with worse consequences in densely populated locations that already face risks of other extreme events. Climatic change disturbances combined with other global change drivers e.g.: land use, pollution, urbanisation, etc. are expected to exceed the resilience of ecosystems, with negative consequences outweigh for biodiversity and ecosystems goods and services (IPCC 2007).

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Figure 3: Illustrative examples of global impacts projected for climate change (and sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide where relevant) associated with different amounts of increase in global average surface temperature in the 21st century (IPCC 2007).

“Vulnerabilities to climate change depend considerably on relatively specific geographical and sectoral contexts” (IPCC 2007) of industries, settlements and societies. In this sense, low adaptive capacity and dependency on climate sensitive resources are examples of factors that increase risks of climate change for socioeconomic systems. Impacts can be more severe for those located in low coastal areas or in urbanised and populated regions prone to regular extreme weather events (IPCC 2007). Conditions described above are commonly found in developing countries, though frequently climate change impact surpasses geopolitical borders. Because of the complex and interconnected global economy, certain sectors located in distant regions may indirectly suffer consequences of climatic impacts that directly hit different locations and

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sectors (UKCIP 2010; IPCC 2007). Table 1 associates likely impacts of climate change on natural resources to specific sectors. Altered weather patterns also put human health under risk. Premature death, malnutrition, cardiorespiratory diseases and illnesses induced by warming and heat waves (through infectious vectors), are examples of threats that tend to increase, not to mention the injuries and disabilities resulting from catastrophes. The lower the income of countries, the lower the capacity to cope with adverse health impact. Even though positive effects resulting from higher temperatures are foreseen, as warming tend to reduce, for example, the number of deaths caused by coldness. The balance of positive and negative impacts will vary regionally (IPCC 2007). Phenomenona and direction of trend

Likelihood Examples of major projected impacts by sector of future Agriculture, forestry and Water trends ecosystems {WGII4.4, 5.4} resources{WGII 3.4} based on projections for 21st century using SRES scenarios

Human health {WGII8.2, 8.4}

Industry, settlement and society {WGII 7.4}

Over most land Virtually areas, warmer certainb and fewer cold days and nights, warmer and more frequent hot days and nights

Increased yields in colder environments; decreased yields in warmer environments; increased insect outbreaks

Effects on water resources relying on snowmelt; effects on some water supplies

Reduced human mortality from decreased cold exposure

Reduced energy demand for heating; increased demand for cooling; declining air quality in cities; reduced disruption to transport due to snow, ice; effects on winter tourism

Warm spells/heat waves. Frequency increases over most land areas

Very likely

Reduced yields in warmer regions due to heat stress; increased danger of wildfire

Increased water demand; water quality problems, e.g. algal blooms

Increased risk of heatrelated mortality, especially for the elderly, chronically sick, very young and socially isolated

Reduction in quality of life for people in warm areas without appropriate housing; impacts on the elderly, very young and poor

Heavy precipitation events. Frequency increases over most areas

Very likely

Damage to crops; soil erosion, inability to cultivate land due to waterlogging of soils

Adverse effects on quality of surface and groundwater; contamination of water supply; water scarcity may be relieved

Increased risk of deaths, injuries and infectious, respiratory and skin diseases

Disruption of settlements, commerce, transport and societies due to flooding: pressures on urban and rural infrastructures; loss of property

Area affected by drought increases

Likely

Land degradation; lower yields/crop damage and failure; increased livestock deaths; increased risk of wildfire

More widespread water stress

Increased risk of food and water shortage; increased risk of malnutrition; increased risk of water- and food- borne diseases

Water shortage for settlements, industry and societies; reduced hydropower generation potentials; potential for population migration

Increased risk of

Disruption by flood

Intense tropical Likely

Damage to crops; windthrow Power outages

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cyclone activity increases

Increased incidence of extreme high sea level (excludes tsunamis)c

Likelyd

(uprooting) of trees; damage causing disruption of to coral reefs public water supply

deaths, injuries, waterand food- borne diseases; posttraumatic stress disorders

and high winds; withdrawal of risk coverage in vulnerable areas by private insurers; potential for population migrations; loss of property

Salinisation of irrigation water, estuaries and freshwater systems

Increased risk of deaths and injuries by drowning in floods; migration-related health effects

Costs of coastal protection versus costs of land-use relocation; potential for movement of populations and infrastructure; also see tropical cyclones above

Decreased freshwater availability due to saltwater intrusion

Notes: a) See {WGI Table 3.7} for further details regarding definitions. b) Warming of the most extreme days and nights each year. c) Extreme high sea level depends on average sea level and on regional weather systems. It is defined as the highest 1% of hourly values of observed sea level at a station for a given reference period. d) In all scenarios, the projected global average sea level at 2100 is higher than in the reference period. The effect of changes in regional weather systems on sea level extremes has not been assessed. {WGI 10.6}

Table 1: Examples of possible impacts of climate change due to changes in extreme weather and climate events (IPCC 2007).

Figure 4 introduces examples of main climate impact on natural and socioeconomic systems from a regional perspective in function of increased temperature along the years. Africa stands as “one of the most vulnerable continents to climate variability and change because of multiple stress and low adaptive capacity” (IPCC 2007). Water stress is projected to expose 75 to 250 million people, reduce the length of growing seasons and decrease by 50% the yield of crops in some areas, posing risks of hunger and access to food. As a result, malnutrition and deterioration of livelihood conditions tend to be more severe (IPCC 2007). Perspectives for Asia for the next 20 or 30 years indicate decrease of freshwater availability as a result of Himalayan glaciers retreat, impacting river flows and water resources. Together with climate change and the pressing demands of a growing population with high living standards, about one billion people are expected to be under water stress situation by the mid of the century. Concerning food production, trends are that crops yields increase by 20% in East and South-East Asia, while it decreases by 30% in Central and South Asia, growing the risks of hunger in developing countries (IPCC 2007). Negative impacts are anticipated for almost all regions in Europe. Differences in terms of natural resources and assets are expected to be augmented, posing challenges for all economic sectors, once climate-change scenarios project significant increase of warming and higher mean annual precipitation. In Southern Europe, water availability is forecasted 25

to decline, affecting hydropower potential, irrigation of crops and tourism, whereas heat waves tend to induce more diseases and risks of wildfires. Water stress situation is also expected for Central and Eastern Europe, as a result of decreased precipitation in summer, and health risks associated with heat waves. In the region, forest productivity and total biomass are likely to decline. A scenario of mixed positive and negative impacts is projected for North Europe as a consequence of warmer temperatures. If in one hand, reduced demand for heating, increased crop productivity, and forest growth stand as positive outcomes, on the long-term, intensification of climate change tend to exacerbate winter flooding, ground instability and endangered species in a way the negative impacts prevail over benefits (IPCC 2007). In North America, rising temperatures are likely to increase evaporation, and to affect snow packs, causing flood during the winter and reducing river flow on summer. Stress on groundwater is expected to increase, once constraints of water resources escalate competition among diverse uses. In addition, extreme weather disasters are likely to cause financial losses and hazards in urban infrastructure and in coastal areas, under higher stress due to intense population growth and development associated with vulnerable natural conditions. Deterioration of living conditions is also anticipated, seeing that heat waves become stronger, longer and more frequent, affecting human health, specially elders, infants and disabled people (IPCC 2007).

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Figure 4: Examples of regional impacts projected for climate change (and sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide where relevant) associated with different amounts of increase in global average surface temperature in the 21st century (IPCC 2007).

Reduced snow cover, more frequency of wild fires and heat waves are foreseen to Pacific & Oceania as a result of warmer temperatures. More intense and larger droughts are projected to directly affect agriculture, with impacts exacerbated due to reduced water supply. Despite the considerable adaptive capacity of the socioeconomic systems in this region, the adaptive capacity of natural systems is limited and further action is necessary in 27

order to avoid biodiversity loss in rich sites, constrain population growth and development on the coastal areas, and prevent escalating risks caused by sea level rise, tropical storms and other climatic and geographic vulnerabilities (IPCC 2007). Progressive replacement of Amazon tropical rainforest by savannah, and semi-arid vegetation turning into arid-land vegetation, are some of the projected impacts for South America as a result of climate variability. This trend is predicted to be strongly reinforced by intensive land-use changes and deforestation in the region. One major consequence forecasted is the desertification of agriculture land altering the productivity of important crops, thus increasing food security risks. Changes in precipitation and retreat of glaciers are expected to reduce water availability for human consumption, energy generation and agriculture (IPCC 2007). Small islands located in the tropics or in higher latitudes “have characteristics which make them especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change, sea-level rise and extreme events. These include their limited size and proneness to natural hazards and external shocks. They have low adaptive capacity and adaptation costs are high relative do GDP” (IPCC 2007). Key economic activities e.g.: fisheries, tourism, subsistence and commercial agriculture are likely to be seriously compromised by more frequent and severe flood occurring as a result of sea-level rise. Erosion of coastal areas and financial loss associated with hazards in infrastructure and facilities are expected to be severe. Reduced rainfall in summer unlikely to be compensated by increased rainfall in winter is projected to stress the already poor supply of water resources. In addition, the replacement of some species and invasive species are predicted, mainly in islands located in higher latitudes, as a consequence of warmer temperatures (IPCC 2007).

1.2 Responsive strategies against adverse climate impacts Many impacts of warming described in section 1.1 have been already felt in some communities and sectors across the global regions, and their hazardous potential call attention from actors of the international community to address solutions – through policies, regulations, financial mechanisms, technology transfer, among other tools – in order to implement actions that can contribute on minimising their severity. Some countries and communities have been already successfully implementing adaptation 28

practices to tackle impacts of the observed and projected altered climatic conditions (UNFCCC 2013i). Within the climate negotiations under the UNFCCC, adaptation is referred as: “Adjustments in ecological, social, or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects or impacts. It refers to changes in processes, practices, and structures to moderate potential damages or to benefit from opportunities associated with climate change. (…) Adaptation commonly focuses on reducing vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, and increasing adaptive capacity and coping range” (UNFCCC 2013i). In the scientific debate, the significance of adaptation is particularly approached taking into account the uncertain threats that emerge from irreversible warming. Because these warming results from past and, therefore, unavoidable emissions, “there are some impacts for which adaptation is the only available and appropriate response”, and even rigorous actions oriented exclusively toward reducing GHG emissions are not enough to avoid further climate impacts, “which makes adaptation essential” (IPCC 2007). This fact is strongly emphasized among the outcomes of the Contributions of the Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report, which refers to adaptation as: “adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities" (IPCC 2007), and suggests that “a portfolio of adaptation and mitigation measures can diminish the risks associated with climate change” (IPCC 2007). Options can be addressed in many forms considering the different scenarios, the context of the each global region, and the engagement of diverse stakeholders (UNFCCC 2013i). Table 2 features current and potential adaptation options associated with observed and projected climatic impacts, offering a valuable asset that can support adaptation efforts. Drought / Drying Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: Drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: Supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social aspects: Improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. 29

Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Leak reduction; water demand management (metering and pricing); soil moisture conservation (mulching); desalination of sea water; conservation of groundwater (artificial recharge); education for sustainable water use. Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Increased Rainfall / Flooding Crops: Polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: Improved extension services. Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective post-event emergency relief. Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Warming / Heat waves Crops: Development of heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout; landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, and clearing undergrowth); insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning and non-chemical pest control). Social aspects: Diversification of income. Demand management (e.g.: metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Human health

International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g.: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Industry, settlement, society

Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Wind speed and Storminess / Earthquakes / Tsunamis

Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society Emergency

Crops: Wind resistant crops. Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective post-event emergency relief. Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options for developed and developing regions. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns.

Table 2: Examples of current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors

1.3 Review of adaptation milestones under the UNFCCC negotiations Concerns about the need to develop suitable mechanisms to support adaptation to climate change were initially addressed by the Parties during the 10th Session of the SBSTA, 30

held on May and June 1999, in the context of the Articles 4.83 and 4.94 of the UNFCCC. The articles state that “taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances” (UNFCCC 2013f), all Parties shall take action in order to engage with concrete measures to minimise the effects of climate change on developing and least developed countries (UNFCCC 1999, UNFCCC 2013f). Six countries – Germany (on behalf of the European Union – EU), Iran, Saudi Arabia, United States, Venezuela and Samoa (on behalf of the Alliance of Small Island States – the AOSIS) – submitted their views on the topic calling the attention of the Convention to the need for more scientific information on adaptation (methodologies and measurements to support the identification of vulnerabilities), as well as for the development of governing mechanisms (political and financial) to allow the Parties to feasibly comply with these articles (UNFCCC 1999). As a result of the negotiations of COP 7 in 2001, the Convention agreed upon: establishing the Least Developed Countries work programme (LDCs) aimed at “supporting the preparation of national adaptation programmes of action” (UNFCCC 2007b), creating the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), a financial mechanism to support the referred work programme and to be managed under the accountability of the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) (UNFCCC 2007b, GEF 2012 ), in addition to other measures related to the implementation of the Article 4. With the adoption of the Buenos Aires programme of work on adaptation and measures, decided at COP 10 in 2004, the Secretariat initiated a series of worshops to investigate and identify regional adaptation priorities, and the Convention assigned to the SBSTA the responsibility to structure a “five-year programme of work on the scientific, technical and socio-economic aspects of impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change” (UNFCCC 2005). Named as Nairobi work programme (NWP) on impacts,

Article 4.8: “In the implementation of the commitments in this Article, the Parties shall give full consideration to what actions are necessary under the Convention, including actions related to funding, insurance and the transfer of technology, to meet the specific needs and concerns of developing country Parties arising from the adverse effects of climate change and/or the impact of the implementation of response measures, especially on: (a) Small island countries; (b) Countries with low-lying coastal areas; (c) Countries with arid and semi-arid areas, forested areas and areas liable to forest decay; (d) Countries with areas prone to natural disasters; (e) Countries with areas liable to drought and desertification; (f) Countries with areas of high urban atmospheric pollution; (g) Countries with areas with fragile ecosystems, including mountainous ecosystems; (h) Countries whose economies are highly dependent on income generated from the production, processing and export, and/or on consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive products; and (i) Land-locked and transit countries. Further, the Conference of the Parties may take actions, as appropriate, with respect to this paragraph” (UNFCCC 2013f). 3

Article 4.9: “The Parties shall take full account of the specific needs and special situations of the least developed countries in their actions with regard to funding and transfer of technology” (UNFCCC 2013f). 4

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vulnerability and adaptation to climate change and effective as of 2006, it was undertaken with a view to: (a)

“assist all Parties, in particular developing countries, including the least

developed countries and small islands developing States, to improve their understanding and assessment of impacts, vulnerability and adaptation, and (b)

to make informed decisions on practical adaptation actions and measures to

respond to climate change on a sound, scientific, technical and socioeconomic basis, taking into account current and future climate change and variability” (UNFCCC 2007a). Figure 5 illustrates the objectives of the NWP and its role as the main forum for the Parties to address their demands for adaptation, highlighting NWP’s function as a repository of scientific information and a network for knowledge sharing between stakeholders from a range of organisations.

Figure 5: Implementation of the NWP (UNFCCC 2010b).

At the conclusion of the mandate of the NWP, Parties are expected to have developed an enhanced capacity to “recognise an understand impact, vulnerability, and adaptation responses”, as well as “select and implement practical, effective and high priority adaptation practices” at local, sectorial, national, regional and international levels (UNFCCC 2006). The programme also expects to provide further advice to the COP and its 32

subsidiary bodies, expanding the dissemination of knowledge based on practical adaptation experiences, in addition to promoting a more coordinated action among the Parties to improve their ability to manage climate change risks, as well as integrate these actions with sustainable development policies (UNFCCC 2006). The scope of work of the NWP comprises a set of action-oriented sub-themes (table 3) arranged under two thematic areas: (a) Impacts and vulnerabilities; and (b) Adaptation planning, measures and actions (UNFCCC 2006). They distinctly include initiatives that require engagement of diverse stakeholders – governments, civil society, businesses, etc. – underlining the key role of these organisations to promote a comprehensive approach to climate change adaptation (UNFCCC 2006).

Impacts and Vulnerability Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for: impact and vulnerability assessment; assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; and dissemination of these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, Develop, access and use of information on projected climate change. scenarios and downscaling Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socioeconomic information

Make available information on the socioeconomic aspects of climate change; improve integration of this information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adapting planning, measures and actions Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities Adaptation planning and and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, practices business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Research and technologies Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for for adaptation adaptation. Economic diversification

Promote understanding, and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising.

Table 3: Research and knowledge tools to enhance understanding about climate change adaptation. Based on the NWP thematic work areas (UNFCCC 2013j).

Having its mandate extended twice, with a first term concluded in 2011 and a second term initiated in the following year, the work areas of the NWP are currently active and ongoing, and its scope shall be further refined by the SBSTA in future sessions taking 33

into account additional cross-cutting issues, engaging adaptation practitioners, and better connecting adaptation works streams and bodies under the Convention (UNFCCC 2013h). A call for priority on adaptation was emphasized at COP 16, held in Cancun in 2010. Among the decisions taken at the Conference “adaptation must be addressed with the same priority as mitigation and requires appropriate institutional arrangements to enhance adaptation action and support in their long term cooperative action” (UNFCCC 2010c). This statement sustains two other important milestones intended to support the creation of an adaptation regime of the Convention. The first is the Cancun Adaptation Framework (CAF), adopted with the objective of “enhancing action on adaptation, including through international cooperation and coherent consideration of matters relating to adaptation under the Convention” (UNFCCC 2010c). Its scope of work encompasses activities already undertaken under the NWP, such as: (a) Planning and implementing national adaptation programmes of action (including the LDCs); (b) Impact, vulnerability and adaptation assessments; (c) Strengthening institutional capacities and enabling environments for adaptation; (d) Building resilience of socioeconomic and ecological systems; (e) Enhancing climate change related disaster risk reduction strategies; (f) Enhance knowledge about climate change induced migration; (g) Research, development, transfer of technologies, practices and processes, and capacity-building for adaptation; (h) Strengthening data, information and knowledge systems, education and public awareness; and (i) Improving climate-related research and systematic observation for climate data collection (UNFCCC 2010c, UNFCCC 2013g). The second initiative is the establishment of the Adaptation Committee, a dedicated body to promote the implementation of the referred enhanced actions of the CAF respecting a “country-driven approach”. It should provide technical support, advice and recommendations, consolidate and enhance the sharing of relevant information, and 34

articulate national, regional and international stakeholders “with a view to facilitating the implementation of adaptation activities” (UNFCCC 2010c, UNFCCC 2013g). 1.3.1 The Private Sector Initiative of the Nairobi work programme on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change The need to engage businesses in adaptation efforts firstly emerged in the context of the climate negotiations in 2008, as part of the conclusion of the twenty-ninth session of the SBSTA held in December 2008 during the COP 14. The conclusions stressed that “public participation is needed in all the processes that increase resilience of, and decrease reliance on, vulnerable sectors; in this regard the private sector plays a key role” (UNFCCC 2008). In 2009 at the thirty-first session of the SBSTA, the Convention decided on carrying out a specific programme with the objective to “catalyse the involvement of the private sector in the wider adaptation community”, especially considering its innovation capacity, ability to produce new technologies to support adaptation, as well as its financial leverage potential. Named as Private Sector Initiative (PSI) and undertaken under the NWP, its mandate consists of an approach to address the following work on adaptation: (a) “The challenges and opportunities arising from the impacts of climate change for business operations; (b) The strategies that should be put in place by businesses to ensure that their practices and operations are climate-proof and sustainable; (c) The contribution that the private sector is making and can potentially make to adaptation, including in the most vulnerable countries, in particular LDCs and SIDS” (UNFCCC 2009). The dedicated database of the PSI partners features a collection of nearly 90 case studies that demonstrate adaptation practices performed by businesses (UNFCCC 2013c).

1.4 Private sector engagement with adaptation Because of the urgency to provide policy instruments, technical and financial mechanisms that enhance resilience in the most vulnerable countries, action and advocacy about adaptation to climate change have been mostly conducted by public organisations and the civil society (UNGC, UNEP, Oxfam, WRI 2011), and to date, not properly emphasis 35

has been given to the role of the private sector in fostering this process (Agrawala, S. et al. 2011). However, climate change also put business under risks as flooding, droughts, heat waves, windstorms and other extreme weather events directly affect business robustness. The extent of the impacts shall vary according to the sector, geographical location, political and regulatory environment, among other aspects (UNGC, UNEP, Oxfam, WRI 2011). The main climate associated risks faced by the private sector are: (a) Physical and operational: threats on the availability of raw materials, damages on properties, rising costs of insurances, impacts on workforce productivity, and disruption of operations, supply chain and infrastructure, etc. (b) Financial: difficult access to capital due to lower confidence of investors, uncertain on the proactive action of companies to mainstream climate risks; (c) Legal risks: increased costs for implementing changes in processes and practices in order to comply with new environmental regulations. (d) Political risks: political instability and conflicts induced by the scarcity of natural resources, food security, etc. (e) Market risks: decreased demand of traditional products and services combined with a raising demand for unavailable or scarce items and services, which become essential for communities to cope with hotter, wetter or drier climatic conditions. (f) Reputational risks: companies that adopt adaptation strategies becoming preferred by procurement policies and by consumers, who are increasingly more concerned about sustainable business practices (Agrawala, S. et al. 2011; UNGC, UNEP, Oxfam, WRI 2011; UNGC, UNEP 2011). Risks are even higher in the context of a globalised market economy, in which companies operate within an intricate network of international supply chains. In this sense, expected climate change in a certain region is likely to cause implications in different locations (UKCIP 2010). Enterprises worldwide have a genuine interest on avoiding these risks (Agrawala, S. et al. 2011; UNGC, UNEP 2011) and, because “adaptation options can range from large scale infrastructure projects to simple low-tech solutions” (UKCIP 2010), there are 36

opportunities emerging from this scenario. Opportunities of private investment on adaptation rely mainly on two areas: (a) Business resilience: “develop a range of measures to address climate risks and increase long-term climate resilience” for the company; (b) Development of innovative products and services: “improvements in water and energy management, new strategies for flood control, improved farming techniques and better early-warning systems for disasters” (UNGC, UNEP, Oxfam, WRI 2011). An entrepreneurial approach to climate adaptation (figure 6) tends to be oriented to the self-interest of the company, in a manner that climate risk exposure is managed whereas (Agrawala, S. et al. 2011; UKCIP 2010) profits are maximised in an environment that offers “strategic opportunities to grow, innovate and diversify” (UKCIP 2010).

Figure 6: The strategic nexus for private sector adaptation efforts (UNGC, UNEP 2011).

The potential benefits for societies and for environment that can emerge from such strategies for adapting to climate change could receive a more integrated treatment with the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategy of the companies.

1.5 Corporate Social Responsibility: frameworks and tools More and more the concept of sustainability is becoming regular for companies of diverse sectors worldwide and mainstreamed into their practices in order to determine 37

business strategy. In a systematic way it is expressed through the concept of CSR that embeds voluntary actions of a certain company aimed at performing profitable business, while promoting social development and protecting the natural resources for future generations. The most applied tool for companies to disclose their engagement in sustainable development is the sustainability reports. Similar to the financial reports – that turn public information about the profits, investments, and indebtedness of a specific company – sustainability reports go beyond the economic perspective of the business and include data assessment on the company’s environmental, social and governance performances through a range of indicators that set a framework to measure initiatives undertaken towards social, environmental and governance accountability (GRI 2013). In order to provide a critical and comprehensive overview, the information disclosed in sustainability reports has to be placed in a context – sectorial, socioeconomic, and financial, etc. – and performance is framed and assessed differently depending on the chosen framework to develop the report. Globally acknowledged and widely applied, the frameworks of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) and the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DSJI) were considered for the purposes of this study, and will be further described in the next sections. 1.5.1 Global Reporting Initiative – GRI The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is a multi-stakeholder organisation committed on promoting accountability and transparency of business within the context of sustainable development. In order to achieve this goal and to fulfill a gap of transparent organisational communication about economic, environmental and social impacts, the GRI has put efforts on developing “a globally shared framework of concepts, consistent language, and metrics” that supports effective relations with market and stakeholders’, and investment decisions (GRI 2011). In 2006, the GRI launched the third update of its framework. Named as G3 Guidelines, it provides the structure for organisations to assess their sustainability performance and develop sustainability reports. In the mid of 2013, the GRI launched the fourth update of its framework.

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The core part of the GRI framework is its set of performance indicators intended to “elicit comparable information on the economic, environmental and social performance of the organisation” (GRI 2011). Clustered under six given thematic categories – Economic, Environment, Social, Labor, Human Rights, Society and Product Responsibility – they address specific aspects within each category, and provide context to understand the management approach and the performance of the organisation in each area. In assessing performance, indicators serve as a mark to which the reporting organisation should compare established goals concerning specific areas and verify how close or far targets are to be achieved (GRI 2011). The more detailed and specific the information disclosed, the higher the level application of the GRI framework and, therefore the transparency of the company concerning its practices. These application levels (A, B and C) differentiate experienced organisations, that have more robust and consistent reporting, from beginners. When audited externally by an independent consulting, a “plus” can be included at each level. The GRI framework is available for organisations of any sector, size and location (GRI 2011). 1.5.2 United Nations Global Compact – UNGC Business leadership initiative undertaken under the United Nations system, encompassing directly seven core UN agencies and nearly eight thousand companies from 140 countries, the United Nations Global Compact was launched in 2010 with a view to develop, implement and disclose responsible and sustainable corporate policies and practices (UNGC 2013b). This voluntary initiative has two main goals: “mainstream the Ten Principles in business activities around the world, and catalyse actions to support the broader UN goals, including the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)” (UNGC 2013b). Signatories of the UNGC commit on publicly release an annual Communication on Progress (COP) in order to inform stakeholders on their advances implementing the Ten Principles (annex 4) of the UNGC that are focused human rights, labour, environmental and anti-corruption practices. Business participants are also categorized according with their level of sustainability performance. The UNGC does not apply any regulatory instrument, but rather rely on self-assessment and public accountability, encouraging stakeholders to verify and approve the information released (UNGC 2013b).

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Many businesses choose to release their sustainability reports using the framework provided by the UNGC initiative (UNGC 2013c). 1.5.3 Dow Jones Sustainability Index – DJSI The Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) “tracks the stock performance of the world’s leading companies in terms of economic, environmental and social criteria” (Dow Jones 2013). Within 58 sectors, the DJSI considers an eligible universe of 2500 largest companies in the S&P Global Broad Market IndexSM (S&P Global BMI5), and with a float adjusted market capitalization above USD 500 million as in the end the previous year, in order to identify and select, among these large corporations, the top firm in terms of sustainability performance (DJSI 2013). Companies performing activities in sectors such as Adult Entertainment; Alcohol; Armaments; Cluster Bombs; Firearms; Gambling; Landmines; Nuclear; and Tobacco are not eligible to the indices (DJSI 2013). This “market approach” of sustainability performance provides an in-depth analysis of economic, environmental and social criteria, such as corporate governance, water-related risks and stakeholder relations, with a special focus on industry-specific risks and opportunities, and has been widely accepted as a crucial tool for informed investment decision (DJSI 2013).

1.6 Statement of the problem Shifts in climate caused by long term emissions will affect large, medium and small businesses (UNGC, Oxfam, UNEP and WRI 2011) with different impacts. Observed vulnerabilities are mainly on societies, industries and settlements located in coastal areas, river flood plains, and regions highly prone to extreme climate events, and also to economies that strongly depend on climate sensitive resources (IPCC 2007). This is indicative of the fact that companies will have to cope more frequently with a scarcity of resources and consequently higher costs of raw materials, deterioration of water quality and availability, disruption of transport, operation facilities and energy supply, decreased S&P Global BMI: is a widely encompassing, rules-based index that measures global stock market performance of 11 thousand companies from 46 countries. It is an important benchmark for an investor to measure global equities portion of a given portfolio, and track performance of e.g.: an emerging/developing markets stock or markets mutual fund (Investing Answers 2013). 5

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agriculture productivity, higher risks of floods, droughts and impacts on coastal resources, and increased exposure to natural disasters (UNGC, Oxfam, UNEP and WRI 2011). According to the projected climate scenarios of the IPCC, “costs and benefits of climate change for industry, settlement and society will vary widely by location and scale. In the aggregate, however, net effects will tend to be more negative the larger the change in climate” (IPCCC 2007). This statement is of fundamental importance for two reasons. Firstly, because climate change poses severe risks to businesses, affecting the different sectors with more or less intensity, it is crucial that companies start to assess how, and to what extent, climate change will affect them. Secondly, strategic business opportunities are emerging with the need for building more resilient societies, thus promoting sustainable development through adaptation initiatives (UNGC, Oxfam, UNEP and WRI 2011). Despite that the private sector already demonstrates long term commitment to environmental sustainability the main efforts carried out are in the field of mitigation, with numerous initiatives to reduce emissions of dangerous greenhouse gases (GHG), rather than developing mechanisms to respond to climate change. This reflects the same situation seen in the multilateral negotiations or in the lack of available policy measures that enable more commitment by companies with regards to climate change adaptation, meaning that experience and knowledge in this area is yet to undergo development within the private sector (UNGC, Oxfam, UNEP, and WRI 2011). Nevertheless it is possible to identify some steps of the private sector in the field of adaptation. However, there is still ground for developing or improving tools that could motivate change in businesses towards adaptation. Sustainability reports could better communicate businesses’ strategy to reduce vulnerability to projected climate scenarios and could serve as a tool for investors, stakeholders and governments to make informed decisions that consider risks associated with a changing climate.

1.7 Objectives of the study The objective of this research is to examine how companies from diverse sectors and operating in different global regions have been approaching climate change adaptation in 41

their sustainability reports. An inventory of outstanding business adaptation practices shall be developed based on information released in the sustainability reports of the selected companies.

1.7.1 Research questions Two guiding questions are defined and shall provide the suitable data to successfully achieve the overarching goal: (1) Do the frameworks for sustainability reporting comprise elements about adaptation to climate change? (2) Are companies reporting about their activities/strategies to adapt to climate change?

1.7.2 Hypothesis Sustainability frameworks could induce businesses to engage more with climate change adaptation if a specific approach concerning practices to adapt were provided by their standard guidances. This is the main hypothesis considered to undertake this research. In this sense, sustainability frameworks could leverage the commitment of companies to adaptation and, in the long term this might result in the development of further technologies, processes, tools, methods and mechanisms that could contribute to reduce vulnerability to current or anticipated climate change. One

first

assumption

is

that

sustainability

frameworks,

despite

the

comprehensiveness and complexity of their set of sustainability performance indicators, are not yet comprising elements to guide companies to report on adaptation to climate change. The review of the standard guidelines of the main applied sustainabiliby frameworks shall provide insights about this. Another assumption is established as a consequence of this first. Because companies do not have suitable guidelines that take into account adaptation practices as an indicator of sustainability performance, their reports do not include information about activities that have been carrying out to adapt the business to the new changing environment; and data on how firms have been providing adaptation mechanisms to the communities and regions 42

where they operate. The investigation of 48 sustainability reports from selected companies is defined in order to search for examples of adaptation practices reported, and shall provide trends about this hypothesis.

1.8 Relevance The motivation of this research relies on the possibility of new governmental regulations to be determined for the private sector as a result of an increased demand for adaptation options. Initiatives to fight mitigation already became mandatory for signatory parties (Annex I countries) of the Kyoto Protocol, that committed on an internationally binding emissions reduction target of

GHG (UNFCCC 2013d). In order to comply with this

agreement before the international community, parties decided to apply more regulation and stricter control of the emissions (UNFCCC 2013e). These measures significantly impacted business operations in terms of financing and production processes. If similar scenario occurs as a result of increasing demand for adaptation options to tackle risks associated to changes in climate, governments might decide to intervene by developing specific policies that turn mandatory for companies to adapt their business, or to offer adaptation services for the communities where they operate. In this sense, this research shall be useful for organisations that want to stay ahead of governmental regulation. Sustainability reports are the main tool that companies have been using to assess and define goals in terms of corporate social responsibility. Based on this fact, it is crucial to understand whether frameworks for sustainability reports are drawing attention of the companies to issues that are on the focus of the international climate negotiations.

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CHAPTER 2 2 Methodology and research design

The following methodology and research design is applied for determining the data collection, the sample of analysis, the processing of data and disclosure of results.

2.1 Data collection type and sources Primary sources of data collection are the version 3.16 of the Reporting Guidelines of the GRI, the most applied sustainability framework worldwide, and the ten Global Compact principles of the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), which is also used as a framework for corporate social responsibility reporting through the provision of the UNGC’s implementing mechanism Communication on Progress (COP), mandatory public information required to all signatory companies of the Global Compact. Secondary data collection is the sustainability reports published in the last years by the selected companies, which are available for public consultation on their websites. Extensive literature will underpin the analysis and processing of the data collected: articles and reports on corporate social responsibility and sustainability reporting G3 Guidelines: third generation of sustainability performance framework designed by the GRI launched in 2006. Its reviewed version named G3.1 Guidelines improves guidance for reporting performance on human rights, community impacts and gender issues. 6

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frameworks, peer reviewed literature about adaptation to climate change and sustainable development, and decision documents of the sessions of Subsidiary Bodies of the UNFCCC.

2.2 Definition of scope Although this paper intends to explore business adaptation practices occurring across the globe, analysing all the sustainability reports published by different companies and sectors in a given period is a very ambitious task, unlikely to be completed within the timeframe of this project. Nevertheless, in order to keep this approach, specific criteria are defined in order to pinpoint relevant business, sectorial representativeness, and broad geographic coverage, thus guiding the selection of companies that composes the sample of analysis. 2.2.1 Selection of companies Companies that are partners of the UNFCCC’s adaptation programme PSI already develop strategies to adapt to climate change and have a sound understanding about the topic. This condition is used to define the first group of organisations that have their sustainability analysed, and also to determine this group as a reference for comparison. In order to expand the sample of analysis, this research includes firms that are a reference in their business sector and have acknowledged positive reputation in terms of sustainability practices and performance. The Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) is used as a refining parameter that defines the second group of companies which will have their sustainability reports analysed. Because the Index gathers hundreds of enterprises in different global regions, finding criteria to filter the number of companies of the DJSI appeared to be necessary. With regard to this, the definition of the second group considers the companies entitled by the DJSI as the 2013-2013 Supersector Leaders7. In total, sustainability reports of 48 companies are analysed: 29 correspond to the PSI partners while 19 correspond to the Supersector Leaders of the DJSI.

7

Annually the DJSI identifies the top companies in each of the 19 supersectors derived from 58 sectors in a specific list named Supersector Leaders.

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2.2.2 Regional Coverage The demand for adaptation vastly varies across the regions and is strongly influenced by an array of factors: frequency of natural disasters and vulnerability to these extreme events, climate related hazards, multiple stressors that increase vulnerability, and adaptive capacity as well as institutional, political and financial constraints (IPCC 2007). These are some examples of what makes the need for adaptation in a certain region higher than in another. To further investigate this topic, this study also intends to provide an overview of global regions defined by the selected companies as a target to carry out their adaptation initiatives. A geographical division is established and every identified adaptation practice is assigned to the region where it has been taking place. The regions defined are: (a) Africa; (b) Arab States & India; (c) Asia; (d) Caribbean & Central America; (e) Europe; (f) North America; (g) Pacific & Oceania; and (h) South America. A category named Not Specified clusters identified adaptation practices that were not referred to a specific region, and a category named All Regions clusters those practices performed by transnational companies which were clearly described as having a global broadness. The collected data enriches the analysis by providing information whether businesses are, or are not, supplying adaptation mechanisms to regions that have higher demand for adaptation.

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2.3 Data processing 2.3.1 Sustainability frameworks In order to understand the frameworks through which companies report on sustainability performance, this analysis: (a) examines the structure and the specific characteristics of each sustainability framework observing how the information is, or is recommended to be, disclosed; (b) identifies and describes the approach given for the reporting on climate change adaptation, taking into account the portfolio of adaptation options (table 2 and table 3); and (c) discusses the findings about the selected frameworks. 2.3.2 Sustainability reports The core part of this research intends to unveil how companies are, in fact, disclosing adaptation efforts in their sustainability reports. The investigation undertaken to provide these data: (a) identifies reported activities and strategies related to climate change adaptation and discloses the results per region and per sector; (b) identifies the type of adaptation initiatives disclosed in the sustainability reports and assesses, through a given rating system, how the information is disclosed; (c) verifies if the initiatives aim at adapting the business itself, at developing mechanisms of response for communities, or if the company is working with both approaches; and (d) compiles an inventory of business adaptation practices.

2.4 Disclosure of results 2.4.1 Sustainability frameworks After processing data about the structure of the sustainability frameworks, the results will identify the performance indicators that comprise elements of climate change adaptation in their reporting scope. 47

2.4.2 Sustainability reports With respect to the sustainability reports, the processed data: (a) identifies the adaptation activities more commonly reported; (b) compares the reporting of adaptation initiatives among sectors; (c) compares the reporting of adaptation initiatives in different regions; (d) compares whether identified adaptation practices are focusing on adapting the business; on developing response mechanisms for communities; or on both approaches; and (e) compares the reporting of adaptation initiatives by partners of the PSI and the 20122013 Supersector Leaders of the DJSI. 2.4.3 Rating system A simple rating system is fixed to identify climate change adaptation elements within the sustainability frameworks and initiatives disclosed in the sustainability reports. The colour scheme assesses how the information is reported and is interpreted as follows: (a) Grey: adaptation practice carried out is not disclosed in the sustainability report; it indicates that current or alleged adaptation initiatives do not appear in the report, or that the company is not yet engaged in adaptation efforts. (b) Red: adaptation practice carried out is disclosed without any context of information about climate change adaptation. It indicates that the sustainability report is weakly used as a means for communicating the sector’s initiatives to tackle climate change. (c) Yellow: adaptation practice carried out is disclosed under a context of limited information about climate change adaptation provided by the report. It indicates that the sustainability report is moderately used as a means for communicating the sector’s initiatives to tackle climate change. (d) Green: adaptation practice carried out is disclosed within a context of accurate information about climate change adaptation provided by the report, occasionally connecting the business with the background global climate’s current conditions and scenarios. It indicates that the sustainability report is strongly or well used as a means for communicating the sector’s initiatives to tackle climate change. 48

2.5 Expected Outputs The review of the collected data is expected to verify whether companies are already recognising their own actions on climate change adaptation and, thus, featuring their efforts to adapt to the changing climatic conditions in their sustainability reports. A brief discussion about the content, quality and reliability of the information is then provided. Another expected result is to find evidence whether the sustainability frameworks comprise elements about adaptation in their structure, therefore guiding the companies through reporting not only on mitigation initiatives, but also on adaptation. The data collected may provide input to underpin a discussion on the potential of sustainability frameworks to induce business to perform more intensively in the field of climate change adaptation. Furthermore, it can lead to a reflection on the challenges for creating methods to measure and evaluate adaptation initiatives.

2.6 Limitation of the study This study limits the scope of investigation about business adaptation practices to one single management tool: the sustainability reports and its associated frameworks. Because the focus is on the potential of sustainability reports to better communicate and contribute to induce more action of the business sector towards adaptation, other management or outreach tools of the companies that eventually disclose information about adaptation are not considered. Despite the number of available sustainability frameworks to assess business sustainability performance, only the guidelines of the GRI and of the UNGC are analysed. This is defined not only because they are the most applied and recognised frameworks, but also because they correspond to the frameworks used by the selected firms to develop their sustainability reports. The level of application of the frameworks (GRI), and the differentiation of companies in terms of their performance (UNGC), is not taken into account for the purposes of this research.

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CHAPTER 3 3 Results of the analysis of the sustainability frameworks

Hereafter the structure of each framework is described, relevant indicators (GRI) and principles (UNGC) in terms of adaptation are identified, and their scope examined in order to understand the underpinning guidelines followed by the organisation in their sustainability reports. Under each indicator or principle the required documentation that gives proof of the data disclosed is characterised, and the external referential data (i.e.: internationally recognised universal standards) are listed. Current and potential adaptation options (tables 2 and table 3) are then assigned to relevant GRI indicators and UNGC principles, reflecting whether or not the frameworks provide means for the reporting organisation to disclose adaptation initiatives carried out.

3.1 GRI framework The Indicators Protocols Set of the G3 Guidelines features, in total, 83 indicators clustered under six given thematic categories: Economic (EC), Environmental (EN), Society (SO), Labor Practices and Decent Work (LA), Human Rights (HR) and Product 50

Responsibility (PR). Approaches to climate change adaptation to a larger or minor extent were identified in 10 indicators of the categories EC, EN, SO and LA, as summarised in table 4. The indicators under the categories HR and PR do not include in their scope relevant reporting aspects that can be associated with climate adaptation options and measures. Economic (EC)

EC2: Financial implications and other risks and opportunities for the organization’s activities due to climate change. Core

EC8: Development and impact of infrastructure investments and services provided primarily for public benefit through commercial, in-kind, or pro bono engagement. Core

Labour Practices and Decent Work (LA)

Environmental (EN)

Society (SO) SO1: Percentage of operations with implemented local community engagement, impact assessments, and development programs. Core

EN8: Total water withdrawal by source. Core

EN9: Water resources significantly affected by withdrawal of water. Add EN12: Description of significant impacts of activities, products, and services on biodiversity in protected areas and areas of high biodiversity value outside protected areas. Core

LA8: Education, training, counselling, prevention, and risk-control programs in place to assist workforce members, their families, or community members regarding serious diseases. Core

EN14: Strategies, current actions, and future plans for managing impacts on biodiversity. Add

SO9: Operations with significant potential or actual negative impacts on local communities. Core

SO10: Prevention and mitigation measures implemented in operations with significant potential or actual negative impacts on local communities. Core

Table 4: Relevant adaptation-related indicators and associated categories found among the Indicators Protocol Set of the GRI. The scope of these ten indicators approaches climate change adaptation, enabling organisations to disclose their initiatives.

The Economic (EC) category addresses the “organisation’s impacts on stakeholders and on economic systems at local, national and global levels” (GRI 2011). Featuring nine indicators (complete list in annex 3), it covers aspects such as Economic Performance, Market Presence, and Indirect Economic Impacts. Two indicators were identified in this category as relevant for climate change adaptation: (a) Financial implications and other risks and opportunities for the organisation’s activities due to climate change (EC2): this indicator requires a description of the risks and/or opportunities posed by climate change that could result in financial implications for the reporting organisation, its investors and stakeholders (e.g.: increased storms, changes in sea level and temperature, water availability, weather related diseases affecting the workforce, etc.). It can include the reporting of opportunities to develop products and services intended to respond to a demand driven by 51

climate change challenges. Also, identified risks and advantages that emerge from governmental regulations. Records or minutes of the governance bodies of the organisation can underpin the information reported in this indicator (GRI 2011). (b) “Development and impact of infrastructure investments and services provided primarily for public benefit through commercial, in-kind or pro bono engagement” (EC8): this indicator should detail the extent to which

the

organisation’s

infrastructure

investments

contribute

to

development in a certain region, or impact on local economies and communities. Assessments to identify the community’s infrastructure and service demands (GRI 2011) can be reported in the context of this indicator. Proof of these initiatives can be provided through financial or accounting reports of the organisation. The “organisation’s impacts on living and non-living natural systems including ecosystems, land, air, and water” (GRI 2011) are described under the category Environmental (EN), which has 30 indicators (complete list annex 3) to approach the following aspects: Materials, Energy, Water, Biodiversity, Emissions, Effluents and Waste, Products and Services, Compliance, Transport and Overall. There are four main indicators adaptation related in this category, while the other 26 mostly focus on mitigation initiatives (i.e.: reduction of emissions and energy). (c) Total water withdrawal by source (EN8): the volume of water withdrawn should be reported with detailed information on the type of water source (e.g.: wetlands, rivers, lakes, oceans, ground water, rainwater, waste water, municipal water). Because clean freshwater is a highly demanded resource in increasingly scarcity, the reporting of this data can reveal potential risks posed by water disruption, as well as impacts associated with water use. Water bills are the documents required to serve as reference for the measurements required on this indicator (GRI 2011).

52

(d) Water sources significantly affected by withdrawal of water (EN9): this indicator takes into account the wider impacts of water withdrawals, including economic and social implications due to intensive withdrawals that have systemic impacts e.g.: lowering the water table, reduction of the water availability and changes in the ecosystem’s resilience. Data compilation should highlight whether the average withdrawal exceeds 5% of the annual average volume of the water body and identifies any withdrawals from recognised sensitive water bodies in addition to other specific criteria that takes into account biodiversity value and socioeconomic aspects (GRI 2011). Information

disclosed

should

be

proofed

against

governmental

documentation about water sources or protected areas. References for this indicator are the IUCN Red List of Threated Species8 and the Ramsar Convention9 on Wetlands. (e) Description of significant impacts of activities, products and services on biodiversity in protected areas of high biodiversity value outside protected areas” (EN12): specifications about pollution, introduction of invasive species, pests and pathogens, reduction of species, habitat conversions and changes in ecological processes (e.g.: salinity or changes in groundwater), as well as reversibility and irreversibility of impacts should be approached under this indicator. The aim is to identify impacts on biodiversity, both in protected or non-protected areas, caused by the organisation’s operations, and to verify strategies undertaken to mitigate them. Life cycle assessments, environmental assessments or internal documentation about environmental management can provide suitable data to report under this indicator (GRI 2011). (f) Strategies, current actions and future plans for managing impacts on biodiversity (EN14): specific policies and commitments defined by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™: “Comprehensive, objective global approach for evaluating the conservation status of plant and animal species” (IUCN 2013). 8

Ramsar Convention: “Intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources”. It is the only global agreement focused on a particular ecosystem (Ramsar 2013). 9

53

organisation in order to manage its long-term impact on biodiversity can be reported under the scope of this indicator. This includes the development of methods to assess risk exposure to biodiversity, as well as monitoring processes, integration of biodiversity issues in analytical tools for environmental

site

impact

assessments,

engagement

with

relevant

stakeholders, initiatives towards protection or restoration of habitats and species, infringement penalties e.g.: operating permission, etc.

fines, damages, and rejection of

Report only applies in case of strategies

voluntarily defined by the organisation, and not for those motivated by national regulation. Environmental and social impact assessment, corporate social responsibility policies and similar documents can provide suitable data to proof against this indicator (GRI 2011). Under the category Society (SO) organisations are encouraged to describe impacts on communities where they operate, including the strategies taken to manage risks and mediate negotiation with other social institutions (GRI 2011).

Local Communities,

Corruption, Public Policy, Anti-competitive Behavior, and Compliance are the aspects analysed through 10 indicators (complete list in annex 3) of this category, three of them relevant in terms of adaptation: (g) Percentage

of

operations

with

implemented

local

community

engagement, impact assessments, and development programs (SO1): engagement with local community, local development programmes carried out, consultation and broad participation of the community on impact assessments covering social and environmental aspects, and any other activity that includes participatory process of communities and key stakeholders of the organisation can be described within the scope of this indicator. Sources provided can be found on social, gender, health or environmental impact assessments, community development plans, and baseline studies, amongst others. References are the International Finance Corporation’s Performance Standards on Environmental and Social

54

Sustainability10, the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises11, and the OECD Risk Awareness Tool for Multinational Enterprises in Weak Governance Zones12 (GRI 2011). (h) Operations with significant potential or actual negative impacts on local communities (SO9): This indicator is intended to demonstrate the organisation’s awareness of its current and potential impacts within communities where they operate, and to disclose the initiatives undertaken to minimise negative impacts. In this part, organisations can disclose: assessment on vulnerability and risk caused by physical or economic isolation of the local community, data on the state of socioeconomic infrastructure, exposure of the community to operations (i.e.: impact on environment and on human health due to the use of hazardous substances; pollution, land conversion, and consumption of natural resources), and assessments on the severity, duration, reversibility and scale of negative environmental

and

socioeconomic

impacts

on

local

communities.

Investments or donations are not included in the scope of the SO9. Documents depicting risk assessment and results of stakeholders forums can be used to report under this indicator. References considered are the OECD Risk Awareness Tool for Multinational Enterprises in Weak Governance Zones and the International Finance Corporation’s Performance Standards on Social & Environmental Sustainability (GRI 2011). (i) Prevention and mitigation measures implemented in operations with significant potential or actual negative impacts on local communities (SO10): implemented responsive measures to address negative impacts (identified in the SO9) can be further explored under this indicator. By Eight performance standards that provides “guidance to help avoid, mitigate, and manage risks and impacts as a way of doing business in a sustainable way, including stakeholder engagement and disclosure obligations of the client in relation to project-level activities” (IFC 2013). 10

“Recommendations addressed by governments to multinational enterprises operating in or from OECD countries. They provide voluntary principles and standards for responsible business conduct in areas such as employment and industrial relations, human rights, environment, information disclosure, combating bribery, consumer interests, science and technology, competition, and taxation” (OECD 2013a). 11

Complementary to the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises the tool offers guidance for companies operating in zones of weak governance, “where governments are unwilling or unable to assume their responsibilities” (OECD 2013b). 12

55

informing the quality and extent of prevention mechanisms established, the reporting organisation can inform about its ability to “respond appropriately to potential problems, and therefore the potential risks that impacts pose to the organisation’s reputation or ability to operate” (GRI 2011). Disclosed information should indicate the reasons for implementing prevention and mitigation measures (whether it is intended to remediate, maintain or go beyond requirements of laws and regulations), as well as inform if the objectives of the measures were achieved. Sources to give proof for this indicator can be baseline studies, impact assessments (e.g.: gender, health, social, environmental), among other documentation. References used are the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, the OECD Risk Awareness Tool for Multinational Enterprises in Weak Governance Zones, and the International Finance Corporation’s Performance Standards on Social & Environmental Sustainability (GRI 2011). The category Labour Practices and Decent Work (LA) focuses on the ethical treatment of employees and provides information about the organisation’s compliance with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNUDHR), ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, as well as other similar international legal frameworks for work rights. Employment, Labour/Management Relations, Occupational Health and Safety, Training and Education, Diversity and equal Opportunity, and Equal remuneration for women and men (GRI 2011) are the aspects approached by the 14 indicators (complete list in annex 3) under this category, only one being adaptationrelevant: (j) Education,

training,

counseling,

prevention,

and

risk-control

programmes in place to assist workforce member, their families, or community members regarding serious diseases (LA8): this indicator is intended to inform on how the organisation manages the health and safety of its employees. Education, training, and counseling programmes, in case of serious diseases, and also prevention measures, risk control and treatment offered by the reporting organisation to its workforce, their families and 56

community members can be reported under the scope of this indicator. Reports of the human resources department as well as minutes, policies and operating procedures of the organisation can provide data to report under this indicator (GRI 2011). Under the category Human Rights (HR) the reporting organisation can address its management approach on issues concerning i.e.: child labour, gender equality, diversity and discrimination, as well as “the extent to which processes have been implemented, on incidents concerning human rights violation and on changes in the stakeholder’s ability to enjoy and exercise their human rights” (GRI 2011). In this sense, the reporting organisation can express its compliance with international frameworks for human rights: the UNUDHR, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCCR), and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Aspects such as Investment and Procurement Practices, Non-discrimination, Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining, Child Labor, Prevention of Forced and Compulsory Labor, Security Practices, Indigenous Rights, Assessment, and Remediation (GRI 2011) should be reported under the HR category through a set of 11 indicators (complete list in annex 3), none of them relevant in terms of climate change adaptation. Aspects such as Customer Health and Safety, Product and Service Labelling, Marketing Communications, Customer Privacy, and Compliance are addressed in the category Product Responsibility (PR) through nine indicators (complete list in annex 3). This category also does not feature any indicator with significant relevance in terms of climate change adaptation. Figure 7 depicts the number of current and potential adaptation options (table 2 and table 3) that can be assigned within the scope of selected performance indicators when developing sustainability reports using the GRI framework. Two Environmental indicators (EN12 and EN14) and one Society indicator (SO1) excel among all. The scope of reporting of these indicators covers topics that refer to 10 or more adaptation practices.

57

SO10 Prevention and mitigation measures implemented in operations with significant potential or actual negative impacts on local communities. Core

EC2 Financial implications and other risks and opportunities for the organization’s activities due to climate change. Core 14 12 10 8

5

6

SO9 Operations with significant potential or actual negative impacts on local communities. Core

4

EN8 Total water withdrawal by source. Core

2 4

2

EC8 Development and impact of infrastructure investments and services provided primarily for public benefit through commercial, in-kind, or pro bono engagement. Core

2

3

0 SO1 Percentage of operations with implemented local community engagement, impact assessments, and development programs. Core

4 10

LA8 Education, training, counseling, prevention, and risk-control programs in place to assist workforce members, their families, or community members regarding…

EN9 Water resources significantly affected by withdrawal of water. Add

4

EN12 Description of significant

10 impacts of activities, products, and 14

EN14 Strategies, current actions, and future plans for managing impacts on biodiversity. Add

services on biodiversity in protected areas and areas of high biodiversity value outside protected areas. Core

Figure 7: Number of current and potential adaptation options that can be assigned within the scope of selected G3 indicators when applying the GRI framework for reporting sustainability.

Directly addressing risks posed by climate change, the Economic indicator EC2 gathers five adaptation practices, while there are four adaptation initiatives that can be reported under EC8, EN9 and LA8. A list detailing which adaptation option can be assigned to the scope of each selected indicator is provided in annex 5 “Adaptation options assigned to the GRI performance indicators”.

3.2 UNGC framework Signatory organisations of the Global Compact are required to demonstrate in their sustainability reports to what extent their management practices adhere to internationally recognised universal standards, such as the UDUHR, The ILO Declaration on Fundamental 58

Principles and Rights at Work, The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC). The UNGC framework is based on these universal standards (UNGC 2013) and arranges Ten Principles under distinct areas: Human Rights, Labour, Environment and Anti-corruption. Considering the principles and reporting scope of each area, approaches to climate change adaptation were identified within the three environmental principles (Principle 7, Principle 8 and Principle 9), as highlighted in table 5. The other areas and their related principles do not include relevant reporting aspects to be associated with climate adaptation options and measures.

Environment Principle 7:

Support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges.

Principle 8:

Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility.

Principle 9:

Encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.

Table 5: Relevant adaptation-related principles identified within the UNGC framework. The scope of these three principles approaches climate change adaptation, enabling organisations to disclose their initiatives.

Sustainability reports that apply the UNGC framework should highlight Assessment, Policies and Goals concerning the 4 areas mentioned above. In the case of the Environmental area, its significance can be reported through: a statement about environmental

commitments

and

policies

of

the

organisation,

information

on

environmental risks and opportunities, requirements to suppliers and business partners to agree and put UNGC’s environmental Principles into practice, environmental footprint assessments, and a description of environmental goals to be achieved within determined timeframe (UNGC 2012a). Concrete actions undertaken by the reporting organisation to achieve the established goals should be listed under Implementation. In order to reflect the environmental principles, suggested activities that can be described are: initiatives to raise awareness of the workforce and the suppliers to environmental protection, recycling programmes, processes to improve energy efficiency, development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies, prescribed methods for environmental assessments and associated procedures for evaluation of progress, and also initiatives to reduce environmental risks, and responsive strategies to environmental incidents (UNGC 2012a). 59

Disclosures about Measurement of outcomes further explore the performance of the organisation in each area. Concerning the environmental principles, the reporting scope may comprise: a description about the methods used to monitor and evaluate the organisation’s progress towards environmental protection, information about incidents, fines, and legal cases concerning the environmental principles accompanied with an explanation on how the company is addressing the referred cases, in addition to data from external audits that assesses the organisation’s environmental performance (UNGC 2012a).

P7: Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges 25 20 15 10

10

5 0

5 P9: Encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies

21

P8: Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility

Figure 8: Number of current and potential adaptation options that can be assigned within the scope of the environmental principles when applying the UNGC framework for reporting sustainability.

Figure 8 shows the number of current and potential adaptation options (table 2 and table 3) that can be assigned to the three environmental principles when preparing sustainability reports applying the UNGC framework. Within the scope of the Principle 8 there are 21 adaptation measures that can be reported, while Principle 7 and Principle 9 gather, respectively, ten and five adaptation options. A list detailing which adaptation practice can be assigned to the scope of each of these selected Principles is provided in annex 6 – “Adaptation options assigned to the UNGC principles”.

60

CHAPTER 4 4 Results of the analysis of the sustainability reports

4.1 Reference Group: PSI partners The PSI has 63 partner companies from diverse business sectors operating in different global regions (UNFCCC 2013c). In this study only the PSI partners companies that publish sustainability reports were considered, totalling 29 firms representing 13 sectors, as depicted in figure 9. 5

4

2

3 2

2

2

2

1

1

3

1

3 2

1

1

1

1

Transport

3

Travel & Leisure

4

Sustainability consulting services

Private sector associations

Logistics

Insurance

Construction & Materials

Industrial goods & Services

Technology

Telecommunication

Food and Beverages

Banks

Utilities

Chemicals

Audit services

0

Figure 9: Sectorial representation of the PSI partner companies selected for the study. Only companies that publish sustainability reports are considered.

61

In terms of business size this is a heterogeneous group that gathers joint-stock companies, multinational firms and small consultancies. Their only common features are their PSI partnership and the fact that they all implement initiatives to adapt to climate change. Figure 10 depicts the most applied sustainability frameworks by this group of companies, in which a combination of the two frameworks i.e.: GRI and UNGC is the preferred by the companies. GRI 17%

Own standard 31%

UNGC 14%

GRI, UNGC and others 38%

Figure 10: Frameworks most commonly applied in 29 sustainability reports of PSI partners.

4.1.1 Main adaptation practices reported A general lack of disclosure about the given current and potential options for adapting to climate change is observed in the 29 sustainability reports considered for this study. This is indicated by the prevalence of the grey colour in figure 11 and also represented in all the bars of the following figures in contrast with the areas coloured in red, yellow and green which are significantly smaller. These three colours already indicate that the referred practice is disclosed in the sustainability reports. The results focus on highlights of the reported data describing whether the reports provide a suitable context to disclose the information about the adaptation practices performed by the companies.

62

6% 4%

adaptation practices NOT disclosed in the sustainability reports

6%

adaptation practices disclosed WITHOUT ANY CONTEXT about climate change adaptation practices disclosed WITHIN LIMITED CONTEXT about climate change

84%

adaptation practices disclosed WITHIN AN ACCURATE CONTEXT about climate change

Figure 11: Rating of the adaptation practices disclosed in 29 sustainability reports of the PSI partners.

The figures that follow show specific types of climate change impacts associated with a number of adaptation options. The climate impacts considered were: (a) increased drought and drying events; (b) increased rainfall and flooding; (c) warming and heat waves, and (d) wind speed and storminess, earthquakes, tsunamis. The adaptation options depicted range from the environmental sphere (crops, fibre, forestry and water resources) to the socioeconomic sphere (human health, industry, settlements and society). The last part of this section includes a series of actions aimed at enhancing research and knowledge on climate change adaptation initiatives also showcased by the PSI partners in their sustainability reports (figure 16).

63

Current and potential adaptation options

Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

27

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

01 1

23

2 2 2

Water: Leak reduction; water demand management (metering and pricing); soil moisture conservation (mulching); desalination of sea water; conservation of groundwater (artificial recharge); education for sustainable water use.

25

01 3

Social aspects: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

25

02 2

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

29

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping' crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

0

25 0%

20%

40%

1 2 1 60%

80%

100%

Nº of sustainaibility reports Figure 12: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts of drought and drying events identified in 29 sustainability reports of the PSI partners. The system of colours demonstrates how practices are disclosed in the sustainability reports. The grey indicates that adaptation initiatives are not disclosed; red means that adaptation practices are disclosed without any context about climate change; yellow refers to adaptation practices disclosed within a limited context about climate change; and green to practices disclosed within an accurate context about climate change.

Figure 12 comprises a series of relevant initiatives aimed at reducing the impacts and vulnerabilities caused by the increasing of droughts, and which can contribute to creating resilience against this climatic shift. The responsive measures most often disclosed are the ones concerning human health that appear in six sustainability reports. As shown by the yellow and green areas of the bars, on most occasions, the reports feature these practices providing accurate information or at least some context on climate change. Four sustainability reports mentioned adaptation practices focusing on crops, social aspects and water resources. The adaptation of livestock to drought was not disclosed in any of the sustainability reports.

64

Current and potential adaptation options

Settlement: Flood protection infrastructure (“flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

23

11

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

23

1 3

4

2

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

27

02

Social aspects: improved extension services.

27

02

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems.

26 0%

20%

40%

111 60%

80%

100%

Nº of sustainaibility reports Figure 13: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by increased rainfall and flooding identified in 29 sustainability reports of the PSI partners. The system of colours demonstrates how practices are disclosed in the sustainability reports. Grey indicates that adaptation initiatives are not disclosed; red means that adaptation practices are disclosed without any context about climate change; yellow refers to adaptation practices disclosed within a limited context about climate change; and green to practices disclosed within an accurate context about climate change.

Responsive measures to adapt to floods and more frequent and intensive storms are described in figure 13. The adaptation practices focusing on human health and industry, settlement, society were disclosed in five sustainability reports. In general, it is more frequent to observe an accurate or limited context about climate change, as represented by the green and yellow areas of figure 13.

65

Current and potential adaptation options

Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

26

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (green spaces); adjusting clothing and acti

02 1

29

Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

27

26

Social aspects: diversification of income. Forestry: Fire management (altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

29

Crops: Development heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops.

101

02 1

28

Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

0

26

010

0

111

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Nº of sustainaibility reports Figure 14: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by more frequent warming and heat waves identified in 29 sustainability reports of the PSI partners. The system of colours demonstrates how practices are disclosed in the sustainability reports. Grey indicates that adaptation initiatives are not disclosed; red means that adaptation practices are disclosed without any context about climate change; yellow refers to adaptation practices disclosed within a limited context about climate change; and green to practices disclosed within an accurate context about climate change.

A set of adaptation initiatives is given in figure 14 as options to minimise the impacts caused by more intensive warming and heat waves resulting from climate change, as well as actions that might address vulnerabilities and build resilience against excessive warming. What prevails is that the majority of the sustainability reports do not disclose adaptation initiatives aimed at tackling warming and heat waves. Even when they are disclosed, limited context about climate change is provided in most occasions.

66

Current and potential adaptation options

Emergency: Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

18

Settlement: Emergency preparedness (early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options (developed and developing regions).

4

24

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

6

02

25

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

010

27 0%

20%

40%

3

1 3 0

28

Crops: windresistant crops.

1

110 60%

80%

100%

Nº of sustainaibility reports

Figure 15: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by more frequent wind storms, storminess, earthquakes, and tsunamis identified in 29 sustainability reports of the PSI partners. The system of colours demonstrates how practices are disclosed in the sustainability reports. Grey colour indicates that adaptation initiatives are not disclosed; red means that adaptation practices are disclosed without any context about climate change; yellow refers to adaptation practices disclosed within a limited context about climate change; and green to practices disclosed within an accurate context about climate change.

Figure 15 portrays adaptation practices intended to reduce impacts caused by extreme weather events such as wind speed and storminess, earthquakes, and tsunamis, as well as actions that tackle vulnerability and create resilience against them. Despite being mentioned in 11 reports, most of the emergency actions disclosed appear with limited or no background context on climate change, as the yellow and red areas of the bars demonstrate. Practices focusing on industry, settlement, and society appear in five reports, and three of them accurately connect the adaptation options carried out within the context of climate change. As observed in the previous results, grey areas prevailing in figure 16 also mean that the majority of the sustainability reports do not disclose initiatives to enhance research and knowledge management on climate change adaptation. However, the areas with the other colours are significantly larger in comparison to the previous graphics, mainly the yellow and green surfaces, meaning the referred adaptation option is described in the reports with a limited, or accurate, context on climate change.

67

Research and knowledge tools concerning adaptation planning and practices are disclosed in 15 reports, the creation of methods and tools for adaptation appear in ten reports, and research and technologies for adaptation are registered in 9 reports.

21

Current and potential knowledge tools

Education & Communication

2

2

25

Economic diversification

1 2 1

20

Research and technologies for adaptation

5

14

Adaptation planning and practices

5

4 2

26

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

19

Methods and Tools

0%

3 3

2 1 1 1

20

Data and observations

4 6

1

22

Climate related risks and extreme events

0

4

21

Socio-economic information

4

2 1

3 5

4 4

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Nº of sustatinability reports

Figure 16: Adaptation practices focused on enhancing research and knowledge management on climate change adaptation identified in 29 sustainability reports of the PSI partners. The system of colours demonstrates how practices are disclosed in the sustainability reports. Grey colour indicates that adaptation initiatives are not disclosed; red means that adaptation practices are disclosed without any context about climate change; yellow refers to adaptation practices disclosed within a limited context about climate change; and green to practices disclosed within an accurate context about climate change.

4.1.2 Sectorial reporting of adaptation practices Figure 17 depicts the reporting of adaptation practices carried out by 15 sectors represented among the PSI partners. The grey areas indicate that the given adaptation practices are not disclosed by the sector in its sustainability report. In contrast, the other colours indicate that the sector discloses adaptation initiatives in its sustainability report. Accurate information on climate change adaptation is provided in approximately 50% of the adaptation practices identified in the reports of the Insurance sector and in more than 40% of the adaptation practices found in the reports of the Construction & Materials sector. The thicker green and yellow areas on the figure indicate a higher 68

number of adaptation practices carried out by companies of both sectors. This fact is also observed in the Food and Beverages sector, which stands with the higher number of adaptation practices disclosed among the others, reporting on almost 90% of the given current and potential adaptation options (table 2 and table 3). Adaptation

practices

disclosed

in

the

sustainability

reports

of

the

Telecommunications and Utilities sectors were either accurately contextualised with information about climate change, or mentioned without any background context. The sustainability reports of the Audit services, Banks, Logistics, and Sustainability consulting services sectors have the lowest number of adaptation practices identified, and none of them include an accurate context about climate change connected to

Reporting of adaptation practices

the information disclosed.

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Figure 17: Reporting of adaptation practices aggregated by sector. Percentage of adaptation practices covered by each sector according with the portfolio of current and potential adaptation options (table 2 and table 3) identified in the 29 sustainability reports of the PSI partners. The system of colours demonstrates how practices are disclosed in the sustainability reports. Grey colour indicates that adaptation initiatives are not disclosed; red means that adaptation practices are disclosed without any context about climate change; yellow refers to adaptation practices disclosed within a limited context about climate change; and green to practices disclosed within an accurate context about climate change.

There is no context about climate change in the reports of the Chemical and Technology sectors, despite the number of adaptation practices disclosed in the sustainability reports of companies of these sectors.

The same is observed in the

sustainability reports of the Industrial goods & Services and Travel & Leisure sectors. 69

Sustainability reports of the Private sector associations and Transport sectors do not disclose practices to adapt to climate change. 4.1.3 Regions covered by the adaptation practices reported Figure 18 provides a regional perspective of the adaptation practices identified in the sustainability reports of the PSI partners. It highlights the regions targeted by companies to implement their adaptation initiatives. The majority of the activities mentioned in the reports, totalling 26%, do not specify a particular global region where the activities are occurring. Asia and South America are the target of 13% of the adaptation practices and have the larger share compared with other regions. Europe stands with 10% of the practices carried out, followed by 9% in North America, and 8% of adaptation initiatives conducted in the regions of Caribbean & Central America, as well as in the Arab States & India. 6% of the adaptation practices identified in the sustainability reports refer to the regions of Africa and Pacific & Oceania. The thinner share of 1% refers to adaptation measures assigned to All regions.

All Regions

1% 6%

Africa

8%

26%

Arab States & India Asia

13%

Caribbean & Central America Europe

8%

13% 6%

9%

North America Pacific and Oceania

10%

South America Not Specified

Figure 18: Global regions targeted to carry out adaptation practices identified in 29 sustainability reports of the PSI partners.

Figure 19 assigns the number of reported adaptation practices in one specific region, to the regions where the companies base their head office. The main offices of the 29 partners of the PSI are located in Asia, Europe and North America; and none have headquarters on Arab States & India, Caribbean & Central America, Pacific & Oceania, and South America. 70

Asian Companies

European Companies

12

Not Specified

43

3

South America

North American Companies 13

22

8

5

Pacific and Oceania

11

North America 0

16

7

Europe 0

23

Caribbean & Central America

2

2

13

5

11

Asia

1

Arab States & India

1

16 16

Africa 0

0%

5

13

All Regions 0

6

3 2

20%

40% 60% 80% Number of reported adaptation action practices

100%

Figure 19: Relation between locations where companies base their head office and regions where adaptation practices are reported, as identified in 29 sustainability reports of the PSI partners. The headquartes of this group of companies are located only in Asia, Europe and North America.

European companies have the higher number of reported adaptation practices, 23 of them occurring in Europe and 22 in South America. There are 16 adaptation activities reported by European companies in Asia, the Arab States & India, and North America, 13 in Africa and the Caribbean & Central America, and 11 in the Pacific & Oceania. European companies do not declare the region of 43 adaptation practices reported. North American companies report eight adaptation initiatives in South America and seven in North America itself. There are also six initiatives of American companies in Asia, five in the regions comprising Caribbean & Central America and the Arab States & India, and also three reported practices in Africa. There are 13 adaptation activities of North American companies in which the regions are not specified, and two activities covering All regions. Asian companies report 11 adaptation practices in Asia, while five initiatives in the Pacific & Oceania, three in South America, and two in the Caribbean & Central America. Asian companies do not specify the region in 12 of their reported adaptation practices. 71

4.2 Sectoral references: Supersector Leaders of the DJSI The following results derive from the analysis of sustainability reports of the Supersector Leaders of the DJSI. They are intended to expand the universe of analysis of this study, taking into account companies acknowledged by their excellence in sustainability performance. Annually, the DJSI select a list of top companies for each specific sector. Named as 2012-2013 Supersector Leaders, the list highlights 19 companies representing 19 supersectors, which were clustered from 58 sectors (RobecoSAM 2013). In terms of business size, this group is more homogeneous than the PSI partners and is composed by multinatinational enterprises, operating in several global regions. All the companies of the list 2012-2013 Supersector Leaders of the DJSI publish sustainability reports on a regular basis. Figure 20 provides information on the most applied sustainability frameworks by this group of companies, in which the GRI come out with the larger share. There is no previous information whether the Supersector Leaders of the DJSI carry out any initiative to adapt their business to climate change.

Own standard 0%

GRI, UNGC and others 47%

GRI 48%

UNGC 5%

Figure 20: Frameworks most commonly applied in sustainability reports of the 19 companies of the DJSI Supersector Leaders.

4.2.1 Main adaptation practices reported There is a general lack of disclosure about the adaptation efforts carried out by the 19 companies of the list DJSI Supersector Leaders, which in this study were considered in order to expand the sample of analysis. Prevailing in figure 21 and in the other figures of this section, the grey colour is an indicative of this fact. The areas coloured in red, yellow and green quantify and qualify the information released according to the background context about climate change provided by report, as formerly explained. 72

5% 2%

5%

adaptation practices NOT disclosed in the sustainability reports

adaptation practices disclosed WITHOUT ANY CONTEXT about climate change adaptation practices disclosed WITHIN LIMITED CONTEXT about climate change 88%

adaptation practices disclosed WITHIN AN ACCURATE CONTEXT about climate change

Figure 21: Rating of the adaptation practices disclosed in sustainability reports of 19 companies of the DJSI Supersector Leaders.

The following figures associate a number of adaptation options (table 2 and table 3) with likely climate impacts: (a) increased drought and drying events; (b) increased rainfall and flooding; (c) warming and heat waves; and (d) wind speed and storminess, earthquakes, tsunamis. As previously described, the adaptation measures vary from the environmental sphere (crops, fibre, forestry and water resources) to the socioeconomic sphere (human health, industry, settlements and society). The last part of this section highlights initiatives aimed at enhancing research and knowledge on climate change adaptation which were disclosed in sustainability reports of the DJSI Supersector Leaders (figure 27).

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Current and potential adaptation options

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

17

01 1

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

17

0 2 0

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

16

Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

1 1 1

17

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

01 1

19

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

18

0

010

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Nº of sustainability reports Figure 22: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts of drought and drying events identified in sustainability reports of 19 companies of the DJSI Supersector Leaders. The system of colours demonstrates how practices are disclosed in the sustainability reports. Grey colour indicates that adaptation initiatives are not disclosed; red means that adaptation practices are disclosed without any context about climate change; yellow refers to adaptation practices disclosed within a limited context about climate change; and green to practices disclosed within an accurate context about climate change.

Current and potential initiatives to reduce impacts and vulnerabilities caused by increased severity of droughts are described in figure 22. Adaptation measures concerning water resources are most frequently disclosed and appear in three sustainability reports, while adaptation initiatives on social aspects, human health and industry settlements and society appear in two sustainability reports. As represented by the yellow colour, there are six reports that disclose adaptation measures to tackle impacts of droughts with a limited context on climate change. The adaptation of livestock to drought was not disclosed in any of the sustainability reports.

74

Current and potential adaptation options

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

18

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective post-event emergency relief.

010

17

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

01 1

18

010

17

Social aspects: improved extension services.

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems.

01 1

19 0%

20%

40%

0 60%

80%

100%

Nº of sustainability reports

Figure 23: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by increased rainfall and flooding identified in sustainability reports of the 19 companies of the DJSI Supersector Leaders. The system of colours demonstrates how practices are disclosed in the sustainability reports. Grey colour indicates that adaptation initiatives are not disclosed; red means that adaptation practices are disclosed without any context about climate change; yellow refers to adaptation practices disclosed within a limited context about climate change; and green to practices disclosed within an accurate context about climate change.

Figure 23 encompasses responsive measures to adapt to floods and more frequent and intensive storms. There are two sustainability reports which disclose responsive practices focused on social aspects and human health aimed at tackling this climatic risk. Usually, the companies of the DJSI Supersector Leaders disclose these initiatives within a limited context about climate change, as indicated by the yellow areas of the figure. There are only three sustainability reports which address practices to adapt to this change in weather patterns with accurate background context, as reveled by the green areas of the figure. Initiatives to adapt crops to floods and more frequent storms were not disclosed in any of the sustainability reports of this group of companies.

75

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

16

Current and potential adaptation options

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and

0

17

Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

0 2 0

19

0

18

Social aspects: diversification of income.

3

010

Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

19

0

Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

19

0

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops.

19

0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Nº of sustainability reports Figure 24: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by more frequent warming and heat waves identified in sustainability reports of the 19 companies of the DJSI Supersector Leaders. The system of colours demonstrates how practices are disclosed in the sustainability reports. Grey colour indicates that adaptation initiatives are not disclosed; red means that adaptation practices are disclosed without any context about climate change; yellow refers to adaptation practices disclosed within a limited context about climate change; and green to practices disclosed within an accurate context about climate change.

Figure 24 comprises a series of adaptation practices aimed at minimising the impacts of more intensive warming and heat waves resulting from climate change, as well as practices intended to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience against excessive warming. In general, sustainability reports analysed do not disclose adaptation practices with respect to these specific climatic impacts, and grey colour predominates in all current and potential practices associated. This result is very similar to what is seen among the sustainability reports of the PSI partners. However, there are three sustainability reports disclosing adaptation initiatives focused on industry, settlements and society with an accurate context of climate change, as expressed by the green surfaces.

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12

Current and potential adaptation options

Emergency: Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

4

15

1

01

2

3

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective post-event emergency relief.

18

01

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

18

010

19

Crops: wind resistant crops.

0

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Nº of sustainability reports Figure 25: Adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by more frequent wind storms, storminess, earthquakes, and tsunamis identified in sustainability reports of the 19 companies of the DJSI Supersector Leaders. The system of colours demonstrates how practices are disclosed in the sustainability reports. Grey colour indicates that adaptation initiatives are not disclosed; red means that adaptation practices are disclosed without any context about climate change; yellow refers to adaptation practices disclosed within a limited context about climate change; and green to practices disclosed within an accurate context about climate change.

A set of adaptation initiatives aimed at minimising impacts caused by extreme weather events such as wind speed and storminess, earthquakes, and tsunamis, in addition to activities intended to reduce vulnerability and build resilience against them is given in figure 25. Emergency support is disclosed in seven sustainability reports, but in most occasions the actions are disclosed with limited or no background context about climate change, as the yellow and red areas of the bars demonstrate. There are three reports that disclose adaptation practices with focus on industry, settlement, and society, all accurately connecting the adaptation options performed with climate change context.

77

Education & Communication

17

01 1

Economic diversification

17

01 1

13

Current and potential knowledge tools

Research and technologies for adaptation

1

12

Adaptation planning and practices

1

3

2

3

3

17

Socio-economic information

0 2

15

Climate related risks and extreme events

1 1 17

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

0 2

16

Data and observations

9

Methods and Tools

0%

20%

2

01 1

5

40% 60% Nº of sustainability reports

2 4

80%

100%

Figure 26: Adaptation practices focused on enhancing research and knowledge management on climate change adaptation identified in sustainability reports of the19 companies of the DJSI Supersector Leaders. The system of colours demonstrates how practices are disclosed in the sustainability reports. Grey colour indicates that adaptation initiatives are not disclosed; red means that adaptation practices are disclosed without any context about climate change; yellow refers to adaptation practices disclosed within a limited context about climate change; and green to practices disclosed within an accurate context about climate change. Figure xx -

Grey areas displayed in figure 26 are significantly smaller than in the previous figures of this section. The green surfaces, notably larger that the yellow and red surfaces, indicates that the referred knowledge tools are disclosed in the reports with an accurate context on climate change. The development of Methods and Tools are disclosed in ten reports, while seven disclose adaptation planning and practices, and six feature research and technologies for adaptation. The predominant grey colour means that the larger part of the sustainability reports of the DJSI Supersector Leaders also do not disclose initiatives to enhance research and knowledge management on climate change adaptation, a fact also observed in the results of the section 4.1. 4.2.2 Sectorial reporting of adaptation practices The results in figure 27 provide an overview on the reporting of adaptation practices of the 19 sectors represented by the companies of the DJSI Supersector Leaders. Notwithstanding, it is important to highlight that one single company is associated to the 78

referred sector in figure 27, i.e. a specific firm performs as the representative of one sole sector. This background data differs from the sectorial reporting of adaptation practices in the figure 17 (section 4.1.2), in which data disclosed by PSI partners of the same business sector were clustered together and, therefore, information about a given sectors is underpinned by data collected from more than one company. 100% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%

Utilities

Travel & Leisure

Telecommunication

Technology

Retail

Real state

Personal & Household

Oil & Gas

Media

Insurance

Industrial goods & Services

Health Care

Food & Beverage

Financial Services

Construction & Materials

Chemicals

Basic resources

Banks

0%

Automobiles & Parts

Reporting of adapation practices

90%

Figure 27: Reporting of adaptation by sector representativeness. Percentage of adaptation practices covered by the represented sector according with the portfolio of current and potential adaptation options (table 2 and table 3) identified in the sustainability reports of the19 companies of the DJSI Supersector Leaders. The system of colours demonstrates how practices are disclosed in the sustainability reports. Grey colour indicates that adaptation initiatives are not disclosed; red means that adaptation practices are disclosed without any context about climate change; yellow refers to adaptation practices disclosed within a limited context about climate change; and green to practices disclosed within an accurate context about climate change.

While grey surfaces demonstrate that adaptation practices are not disclosed by a given sector in its sustainability reports, the other colours express disclosure of adaptation efforts. A large number of adaptation practices reported, reaching more than 40% of the given current and potential adaptation options (table 2 and table 3), were identified in the sustainability reports of the Insurance and Construction & Materials sectors. The green bar of the Insurance sector indicates that the adaptation practices are reported within an accurate context on climate change adaptation. The yellow bar of the Construction & Materials sector means that a limited context about climate change information is provided together with the adaptation initiatives reported. Among the sectors that provide an accurate context about climate change associated with the adaptation practices disclosed (green bars), the Technology and Utilities sectors 79

reports on more than 20% of the given current and potential adaptation options (table 2 and table 3), whereas adaptation initiatives disclosed by the Real State sector are in a range of more than 10% of the given current and potential adaptation options (table 2 and table 3). With respect to the sectors providing a limited context of climate change information associated with the adaptation practices disclosed (yellow bars), Food and Beverages reports on more than 20% of the given current and potential adaptation options (table 2 and table 3), while adaptation practices disclosed by other sectors such as Automobiles & Parts, Financial Services, Oil & Gas, Personal & Households, and Retail vary to almost 20% of the given current and potential adaptation options (table 2 and table 3). There is no context about climate change in the reports of the following sectors: Banks,

Basic

Resources,

Health

Care,

Industrial

goods

&

Services,

and

Telecommunication, and the number of adaptation practices disclosed is not very high, ranging to less than 10% of the given current and potential adaptation options (table 2 and table 3). The sustainability reports of the Chemical and Travel & Leisure sector do not disclose practices to adapt to climate change. 4.2.3 Regions covered by the adaptation practices reported Figure 28 displays a regional approach on the adaptation practices identified in sustainability reports of the by the DJSI Supersector Leaders. It indicates the regions targeted by the companies to implement their adaptation initiatives.

All Regions 0%7%

Africa Arab States & India

7%

Asia

38%

13%

Caribbean & Central America Europe

7% 8%

North America Pacific and Oceania

7% 6%

7%

South America Not Specified

Figure 28: Global regions targeted to carry out adaptation practices identified in sustainability reports of the 19 companies of the DJSI Supersector Leaders.

80

Totaling 38%, the larger part of the figure refers to activities mentioned in the reports that do not specify a particular region where the adaptation practices have been implemented. Asia is the target of 13% of the adaptation initiatives disclosed and has the larger share compared with the other global regions. South America is the target regions for 8% of the adaptation practices reported, while 7% of the adaptation practices identified in the sustainability reports refer to Africa, Arab States & India, Caribbean & Central America, Europe, and North America. The thinner share of 6% refers to adaptation practices assigned to the Pacific & Oceania. Adaptation measures intended to be implemented in All Regions were not identified in the sustainability reports of this group of companies. Figure 29 assigns the number of reported adaptation practices in one specific region, to the regions where the companies base their head office. The main offices of the 19 companies listed in the DJSI Supersector Leaders are located in Asia, Europe, Pacific & Oceania, and South America; and none have headquarters on Arab States & India, Caribbean & Central America, and North America. European companies have the higher number of reported adaptation practices, nine of them occurring in Europe itself and four in Africa. There are eight adaptation activities reported by European companies in North America and the Caribbean & Central America, seven in Arab States & India, and five and four adaptation practices carried out, respectively, in South America and Asia. European companies do not declare the region of 34 adaptation practices reported. Asian companies report nine adaptation initiatives in Asia itself and one in the regions of South America, Arab States & India, and Pacific & Oceania. Asian companies do not specify the region of nine adaptation practices reported. South American companies report two adaptation practices in South America itself, and two in regions not specified. Companies based on the Pacific & Oceania disclose four adaptation practices implemented only within its own region.

81

9

Not Specified South America

1

Pacific and Oceania

1

34

12

5

0

2

2

4

0

North America 0

8

0

Europe 0

9

0

Asian Companies

Caribbean & Central America 0

8

0

European Companies

9

Asia

4

1

Arab States & India

7

Africa 0

0 0

9

Pacific and Oceania South America

0

All Regions 0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Number of reported adaptation practices Figure 29: Relation between locations where companies base their head office and regions where adaptation practices are reported, as identified in sustainability reports of the 19 companies of the DJSI Supersector Leaders. The headquartes of this group of companies are located only in Asia, Europe, South America, and Pacific and Oceania.

4.3 Focus of the business adaptation practices identified The focuses of the initiatives performed by the PSI partners and the Supersector Leaders of the DJSI are given in figure 30, after analysing the descriptions associated with each reported adaptation practice. For the two groups of companies it is possible to verify that priority is given for initiatives that address both approaches: adapting the business to the changing climate conditions and also provide responsive mechanisms for vulnerable communities.

Adapt business to climate change Provide responsive mechanisms for communities to tackle irreversible climate impacts Both approaches

PSI

DJSI 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Figure 30: Assessment of the adaptation practices carried out according to their goals

82

70%

80%

90%

100%

4.4 Inventory of adaptation practices Arranged according to specific climatic shifts, the tables of this section offer a selection of outstanding practices identified in the sustainability reports. They provide examples of adaptation initiatives intended to contribute on tackling the climate impacts considered in this study: (a) drought and drying events; (b) rainfall and flooding, (c) warming and heat waves; and (d) wind speed and storminess, earthquakes, tsunamis. Table 6 compiles examples of practices that minimise the effects of droughts and drying events, which are performed and released in the sustainability reports of the companies of the two groups.

Drought / Drying

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping' crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

AgCelence: umbrella brand for products, such as seed treatment and foliar applications, that helps plants to become more resistant to stress factors (e.g.: heat and drought), securing the yield and the return of the investment of the farmers (BASF, p. 80).

Practices not identified.

Social aspects: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

Door-to-door selling operation in India, provides work for large numbers of people in poor rural communities, increasing the presence of our products in rural areas and building strong local relationships with consumers. This model usually doubles the income of these households (Unilever p. 48).

Leak reduction; water demand management (metering and pricing); soil moisture conservation (mulching); desalination of sea water; conservation of groundwater (artificial recharge); education for sustainable water use.

Reforestation project contributes to recover ecosystems services and also invests part of the revenue to fund climate change adaptation for the company’s coffee farmers. Activities include repairing local reservoir to store water fort the dry season, build barriers to prevent erosion, and plant shade trees that nurture the coffee crops (Twin p. 2, 13).

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Human health

Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Intervening in prices through fair contracts: the company proposes solutions and supports targeted policies that ensure the most disadvantaged population to receive improved access to water services, taking into account the “right to water” principle. Therefore, access to fresh water and sanitation must be affordable, not exceeding the ability and willingness to pay of the lowest income households (Veolia p.22)

Industry, settlement, society

Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Cloud to Coast: integrated approach to water infrastructure development and maintenance over short and long term planning timescales in order to assess the impact of climate change on water resources in droughts and floods, and to evaluate possible mitigation and adaptation strategies (Halcrow p. 14, 29).

Table 6: Examples of adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts of drought and drying events identified in the sustainability reports of both groups of companies. .

Table 7 shows a selection of business adaptation practices, mentioned in the sustainability reports of the two groups of firms, which are examples of responsive measures against the impacts caused by increased rainfall and flooding.

Increased Rainfall / Flooding Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems.

No tillage for growing oat: application of this method for growing crops prevent from disturbing the soil through excessive use of cultivation practices (Pepsico, p. 28).

Social aspects: improved extension services.

Weather insurance: a predefined sum is paid regardless of actual crop loss if weather events like droughts or floods occur. The advantage of this fixed payment system is that it removes the need to spend time assessing the loss, a process than often costs more than the loss itself. (Munich RE, p. 67).

Water resources

Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Project to modernise the “Wroclaw floodway system”, Poland (Halcrow, p. 22).

Human health

Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Financial support, provision of soft drinks and relief supply to flood victims in Thailand, earthquake victims in New Zealand, Chile and Haiti (Suntory, p. 29).

Industry, settlement, society

Flood protection infrastructure (“flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

Cisco’s Tactical Operation: mobilises and responds to natural disaster when normal communications and infrastructure have been destroyed. (Cisco, p. 77, 78).

Food, fibre, forestry

Table 7: Examples of adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by increased rainfall and flooding identified in the sustainability reports of both groups of companies.

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Identified in the sustainability reports of both groups of companies, examples of adaptation activities gathered in table 8 are aimed at reducing the impacts caused by intense warming and heat waves.

Warming / Heat waves

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: Development heatresistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops.

Aggrivair (France): initiative to stop using artificial fertilisation and pesticides, abandon crops that create nitrogen pollution and introduced crops rotation to improve soil conditions. Tree planting also helped to reshape the river – model for watershed conservation (Nestlé, p. 41).

Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heattolerant breeds.

Practices not identified.

Forestry: Fire management (altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

Integrate research with forest husbandry: collects detailed threedimensional data from above forest and field data to assess potential risks of landslide and large-scale insect damage, identify areas that need emergency measures, and draft management plans for the area (Suntory, p. 18).

Social aspects: diversification of income. Water resources

Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

“Adapt Now”: online investment platform to encourage business and partner organizations to invest in new climate change adaptation projects (Twin, p. 7). Cite d’Ivoire: provide water and sanitation facilities and hygiene training to 100,000 people. Launched 217 clean drinking water projects in South Asia, improving access to sanitation (Nestlé, p. 37).

Green Sharing Project: initiative to to cure and prevent children of lowincome families from being affected by environment-related diseases such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and rhinitis (GSE&C, p. 71).

Using the know-how from the core business, we focus on risks related to natural catastrophes, climate change and water: encouraging the creation of alternative income for families that live in extreme poverty (Swiss Re, p. 49).

Table 8: Examples of adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by more frequent warming and heat waves identified in the sustainability reports of both groups of companies.

Table 9 lists business adaptation practices, found in the sustainability reports of both groups of companies that provide examples of initiatives reported which are aimed at tackling the effects of extreme weather events, such as wind speed and storminess, earthquakes and tsunamis. 85

Wind speed and Storminess / Earthquakes / Tsunamis Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

BASF Plant Science: development of higher-yield, disease resistant and more stress tolerant crops of corn, soybean, canola, wheat and cotton plants. (BASF, p. 35, 81).

Water resources

Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Inspection and assurance systems concerning radioactive contamination in case of disasters: product safety is guaranteed by insuring the safety of the water and ingredients used in manufacturing (Suntory, p. 11).

Human health

Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective post-event emergency relief.

Eyjafjallajökull volcano (Iceland): Emergency procedures included setting up incident rooms with additional employees to cover administrative tasks, hotline telephones and regular updates in websites as a means to keep the communication flow. (Thomas Cook, p. 27).

Industry, settlement, society

Emergency preparedness (earlywarning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options (developed and developing regions).

Disaster prevention drills, based on the scenario of a major earthquake (Suntory, p. 11).

Emergency

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns.

Disaster Response Incident Portal (Window Azure cloud platform), developed by Microsoft Disaster Response: contribution to victims of the earthquake that occurred in Turkey (2012) and the victims of the Japanese tsunami (2011) (Microsoft, p. 37).

Table 9: Examples of adaptation practices intended to tackle impacts caused by more frequent wind storms, storminess, earthquakes, and tsunamis identified in the sustainability reports of both groups of companies.

Examples of research with focus on climate adaptation and the development of tools to support adaptation, as well as systematic knowledge management carried out by the business sector and described in the sustainability report of both groups of companies analysed in this study are compiled in table 10.

Methods and Tools

Support clients with strategic expertise and integral risk assessment of natural disaster and climate adaptation. These include free access to Swiss Re’s CatNet and our Economics of Climate Adaptation (ECA) studies. By 2030, the ECA methodology will enable decision-makers to understand the future economic impact of climate change and to identify the most cost-effective actions to minimise that impact. This makes it possible to integrate adaptation to climate change with economics development and sustainable growth (Swiss Re, p.16).

Data and observations

Research that provides GIS maps that help clients to visualize risks (regional, national and subnational level; risk indices and scoreboards). Global risk portfolio: includes specific products that cover areas such as Climate change and environment Atlas and Natural hazards Atlas (Maplecroft, p. 6, 7).

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

ProClim: forum to facilitate integrated research on climate change. Under its scope, the project “Intercomparison of mid-latitude storm diagnostics” (IMILAST) brought together many international storm researchers to generate insights of practical use for decision-makers in business and other sectors of society (Swiss Re, p. 37).

86

Climate related risks and extreme events

Planetary Skin Institute: multiyear programme to track the development of Brazil’s National Early Warning System for Natural Disaster, addressing complex issues of resource scarcity and land change in order to build urban resilience. The aim is to scale up to other areas in Latin America (Cisco, p. 78, 119).

Socio-economic information

Sea level rise risk management study to analyse impacts of sea level rise and increased storm activity in the coastal area of North Carolina, taking into account social, economic and environmental aspects. It will appraise state and federal level policy and administrative adaptation strategies to manage these risks. The study includes components such as definition of uncertainties, assumptions associated with the hazard, risk and adaptation strategy analysis (Halcrow, p. 11).

Adaptation planning and practices

Water Impact Index: helps companies, public authorities and individuals to make informed water and wastewater management choices. It includes data about the pressures on resources in terms of quality as well as quantity. This new instrument therefore goes further in assessing the water footprint (Veolia, p. 64).

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on water: development of ultrafiltration methods for water treatment using nanoproducts that filter viruses, bacterias and germs out of water used in households and industrial sites. Research about how plants react to stress factors such as water and nutrients scarcity (BASF, p. 31, 32).

Economic diversification

As a precaution against increases of demand and imbalances in the supply of components, among other risks in the acquisition of inputs including those associated with climate change likely to affect its suppliers, the company maintains strategic partnerships with global manufacturers with supply capacity for different conditions. The financial risks and implications are associated with the occurrence of extreme weather events which includes rainy seasons with rainfall rates much higher or lower than the historical average, with possibilities of disruption of the power supply (drought periods), or production logistics and transportation, as in the case of floods (Itaúsa, p. 67, 68 ).

Education & Communication

Corporate Climate Centre: staff members from all parts of the Group research the consequences of climate change and devise pioneering concepts and solutions. They maintain a close dialogue with scientists, associations and research organisations all over the world, such as the London School of Economics and Political Science (Munich Re, p. 16).

Table 10: Examples of adaptation practices focused on enhancing research and knowledge management on climate change adaptation identified in the sustainability reports of both groups of companies.

Details about the identified adaptation practices are available in annex 7 – “Appraisal of Sustainability Reports”. The colours red, yellow and green on the name of each company indicate the rating received for the referred report.

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CHAPTER 5 5 Discusssion and conclusions

5.1 Discussion of methodology The methodology enabled a successful identification of the adaptation practices disclosed by companies in their sustainability reports, and a consistent understanding of the sustainability frameworks. However, these objects of study have complex structures and comprise a number of asymmetric information that turned the collecting and compiling of comparable data a very hard task. One first difficulty was to find means to categorise and process the large amount of data collected. At a certain point, a statistical analysis was considered in order to accurately calculate and cluster the large amount of input data. This idea was soon disregarded, as the reduced number of companies could not be considered statistically relevant. This decision was crucial to define the study as a qualitative research and then, the rating system was established. Easily understandable, the scheme to identify the quality of the information through colours also provided a good visual representation of the data collected. 88

Because of the diverse formats and narratives used by the companies in their sustainability reports, it was not always easy to associate the adaptation practices to the climate impact or to the target region. The lack of information in associating the adaptation practice carried out with the regions might have led to a deviation of these regional results, with a larger share for regions not specified, a general assumption that can be considered for both groups of companies. Other parameters could have been determined, or criteria created, in order to avoid subjectivity when collecting and processing data, therefore preventing particular suggestions concerning inconsistency of results. An analysis associating the target global regions to their with observed climate change or projected climate impacts forecasted for that location would bring further relevant information to the study In 2011, the initiative Caring for Climate submitted a survey to 72 companies in order to collect information about their understanding and action on adaptation to climate change. In the same year the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) commissioned a study to investigate progress of the private sector in adapting to climate change. The method consisted on examining 16 case studies and analysing data collected on a survey applied in 2009. The present research innovates on the object of study i.e.: the GRI and UNGC sustainability frameworks and sustainability reports of selected companies. The intention was to shed light over this specific management tool in an attempt to investigate evidences whether adaptation practices have been communicated in an appropriate approach to climate change, and explore its potential to further enhance private sector engagement with climate adaptation.

5.2 Discussion of results 5.2.1 Remarks on the sustainability frameworks The comparison of the two sustainability frameworks reveals two different approaches when disclosing sustainability performance, demonstrating indeed that

89

reporting guidelines directly influence and reflect on the type and quality of the data provided by the organisations in their sustainability reports. There is one single performance indicator that accurately addresses adaptation in its scope: the GRI Economic indicator Financial implications and other risks and opportunities for the organisation’s activities due to climate change (EC2). It clearly requests the reporting of physical, regulatory and business risks and opportunities emerging from “changes in the climate system and weather patterns” (GRI 2011), as a result of climatic impacts, such as increased and more frequent storms, sea level changes, rise in temperature, and water scarcity, amongst other likely scenarios. All the others selected GRI indicators and UNGC Principles address the concept of adaptation to climate change indirectly. In this sense it is only possible to interpret, through the recommended themes to be reported, that initiatives which are understood as adaptation measures are also relevant to compose the sustainability report. With six categories and 83 performance indicators, the GRI framework can be characterised as very specific and detail-oriented. Annex 5 “Adaptation options assigned to the GRI performance indicators” shows that there are 56 adaptation options (table 2 and table 3) that can be reported within the GRI framework, clustered under specific performance indicators. GRI truly offers guidance for organisations to approach the material topics in detail. This can be observed through its systematic data collection, underpinning documentation, obligatory transparency on disclosing the assessment methods, and the strong referencial basis (i.e.: assigning specific performance indicators to internationally recognised universal standards). It is possible to affirm that through the GRI framewok, the reporting organisation have a solid and stable tool to rule and appraise progress in terms of strategic management for sustainability, whereas stakeholders are given a means for making informed decisions through a comprehensive reliable set of information. On the other hand, this strictly detail oriented approach bypasses the provision of precise guidelines for reporting on adaptation practices. That may explain the high number of firms that do not include their adaptation practices in the sustainability reports, consequentely not exploring the potential of this tool to communicate the company’s engagement with tackling climate change. 90

The structure of the UNGC framework can be characterised for its wide and general approach. It has 35 adaptation measures (table 2 and table 3) that can be reported within the scope of the three environmental principles of the UNGC framework, less than the adaptation options assigned to the GRI performance indicators, as depicted in annex 6 “Adaptation options assigned to the UNGC Principles”. Stemming from internationally recognised universal standards (i.e.: UNDHR), signatory organisations of the UNGC are obliged to annually report on sustainability through recommended and suggested mechanisms and assessment tools that demonstrate the cohesion of practices and policies of the organisation with these universal standards. Sustainability reports that apply the UNGC framework mainly serve as an ethical declaration of the organisation for its stakeholders, demonstrating commitments and progresses towards best practices in the areas of human rights, social, economic and environment. This vast approach of the UNGC framework may also explain the non-reporting of adaptation practices in sustainability reports. The reporting scope of the Principles is so large and susceptible to an amount of different interpretation, that outstanding issues concerning climate change can be unintentionally obliterated, or deliberately neglected, by the reporting organisation. 5.2.2 The role of adaptation in the sustainability reports The adaptation of business practices to climate change is not substantially described in the sustainability reports of the PSI partners and the Supersector Leaders of the DJSI, and despite the number of adaptation options available most of the companies are not reporting on their approach to adapt the business to irreversible climate threats, as figure 31 demonstrates. The number of adaptation practices disclosed in sustainability reports of the PSI partners is slightly higher than in the Supersector Leaders of the DJSI, and usually better connect the information with a climate change context, as expressed by yellow and green surfaces of figure 31.

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DJSI

PSI

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Reporting of adaptation practices Figure 31: Rating of the adaptation practices disclosed in sustainability reports of the partners of the PSI and the Supersector Leaders of the DJSI. Grey colour indicates that adaptation initiatives are not disclosed; red means that adaptation practices are disclosed without any context about climate change; yellow refers to adaptation practices disclosed within a limited context about climate change; and green to practices disclosed within an accurate context about climate change.

The results reveal that companies from both groups have mainly reported on financial support and volunteering i.e.: emergency actions to relieve from impacts caused by wind speed and storminess, earthquakes and tsunamis. With few exceptions, adaptation measures to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience against other climate impacts i.e.: droughts, flooding, and warming, receive a discreet treatment in the reports. Nevertheless, it is possible to note efforts aiming at developing research and knowledge tools for adaptation (figure 16 and figure 26). More than 50% of the sustainability reports of the PSI partners disclose initiatives focused on Adaptation planning and practices, while in almost 50% of the sustainability reports of the Supersector Leaders of the DJSI mention the development of Methods and Tools for adaptation. That might indicate that the topic business adaptation to climate change is part of the agenda of the private sector, and that further data collection, observation, measurements and methodologies are necessary to better, and profitably, connect it with the business strategy. Compared to others, the sustainability reports of the sectors Insurance and Construction & Materials register a higher number of adaptation initiatives carried out and disclosed within an accurate context about climate change, both in the sustainability reports of the PSI partners and Supersector Leaders of the DJSI (figure 17 and figure 27). It is true that these sectors are directly affected by climate events, therefore is evident their

92

interest on searching for suitable adaptation options. In fact, by reducing their risks, these two business sectors may have significant reduction of financial loss. The number of adaptation practices reported by the Food and Beverages sector among the companies of the PSI is impressive, reaching 90% of the given current and potential adaptation options (table 2 and table 3). However, in its majority, the climate change context associated with the information disclosed only provides a limited background about climate change. The same limited background context about climate change is observed in the sustainability report of the Food and Beverages sector of the Supersector Leaders of the DJSI. Companies of this sector have the opportunity to improve the communication about their adaptation efforts, and better inform stakeholders on practices carried out that enable to significantly minimise business risks associated with extreme weather. Among the PSI partners, Telecommunication and Utilities (figure 17) are the sectors that have the most unbalanced results. Despite the reasonable report of their adaptation activities, in a range from almost 40% to more than 50% of the given current and potential adaptation options (table 2 and table 3), the contrast between the green and red surfaces suggests that some companies already distinctly acknowledge the effects of climate change to their business, while others still do not include the topic in their reports, neglecting the environment of risk caused by climatic shifts. This sort of discrepancy might indicate a future trend, in which the lack of this information could affect the reputation of the companies due to lack of transparency. It is surprising that in both groups of companies (figure 17 and figure 27), the sustainability reports of the Chemicals sector is either not reporting any adaptation activity, or do not include the context of climate change associated with their adaptation practices. Innovative and profitable solutions to adapt to the current climate conditions can rise within the Chemical sector. It can have a leading role in climate change adaptation as it works in the field of new materials, components, and processes, potentially even inducing the shift of other sectors towards adaptation. The sectors of Technology and Travel & Leisure from both groups of companies (figure 17 and figure 27) are not only reporting less than 10% of the given current and potential adaptation options (table 2 and table 3), but also not providing any context about climate change in their reports. It is clear that businesses will be affected by climatic shifts 93

with larger or minor extent (UNGC, UNEP, Oxfam 2011), strongly depending on their vulnerability and adaptive capacity. However, it is certain that these two sectors do have vulnerabilities and should be more precise when informing stakeholders about strategies to cope with climate change. In addition, the development of a portfolio of adaptation products and mechanisms would perfectly suit their core business. Concerning the regions where adaptation practices have been implemented, Asia appears as the main target both for the PSI partners and for the Supersector Leaders of the DJSI, with the larger share in the figures 18 and 28. It is interesting to note that in sustainability reports of the PSI partners, developed countries in North America and Europe appear to gain priority over regions such as Africa, Caribbean & Central America, and Pacific & Oceania, which are composed of developing countries that usually have the most severe climate conditions and vulnerabilities (figure 18). On the other hand, the sustainability reports of the Supersector Leaders of the DJSI (figure 28) have a more plain distribution of adaptation practices implemented among the target regions. When comparing the number of reported adaptation practices in a specific region, to the region where the firm’s head office is located for both the PSI partners and Supersector Leaders it is true to affirm that companies have the higher number of adaptation practices being implemented in the same region where their head office is based.

5.3 Recommendations Following their own specific characteristics and approaches, the GRI and the UNGC could more objectively address adaptation to climate change among the environmental indicators and principles. In this sense, practices reported could be valued as initiatives that demonstrate the commitment of the reporting organisation on tackling climate change. It is notable how mitigation activities (e.g.: energy, transport, reduction of emissions, etc.) fill in the larger part of the chapters dedicated to describe the organisation’s initiatives towards nature conservation or climate action. On the other hand, disclosed adaptation practices were identified in different and random parts of the sustainability reports e.g: in chapters usually dedicated to report social commitment, relations with community, and 94

relations with employees. It is true that adaptation practices comprise these aspects. However, they could be better framed and described also within the environmental principles and indicators, as a demonstration of the enterprise’s commitment tackling climate change. The manner that companies currently disclose their adaptation practices in sustainability reports suggests that these initiatives are not relevant for sustainability reporting, something already observed by the OECD on its study: “Because the benefits of adaptation are often local and private, and therefore usually only benefit the company itself, adaptation does not fit neatly within standard Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) narratives. This can make it harder for companies to effectively communicate how they are adapting to climate change” (Agrawala, S. et al. 2011). More research could be helpful in order to expand the understanding about the potential of the sustainability frameworks to contribute with the efforts to better communicate and promote engagement of business with adaptation. Certainly, one key challenge would be the definition of parameters for measuring and monitoring adaptation action. If implemented, comprehensive frameworks that appropriately balance adaptation and mitigation aspects within their structures could offer significant contribution, with positive outcomes: (a) enhance engagement of the business sector with adaptation: aiming to improve sustainability performance, companies could be motivated to implement and report about their adaptation practices carried out, resulting in further engagement with adaptation efforts, and a careful consideration of emerging business opportunities. (b) knowledge sharing: contribute to disseminate scientific and technologic information about implemented practices is crucial to support and scale up adaptation, providing mechanisms and tools for the most vulnerable communities and countries. Sustainability frameworks are reliable tools that could contribute inducing a bottom-up approach towards adaptation.

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ANNEXES

ANNEX 1 PSI Partners Reporting organisation

Sector

Country

Sustainability report

Framework

Allianz

Insurance

Germany

Highlights: Sustainability Performance 2011

GRI, UNGC and others

BASF

Chemicals

Germany

BASF Report 2012: Economic, environmental and social performance

GRI, UNGC and others

CaféDirect

Food & Beverage

United Kingdom

Committed to our Gold Standard: Annual Review 2011

Caisse des Depots

Banks

France

Corporate social and environmental responsibility

Cisco Systems

Telecommunications

USA

2012 Corporate Social Responsibility Repor

CSR Asia

Sustainability consulting services

Hong Kong

CSR Asia Annual Report

Own standard

Deutsche Bahn

Transport

Germany

Fact and Figures about Sustainability 2011: DB on track for tomorrow

Own standard

Deutsche Bank

Banks

Germany

Building Social Capital: Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2011

GRI, UNGC and others

Deutsche Post

Logistics

Germany

We Deliver Responsibility: Corporate Responsibility Report 2011

GRI, UNGC and others

Google

Telecommunications

USA

A better web. Better for the environment

Own standard

Halcrow Group

Construction & Materials

United Kingdom

A responsible business: Sustainability report, 2010

UNGC

ICMM

Private sector associations

United Kingdom

Building Trust: Annual Review 2012

KPMG

Audit Services

The Netherlands

UN Global Compact: 2012 Communication on Progress

UNGC

Maplecroft

Sustainability consulting services

United Kingdom

Our Communication on Progress to the United Nations Global Compact

UNGC

Microsoft

Telecommunications

USA

Microsoft 2012 Citizenship Report

MunichRE

Insurance

Germany

Munich Re Corporate Responsibility

Nestlé

Food & Beverage

Switzerland

Nestlé in society: Creating Shared Value and meeting our commitments 2012

GRI, UNGC and others

PepsiCo

Food & Beverage

USA

Performance with Purpose The Promise of PepsiCo: Sustainability Summary 2010

GRI

Own standard GRI, UNGC and others GRI

GRI

GRI, UNGC and others GRI, UNGC and others

PwC

Audit Services

United Kingdom

Part of it: United Nations Global Compact PwC Communication on Progress

Ricoh

Technology

Japan

Creating Value:, Ricoh Group Sustainability Report 2012

Sagawa Express

Logistics

Japan

SG Holdings Group Sustainability Report 2007

Siemens

Industrial goods & Services

Germany

Sustainability Inspires: Sustainability Report 2011

GRI, UNGC and others

Sompo Japan

Insurance

Japan

Sompo Japan Corporate Social Responsibility Communication 2010

GRI, UNGC and others

Suntory

Food & Beverage

Japan

Suntory Group Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2012

GRI, UNGC and others

Thames Water

Utilities

Thomas Cook

Travel & Leisure

Twin

Sustainability consulting services

United Kingdom

, Development through trade: Twin Annual Review 2011-2012

Own standard

URS Corporation

Construction & Materials

United Kingdom

URS Focus on Sustainability

Own standard

Veolia

Utilities

France

CSR Performance Digest 2011

Own standard

United Kingdom United Kingdom

At the heart of daily life Sustainability Report 2010

UNGC GRI, UNGC and others Own standard

Own standard GRI

ANNEX 2 2012-2013 Supersector Leaders of the Dow Jownes Sustainability Index Reporting organisation Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW) Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd. UPM-Kymmene OYJ

Sector

Country

Automobiles & Parts

Germany

Banks

Australia

Basic Resources

Finland

Sustainability report Adding Value: Sustainable Value Report 2012 ANZ Banking Group: UN Global Compact Communication on Progress UPM Annual Report 2012

Framework GRI, UNGC and others GRI GRI GRI, UNGC and others GRI, UNGC and others

Akzo Nobel NV

Chemicals

Netherlands

Report 2012

GS Engineering & Construction Corp Itausa - Investimentos Itau SA

Construction & Materials

South Korea

GS E&C Integrated Report 2012

Financial Services

Brazil

Annual Sustainability Report 2011

GRI

Unilever NV

Food & Baverage

Netherlands

Unilever Sustainable Living Plan: Progress Report 2012

UNGC

Roche Holding AG

Health Care

Switzerland

Annual Report 2012

Siemens AG

Industrial Goods and Services

Germany

Swiss Re

Insurance

Switzerland

Telenet Group Holding NV

Media

Belgium

Repsol SA

Oil & Gas

Spain

Corporate Responsibility

GRI

Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.

Personal & Household

Netherlands

Accelerate! Progress in delivering our full potential

GRI

GPT Group

Real Estate

Australia

Sustainability

GRI

Lotte Shopping Co. Ltd.

Retail

South Korea

Alcatel-Lucent SA

Technology

France

KT Corp.

Telecommunications

South Korea

Air France-KLM

Travel & Leisure

France

Iberdrola SA

Utilities

Spain

Sustainability Inspires: Sustainability Report 2011 2012 Corporate Responsibility Report: Committed to sustainable value creation Working on your future: Annual Report 2012

Lotte Shopping Sustainability Report 2011: Think Tomorrow 2012 Sustainability Report a Business Imperative We have a dream: kt Sustainability Report 2012 Committed: 2012 Corporate Social Responsibility Report Sustainability Report: a comprehensive focus on Iberdrola’s economic, environmental, social and corporate governance performance 2012

GRI GRI, UNGC and others GRI, UNGC and others GRI, UNGC and others

GRI GRI, UNGC and others GRI GRI, UNGC and others GRI, UNGC and others

ANNEX 3 GRI Indicators Protocol Set ECONOMIC (EC) Aspect: Economic Performance EC1 Direct economic value generated and distributed, including revenues, operating costs, employee compensation, donations and other community investments, retained earnings, and payments to capital providers and governments. Core EC2 Financial implications and other risks and opportunities for the organization’s activities due to climate change. Core EC3 Coverage of the organization’s defined benefit plan obligations. Core EC4 Significant financial assistance received from government. Core Aspect: Market Presence EC5 Range of ratios of standard entry level wage by gender compared to local minimum wage at significant locations of operation. Add EC6 Policy, practices, and proportion of spending on locally-based suppliers at significant locations of operation. Core EC7 Procedures for local hiring and proportion of senior management hired from the local community at locations of significant operation. Core Aspect: Indirect Economic Impacts EC8 Development and impact of infrastructure investments and services provided primarily for public benefit through commercial, in-kind, or pro bono engagement. Core EC9 Understanding and describing significant indirect economic impacts, including the extent of impacts. Add ENVIRONMENTAL (EN) Aspect: Materials EN1 Materials used by weight or volume. Core EN2 Percentage of materials used that are recycled input materials. Core Aspect: Energy EN3 Direct energy consumption by primary energy source. Core EN4 Indirect energy consumption by primary source. Core EN5 EN6

Energy saved due to conservation and efficiency improvements. Add Initiatives to provide energy-efficient or renewable energy based products and services, and reductions in energy requirements as a result of these initiatives. Add EN7 Initiatives to reduce indirect energy consumption and reductions achieved. Add Aspect: Water EN8 Total water withdrawal by source. Core EN9 Water sources significantly affected by withdrawal of water. Add EN10 Percentage and total volume of water recycled and reused. Add Aspect: Biodiversity EN11 Location and size of land owned, leased, managed in, or adjacent to, protected areas and areas of high biodiversity value outside protected areas. Core EN12 Description of significant impacts of activities, products, and services on biodiversity in protected areas and areas of high biodiversity value outside protected areas. Core EN13 Habitats protected or restored. Add EN14 Strategies, current actions, and future plans for managing impacts on biodiversity. Add EN15 Number of IUCN Red List species and national conservation list species with habitats in areas affected by operations, by level of extinction risk. Add Aspect: Emissions, Effluents, and Waste EN16 Total direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions by weight. Core EN17 Other relevant indirect greenhouse gas emissions by weight. Core EN18 Initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reductions achieved. Add EN19 Emissions of ozone-depleting substances by weight. Core EN20 NO, SO, and other significant air emissions by type and weight. Core EN21 Total water discharge by quality and destination. Core

EN22 EN23 EN24

Total weight of waste by type and disposal method. Core Total number and volume of significant spills. Core Weight of transported, imported, exported, or treated waste deemed hazardous under the terms of the Basel Convention Annex I, II, III, and VIII, and percentage of transported waste shipped internationally. Add EN25 Identity, size, protected status, and biodiversity value of water bodies and related habitats significantly affected by the reporting organization’s discharges of water and runoff. Add Aspect: Products and Services EN26 Initiatives to mitigate environmental impacts of products and services, and extent of impact mitigation. Core EN27 Percentage of products sold and their packaging materials that are reclaimed by category. Core Aspect: Compliance EN28 Monetary value of significant fines and total number of non-monetary sanctions for noncompliance with environmental laws and regulations. Core Aspect: Transport EN29 Significant environmental impacts of transporting products and other goods and materials used for the organization’s operations, and transporting members of the workforce. Add Aspect: Overall EN30 Total environmental protection expenditures and investments by type. Add LABOR PRACTICES AND DECENT WORK (LA) Aspect: Employment LA1 Total workforce by employment type, employment contract, and region, broken down by gender. Core LA2 Total number and rate of new employee hires and employee turnover by age group, gender, and region. Core LA3 Benefits provided to full-time employees that are not provided to temporary or part-time employees, by significant locations of operation. Add LA15 Return to work and retention rates after parental leave, by gender. Core Aspect: Labor/Management Relations LA4 Percentage of employees covered by collective bargaining agreements. Core LA5 Minimum notice period(s) regarding operational changes, including whether it is specified in collective agreements. Core Aspect: Occupational Health and Safety LA6 Percentage of total workforce represented in formal joint management–worker health and safety committees that help monitor and advise on occupational health and safety programs. Core LA7 Rates of injury, occupational diseases, lost days, and absenteeism, and total number of work-related fatalities, by region and by gender. Core LA8 Education, training, counselling, prevention, and risk-control programs in place to assist workforce members, their families, or community members regarding serious diseases. Core LA9 Health and safety topics covered in formal agreements with trade unions. Add Aspect: Training and Education LA10 Average hours of training per year per employee by gender, and by employee category. Core LA11 Programs for skills management and lifelong learning that support the continued employability of employees and assist them in managing career endings. Add LA12 Percentage of employees receiving regular performance and career development reviews, by gender. Add Aspect: Diversity and Equal Opportunity LA13 Composition of governance bodies and breakdown of employees per employee category according to gender, age group, minority group membership, and other indicators of diversity. Core Aspect: Equal remuneration for women and men LA14 Ratio of basic salary and remuneration of women to men by employee category, by significant locations of operation. Core HUMAN RIGHTS (HR) Aspect: Investment and Procurement Practices HR1 Percentage and total number of significant investment agreements and contracts that include clauses incorporating human rights concerns, or that have undergone human rights screening. Core HR2 Percentage of significant suppliers, contractors, and other business partners that have undergone human rights screening, and actions taken. Core HR3 Total hours of employee training on policies and procedures concerning aspects of human rights that are relevant to operations, including the percentage of employees trained. Core

Aspect: Non-discrimination HR4 Total number of incidents of discrimination and corrective actions taken. Core Aspect: Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining HR5 Operations and significant suppliers identified in which the right to exercise freedom of association and collective bargaining may be violated or at significant risk, and actions taken to support these rights. Core Aspect: Child Labor HR6 Operations and significant suppliers identified as having significant risk for incidents of child labor, and measures taken to contribute to the effective abolition of child labor. Core Aspect: Forced and Compulsory Labor HR7 Operations and significant suppliers identified as having significant risk for incidents of forced or compulsory labor, and measures to contribute to the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labor. Core Aspect: Security Practices HR8 Percentage of security personnel trained in the organization’s policies or procedures concerning aspects of human rights that are relevant to operations. Add Aspect: Indigenous Rights HR9 Total number of incidents of violations involving rights of indigenous people and actions taken. Add Aspect: Assessment HR10 Percentage and total number of operations that have been subject to human rights reviews and/or impact assessments. Core Aspect: Remediation HR11 Number of grievances related to human rights filed, addr/essed and resolved through formal grievance mechanisms. Core SOCIETY (SO) Aspect : Local Communities SO1 Percentage of operations with implemented local community engagement, impact assessments, and development programs. Core SO9 Operations with significant potential or actual negative impacts on local communities. Core SO10 Prevention and mitigation measures implemented in operations with significant potential or actual negative impacts on local communities. Core Aspect: Corruption SO2 Percentage and total number of business units analyzed for risks related to corruption. Core SO3 Percentage of employees trained in organization’s anti-corruption policies and procedures Core SO4 Actions taken in response to incidents of corruption. Core Aspect: Public Policy SO5 Public policy positions and participation in public policy development and lobbying. Core SO6 Total value of financial and in-kind contributions to political parties, politicians, and related institutions by country. Add Aspect: Anti-Competitive Behavior SO7 Total number of legal actions for anticompetitive behavior, anti-trust, and monopoly practices and their outcomes. Add Aspect: Compliance SO8 Monetary value of significant fines and total number of non-monetary sanctions for noncompliance with laws and regulations. Core PRODUCT RESPONSIBILITY (PR) Aspect: Customer Health and Safety PR1 Life cycle stages in which health and safety impacts of products and services are assessed for improvement, and percentage of significant products and services categories subject to such procedures. Core PR2 Total number of incidents of non-compliance with regulations and voluntary codes concerning health and safety impacts of products and services during their life cycle, by type of outcomes. Add Aspect : Product and Service Labeling PR3 Type of product and service information required by procedures, and percentage of significant products and services subject to such information requirements. Core PR4 Total number of incidents of non-compliance with regulations and voluntary codes concerning product and service information and labeling, by type of outcomes. Add PR5 Practices related to customer satisfaction, including results of surveys measuring customer satisfaction. Add Aspect : Marketing Communications

PR6

Programs for adherence to laws, standards, and voluntary codes related to marketing communications, including advertising, promotion, and sponsorship. Core PR7 Total number of incidents of non-compliance with regulations and voluntary codes concerning marketing communications, including advertising, promotion, and sponsorship by type of outcomes. Add Aspect : Customer Privacy PR8 Total number of substantiated complaints regarding breaches of customer privacy and losses of customer data. Add Aspect: Compliance PR9 Monetary value of significant fines for noncompliance with laws and regulations concerning the provision and use of products and services. Core

ANNEX 4 The Ten Principles Human Rights Principle 1: Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights; and Principle 2: make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses. Labour Principle 3: Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; Principle 4: the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labour; Principle 5: the effective abolition of child labour; and Principle 6: the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. Environment Principle 7: Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges; Principle 8: undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility; and Principle 9: encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies. Anti-Corruption Principle 10: Businesses should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery.

ANNEX 5 Adaptation options assigned to the GRI performance indicators EC2: Financial implications and other risks and opportunities for the organization’s activities due to climate change. Core Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and 1 extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information 2 into impact and vulnerability assessments. Promote understanding, and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic 3 resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Settlement: Flood protection infrastructure (“flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed 4 realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation 5 of vulnerable assets. EC8: Development and impact of infrastructure investments and services provided primarily for public benefit through commercial, in-kind, or pro bono engagement. Core 1 2 3 4

Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options (developed and developing regions). Settlement: Flood protection infrastructure (“flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

EN9: Water resources significantly affected by withdrawal of water. Add 1 2 3 4

Development of methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; Development of methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; Dissemination of these methodologies and tools. Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Water: Leak reduction; water demand management (metering and pricing); soil moisture conservation (mulching); desalination of sea water; conservation of groundwater (artificial recharge); education for sustainable water use.

EN12: Description of significant impacts of activities, products, and services on biodiversity in protected areas and areas of high biodiversity value outside protected areas. Core 1

Collect, analyse and dissemination information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

2

Crops: Development heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops.

3 4

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems.

5

Crops: wind resistant crops.

6

Development of methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; Development of methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; Dissemination of these methodologies and tools.

7 8

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Forestry: Fire management (altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

9

Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

10

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

EN14: Strategies, current actions, and future plans for managing impacts on biodiversity. Add 1

Collect, analyse and dissemination information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

2

Crops: Development heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops.

3 4

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping' crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems.

5

Crops: wind resistant crops.

6

Development of methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; Development of methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; Dissemination of these methodologies and tools.

7

Development, access and use of information on projected climate change.

8 9 10

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Forestry: Fire management (altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

11

Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

12

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

13

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

14

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

LA8: Education, training, counselling, prevention, and risk-control programs in place to assist workforce members, their families, or community members regarding serious diseases. Core 1

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising.

2

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

3

Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

4

Water: Leak reduction; water demand management (metering and pricing); soil moisture conservation (mulching); desalination of sea water; conservation of groundwater (artificial recharge); education for sustainable water use.

SO9: Operations with significant potential or actual negative impacts on local communities. Core 1

Collect, analyse and dissemination information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

2

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

SO10: Prevention and mitigation measures implemented in operations with significant potential or actual negative impacts on local communities. Core

1

Collect, analyse and dissemination information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

2

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

SO1: Percentage of operations with implemented local community engagement, impact assessments, and development programs. Core 1

Collect, analyse and dissemination information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

2

Development of methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; Development of methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; Dissemination of these methodologies and tools.

3

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising.

4 5

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

6

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

7

Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

8

Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

9

Social aspects: improved extension services.

10

Social aspects: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

ANNEX 6 Adaptation options assigned to UNGC Principles P7: Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges 1

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

2

Development of methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; Development of methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; Dissemination of these methodologies and tools.

3

Development, access and use of information on projected climate change

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Promote understanding, and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Water: Leak reduction; water demand management (metering and pricing); soil moisture conservation (mulching); desalination of sea water; conservation of groundwater (artificial recharge); education for sustainable water use.

P8: Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility 1 2 3

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising. Emergency: Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

4

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

5

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

6

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

7

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

8 9

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Promote understanding, and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

10

Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

11

Settlement: Emergency preparedness (early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options (developed and developing regions).

12

Settlement: Flood protection infrastructure (“flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

13

Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

14

Social aspects: diversification of income.

15

Social aspects: improved extension services.

16

Social aspects: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

17

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

18

Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Water: Leak reduction; water demand management (metering and pricing); soil moisture conservation (mulching); 20 desalination of sea water; conservation of groundwater (artificial recharge); education for sustainable water use. P9: Encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping' crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic 1 farming; water harvesting. 19

2

Development of methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; Development of methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; Dissemination of these methodologies and tools.

3

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

4

Settlement: Flood protection infrastructure (“flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

5

Water: Leak reduction; water demand management (metering and pricing); soil moisture conservation (mulching); desalination of sea water; conservation of groundwater (artificial recharge); education for sustainable water use.

ANNEX 7 Appraisal of Sustainability Reports

ANNEX 7 Appraisal of Sustainability Reports

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

0

0

Not Specified

0

0

South America

North America

0

Pacific and Oceania

Europe

0

Asia Caribbean & Central America

0

Arab States & India

0

0

0

Adapt the business 0

Develop mechanisms of Both approaches response 0

0

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Air France - KLM

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Wind speed; Storminess

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Emergency

Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

Water resources

Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Air France - KLM

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events

Socio-economic information

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

Air France - KLM

1

1

1

1

1

1

Not Specified

2

0

South America

0

Pacific and Oceania

North America

0

Europe

0

Arab States & India

0

Asia Caribbean & Central America

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

AkzoNobel

0

0

Adapt the business 0

Develop mechanisms of Both approaches response 1

1

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Warmings; Heatwaves

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Wind speed; Storminess

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops. Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Emergency

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

1

Fund to support post-relief efforts for major disasters in countries where we operate, as long as there is hands-on involvement by our employees. For example, in 2012, almost 50% of the workforce in Adria, Italy, helped restore a hospital for disabled elderly and Alzheimer patients in Emilia Romagna, which was severely hit by a major earthquake. Other post-relief aid actions took place in Thailand, which experienced its worst floods in 50 years. Our employees teamed up to help children resume their education as soon as possible by cleaning, repairing and renovating a school. Meanwhile, in the US, relief aid was provided after a tornado hit the Mid-West (p. 186).

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

1

We continue to develop our biodiversity priorities working with the IUCN Leaders for Nature Inspirational Programme on Ecosystems and Young Leaders for Nature program in the Netherlands. Current focus is to identify “hot spots” in some of our key value chains, to identify a quick scan process which could be integrated with other environmental assessments and to develop case studies to raise awareness (p. 174, 175).

Data and observations Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling Climate related risks and extreme events

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

1

1

AkzoNobel

Socio-economic information

Adaptation planning and practices Research and technologies for adaptation Economic diversification Education & Communication

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation. Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

AkzoNobel

0

0

Not Specified

0

0

South America

0

Pacific and Oceania

North America

0

Europe

0

Arab States & India

0

Asia Caribbean & Central America

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd

0

1

Adapt the business 0

Develop mechanisms of Both approaches response 1

0

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

Water resources

Human health

Wind speed; Storminess

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Food, fibre, forestry

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Industry, settlement, society

Emergency

Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

1

In 2011, more than $10 million was donated to charities through ANZ's various community giving programs (including more than $3 million (AUD) donated to emergency relief and recovery efforts (p. 8).

1

1

Australia New Zealand Banking Group Ltd

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

Australia New Zealand Banking Group Ltd

0

0

Not Specified

0

Pacific and Oceania

Caribbean & Central America 0

South America

1

North America

0

Asia

0

Arab States & India

0

Europe

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW)

0

3

Adapt the business

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

0

1

2

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Human health

Wind speed; Storminess

Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Food, fibre, forestry

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Industry, settlement, society

Emergency

Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

1

Disaster relief activities have sometimes evolved into longer-term commitments. Established by the BMW China and Brilliance Automotive joint venture partners, the Heart Fund provides aid and support development in the Sichuan province, that was hit by an earthquake in 2008 (p. 107).

1

1

Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW)

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

1

We use a biodiversity indicator to regularly identify the environmental status of properties at selected locations in order to gain an understanding of which flora and fauna are present (p. 69)

1

1

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

1

Implement appropriate preventive strategies and initiatives to avoid negative ground impact and groundwater pollution. When choosing a new site for a facility, an analysis of the effects of climate change in the region and the risk factors associated with it is undertaken (p. 25).

1

1

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

1

Implement appropriate preventive strategies and initiatives to avoid negative ground impact and groundwater pollution. When choosing a new site for a facility, an analysis of the effects of climate change in the region and the risk factors associated with it is undertaken (p. 25).

1

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW)

0

4

Not Specified

0

South America

0

Pacific and Oceania

0

0

North America

0

Europe

0

Caribbean & Central America

Asia

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa Arab States & India

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

GPT

0

0

Adapt the business

3

Develop mechanisms of Both approaches response

0

1

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water resources

Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Food, fibre, forestry

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Wind speed; Storminess

Industry, settlement, society

GPT

Emergency

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

1

GPT is developing a framework to assess the impact of climate change on new developments. The framework will be used to ensure that new projects adequately consider and address the localized impact of climate change on new projects. The new framework will be developed in 2013 and in place for new projects commenced after the climate adaption framework has been approved by GPT senior management. Biodiversity Measurement Tool: development of a practical biodiversity measure that will enable us to establish a baseline of biodiversity and track the performance of our sites. The draft tool includes the following elements: management (Landscaping/Vegetation Plan, Chemical use, Pest management, Water run off), Invasive weeds (eliminate source of invasive weeds), connectivity (recognise value in connected areas), stormwater (Identify systems in place to protect downstream environments), protection (Sensitive areas of flora/fauna diversity are protected), habitat (Encourage habitat suited to local fauna), and influence (Information about site biodiversity and impacts is communicated with; tenants, visitors, suppliers and employees).

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

1

Monitor revisions to projected climate change that are based on sound scientific criteria relevant to Australian conditions and update of our asset and business risks accordingly.

1

1

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

1

Monitor revisions to projected climate change that are based on sound scientific criteria that is relevant to Australian conditions and update our asset and business risks accordingly.

1

1

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

1

Operationally, we will continue to update and adjust contingency, maintenance and asset replacement plans to take account of potential direct and indirect climate change impacts. Note that while climate change may increase the intensity and frequency of climatic events such as flooding, extreme heat days, hail and wind storms, these and their secondary impacts already occur and are planned for. GPT has commissioned specialist advice to assess the exposure of our asset locations to projected climate changes. Some assets, such as Casuarina Square and Sunshine Plaza, are located in areas that already face severe climatic

1

1

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

1

GPT

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

1

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

1

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

1

Food, fibre, forestry

Modernization of basic environmental facilities (e.g. waste water reuse) in Gumi City; wastewater treatment plant in Busan Nambu (p. 9). Water Reuse System consists of advanced wastewater treatment, sewage reuse, and sludge to-resources parts and features recycling water with high efficiency at 10% lower production costs compared to conventional methods. We developed wastewater reuse technologies, including the reuse of reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate and automated indicator of economic terms for cleaning the RO membrane at desalination plants to minimize emission of hazardous materials and secure a new growth engine in connection with operating / management technology as well as raising EPC business competency. This is a responsive solution toward the government’s policy encouraging sewage reuse and a realistic alternative to address waterrelated risks such as water shortage (p. 38). Address social issues such as water shortage through seawater desalination technology (p.12). Green Sharing Project: initiative to to cure and prevent children of low-income families from being affected by environmentrelated diseases such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and rhinitis (p. 71). Water Reuse System consists of advanced wastewater treatment, sewage reuse, and sludge to-resources parts and features recycling water with high efficiency at 10% lower production costs compared to conventional methods. We developed wastewater reuse technologies, including the reuse of reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate and automated indicator of economic terms for cleaning the RO membrane at desalination plants to minimize emission of hazardous materials and secure a new growth engine in connection with operating / management technology as well as raising EPC business competency. This is a responsive solution toward the government’s policy encouraging sewage reuse and a realistic alternative to address water-related risks such as water shortage (p. 38).

1

0

0

0

Not Specified

0

South America

7

Pacific and Oceania

1

North America

0

Europe

Asia

0

Caribbean & Central America

Arab States & India

Description of practices

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

GS Engineering & Construction Corp.

1

9

Adapt the business

2

Develop mechanisms of Both approaches response

3

8

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

1

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

1

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

Rainwater is recycled and used for water in the home, landscaping and industrial use. During heavy rainfall, it not only prevents flooding, but it is an efficient use of water resources to prepare for future water shortages and creates economic benefits by reducing water and sewage costs (p. 46). Provision of stable supply of water for community residents and protection against natural disasters through the construction of dams in Seoul (p.12).

1

Provision of stable supply of water for community residents and protection against natural disasters through the construction of dams in Seoul (p.12). rainwater is recycled and used for water in the home, landscaping and industrial use. During heavy rainfall, it not only prevents flooding, but it is an efficient use of water resources to prepare for future water shortages and creates economic benefits by reducing water and sewage costs (p. 46).

1

Green Sharing Project: initiative to to cure and prevent children of low-income families from being affected by environment-related diseases such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and rhinitis (p. 71).

1

1

1

1

1

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

1

1

GS Engineering Construction Corp.

Wind speed; Storminess

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Emergency

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events Socio-economic information

Adaptation planning and practices Research and technologies for adaptation Economic diversification

Education & Communication

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

1

Provision of stable supply of water for community residents and protection against natural disasters through the construction of dams in Seoul (p.12).

1

1

Provision of stable supply of water for community residents and protection against natural disasters through the construction of dams in Seoul (p.12). Technology to build a high-rise fire scenario for the first time as a domestic construction company. It is one of the core technologies in disaster prevention and is expected to play an important role in enhancing fire safety in very tall buildings (p. 37).

1

1

1 1

Conduct post construction environmental impact evaluations by managing environmental facilities and preserving the surrounding ecology in order to prevent damages to the environment. The QHSE/CM team is in charge of leading and inspecting basic environmental impact assessments for the entire company while the Green Environment Team is in charge of environmental support for any problems that may arise (p. 40). In 2012 Pre/Post Environmental Impact Assessments will be conducted at Yongbo Industrial Park, East Coast~Samchungak Highway site and Jinju-Kwangyang Kyungjin Rail sites (p. 42).

In order to minimize environmental accidents and disputes the “Environmental Dispute Prediction Program” developed in 2005 is being used and at various sites SMS based communication activities are being used to manage civil complaints. As a result in 2012 although there were a total of 7 environmental accidents, fewer than in 2011, the cost of settling disputes increased (p. 42). Establishment of collaborative business partnership to exchange technologies on reverse osmosis desalination and for future projects (p. 9).

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

System for On-site Management of Environment: conduct environment-related work by designating a person to be in charge of managing the environment at each work site. The assistant foreman on-site also serves as the environment manager and chooses an employee to be in charge in each of the four high risk areas (documents on the environment, environmental facility management, environmental monitoring, green information system operation) (p. 40). Students of public and private schools visit the Wastewater Treatment Station to learn about the advantages and quality of water treatment processes and discover the importance and value of water. Weekly education program on water-related technology aimed at university students in various regions provide an opportunity to experience the practical processes of a wastewater treatment facility (p. 73).

1

1

1

GS Engineering Construction Corp.

Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

In Mexico, the water supply infrastructures for neighbouring communities have been improved (p. 79). Investments for the local community have also been made in Hungary in which Iberdrola collaborates in a system for the channelling and distribution of water (p. 79).

1

1

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

In Mexico, the water supply infrastructures for neighbouring communities have been improved (p. 79). Investments for the local community have also been made in Hungary in which Iberdrola collaborates in a system for the channelling and distribution of water (p. 79).

1

Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Water resources Human health

1

In Mexico, the water supply infrastructures for neighbouring communities have been improved (p. 79). Investments for the local community have also been made in Hungary in which Iberdrola collaborates in a system for the channelling and distribution of water (p. 79).

1

1

Investments for the local community have also been made in Hungary in which Iberdrola collaborates in a system for the channelling and distribution of water (p. 79).

0

3

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

1

4

3

1

1 1

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Industry, settlement, society

1

0

Adapt the business

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Human health

1

0

Not Specified

1

0

South America

North America

6

0

Pacific and Oceania

Europe

Food, fibre, forestry

Arab States & India

3

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors* Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Caribbean & Central America

Warmings; Heatwaves Wind speed; Storminess

0

Nº of adaptation practices

Food, fibre, forestry

Emergency

Asia

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Drying / Drought

Climate impacts

Nº of practices in global regions

Iberdrola

1

1

1

1

Iberderdrola

Methods and Tools

Data and observations Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

1

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

1

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

1

Research and technologies for adaptation Economic diversification Education & Communication

1

1

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events

Adaptation planning and practices

The precautionary approach materialises through the consideration of environmental risk within the comprehensive risk management system, the prevention and mitigation instruments contemplated therein, and the widespread use of environmental impact assessments as a preventive tool in the development of infrastructure projects. The implementation of the Environmental Management System (the core function of which is to analyse, prevent, and mitigate risks) is also key in the application of the precautionary principle in the organisation (p. 56). Methodology developed in order to harmonise the criteria for identification, assessment, and prioritisation of environmental risks, which was applied as a pilot project at the Renewables Business; plans have been designed for application at the various businesses during 2013. This methodology is supported by a computer system that ensures the proper use thereof in the various territories in which the Group operates and at the different Group businesses (p. 56, 57). Prior to construction, the possible environmental impact is analysed, with a forecast and assessment. If the impact is significant, the project is modified to the extent possible, with the adoption of the best techniques available and measures deemed necessary to correct and minimize the impact. If full mitigation is not possible, remedial measures are implemented. Control of environmental impacts does not end upon completion of the facility, but rather continues during the operation and decommissioning phases thereof. Environmental monitoring and control plans are established and management systems are implemented, the majority of which are certified in accordance with ISO14001 or EMAS standards, to prevent and control environmental risks (p. 106).

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation. Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

With respect to the Company’s activities for adapting to climate change, an information area has been created on the corporate website to describe the activities carried out by Iberdrola. Climate change might affect hydroelectric generation operations and the availability of hydraulic resources, renewable energy forecasts, thermal plant refrigeration needs, the thermal efficiency of facilities, energy load growth patterns, and the strength of the transmission and distribution infrastructure (p. 76). As a result of the incident at the Fukushima power plant in Japan, in 2011 the CSN approved its final report on stress tests of Spanish nuclear plants, which confirmed that such power plants were solidly prepared to face the events contemplated in the design foundations, and even to successfully face events above and beyond them. The results show the strength of Spanish nuclear programme as a whole and of Iberdrola’s in particular (p. 173). Another example of emergency management is the cooperation of the Company with the authorities responsible for the operation of the national electricity grids and of connections with other countries in order to deal in an orderly manner with the possibility of a global supply failure (p. 173). As a result of the incident at the Fukushima power plant in Japan, in 2011 the CSN approved its final report on stress tests of Spanish nuclear plants, which confirmed that such power plants were solidly prepared to face the events contemplated in the design foundations, and even to successfully face events above and beyond them. The results show the strength of Spanish nuclear programme as a whole and of Iberdrola’s in particular (p. 173). Another example of emergency management is the cooperation of the Company with the authorities responsible for the operation of the national electricity grids and of connections with other countries in order to deal in an orderly manner with the possibility of a global supply failure (p. 173). Collaboration with the Hydrographical Confederations and other bodies and government administrations in Spain to enable various actions concerning hydraulic dams, such as adjusting flows in certain situations, the construction of ancillary facilities to facilitate the habitat of certain species, and other assistance to the community (p. 80).

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Iberderdrola

0

0

Not Specified

0

South America

0

Pacific and Oceania

0

0

North America

0

Europe

0

Caribbean & Central America

Asia

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa Arab States & India

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

ITAÚSA

2

2

Adapt the business

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

2

0

1

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Wind speed; Storminess

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

Water resources

Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

ITAÚSA

Emergency

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change.

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Corporate police concerning socioenvironmental risk: based on tools such as the Prohibited List, the Restricted List, the socioenvironmental category classification, sector directives, as well as visits to customers, branches of activities were classified according to a socioenvironmental category considering the risks inherent to the sector in which they operate. In light of this category system, socioenvironmental risk analysis is carried out when credit is being extended to companies considered of high risk potential, or medium risk potential. For the sectors involving activities included on the Restricted List (timber, fishery, asbestos or weapons and ammunition), the socioenvironmental risk analysis occurs for companies submitting credit applications of at least R$ 1 million (p. 71).

1

The projected impacts are the reduction of forest productivity in the case of irregular rainfall, increase of investments in the research and development of eco-efficient products in the cultivation of forests (p. 66).

1

1

As a precaution against increases of demand and imbalances in the supply of components, among other risks in the acquisition of inputs, including those associated with climate change likely to affect its suppliers, the company maintains strategic partnerships with global manufacturers with supply capacity for different conditions (p. 67, 68). The financial risks and implications are associated with the occurrence of extreme weather events which includes rainy seasons with rainfall rates much higher or lower than the historical average, with possibilities of disruption of the power supply (drought periods), or production logistics and transportation, as in the case of floods (p. 67).

1

1

1

1

1

1

ITAÚSA

0

0

Not Specified

0

0

South America

1

Pacific and Oceania

North America

0

Europe

0

Arab States & India

0

Asia Caribbean & Central America

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

kt Corp.

0

0

Adapt the business 0

Develop mechanisms of Both approaches response 0

1

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Human health

Wind speed; Storminess

Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Food, fibre, forestry

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Industry, settlement, society

Emergency

Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

1

Restore telecommunications facilities to provide secure service and free phone service to the victims in the event of unexpected disaster. A group of volunteers contribute in the field, delivering relief supplies and donations (Japan Earthquake) (p. 85) .

1

1

kt Corp.

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

kt Corp.

0

1

Not Specified

0

South America

0

Pacific and Oceania

1

0

North America

0

Europe

0

Caribbean & Central America

Asia

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa Arab States & India

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Lotte Shopping Co. Ltd.

0

0

Adapt the business

0

Develop mechanisms of Both approaches response

1

0

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops.

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Food, fibre, forestry

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Industry, settlement, society

Wind speed; Storminess

Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Emergency

Methods and Tools

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

1

By delivering donations and relief goods to the earthquake and Tsunami disaster recovery efforts in Indonesia, Lotte Mart is trying to share some of the pain suffered by the local citizens (p. 88). Haru Campaign: program to support areas affected by the earthquake in Japan (p. 91).

1

1

1

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Lotte Shopping Co. Ltd.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

Lotte Shopping Co. Ltd.

Not Specified

0

South America

0

Pacific and Oceania

0

North America

0

Europe

Asia

0

Caribbean & Central America

Arab States & India

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.

0

0

0

0

0

Adapt the business

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

0

0

0

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Wind speed; Storminess

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

Water resources

Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.

Emergency

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Repsol

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

2

Adapt the business

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

3

0

0

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Social aspects: diversification of income. Water resources

Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Food, fibre, forestry

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Wind speed; Storminess

Industry, settlement, society

Emergency

Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Repsol

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

We have also been involved in the development of the Local Water Tool, promoted by the Global Environmental Management Initiative (GEMI), which can provide a more detailed analysis of the risks associated with water shortages, water quality, new legal developments or possible cost increases, ecosystem characteristics, and interactions with stakeholders (p. 74, 75).

1

1

1

Through our participation in IPIECA, the global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues, we have worked to adapt our sector to the Global Water Tool. This tool has helped us to identify the company's centers that are located in water scarcity regions (p. 74, 75).

1

1

1

Water Management Map: series of pilot studies to test the Local Water Tool methodology on sites where our water use is most intensive for exploration and production operations (Ecuador and Spain) (p. 75).

1

1

1

Repsol

1

0

Not Specified

0

0

South America

0

Pacific and Oceania

North America

0

Europe

0

Arab States & India

0

Asia Caribbean & Central America

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Roche Holding AG

Adapt the business

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

0

2

3

0

0

1

1

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

1

Collecting and recycling water from cooling towers, creating a closed-loop system, reusing cleaning water for next ‘first rinse’ and recycling used water, reducing cooling requirements and improving cooling processes, improving heat recovery (p. 120).

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

Water resources

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Food, fibre, forestry

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Industry, settlement, society

Wind speed; Storminess

Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Roche Holding AG

Emergency

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, which struck the Northeast US in October 2012, the Genentech Foundation and the neighbouring Roche facilities in New Jersey quickly provided major donations to the American Red Cross for shelter, recovery assistance, emergency transportation and meals. The Foundation is a US-based, private charitable foundation established in 2002 by Genentech. It provides financial support to qualified non-profit US charitable o organisations in community support, health science education, patient education and advocacy (p. 107).

1

Incident management ensure that we act quickly in an emergency. These teams regularly rehearse different crisis scenarios, alerts and escalation procedures. We continue to strengthen our business continuity management (BCM) to ensure that all our sites respond effectively to catastrophic events. A Business Continuity Management task force has established a Group BCM policy and guideline, together with templates facilitating a consistent and aligned local implementation. The Group-wide rollout of the new BCM framework will make sure that Roche’s operations are resilient and capable of absorbing important disruptions (p. 87).

1

1

1

1

Roche Holding AG

Not Specified

0

South America

0

Pacific and Oceania

0

North America

0

Europe

Asia

0

Caribbean & Central America

Arab States & India

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Siemens AG

0

0

0

0

2

Adapt the business

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

0

1

1

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water resources

Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Food, fibre, forestry

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Wind speed; Storminess

Industry, settlement, society

Emergency

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Siemens AG

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

1

Reports on water consumption, waste and enhanced performance. The company identifies potentially affected regions in which it operates and will implement programs in the future to adapt to local conditions in order to reduce the negative consequences of water use (p. 64).

1

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

1

Develop environmental technologies for the provision of clean water and air (p.59).

1

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

1

Siemens AG

1

1

Technical partnership with the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in developing index-based insurance products (against droughts, excessive rainfall, storms, etc) for farmers and people in agrarian communities from developing countries (p. 18). Kilimo Salama programme (Kenya): insures costs of inputs (seeds, fertilisers) and expected value of farm harvests, covering yield shortfalls due to insufficient or excessive rain (p. 19)

1

1

Reinsurance and pricing support for smallholder farmers against agricultural risks in India (p. 20, 21). Using the know-how from the core business, we focus on risks related to natural catastrophes, climate change and water: encouraging the creation of alternative income for families that live in extreme poverty (Brazil), development of climate-resilient agricultural practices (India), donations to victims of disastrous earthquake (Japan), helping communities to cope with disasters through vulnerability assessments (Vietnam), donations and volunteer work for the victims of Hurricane Sandy (USA) (p. 49)

0

Not Specified

1

4

South America

1

0

Pacific and Oceania

1

Vulnerability to volatile weather poses constant threat to food security in Africa. With a view to address this challenge, Swiss Re committed with three elements: provide tools such as weather and yield index insurance products to farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa; provide agricultural insurance for up to 1.4 million smallholder farmers; and invest USD 2 million/year to support the development of agricultural risk management markets (p. 18). Technical partnership with the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in developing index-based insurance products (against droughts, excessive rainfall, storms, etc) for farmers and people in agrarian communities from developing countries (p. 18). Kilimo Salama programme (Kenya): insures costs of inputs (seeds, fertilisers) and expected value of farm harvests, covering yield shortfalls due to insufficient or excessive rain (p. 19). Reinsurance and pricing support for smallholder farmers against agricultural risks in India (p. 20, 21). Using the know-how from the core business, we focus on risks related to natural catastrophes, climate change and water: encouraging the creation of alternative income for families that live in extreme poverty (Brazil), development of climate-resilient agricultural practices (India), donations to victims of disastrous earthquake (Japan), helping communities to cope with disasters through vulnerability assessments (Vietnam), donations and volunteer work for the victims of Hurricane Sandy (USA) (p. 49)

3

North America

3

Europe

4

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Caribbean & Central America

3

Description of practices

Asia

Africa

0

Nº of adaptation practices Natural and socio-economic systems

Arab States & India

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of practices in global regions

Swiss Re

3

12

1

1

1

1

1

Adapt the business

4

Develop mechanisms of Both approaches response 1

9

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

Water resources Human health

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Industry, settlement, society

Social aspects: improved extension services.

Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Wind speed; Storminess

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Water resources

Human health

1

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

1

1

1

1

1

Swiss Re

Wind speed; Storminess

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

1

Technical partnership with the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in developing index-based insurance products (against droughts, excessive rainfall, storms, etc) for farmers and people in agrarian communities from developing countries (p. 18). Through local partnerships in Haiti, develop the Microinsurance Catastrophe Risk Organisation (MiCRO) and its first product, Kore W, targeted at the informal sector (p. 19).

1

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

1

Insurance-Linked Securities (ILS) are particularly well-suited to provide protection against peak risks – events that happen infrequently but tend to lead to high losses, for example earthquakes and windstorms (p. 17). Provision to the Mexican government of insurance protection (MultiCat) from the capital markets against several kinds of natural catastrophes (p. 17). Through local partnerships in Haiti, develop the Microinsurance Catastrophe Risk Organisation (MiCRO) and its first product, Kore W, targeted at the informal sector (p. 19). Using the know-how from the core business, we focus on risks related to natural catastrophes, climate change and water: encouraging the creation of alternative income for families that live in extreme poverty (Brazil), development of climate-resilient agricultural practices (India), donations to victims of disastrous earthquake (Japan), helping communities to cope with disasters through vulnerability assessments (Vietnam), donations and volunteer work for the victims of Hurricane Sandy (USA) (p. 49)

1

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

1

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

1

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

1

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Emergency

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

1

Support clients with strategic expertise and integral risk assessment of natural disaster and climate adaptation. These include our expertise publications free access to Swiss Re’s CatNet and our Economics of Climate Adaptation (ECA) studies. With a time horizon of 2030, the ECA methodology enables decision-makers to understand the future economic impact of climate change – and to identify the most cost-effective actions to minimise that impact. This makes it possible to integrate adaptation to climate change with economics development and sustainable growth (p.16). Technical partnership with the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in developing index-based insurance products (against droughts, excessive rainfall, storms, etc) for farmers and people in agrarian communities from developing countries (p. 18). Understanding natural catastrophe risks and the impact of climate change is critical to assessing our P&C business accurately and to structuring sound risk transfer solutions. This is why we invest in proprietary, state-ofthe-art natural catastrophe models and collaborate with universities and scientific institutions. This enables us to stay abreas of the latest knowledge on the economic impact of natural disasters, including the effects of climate change (p.15) ProClim: forum to facilitate integrated research on climate change. Under its scope, the project “Intercomparison of mid-latitude storm diagnostics” (IMILAST) brought together many international storm researchers to generate insights of practical use for decision-makers in business and other sectors of society (p. 37).

Support clients with strategic expertise and integral risk assessment of natural disaster and climate adaptation. These include our expertise publications free access to Swiss Re’s CatNet and our Economics of Climate Adaptation (ECA) studies. With a time horizon of 2030, the ECA methodology enables decision-makers to understand the future economic impact of climate change – and to identify the most cost-effective actions to minimise that impact. This makes it possible to integrate adaptation to climate change with economics development and sustainable growth. (p.16)

Understanding natural catastrophe risks and the impact of climate change is critical to assessing our P&C business accurately and to structuring sound risk transfer solutions. This is why we invest in proprietary, state-ofthe-art natural catastrophe models and collaborate with universities and scientific institutions. This enables us to stay abreast of the latest knowledge on the economic impact of natural disasters, including the effects of climate change (p.15) Support clients with strategic expertise and integral risk assessment of natural disaster and climate adaptation. These include our expertise publications free access to Swiss Re’s CatNet and our Economics of Climate Adaptation (ECA) studies. With a time horizon of 2030, the ECA methodology enables decision-makers to understand the future economic impact of climate change – and to identify the most cost-effective actions to minimise that impact. This makes it possible to integrate adaptation to climate change with economics development and sustainable growth (p.16). Launched publication “Flood – an underestimated risk”, “Flood App for iPad”, and “New Global Flood Zones” (p. 34).

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Swiss Re

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

1

Vulnerability to volatile weather poses constant threat to food security in Africa. With a view to address this challenge, Swiss Re committed with three elements: provide tools such as weather and yield index insurance products to farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa; provide agricultural insurance for up to 1.4 million smallholder farmers; and invest USD 2 million/year to support the development of agricultural risk management markets (p. 18). Risk Talk on public-private partnerships to finance catastrophic risks in India, Vietnam, Mexico and the Caribbean. The costs of natural disaster, crop failures and health risks are a growing burden for governments and societies, mainly in developing and emerging countries. Natural catastrophes are becoming more costly, due to accelerated development in exposed areas in combination with the effects of climate change. As a result of the lower penetration of insurance schemes in emerging countries, financial losses arising from such risks can have substantial and prolonged impact on economic development (p. 36).

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

1

Technical partnership with the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in developing index-based insurance products (against droughts, excessive rainfall, storms, etc) for farmers and people in agrarian communities from developing countries (p. 18).

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

1

Using the know-how from the core business, we focus on risks related to natural catastrophes, climate change and water: encouraging the creation of alternative income for families that live in extreme poverty (Brazil), development of climate-resilient agricultural practices (India), donations to victims of disastrous earthquake (Japan), helping communities to cope with disasters through vulnerability assessments (Vietnam), donations and volunteer work for the victims of Hurricane Sandy (USA) (p. 49)

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Launched publication “Flood – an underestimated risk”, “Flood App for iPad”, and “New Global Flood Zones” (p. 34).

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Swiss Re

0

0

Not Specified

0

0

Pacific and Oceania

0

South America

0

North America

0

Arab States & India

0

Europe

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Asia Caribbean & Central America

Natural and socio-economic systems

Africa

Climate impacts

Description of practices

All Regions

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Telenet

0

0

Adapt the business

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

0

0

0

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

Water resources

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Food, fibre, forestry

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Industry, settlement, society

Wind speed; Storminess

Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Emergency

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Telenet

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

Telenet

Drying / Drought

Human health

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Industry, settlement, society

Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources Human health

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Human health

Industry, settlement, society Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Emergency

Methods and Tools

Data and observations Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Shakti, our door-to-door selling operation in India, provides work for large numbers of people in poor rural communities. Shakti sales people expand our rural distribution by increasing our presence in rural areas and building strong local relationships with consumers. The model we use improves the lives of our sales people and their families, usually doubling the income of the household. Similar schemes are also expanding in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Vietnam (p. 48).

1

Work with a range of microfinance and NGO partners to improve the affordability of the purifier for those for whom the price remains barrier to purchase (p. 15)

1

1

We continue to engage with partners and smallholder farmers to develop an effective methodology to assess improvement in livelihoods in our supply chain network. Efforts focus on interventions which improve agricultural practices, and how these enhance livelihoods. Having examined existing assessment methodologies, we decided to consult NGO and supply chain partners on how to develop a livelihood assessment methodology which is simple,quick and affordable. The goal is to develop and test this methodology in 2013 (p. 48). In 2012 we commissioned an independent assessment to evaluate livelihoods, focusing especially on the impact Rainforest Alliance (RA) certification has had on smallholders and their farm workers in our tea supply chain in Kenya (p. 48).

1

1

Not Specified

1

0

South America

We continue to engage with partners and smallholder farmers to develop an effective methodology to assess improvement in livelihoods in our supply chain network. Efforts focus on interventions which improve agricultural practices, and how these enhance livelihoods. Having examined existing assessment methodologies, we decided to consult NGO and supply chain partners on how to develop a livelihood assessment methodology which is simple,quick and affordable. The goal is to develop and test this methodology in 2013 (p. 48)..

0

Pacific and Oceania

1

North America

By 2015 change the hygiene behaviour of 1 billion consumers across Asia, Africa and Latin America by promoting the benefits of handwashing with soap at key times (p. 14) We aim to make safe drinking water available and affordable to 500 million people through our Pureit in-home water purifier by 2020 (p. 15)

2

Europe

Asia

1

Caribbean & Central America

Arab States & India

1

We continue to engage with partners and smallholder farmers to develop an effective methodology to assess improvement in livelihoods in our supply chain network. Efforts focus on interventions which improve agricultural practices, and how these enhance livelihoods. Having examined existing assessment methodologies, we decided to consult NGO and supply chain partners on how to develop a livelihood assessment methodology which is simple,quick and affordable. The goal is to develop and test this methodology in 2013 (p. 48). Shakti, our door-to-door selling operation in India, provides work for large numbers of people in poor rural communities. Shakti sales people expand our rural distribution by increasing our presence in rural areas and building strong local relationships with consumers. The model we use improves the lives of our sales people and their families, usually doubling the income of the household. Similar schemes are also expanding in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Vietnam (p. 48).

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

2

4

1

1

1

1

1

Adapt the business

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

0

1

7

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income.

Water resources

2

1

Food, fibre, forestry

Industry, settlement, society

Wind speed; Storminess

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems.

4

We have learnt that our priority water-intensive crops are tomatoes and sugar cane and that overall our footprint is lower than previously estimated. We have been working with our tomato suppliers for many years and we will continue to introduce drip irrigation to our suppliers for this and other crops (p.31).

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

4

Description of practices

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

0

Nº of adaptation practices Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors* Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of practices in global regions

Unilever NV

Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools. Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

1

1

Unilever NV

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification Education & Communication

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Improved understanding about products and tools that help consumers to use less water while washing and showering (p. 32) We are making some progress in designing and rolling out products which require less water. The Comfort One Rinse fabric conditioner is now available in more water-scarce countries (India, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines). Lifebuoy has launched a foam handwash which cuts water use and we have rolled out dry shampoo to ten countries (p. 31, 32).

1

1

1

Unilever NV

0

Pacific and Oceania

0

0

Not Specified

0

South America

0

North America

0

Caribbean & Central America

0

Asia

0

Arab States & India

Description of practices

Europe

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

UPM-Kymmene Corporation

0

0

Adapt the business

0

Develop mechanisms of Both approaches response

0

0

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Human health

Wind speed; Storminess

Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Food, fibre, forestry

Settlements: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Industry, settlement, society

Emergency

Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

UPM-Kymmene Corporation

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

UPM-Kymmene Corporation

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Warmings; Heatwaves

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Industry, settlement, society Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

1

1 1

Socio-economic information

Adaptation planning and practices Research and technologies for adaptation Economic diversification

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation. Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

3

1

1

6

0

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Climate related risks and extreme events

2

0

Industry, settlement, society

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

4

0

Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Data and observations

0

0

1

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools. Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

2

0

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Methods and Tools

0

0

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Emergency

3

0

Human health

Human health

2

Both approaches

0

Water resources

Water resources

2

Develop mechanisms of response

0

Food, fibre, forestry

Food, fibre, forestry

0

Adapt the business

0

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

Industry, settlement, society

Wind speed; Storminess

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors* Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Arab States & India

Natural and socio-economic systems

Africa

Climate impacts

Description of practices

All Regions

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Allianz

Taking into account serious flooding problem in Jakarta, the design of the new office building of the company allows the area around to be a natural rain water absorber: rainwater collection, water recycling (to flush toilets and operate air conditioning system) (p.15).

1

1

0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Cattle Insurance Policy: poor smallholders from India pay as little as 5 USD to insure their cows against disabilities and illness. Allianz insures about 100,000 cows with this product (p. 13).

1

1

0 0 Microinsurance: for poor families in Asia, Africa and South America to manage the risks associated with natural disasters, accidents and illness. Figures include 2.6 million microinsurance customers accounting for EUR 34.5 million from the company’s microinsurance portfolio. Business area is expanding to Burkina Faso, Mali and Malaysia (p. 10). Microinsurance: for poor families in Asia, Africa and South America to manage the risks associated with natural disasters, accidents and illness. Figures include 2.6 million microinsurance customers accounting for EUR 34.5 million from the company’s microinsurance portfolio. Business area is expanding to Burkina Faso, Mali and Malaysia (p. 10). Humanitarian assistance: company donated, and motivated its employees to engage, in campaigns to help victims of natural disasters in Australia, Japan (tsunami), Thailand and Turkey. Donations reached almost EUR 1 million (p.19).

1 1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1 1

0

0 0 0 0

1

Allianz Forum: created to promote the debate of pressing issues with a range of institutions of the society. Topics covered include Demography (ageing, health, migration, diversity); Environmental and climate protection; Sustainable growth (protecting natural resources, fair trade, war on poverty); Intercultural dialogue and the future of Europe (p. 21).

1

1

1

0 1

Development of a range of 80 products and services – from asset management to insurance and assistance – that help to prepare for the negative effects of climate change on Allianz’ business and its costumers (p. 10).

1

1

Allianz

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Allianz Forum: created to promote the debate of pressing issues with a range of institutions of the society. Topics covered include Demography (ageing, health, migration, diversity); Environmental and climate protection; Sustainable growth (protecting natural resources, fair trade, war on poverty); Intercultural dialogue and the future of Europe (p. 21).

1

1

1

Allianz

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Drying / Drought

Water resources Human health

Warmings; Heatwaves

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Industry, settlement, society Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Human health

Wind speed; Storminess

Industry, settlement, society

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Data and observations Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling Climate related risks and extreme events Socio-economic information

Adaptation planning and practices

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

0

0

0

6

0

4

3

0

1

1

1

1

1

3

5

1

1

1

1

1

Partner with the UN-HABITAT’s Urban Youth Fund: improve living situations of flood disaster victims in Pakistan. Reconstructions of destroyed houses (p.44).

1

1

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops.

1

BASF Plant Science: development of higher-yield, disease resistant and more stress tolerant crops of corn, soybean, canola, wheat and cotton plants. In the US, Canada, South America (p. 35, 81). AgCelence: umbrella brand for products such as seed treatment and foliar applications, that helps plants to become more resistant to stress factors (e.g.: heat and drought), securing the yield and the return of the investment of the farmers (p. 80).

1

1

1

BASF Plant Science: development of higher-yield, disease resistant and more stress tolerant crops of corn, soybean, canola, wheat and cotton plants. In the US, Canada, South America (p. 35, 81).

1

1

1

Donation of about EUR 280,000 for the Hurricane Sandy New Jersey Relief Fund for disaster relief and reconstruction (US). (p.44)

1

1

1

Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Methods and Tools

2

Partner with the UN-HABITAT’s Urban Youth Fund: improve living situations of flood disaster victims in Pakistan. Reconstructions of destroyed houses (p.44).

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Industry, settlement, society

0

1

Water resources

Emergency

0

Develop mechanisms of Both approaches response

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

Food, fibre, forestry

Human health

Caribbean & Central America

BASF Plant Science: development of higher-yield, disease resistant and more stress tolerant crops of corn, soybean, canola, wheat and cotton plants. In the US, Canada, South America (p. 35, 81).

Asia

1

Food, fibre, forestry

Arab States & India

1

BASF Plant Science: development of higher-yield, disease resistant and more stress tolerant crops of corn, soybean, canola, wheat and cotton plants. In the US, Canada, South America (p. 35, 81). AgCelence: umbrella brand for products such as seed treatment and foliar applications, that helps plants to become more resistant to stress factors (e.g.: heat and drought), securing the yield and the return of the investment of the farmers (p. 80).

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Adapt the business

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

BASF

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools. Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

1

1

BASF

Research and technologies for adaptation

Economic diversification Education & Communication

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

1

Research on water: development of ultrafiltration methods for water treatment using nanoproducts that filter viruses, bacterias and germs out of water used in households and industrial sites (p. 31). Research about how plants react to stress factors such as water and nutrients scarcity (p. 32). Green Sense Concret (new product): mixtures that contain high proportion of recycled materials, offering a solution for sustainable constructions in North America (p. 75).

1

1

1

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

BASF

Drying / Drought

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

0

0

0

0

0

0

7

0

0

7

0

1

1

Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

1

Reforestation Sierra Piura project in Peru – reforestation project contribute to recover ecosystems services and also invests part of the revenue to fund climate change adaptation for the company’s coffee farmers. Activities include repairing local reservoir to store water fort the dry season, build barriers to prevent erosion, and plant shade trees that nurture the coffee crops (p. 2, 13).

1

1

Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

1

(2) Reforestation Sierra Piura project in Peru – reforestation project contribute to recover ecosystems services and also invests part of the revenue to fund climate change adaptation for the company’s coffee farmers. Activities include repairing local reservoir to store water fort the dry season, build barriers to prevent erosion, and plant shade trees that nurture the coffee crops (p. 2, 13).

1

1

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

1

(2) Reforestation Sierra Piura project in Peru – reforestation project contribute to recover ecosystems services and also invests part of the revenue to fund climate change adaptation for the company’s coffee farmers. Activities include repairing local reservoir to store water fort the dry season, build barriers to prevent erosion, and plant shade trees that nurture the coffee crops (p. 2, 13).

1

1

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

1

(2) Reforestation Sierra Piura project in Peru – reforestation project contribute to recover ecosystems services and also invests part of the revenue to fund climate change adaptation for the company’s coffee farmers. Activities include repairing local reservoir to store water fort the dry season, build barriers to prevent erosion, and plant shade trees that nurture the coffee crops (p. 2, 13). (3) The next phase of tree planting is well underway to reach a total of 224 hectares by the end of 2013. The local communities themselves own the trees and will eventually be able to sustainably harvest wood to sell or use domestically (p. 13)

1

1

1

(2) Reforestation Sierra Piura project in Peru – reforestation project contribute to recover ecosystems services and also invests part of the revenue to fund climate change adaptation for the company’s coffee farmers. Activities include repairing local reservoir to store water fort the dry season, build barriers to prevent erosion, and plant shade trees that nurture the coffee crops (p. 2, 13). (3) The next phase of tree planting is well underway to reach a total of 224 hectares by the end of 2013. The local communities themselves own the trees and will eventually be able to sustainably harvest wood to sell or use domestically (p. 13)

1

1

1

(2) Reforestation Sierra Piura project in Peru – reforestation project contribute to recover ecosystems services and also invests part of the revenue to fund climate change adaptation for the company’s coffee farmers. Activities include repairing local reservoir to store water fort the dry season, build barriers to prevent erosion, and plant shade trees that nurture the coffee crops (p. 2, 13). (3) The next phase of tree planting is well underway to reach a total of 224 hectares by the end of 2013. The local communities themselves own the trees and will eventually be able to sustainably harvest wood to sell or use domestically (p. 13)

1

1

Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Food, fibre, forestry

Warmings; Heatwaves

0

Both approaches

1

Food, fibre, forestry

Wind speed; Storminess

0

Develop mechanisms of response

Reforestation Sierra Piura project in Peru – reforestation project contribute to recover ecosystems services and also invests part of the revenue to fund climate change adaptation for the company’s coffee farmers. Activities include repairing local reservoir to store water fort the dry season, build barriers to prevent erosion, and plant shade trees that nurture the coffee crops (p. 2, 13).

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Emergency

Arab States & India

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Adapt the business

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Café Direct

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

Social aspects: diversification of income.

Water resources Human health

Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Human health Industry, settlement, society

Café Direct

Methods and Tools

Data and observations Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling Climate related risks and extreme events Socio-economic information

Adaptation planning and practices Research and technologies for adaptation Economic diversification Education & Communication

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools. Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation. Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

Café Direct

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Warmings; Heatwaves

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Industry, settlement, society Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Human health

Wind speed; Storminess

Industry, settlement, society Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Emergency Methods and Tools

Data and observations

1

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective post-event emergency relief. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

1

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

1

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools. Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

1

1

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

1

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

1

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

1

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

1

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors* Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective post-event emergency relief. Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), nonchemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Cisco Systems

0

2

2

3

2

0

1

1

4

3

Cisco’s Tactical Operation: mobilizes and responds to natural disaster when normal communications and infrastructure have been destroyed. Operations were carried out in US (fire), Japan (earthquake and tsunami), Australia flooding (p. 77, 78).

1

Partnership with the humanitarian organization NetHope, which work focuses on meeting critical human needs in disaster-stricken areas, providing reliable and consistent internet communication and ICT (68). Cisco’s Tactical Operation: mobilizes and responds to natural disaster when normal communications and infrastructure have been destroyed. Operations were carried out in US (fire), Japan (earthquake and tsunami), Australia flooding (p. 77, 78). Financial assistance to revitalize healthcare, education, and workforce in Sichuan Province (Japan) after an earthquake (p. 29). Cisco Disaster Incident Response Team: formed by employers who volunteer and are specially trained to provide quick response and incident support during crisis situation (p. 77, 78). Support creating the AnalytiX, online database to monitor, evaluate and report on project outcomes of Blue Planet Network and Water for People, organizations that are specialized in water management. Project conducted in India, Vietnam, Uganda, Nicaragua, Egypt and Guatemala totalling over USD 3 million (p. 77).

1

1

1

1

(5)Support creating the AnalytiX, online database to monitor, evaluate and report on project outcomes of Blue Planet Network and Water for People, organizations that are specialized in water management. Project conducted in India, Vietnam, Uganda, Nicaragua, Egypt and Guatemala totalling over USD 3 million (p. 77).

2

Develop mechanisms of Both approaches response

0

7

1

1

1

Planetary Skin Institute (PSI): multiyear programme to track the development of Brazil’s National Early Warning System for Natural Disaster, addressing complex issues of resource scarcity and land change in order to build urban resilience. The aim is to scale up to other areas in Latin America (p. 78, 119). Planetary Skin Institute (PSI): multiyear programme to track the development of Brazil’s National Early Warning System for Natural Disaster, addressing complex issues of resource scarcity and land change in order to build urban resilience. The aim is to scale up to other areas in Latin America (p. 78, 119). Planetary Skin Institute (PSI): multiyear programme to track the development of Brazil’s National Early Warning System for Natural Disaster, addressing complex issues of resource scarcity and land change in order to build urban resilience. The aim is to scale up to other areas in Latin America (p. 78, 119). (9) Planetary Skin Institute (PSI): multiyear programme to track the development of Brazil’s National Early Warning System for Natural Disaster, addressing complex issues of resource scarcity and land change in order to build urban resilience. The aim is to scale up to other areas in Latin America (p. 78, 119).

Adapt the business

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Cisco Systems

Research and technologies for adaptation Economic diversification Education & Communication

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation. Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Research about the role of the technologies in disaster risk reduction and resilience building, mainly in the urban centres (Korea) (p. 20)

1

Member of the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction Private Sector Advisory Group; leader of the team UN Making Cities Resilient campaign.

1 1 1

1

Cisco Systems

Warmings; Heatwaves

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socioeconomic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

CSR Asia

Adapt the business

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

0

0

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development Industry, settlement, society programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Food, fibre, forestry Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of Water resources insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Human health

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective post-event emergency relief.

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk Industry, settlement, society areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Food, fibre, forestry Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water resources Human health

Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Wind speed; Storminess

Industry, settlement, society Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective post-event emergency relief.

Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for Methods and Tools assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools. Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and Data and observations historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Climate modelling, scenarios and Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change downscaling Climate related risks and extreme Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate events variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these Socio-economic information information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and Adaptation planning and practices measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Industry, settlement, society

Emergency

Research and technologies for adaptation Economic diversification Education & Communication

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

1

Research focusing on the role of the private sector in adaptation initiatives “Making Climate Your Business: Private Sector Adaptation in Southeast Asia”.

1

1

1

Research focusing on the role of the private sector in adaptation initiatives “Making Climate Your Business: Private Sector Adaptation in Southeast Asia”.

1

1

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

CSR Asia

1

Disaster relief: humanitarian and financial support to victims of earthquake in Haiti; for victims of flooding in Thailand; for population suffering from hunger in Africa, after severe drought; donations to support victims of the Great East Earthquake in Japan (p. 79).

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

1

(3) Disaster relief: humanitarian and financial support to victims of earthquake in Haiti; for victims of flooding in Thailand; for population suffering from hunger in Africa, after severe drought; donations to support victims of the Great East Earthquake in Japan (p. 79).

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Warmings; Heatwaves

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Industry, settlement, society Food, fibre, forestry Water resources

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Wind speed; Storminess

Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Emergency

Methods and Tools

Data and observations Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling Climate related risks and extreme events

Socio-economic information

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors* Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Adapt the business

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Deutsche Bank

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

4

4

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

1

0

1

1

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops. Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

1

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

1

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

1

Disaster relief: humanitarian and financial support to victims of earthquake in Haiti; for victims of flooding in Thailand; for population suffering from hunger in Africa, after severe drought; donations to support victims of the Great East Earthquake in Japan (p. 79). Environmental and Social Risk Framework: improves the identification, assessment, escalation, and resolution of reputational risks. The Framework supplements credit directives and focuses on activities in sectors that pose significant environmental or social risk, such as defence equipment, mining and agriculture. The guidelines indicate how businesses should evaluate the risk of any transaction, counterparty or business practice which may negatively impact the public’s trust in Deutsche Bank, and how these risks should be managed.

Environmental and Social Risk Framework: improves the identification, assessment, escalation, and resolution of reputational risks. The Framework supplements credit directives and focuses on activities in sectors that pose significant environmental or social risk, such as defence equipment, mining and agriculture. The guidelines indicate how businesses should evaluate the risk of any transaction, counterparty or business practice which may negatively impact the public’s trust in Deutsche Bank, and how these risks should be managed.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Deutsche Bank

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Increasing demand for agricultural products is the result of population and income growth, dietary shifts in developing countries, and biofuel production. This rising demand is not met by output growth leaving prices on an upward trend. Agricultural production and food availability is constrained by various factors including water scarcity, climate change, lack of infrastructure, inequitable land access, and harvest waste. Restrictions on international trade and national subsidization policies exacerbate the effects of these trends, as do weather events. DB supports efforts to implement appropriate regulation across all relevant futures exchanges and markets (p. 32)

1

1

1

Environmental and Social Risk Framework: improves the identification, assessment, escalation, and resolution of reputational risks. The Framework supplements credit directives and focuses on activities in sectors that pose significant environmental or social risk, such as defence equipment, mining and agriculture. The guidelines indicate how businesses should evaluate the risk of any transaction, counterparty or business practice which may negatively impact the public’s trust in Deutsche Bank, and how these risks should be managed. (4) Microcredit: loan to small enterprises in developing countries to finance environmentally sustainable business practices (p. 77).

1

1

Deutsche Bank

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Warmings; Heatwaves

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Industry, settlement, society Food, fibre, forestry Water resources

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Emergency Methods and Tools

Data and observations Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling Climate related risks and extreme events Socio-economic information

Adaptation planning and practices Research and technologies for adaptation

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

0

0

3

3

3

0

3

3

3

0

Adapt the business

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

0

3

0

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Wind speed; Storminess

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Deutsche Post

Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools. Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

1

GoHelp: project in partnership with the UN that uses the global logistic network of the company and includes the following initiatives using the company’s logistic network in Asia, Pacific, East Europe, Arab Countries, Central America, North America, South America (p. 66, 67, 68):

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

GoHelp: project in partnership with the UN that uses the global logistic network of the company and includes the following initiatives using the company’s logistic network in Asia, Pacific, East Europe, Arab Countries, Central America, North America, South America (p. 66, 67, 68):

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

“We Help Each Other” (WHEO): Employees help employees with the relief fund

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Deutsche Post

Economic diversification Education & Communication

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

Deutsche Post

Wind speed; Storminess

Warmings; Heatwaves

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Drying / Drought

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socioeconomic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Google

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Adapt the business

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

0

0

2

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; Food, fibre, forestry rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; Water resources technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe Human health drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change Industry, settlement, society in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Food, fibre, forestry Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and Water resources zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postHuman health event emergency relief. Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); Industry, settlement, society change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Food, fibre, forestry Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable Water resources water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning Human health systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; Industry, settlement, society technological change. Food, fibre, forestry Crops: wind resistant crops. Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient Industry, settlement, society infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns Emergency Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation Methods and Tools planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools. Human health

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

1

Google Earth Engine: stores over 25 years of the world’s satellite imagery and makes available to scientists and researchers, who can analyse these images, add data, and create their own applications to monitor realtime changes in the Earth’s surface. General public have access to satellite images through Google Earth and Google Maps.

1

1

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

1

Google Earth Engine: stores over 25 years of the world’s satellite imagery and makes available to scientists and researchers, who can analyze these images, add data, and create their own applications to monitor realtime changes in the Earth’s surface. General public have access to satellite images through Google Earth and Google Maps.

1

1

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Google

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation Adaptation planning and practices among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Research and technologies for Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and adaptation practices for adaptation. Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and Economic diversification tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change Education & Communication adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

Socio-economic information

Google

Warmings; Heatwaves

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

1

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

1

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

1

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Wind speed; Storminess

Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Emergency Methods and Tools

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors* Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

Arab States & India

Natural and socio-economic systems

Africa

Climate impacts

Description of practices

All Regions

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Halcrow

0

0

3

2

0

6

5

0

0

10

Halcrow’s Cloud to Coast: integrated approach to water infrastructure development and maintenance over short and long term planning timescales in order to assess the impact of climate change on water resources in droughts and floods, and to evaluate possible mitigation and adaptation strategies (p. 14, 29) (10) Risk assessment tool to enable clients to manage risks associated with water scarcity (p. 27). Halcrow’s Cloud to Coast: integrated approach to water infrastructure development and maintenance over short and long term planning timescales in order to assess the impact of climate change on water resources in droughts and floods, and to evaluate possible mitigation and adaptation strategies (p. 14, 29) Halcrow’s Cloud to Coast: integrated approach to water infrastructure development and maintenance over short and long term planning timescales in order to assess the impact of climate change on water resources in droughts and floods, and to evaluate possible mitigation and adaptation strategies (p. 14, 29)

1

Project to modernise the “Wroclaw floodway system”, Poland (p. 22). (7) Halcrow’s Cloud to Coast: integrated approach to water infrastructure development and maintenance over short and long term planning timescales in order to assess the impact of climate change on water resources in droughts and floods, and to evaluate possible mitigation and adaptation strategies (p. 14, 29)

1

Halcrow’s Cloud to Coast: integrated approach to water infrastructure development and maintenance over short and long term planning timescales in order to assess the impact of climate change on water resources in droughts and floods, and to evaluate possible mitigation and adaptation strategies (p. 14, 29)

1

Innovative approach to flood risk management/coastal management (global): designing resistant public transport (p. 8). In the UK, promotion and development of adaptive and sustainable solutions recognising the implications of and uncertainties associated with climate change (p.27). (5) Sea level rise risk management study to analyse impacts of sea level rise and increased storm activity in the coastal area of North Carolina, taking into account social, economic and environmental aspects. It will appraise state and federal level policy and administrative adaptation strategies to manage these risks. The study includes components such as definition of uncertainties, assumptions associated with the hazard, risk and adaptation strategy analysis (p11). (6) Planning for the risks of flooding, reduce the use of natural resources, water conservation, strategies to biodiversity enhancement in India (p.13) (7) Halcrow’s Cloud to Coast: integrated approach to water infrastructure development and maintenance over short and long term planning timescales in order to assess the impact of climate change on water resources in droughts and floods, and to evaluate possible mitigation and adaptation strategies (p. 14, 29)

1

HalSTAR: development of a sustainability web-based appraisal tool that enables to identify and apply sustainability aspects in projects and programmes (p. 9). The tool takes into account aspects such as “Climate change – climate adaptation”.

1

Sea level rise risk management study to analyse impacts of sea level rise and increased storm activity in the coastal area of North Carolina, taking into account social, economic and environmental aspects. It will appraise state and federal level policy and administrative adaptation strategies to manage these risks. The study includes components such as definition of uncertainties, assumptions associated with the hazard, risk and adaptation strategy analysis (p11).

1

1

1

1

Adapt the business

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

4

1

9

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops. Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

1

1

1

1

Halcrow

Innovative approach to flood risk management/coastal management (global): designing resistant public transport and renewable energy schemes (p. 8). In the UK, promotion and development of adaptive and sustainable solutions recognising the implications of and uncertainties associated with climate change (p.27). (10) Risk assessment tool to enable clients to manage risks associated with water scarcity. (p. 27).

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

1

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

1

Sea level rise risk management study to analyse impacts of sea level rise and increased storm activity in the coastal area of North Carolina, taking into account social, economic and environmental aspects. It will appraise state and federal level policy and administrative adaptation strategies to manage these risks. The study includes components such as definition of uncertainties, assumptions associated with the hazard, risk and adaptation strategy analysis (p11). (11) In the UK, we are at the forefront of promoting and developing adaptive and sustainable solutions recognising the implications of and uncertainties associated with climate change (p. 28).

1

HalSTAR: development of a sustainability web-based appraisal tool that enables to identify and apply sustainability aspects in projects and programmes (p. 9). The tool takes into account aspects such as “Climate change – climate adaptation”. (4) Advisory services to clients on adaptation to irreversible effects of climate change – North America and UK. (p.10).

1

HalSTAR: development of a sustainability web-based appraisal tool that enables to identify and apply sustainability aspects in projects and programmes (p. 9). The tool takes into account aspects such as “Climate change – climate adaptation”.

1

Advisory services to clients on adaptation to irreversible effects of climate change – North America and UK. (p.10).

Adaptation planning and practices Research and technologies for adaptation Economic diversification Education & Communication

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation. Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Sustainable environmental planning for cities in China and India: training and capacity building (p. 23).

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1 1

Halcrow

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Warmings; Heatwaves

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Industry, settlement, society Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Human health

Wind speed; Storminess

Industry, settlement, society Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling Climate related risks and extreme events Socio-economic information

Adaptation planning and practices Research and technologies for adaptation Economic diversification

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

0

1

2

1

0

1

1

0

2

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

1

2

0

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops. Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

1

“Disaster Emergency Response Process (DERP)”: guidance to firms and regions on how to best to respond to natural disaster. Disaster relief: financial support for communities affected by disaster (Asian tsunami). “Great East Japan Earthquake”: financial support reached over USE 3.3 million. The company developed a free information website on disaster-related accounting and audit for business (p. 18).

1

“Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)”: systematic analysis and management of causal factors of disasters in order to reduce exposure to hazards and associated losses (p. 19).

Emergency

Data and observations

0

Adapt the business

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Methods and Tools

Arab States & India

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

KPMG South Africa

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools. Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

1

1

1

1

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation. Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

KPMG South Africa

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Mobilize society - local, regional and global – to provide immediate relief support (p. 19). (8) Develop business skills, capacity and resources to support NGOs’ disaster risk reduction capacity. Pilot programmes occurring in Australia, China, India, Mexico, US, and Philippines (p. 19)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

KPMG South Africa

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Maplecroft

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

6

Adapt the business

1

Develop mechanisms of Both approaches response

0

5

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Human health

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Social aspects: diversification of income. Water resources

Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Food, fibre, forestry

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Wind speed; Storminess

Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

Maplecroft

Emergency

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

1

Research that provides: GIS maps that help clients to visualize risks (regional, national and subnational level; risk indices and scoreboards (p. 6).

1

1

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

1

Research that provides: GIS maps that help clients to visualize risks (regional, national and subnational level; risk indices and scoreboards (p. 6). Global risk portfolio: includes specific products that cover areas such as Climate change and environment Atlas and Natural hazards Atlas (p. 7).

1

1

1

Research that provides: GIS maps that help clients to visualize risks (regional, national and subnational level; risk indices and scoreboards (p. 6).

1

1

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

1

Climate change vulnerability index: evaluates the vulnerability of populations to extreme climate related events, combining the risk of exposure with the degree of human sensitivity and the ability of the country to adapt to climate change (p. 34). Resource Security Index: assesses the reliability, access and affordability of three key resources: energy, food and water, as well as resources diversity, consumption and production (p. 34).

1

1

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

1

Climate change vulnerability index: evaluates the vulnerability of populations to extreme climate related events, combining the risk of exposure with the degree of human sensitivity and the ability of the country to adapt to climate change (p. 34). (5) Resource Security Index: assesses the reliability, access and affordability of three key resources: energy, food and water, as well as resources diversity, consumption and production (p. 34).

1

1

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

1

Help organizations understand, map, analyse and manage global risks: environmental risks, climate change to water and food security, and natural hazards (p. 6)

1

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Maplecroft

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Adapt the business

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Microsoft

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

3

0

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

1

2

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Food, fibre, forestry

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

1

Drought relief efforts for Africa, with more the $ 15 million in software donation (p. 37).

1

Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Wind speed; Storminess

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Emergency

1

Disaster Response Incident Portal (Window Azure cloud platform), developed by Microsoft Disaster Response: contribution to victims of the earthquake that occurred in Turkey (2012) and the victims of the Japanese tsunami (2011) (p. 37). Partnerships to keep information flow during situations of emergency (p. 37) Includes commitments to enhance action on humanitarian response (p. 39)

1

1

Microsoft

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events Socio-economic information

1

Eye on Earth network: cloud computing-based network that provides online services for hosting and sharing global environmental data (p. 58). FetchClimate: free, cloud-based climate data-retrieval service that enables anyone to access climate data from anywhere (p. 58).

1

1

1

Eye on Earth network: cloud computing-based network that provides online services for hosting and sharing global environmental data (p. 58). FetchClimate: free, cloud-based climate data-retrieval service that enables anyone to access climate data from anywhere (p. 58).

1

1

1

SkyDrive: training and education of people to secure data and prepare for disaster.

1

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Microsoft

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Munich Re

0

2

2

0

2

1

0

1

0

9

Adapt the business

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

4

0

8

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

1

SystemAgro: crop insurance system that reliably minimises the insureds' specific exposure to natural hazards. Currently it is being used to insure over 200 million hectares of farmland. It consists of four parts: the provision of support to farmers to finance premiums, state participation in insured losses, the availability of insurance for all farmers, and central structures ensuring uniform conditions (p. 64). Weather insurance: a predefined sum is paid regardless of actual crop loss if weather events like droughts or floods occur. The advantage of this fixed payment system is that it removes the need to spend time assessing the loss, a process than often costs more than the loss itself. Currently ongoing in India (p. 67).

1

1

(10) Weather insurance: a predefined sum is paid regardless of actual crop loss if weather events like droughts or floods occur. The advantage of this fixed payment system is that it removes the need to spend time assessing the loss, a process than often costs more than the loss itself. Currently ongoing in India (p. 67).

1

1

Munich Re Foundation’s Mozambique flood-warning system: helped establish simple but effective early-warning systems along a number of rivers. It uses existing structures and the experience of well-known organisations to provide help as effectively as possible (p. 83).

1

1

1

Munich Re Foundation’s Mozambique flood-warning system: helped establish simple but effective early-warning systems along a number of rivers. It uses existing structures and the experience of well-known organisations to provide help as effectively as possible (p. 83).

1

1

1

SystemAgro: crop insurance system that reliably minimises the insureds' specific exposure to natural hazards. Currently it is being used to insure over 200 million hectares of farmland. It consists of four parts: the provision of support to farmers to finance premiums, state participation in insured losses, the availability of insurance for all farmers, and central structures ensuring uniform conditions (p. 64).

1

1

1

Throughout public-private partnerships in primary insurance and reinsurance, Munich RE offers innovative insurance solutions for populations affected by natural catastrophes (such as floods, earthquakes and cyclones) – while tapping into new markets and business segments (p. 19)

1

1

1

Throughout public-private partnerships in primary insurance and reinsurance, Munich RE offers innovative insurance solutions for populations affected by natural catastrophes (such as floods, earthquakes and cyclones) – while tapping into new markets and business segments (p. 19). (7) Microloans: By means of microinsurance, families can be covered against the loss of livelihood if property or the life of the borrower – often the father or mother of a family – is destroyed by catastrophic events. In this way, these covers play a social part in preventing potential impoverishment. Offered in Philippines and Caribbean countries (p. 63).

1

1

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

Water resources Human health

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Industry, settlement, society

Food, fibre, forestry

Social aspects: improved extension services. Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Wind speed; Storminess

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems.

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income.

Water resources

Human health

Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

1

1

1

1

1

Emergency

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

1

NATHAN ("Natural Hazards Assessment Network") Risk Suite: offers unique information and consultancy services that make it easier to identify and assess extensive natural-hazard risks. This service lets insurers and institutions determine precisely the exposure of specific locations to natural catastrophes, detect substantial gaps in cover and improve the envisioned risk management measures. (p. 59). The system is based on catastrophe and loss data systematically recorded by Munich Re over the past four decades and now stored in a unique loss database with more than 28,000 entries.

1

1

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

1

NATHAN ("Natural Hazards Assessment Network") Risk Suite: offers unique information and consultancy services that make it easier to identify and assess extensive natural-hazard risks. This service lets insurers and institutions determine precisely the exposure of specific locations to natural catastrophes, detect substantial gaps in cover and improve the envisioned risk management measures. (p. 59). The system is based on catastrophe and loss data systematically recorded by Munich Re over the past four decades and now stored in a unique loss database with more than 28,000 entries.

1

1

Munich Re

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling Climate related risks and extreme events

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Corporate Climate Centre: staff members from all parts of the Group research the consequences of climate change and devise pioneering concepts and solutions. They maintain a close dialogue with scientists, associations and research organisations all over the world, such as the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) (p. 16). ERGO: coverage for the risk in the form of environmental impairment insurance, which guarantees that the damaged ecosystem is rehabilitated and compliance to environmental law (Europe) is enforced (p. 66).

1

Munich Climate Insurance Initiative (MCII): prepares risk-transfer solutions for developing and emerging countries within the framework of the World Climate Conference (UNFCCC), gathering insurance, climate and economic experts and NGOs. These solutions – microinsurance - are mainly directed for the Caribbean nations (p. 16). (5) NATHAN ("Natural Hazards Assessment Network") Risk Suite: offers unique information and consultancy services that make it easier to identify and assess extensive natural-hazard risks. This service lets insurers and institutions determine precisely the exposure of specific locations to natural catastrophes, detect substantial gaps in cover and improve the envisioned risk management measures. (p. 59). The system is based on catastrophe and loss data systematically recorded by Munich Re over the past four decades and now stored in a unique loss database with more than 28,000 entries.

1

Corporate Climate Centre: staff members from all parts of the Group research the consequences of climate change and devise pioneering concepts and solutions. They maintain a close dialogue with scientists, associations and research organisations all over the world, such as the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) (p. 16).

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Munich Re

Drying / Drought

Human health

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Industry, settlement, society

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems.

Warmings; Heatwaves Wind speed; Storminess

Industry, settlement, society Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Emergency Methods and Tools

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

1

3

0

1

1

1

0

2

5

1

1

Works with farmers and other suppliers to prioritise water efficiency through the Sustainable Agriculture Initiative at Nestle (SAIN) and ran projects focused on water in several countries, including Australia, China, India, Nicaragua, Venezuela and Vietnam, in 2012. The aim is to identify partners that operate in waterstressed areas to focus efforts in these regions.

1

Cite d’Ivoire: provide water and sanitation facilities and hygiene training to 100,000 people. Launched 217 clean drinking water projects in South Asia, improving access to sanitation (p. 37).

1

Aggrivair (France): initiative to stop using artificial fertilisation and pesticides, abandon crops that create nitrogen pollution and introduced crops rotation to improve soil conditions. Tree planting also helped to reshape the river – model for watershed conservation (p. 41).

1

1

1

Nestle has launched a new research programme that seeks to grow conventionally bred crops that are naturally rich in micronutrients. This is done by cross‑breeding plant varieties rich in micronutrients with varieties that have a high yield. For instance, cassava that is rich in vitamin A is being bred in Nigeria and Cote d’Ivoire, while rice that is rich in iron and zinc is developed for Madagascar. These will be integrated within future product lines as a complementary approach to direct fortification. Nestle is developing crops that bridge the nutrition gap, addressing the problem of malnourishment (p. 15). (6) Aggrivair (France): initiative to stop using artificial fertilisation and pesticides, abandon crops that create nitrogen pollution and introduced crops rotation to improve soil conditions. Tree planting also helped to reshape the river – model for watershed conservation (p. 41).

1

1

1

Cite d’Ivoire: provide water and sanitation facilities and hygiene training to 100,000 people. Launched 217 clean drinking water projects in South Asia, improving access to sanitation (p. 37).

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

Food, fibre, forestry

Human health

3

Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops.

Water resources

1

Both approaches

Nestle has launched a new research programme that seeks to grow conventionally bred crops that are naturally rich in micronutrients. This is done by cross‑breeding plant varieties rich in micronutrients with varieties that have a high yield. For instance, cassava that is rich in vitamin A is being bred in Nigeria and Cote d’Ivoire, while rice that is rich in iron and zinc is developed for Madagascar. These will be integrated within future product lines as a complementary approach to direct fortification. Nestle is developing crops that bridge the nutrition gap, addressing the problem of malnourishment (p. 15). (6) Aggrivair (France): initiative to stop using artificial fertilisation and pesticides, abandon crops that create nitrogen pollution and introduced crops rotation to improve soil conditions. Tree planting also helped to reshape the river – model for watershed conservation (p. 41).

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

3

Develop mechanisms of response

Description of practices

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

0

Adapt the business

Nº of adaptation practices

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of practices in global regions

Nestlé

Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops.

1

1

1

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Nestlé

Data and observations Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling Climate related risks and extreme events Socio-economic information

Adaptation planning and practices Research and technologies for adaptation Economic diversification Education & Communication

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation. Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Report on commitments to use less water, improve water efficiency, and raising awareness on water conservation along its supply chains. It is helping to develop a standard for measuring water footprint (p. 36).

1

1

Nestlé

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Drying / Drought

Human health

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Industry, settlement, society

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Warmings; Heatwaves Wind speed; Storminess

Industry, settlement, society

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems.

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Methods and Tools

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

2

6

0

4

5

0

0

6

1

1

Breeding potatoes (US): develop new variety of potatoes with more resistance against diseases, leading to higher yields, less water consumption, less land, pesticides and fertilizer to grow the same amount of potatoes (p. 20). Agriculture Development Center of Peru: investment focus on the development of new variety of potatoes and other tubers and roots (p. 20). No tillage for growing oat: application of this method for growing crops prevent from disturbing the soil through excessive use of cultivation practices (p. 28).

1

1

1

1

1

Breeding potatoes (US): develop new variety of potatoes with more resistance against diseases, leading to higher yields, less water consumption, less land, pesticides and fertilizer to grow the same amount of potatoes (p. 20). Agriculture Development Center of Peru: investment focus on the development of new variety of potatoes and other tubers and roots (p. 20). No tillage for growing oat: application of this method for growing crops prevent from disturbing the soil through excessive use of cultivation practices (p. 28).

1

1

1

1

1

Breeding potatoes (US): develop new variety of potatoes with more resistance against diseases, leading to higher yields, less water consumption, less land, pesticides and fertilizer to grow the same amount of potatoes (p. 20). Agriculture Development Center of Peru: investment focus on the development of new variety of potatoes and other tubers and roots (p. 20). No tillage for growing oat: application of this method for growing crops prevent from disturbing the soil through excessive use of cultivation practices (p. 28).

1

1

1

1

Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Water resources

Industry, settlement, society

2

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Emergency

2

Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Food, fibre, forestry

Human health

2

1

Food, fibre, forestry

Human health

0

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops.

Water resources

Asia

1

0

1

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Arab States & India

1

Breeding potatoes (US): develop new variety of potatoes with more resistance against diseases, leading to higher yields, less water consumption, less land, pesticides and fertilizer to grow the same amount of potatoes (p. 20). Agriculture Development Center of Peru: investment focus on the development of new variety of potatoes and other tubers and roots (p. 20). No tillage for growing oat: application of this method for growing crops prevent from disturbing the soil through excessive use of cultivation practices (p. 28).

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

PepsiCo

Provide Adapt responsiv Both business e approache to climate mechanis s change ms for communiti

PepsiCo

Data and observations Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling Climate related risks and extreme events Socio-economic information

Adaptation planning and practices

Research and technologies for adaptation Economic diversification Education & Communication

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation. Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

1

Water stewardship: local pilot water risk assessments, water footprint and watershed protection and restoration initiatives in India, China, Mexico, Europe and the U.S. that are appropriated with each site, according with physical, economic and community context (p. 13, p. 20). Water stewardship: local pilot water risk assessments, water footprint and watershed protection and restoration initiatives in India, China, Mexico, Europe and the U.S. that are appropriated with each site, according with physical, economic and community context (p. 13, p. 20). Reduce water-use intensity in food and beverage manufacturing. Efforts for water saving achieved nearly 13.8 billion litres compared to the company’s baseline in 2006 (p. 28). (6) In the U.S. new technique for cleaning the Gatorade bottles uses purified air instead of water. Other techniques to package beverages are also acting in the sense of reducing the volume of water to rinse bottles (p. 32).

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

PepsiCo

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Adapt the business

Africa

Natural and socioeconomic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

PwC

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

2

0

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Wind speed; Storminess

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

Emergency

1

Interim Haiti Recovery Commission: support managing the massive amount of donations that the country received from the entire world. The IHRC’s purpose is to direct and coordinate over US$5 billion of international aid with a focus on monitoring so that resources are applied as effectively as possible and in a transparent and accountable way (p. 23).

1

1

PwC

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling Climate related risks and extreme events Socio-economic information

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Water Mandate: signatory of this UNGC agreement that aims to assist companies in the development, implementation, and disclosure of water sustainability policies and practices (p. 14).

1

1

PwC

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Arab States & India

Natural and socio-economic systems

Africa

Climate impacts

Description of practices

All Regions

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Ricoh

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

6

Adapt the business

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

3

1

3

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Industry, settlement, society

Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Wind speed; Storminess

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Human health Industry, settlement, society

Emergency Methods and Tools

Data and observations Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools. Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

1

Humanitarian help for people and areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake (p. 26, 84).

1

1

1

Business Continuity Plan (BCP): risk management tool developed in 2007 formulated to prepare for natural disaster (data collection, response measures, support to communities in affected areas) (p. 25).

1

1

1

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

1

Business Continuity Plan (BCP): risk management tool developed in 2007 formulated to prepare for natural disaster (data collection, response measures, support to communities in affected areas) (p. 25).

1

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

1

Business Continuity Plan (BCP): risk management tool developed in 2007 formulated to prepare for natural disaster (data collection, response measures, support to communities in affected areas) (p. 25). Map of Corporate Activities and Biodiversity: shows associated impacts in land use and biodiversity of the corporate activities (p. 73).

1

1

Ricoh

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

1

Map of Corporate Activities and Biodiversity: shows associated impacts in land use and biodiversity of the corporate activities (p. 73).

1

1

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

1

Ricoh Institute of Sustainability: think-tank and advisory body to make recommendations based on evidence from research ( p. 28).

1

1

1

Business Continuity Plan (BCP): risk management tool developed in 2007 formulated to prepare for natural disaster (data collection, response measures, support to communities in affected areas) (p. 25).

1

Economic diversification Education & Communication

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Ricoh

Drying / Drought

Water resources Human health

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Industry, settlement, society

Human health

Warmings; Heatwaves

Industry, settlement, society

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Wind speed; Storminess

Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Emergency Methods and Tools

Data and observations Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling Climate related risks and extreme events

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

1

1

0

0

0

2

1

1

Both approaches

0

1

4

1

1

1

Weather Index Insurance: in Thailand, to reduce the losses that rice farmers had due to drought. “Expectations are growing internationally about the role of insurance, which is increasingly seen as an important adaptation measure for climate change”. The product is offered by the Thailand’s Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) to its loan clients. If cumulative rainfall data published by the Thai Meteorological Department fall below a certain value, the insurance pays from 15% to 40% of the insured loan of the farmers. (p. 21)

1

1

1

Business continuity management (BCM) system: assures that continued provision of key services to customers, including insurance claim payments, in the unlikely event of a major natural disaster, even if the company itself is affected. In Tokyo (p. 37). District continuity plan to assess the ability of the Shinjuku Station in, in Japan to cope with a disaster and provide changes to adapt the area (p. 37).

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

0

Develop mechanisms of response

Weather Index Insurance: in Thailand, to reduce the losses that rice farmers had due to drought. “Expectations are growing internationally about the role of insurance, which is increasingly seen as an important adaptation measure for climate change”. The product is offered by the Thailand’s Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) to its loan clients. If cumulative rainfall data published by the Thai Meteorological Department fall below a certain value, the insurance pays from 15% to 40% of the insured loan of the farmers. (p. 21)

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems.

Social aspects: improved extension services.

0

Adapt the business

1

Food, fibre, forestry Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

Arab States & India

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors* Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Sompo Japan

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops. Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

1

1

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools. Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Sompo Japan

Socio-economic information

Adaptation planning and practices Research and technologies for adaptation Economic diversification Education & Communication

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation. Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Insurance and financial services: provision of risk finance in developing countries that are vulnerable to the effects of climate change (p. 19).

1

Training of local staff to prepare for the introduction of disaster preparedness in India and Brazil (p. 37).

1

1

1

1

1

Sompo Japan

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Adapt the business

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Suntory

0

0

0

7

2

0

0

3

2

5

1

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

4

5

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Food, fibre, forestry

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

1

Financial support and provision of soft drinks as relief supply to: flood victims in Thailand, earthquake victims in New Zealand, Chile and Haiti (p.29).

1

Integrate research with forest husbandry: collects detailed three-dimensional data from above forest and field data to assess potential risks of landslide and large-scale insect damage, identify areas that need emergency measures, and draft management plans for the area (p. 18). Japan

1

1

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Wind speed; Storminess

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Emergency

Water resources

Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control.

1 1

Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

1

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

1

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

1

Disaster prevention drills, based on the scenario of a major earthquake. (p. 11)

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

1

Great East Japan Earthquake: financial support topping ¥6.3 billion toward recovery and reconstruction efforts, 1 million bottles of mineral water and specific support to the fish industry (p. 9). Financial support and provision of soft drinks as relief supply to: flood victims in Thailand, earthquake victims in New Zealand, Chile and Haiti (p.29).

Inspection and assurance systems concerning radioactive contamination: product safety is guaranteed by insuring the safety of the water and ingredients used in manufacturing (p. 11). Cultivation of groundwater in amounts greater than used in the mills. In this context, cultivation refers to the use of forests to store Financial support and provision of soft drinks as relief supply to: flood victims in Thailand, earthquake victims in New Zealand, Chile and Haiti (p.29). Response to disasters and emergencies: effective use of the emergency hotline “171”; action plan to possible earthquake with epicentre in Tokyo, that includes emergency

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1

Suntory

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

1

Risk management: the group has bolstered its risk management systems with respect to large-scale disasters, creating systems that make it possible to stably deliver safe and reliable products even after a disaster. (p. 11)

1

Risk management: the group has bolstered its risk management systems with respect to large-scale disasters, creating systems that make it possible to stably deliver safe and reliable products even after a disaster. (p. 11) Integrate research with forest husbandry: collects detailed three-dimensional data from above forest and field data to assess potential risks of landslide and large-scale insect damage, identify areas that need emergency measures, and draft management plans for the area (p. 18). Japan

1

1

Risk management: the group has bolstered its risk management systems with respect to large-scale disasters, creating systems that make it possible to stably deliver safe and reliable products even after a disaster. (p. 11) Integrate research with forest husbandry: collects detailed three-dimensional data from above forest and field data to assess potential risks of landslide and large-scale insect damage, identify areas that need emergency measures, and draft management plans for the area (p. 18). Japan

1

1

1

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

1

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

1

Socio-economic information

1

1

1

Integrate research with forest husbandry: collects detailed three-dimensional data from above forest and field data to assess potential risks of landslide and large-scale insect damage, identify areas that need emergency measures, and draft management plans for the area (p. 18). Japan

1 1

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

Suntory

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Human health Industry, settlement, society

Warmings; Heatwaves

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Food, fibre, forestry

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Emergency

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

0

0

0

8

0

0

0

0

Both approaches

2

0

6

1

1

1

Short term action includes: Water resource planning (to protect the security of future water supplies such as rivers and groundwater); Sewerage design and capacity; and Flood resilience. Exploration of options to provide additional resources: reuse of treated wastewater, desalination, transfer of water between companies and regions, etc. Carries out engineering work to reduce the risk of sewer flooding; plans investment of £350m between 2010 and 2015 to protect properties. In 2011/12, the company alleviated the flooding risk to 83 homes and externally flooded areas.

1

1

1

Local flood risk management plans: change of design standards (e.g. raising electrical control panels so they are out of reach of flood water) and planning the investment needed for flood protection given climate change scenarios.

1

1

1

1

1

1

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops. Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

1

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

1

Climate related risks and extreme events

0

Develop mechanisms of response

Short term action includes: Water resource planning (to protect the security of future water supplies such as rivers and groundwater); Sewage design and capacity; and Flood resilience. Exploration of options to provide additional resources: reuse of treated wastewater, desalination, transfer of water between companies and regions, etc.

Methods and Tools

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

0

Adapt the business

1

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Industry, settlement, society

Wind speed; Storminess

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors* Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income.

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Thames Water

Assessment of flood resilience to determine the potential flood risk at 3,842 clean and wastewater sites to identify ‘at risk’ sites using a 1 in 100 year plus 20 per cent storm event as the threshold. The goal by is to check and deal with flood resilience at 17 sites both clean water and wastewater sites by 2015 So far the process was carried out in 5 sites in partnership with the Environment Agency, Ofwat, the UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP) and key academics to establish how best to apply the UK Climate Projections 09 (UKCP09) to water resource planning. Assessment of flood resilience to determine the potential flood risk at 3,842 clean and wastewater sites to identify ‘at risk’ sites using a 1 in 100 year plus 20 per cent storm event as the threshold. The goal by is to check and deal with flood resilience at 17 sites both clean water and wastewater sites by 2015 So far the process was carried out in 5 sites in partnership with the Environment Agency, Ofwat, the UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP) and key academics to establish how best to apply the UK Climate Projections 09 (UKCP09) to water resource planning.

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Thames Water

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

1

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

1

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

1

Economic diversification Education & Communication

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

Compulsory reporting on adaptation: has produced an Adaptation Reporting Power response as part of the requirements of the Climate Change Act 2008, describing current and projected impacts of climate change for the company. Assessment of flood resilience to determine the potential flood risk at 3,842 clean and wastewater sites to identify ‘at risk’ sites using a 1 in 100 year plus 20 per cent storm event as the threshold. The goal by is to check and deal with flood resilience at 17 sites both clean water and wastewater sites by 2015 So far the process was carried out in 5 sites in partnership with the Environment Agency, Ofwat, the UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP) and key academics to establish how best to apply the UK Climate Projections 09 (UKCP09) to water resource planning. (10) Sustainable Abstraction Programme: conducts investigations to identify the sources with significant potential to cause harm and define mitigation options (change abstraction regimes, and river restoration to alleviate the impact on local ecology). Abstraction is the removal of water from groundwater sources. The company is also expanding the capacity of the sewer system by installing more sustainable urban drainage solutions (SuDS). SuDS slow down the rate at which surface water enters sewers and reduces the risk of flooding. Pilot trials, impact and effectiveness measures have been conducted to identify the challenges in delivering this solution, as well as the engagement of the public to it. This pilot initiative will demonstrate how SuDS can mimic natural processes by catching and slowing the flow of rainwater to streams and rivers, filtering it of pollution and improve the health of the river. Technologies

1

1

1

1

1

1

Thames Water

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Adapt the business

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Thomas Cook

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

0

1

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Food, fibre, forestry

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Wind speed; Storminess

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Emergency

Methods and Tools

Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

1

Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland: Emergency procedures included setting up incident rooms with additional employees to cover administrative tasks, hotline telephones and regular updates in websites as a means to keep the communication flow. Other initiatives were carried out in order to transfer passengers to

1

1

1

1

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

Thomas Cook

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events Socio-economic information

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

Thomas Cook

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water resources Human health

Warmings; Heatwaves

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Industry, settlement, society Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Industry, settlement, society Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Emergency Methods and Tools

Data and observations Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling Climate related risks and extreme events

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

0

1

0

0

2

0

0

0

3

0

0

3

1

“Big Lottery Fund” (BLF): support coffee smallholder farmers in Nicaragua to gain skill to adapt to imminent climate change threats, manage market risks and develop market strategies to differentiate their coffee (p.4). Climate adaptation assessment following pilot project with organizations in Peru and Uganda (p. 7). “Adapt Now”: online investment platform to encourage business and partner organizations to invest in new climate change adaptation projects (p. 7) - coffee.

1

1

1

1

“Big Lottery Fund” (BLF): support coffee smallholder farmers in Nicaragua to gain skill to adapt to imminent climate change threats, manage market risks and develop market strategies to differentiate their coffee (p.4). Climate adaptation assessment following pilot project with organizations in Peru and Uganda (p. 7). “Adapt Now”: online investment platform to encourage business and partner organizations to invest in new climate change adaptation projects (p. 7) - coffee.

1

1

1

1

Satellite mapping to analyse 20 years of forest degradation in Bolivia which threatens the livelihood of Brazil nut collectors. System also was used to observe land use change due to macadamia production in Malawi to inform on future climate change adaptation projects (p. 8).

1

1

Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Both approaches

0

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income.

Human health

Wind speed; Storminess

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors* Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture.

Arab States & India

Natural and socio-economic systems

Africa

Climate impacts

Description of practices

All Regions

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

Twin

Provide responsive Adapt business mechanisms for to climate communities to change tackle irreversible climate impacts

Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use. Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops. Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools. Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

1

Twin

Research and technologies for adaptation Economic diversification Education & Communication

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation. Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

Twin

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Africa

Natural and socio-economic systems

Description of practices

All Regions

Climate impacts

Nº of adaptation practices

Nº of practices in global regions

URS Corporation

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

2

Adapt the business

Develop mechanisms of response

Both approaches

2

1

0

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting.

Drying / Drought

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Food, fibre, forestry

Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets. Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services.

Water resources

Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions. Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds.

Wind speed; Storminess

Warmings; Heatwaves

Food, fibre, forestry

Water resources

Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income. Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Human health

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: wind resistant crops.

Water resources

Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination.

Human health

Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief.

Industry, settlement, society

Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options.

Emergency

Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns

1

Humanitarian relief in Haiti: volunteers and supplies to support the victims of the earthquake (2010); financial support totalling $100,000 to the American Red Cross to support emergency and recovery efforts in Haiti (p. 52).

Methods and Tools

Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools.

1

Adapting to Climate Change Application (ACCA): new probability and risk approach for determining likely impacts of climate change on key assets and infrastructure, and developing mitigation actions.

Data and observations

Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability.

1

1

1

1

URS Corporation

Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Climate related risks and extreme events

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development.

Socio-economic information

Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

Adaptation planning and practices

Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders.

Research and technologies for adaptation

Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation.

Economic diversification

Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors.

Education & Communication

Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Adapting to Climate Change Application (ACCA): new probability and risk approach for determining likely impacts of climate change on key assets and infrastructure, and developing mitigation actions.

1

1

URS Corporation

Arab States & India

Asia

Caribbean & Central America

Europe

North America

Pacific and Oceania

South America

Not Specified

Increase in rainfall; Flooding

Africa

Drying / Drought

Water resources

Human health

Industry, settlement, society

Warmings; Heatwaves

All Regions

Natural and socio-economic systems

Food, fibre, forestry

Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health

3

2

2

2

2

0

0

2

2

1

Adapt services provided under public services management contract to lower-income customers in Africa, Middle East, India, Asia and Latin America, resulting in a wider access to fresh water and sanitation services (p. 21). Intervening in prices through fair contracts: the company proposes solutions and supports targeted policies that ensure the most disadvantaged population to receive improved access to water services, taking into account the “right to water” principle. Therefore, access to fresh water and sanitation must be affordable, not exceeding the ability and willingness to pay of the lowest income households (p.22) – Paris, Morocco, Bulgaria, Ecuador. Prepayment: enables some households in developing countries (Gabon and Morrocco), not used to plan their expenses or with scarce financial resources, can prepay their consumption bill in accordance with their immediate income (p. 23). Communal tapwaters: when individual access to drinking water is not possible – Gabon, Niger, Ecuador, Colombia, Morocco. (p. 23)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Adapt services provided under public services management contract to lower-income customers in Africa, Middle East, India, Asia and Latin America, resulting in a wider access to fresh water and sanitation services (p. 21). Intervening in prices through fair contracts: the company proposes solutions and supports targeted policies that ensure the most disadvantaged population to receive improved access to water services, taking into account the “right to water” principle. Therefore, access to fresh water and sanitation must be affordable, not exceeding the ability and willingness to pay of the lowest income households (p.22) – Paris, Morocco, Bulgaria, Ecuador. Prepayment: enables some households in developing countries (Gabon and Morrocco), not used to plan their expenses or with scarce financial resources, can prepay their consumption bill in accordance with their immediate income (p. 23). Communal tapwaters: when individual access to drinking water is not possible – Gabon, Niger, Ecuador, Colombia, Morocco. (p. 23)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Current and potential options for adapting to climate change for vulnerable sectors*

Health: Grain storage; provision of emergency feeding stations; provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; access to international food markets.

Food, fibre, forestry

Crops: Develop heat-resistant varieties; alter timing of cropping activities; pest control; surveillance of crops. Livestock: Housing and shade provision; change to heat-tolerant breeds. Forestry: Fire management (e.g.: altered stand layout); landscape planning, dead timber salvaging, clearing undergrowth; insect control (e.g.: prescribed burning), non-chemical pest control. Social aspects: diversification of income.

Industry, settlement, society Food, fibre, forestry Water resources Human health Industry, settlement, society

Emergency Methods and Tools

Data and observations Climate modelling, scenarios and downscaling

Adapt the business

0

Develop mechanisms of Both approaches response

1

4

Settlement: Improve livelihood adaptation capacities; incorporate climate change in development programmes; improve water supply systems. Crops: polders; improved drainage; alternative crops; adjustment of plantation and harvesting schedule; floating agricultural systems. Social aspects: improved extension services. Water: Flood forecasting and warning; regulations (e.g.: planning legislation and zoning); promotion of insurance; relocation of vulnerable assets. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlements: Flood protection infrastructure (e.g.: “flood-proof” buildings); change land use in high-risk areas; managed realignment and “Making Space for Water”; flood hazard mapping; flood warnings; empower community institutions.

Water resources

Description of practices

Crops: drought-resistant varieties; intercropping; crop residue retention; weed management; irrigation; hydroponic farming; water harvesting. Livestock: supplementary feeding; change in stocking rate; altered grazing; rotation of pasture. Social: improved extension services; debt relief (e.g.: insurance schemes); diversification of income. Water: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change.

Industry, settlement, society

Human health

Wind speed; Storminess

0

Nº of adaptation practices

Climate impacts

Nº of practices in global regions

Veolia

Water: Demand management (metering and pricing); education for sustainable water use.

Health: International surveillance systems for disease emergence; strengthening of public institutions and health systems; national and regional heat warning systems; measures to reduce urban heat island effects (e.g: green spaces); adjusting clothing and activity levels; increasing fluid intake. Settlement: Assistance for vulnerable groups; improve adaptive capacities; technological change. Crops: wind resistant crops. Water: Coastal defence design; protect water supply against contamination. Health: Early-warning systems; disaster preparedness planning; effective postevent emergency relief. Settlement: Emergency preparedness (e.g.: early-warning systems); resilient infrastructure; financial risk management options. Financial support and donations; volunteering campaigns Develop methodologies and tools for impact and vulnerability assessment; develop methods and tools for assessment and improvement of adaptation planning, measures and actions, and integration with sustainable development; disseminate these methodologies and tools. Improve the collection, management, exchange, access and use of observational data on current and historical climate and impacts; improve observations; monitoring climate variability. Develop, provide access and use information on projected climate change

Veolia

Climate related risks and extreme events Socio-economic information

Adaptation planning and practices Research and technologies for adaptation Economic diversification Education & Communication

Expand understanding of impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate change, current and future climate variability and extreme events, and implications for sustainable development. Make available information on the socio-economic aspects of climate change; improve integration of these information into impact and vulnerability assessments. Collect, analyse and disseminate information on past and current practical adaptation activities and measures; facilitate communication and cooperation among Parties, organisations, business, civil society, decision makers and other stakeholders. Research on adaptation options; development of technologies, know-how and practices for adaptation. Promote understanding and the development of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience and reducing reliance on vulnerable economic sectors. Education programmes, capacity building and training for climate change adaptation; campaigns for awareness raising

1

Atlas of Sustainable Development Responsibilities and Opportunities (ARODD): external assessments about risks in regions where the companies operates. The tool, offered for the employees via intranet, contributes raising awareness on local issues and stimulates thinking on the management of sustainable development issues (p. 10).

1

1

1

Water Impact Index: helps companies, public authorities and individuals to make informed water and wastewater management choices. It includes data about the pressures on resources in terms of quality as well as quantity. This new instrument therefore goes further in assessing the water footprint (p. 64).

1

1

1

Water and health programme: inform communities in Niger about the links between sanitation, health and hygienic practices and help to reduce the number of cases of water-borne illnesses among the population (p. 25).

1

1

Veolia

Thesis presented by Thaís Vanessa Ferreira Mattos to the Faculty of Forest and Environment of the Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Sciences.

28 November 2013