Adaptive Resource Allocation for OFDM Systems using Fuzzy Rule ...

$GDSWLYH5HVRXUFH$OORFDWLRQIRU2)'06\VWHPVXVLQJ)X]]\5XOH%DVH6\VWHP :DWHUILOOLQJ3ULQFLSOHDQG3URGXFW&RGHV 

$WWDXU5DKPDQ,MD]0DQVRRU4XUHVKL0XKDPPDG7DKLU1DVHHP



6FKRRORI(QJLQHHULQJ $SSOLHG6FLHQFHV6($6 ,65$8QLYHUVLW\,VODPDEDG&DPSXV,VODPDEDG3DNLVWDQ  $LU8QLYHUVLW\,VODPDEDG3DNLVWDQ DWDXUDKPDQ#ELLWHGXSN  LPTXUHVKL#PDLODXHGXSN WDKLUQDVHHP#ELLWHGXSN $EVWUDFW²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¦ N  S N DQG WKH QRLVH GLVWULEXWLRQ LV FRPSOH[ SURSRVHGDGDSWLYHPRGXODWLRQIRU2)'0V\VWHPV&KRZHW DO >@ LQYHVWLJDWHG VDPH WHFKQLTXH IRU *DXVVLDQ VORZO\ *DXVVLDQ ZLWK ]HUR PHDQ DQG XQLW YDULDQFH ,W LV DVVXPHG YDU\LQJGLVSHUVLYHFKDQQHODQGIRXQGLWTXLWHDSSOLFDEOH7KH

c 978-1-4673-5119-5/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

811

WKDW VLJQDO WUDQVPLWWHG RQ WKH NWK VXEFDUULHU LV SURSDJDWHG RYHU DQ LQGHSHQGHQW QRQGLVSHUVLYH VLQJOHSDWK 5D\OHLJK )DGLQJ FKDQQHO DQG ZKHUH HDFK VXEFDUULHU IDFHV D GLIIHUHQW DPRXQW RI IDGLQJ LQGHSHQGHQW RI HDFK RWKHU +HQFH WKH FKDQQHOFRHIILFLHQWRINWKVXEFDUULHUFDQEHH[SUHVVHGDV KN D N H M TN  N   1    ZKHUH D N LV 5D\OHLJK GLVWULEXWHG UDQGRP YDULDEOH RI NWK VXEFDUULHU DQG WKH SKDVH T N LV XQLIRUPO\ GLVWULEXWHG

:KHUH $ LVDFRGHUHSUHVHQWHGE\DOO Q  u Q PDWULFHVZKRVH HDFK URZ LV D PHPEHU RI FRGH $  VLPLODUO\ $  LV D FRGH UHSUHVHQWHG E\ DOO Q  u Q PDWULFHV ZKR¶V HDFK FROXPQ LV D PHPEHURIFRGH $  7KLVFDQEHZULWWHQDV

ĭ

$ ˆ $  



 

RYHU > S @ 



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

NL  L       QL 7KH SURGXFW FRGH ĭ FDQ EH REWDLQHG E\ FRGHV $L  L   LQWKHIROORZLQJPDQQHU x 3ODFH N  u N  LQIRUPDWLRQELWVLQDQDUUD\RI N  URZV DQG N  FROXPQV 5L

x

(QFRGH  N  URZV XVLQJ FRGH $  ZKLFK ZLOO UHVXOW LQDQDUUD\RI N  u Q 

x

1RZ HQFRGH Q FROXPQV XVLQJ FRGH $   ZKLFK ZLOO UHVXOWLQ Q  u Q SURGXFWFRGH

7KH UHVXOWDQW SURGXFW FRGH ĭ KDV WKH SDUDPHWHUV >QQ   N N   GG  @ DQGWKHUDWHZLOOEH 55  ,QWKLVZD\ORQJ EORFN FRGHV FDQ EH FRQVWUXFWHG XVLQJ PXFK VKRUWHU FRQVWLWXHQWEORFNFRGHV7KLVFRQFHSWFDQDOVREHYLHZHGDV WKDWSURGXFWFRGHŸLVLQWHUVHFWLRQRIWZRFRGHV $ DQG $  

812

 )LJXUH 6WUXFWXUHRIWKH3URGXFWFRGH

% 0RGLILHG,WHUDWLYH'HFRGLQJ$OJRULWKP ,WHUDWLYH GHFRGLQJ DOJRULWKP ,'$  IRU SURGXFW FRGHV ZDV RULJLQDOO\SUHVHQWHGE\>@LQKLV'RFWRUDOWKHVLVWKDWLVEDVHG XSRQ/LVW'HFRGLQJDOVRGHVLJQDWHGDV0D[LPXP/LNHOLKRRG 0/  GHFRGLQJ RI SURGXFW FRGHV 0/ GHFRGLQJ LV DQ RSWLPXP GHFRGLQJ ZLWK DQ H[SRQHQWLDO FRPSOH[LW\ 7KH LWHUDWLYH GHFRGHU ZDV SURSRVHG WR UHGXFH WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI 0/ GHFRGLQJ EXW \HW LW H[KLELWV D KXJH FRPSOH[LW\ 0RGLILHG ,WHUDWLYH 'HFRGLQJ $OJRULWKP 0,'$  LV PRGLILFDWLRQRI,'$LQZKLFKFRPSOH[LW\RIEDVLFDOJRULWKP LV VLJQLILFDQWO\ UHGXFHG E\ XVLQJ FRQFHSW RI 6\QGURPH 'HFRGLQJWRRYHUFRPHWKHVHDUFKVSDFHUDGLXV7KHGHFRGHU LV FRQVLVWHG RI WZR VXEGHFRGHUV QDPHO\ URZGHFRGHU DQG FROXPQGHFRGHUERWKSODFHGLQVXFFHVVLRQ,QWHUHVWHGUHDGHUV PD\YLVLWRULJLQDOSDSHUE\WKHVDPHDXWKRU>@ ,9 &2'('02'8/$7,21 $ &RGLQJ6FKHPH &RGLQJVFKHPHVXVHGIRUWKLVIUDPHZRUNDUHVHWRISURGXFW FRGHV 6LQFH SURGXFW FRGHV DUH PDWUL[ FRGHV ZKHUH URZV FRQWDLQRQHFRGHDQGFROXPQFRQWDLQVDQRWKHUFRGH7KHVHW RIURZFRGHVDQGFROXPQFRGHVXVHGLQWKLVSDSHUDUHOLVWHG LQWDEOH$OORIWKHVHFRGHVDUH%&+FRGHV6RVHWRIFRGH LVLQLWLDOO\FRQVLVWHGRIIRXUGLIIHUHQWSURGXFWFRGHV7KDWLV    & ^& L ` d L d   7KHHUURUFRUUHFWLQJFDSDELOLW\RIDEORFNFRGHFDQEHIRXQG E\WKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQ « G  » W « PLQ »      ¬  ¼

2012 12th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA)

7$%/(,

&2',1*3$5$0(7(5

6U

5RZ &RGH

&ROXPQ &RGH

3URGXFW&RGH

&

>@

>@

>@



(UURU &RUUHFWLQJ &DSDELOLW\ 

& & & & & & &

>@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@

>@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@

>@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@

      

      

&RGH UDWH

 ,QILUVWIRXUFRGHVWKDWLV&WR&FROXPQFRGHLVFRQVLGHUHG DVUDWHWKDWLV>@ZKLOHLQODVWIRXUFRGHVWKDWLV& WR&>@LVFRQVLGHUHGDVFROXPQFRGH 0RGXODWLRQ 6FKHPH 7KH PRGXODWLRQ VFKHPH XVHG IRU WKLV H[SHULPHQW LV 4XDGUDWXUH $PSOLWXGH 0RGXODWLRQ 4$0  ZKLFK LV UHFRPPHQGHGE\ PDQ\2)'0 VWDQGDUGV)ROORZLQJVHWRI PRGXODWLRQV\PEROVLVXVHG7KDWLV    0 ^ `  6R ZLWK WKHVH FRGLQJ DQG PRGXODWLRQ VHWV ZH KDYH  SRVVLEOH PRGXODWLRQ FRGH SDLUV 0&3  E\ D &DUWHVLDQ SURGXFWRIWKHVHWV&DQG0 3 &[0  ^FL  P M  FL &  P M  0 `   $OO RI WKH SRVVLEOH FRPELQDWLRQV RI PRGXODWLRQ FRGH SDLUV DUHREWDLQHGLQHTX6RPHRIWKHVHSDLUVDUHVKRZQLQILJ DQGILJE\XVLQJVLPXODWLRQPRGHOJLYHQLQILJ Image loading

Product Encoder

)LJXUH3HUIRUPDQFHRIGLIIHUHQW4$0VFKHPHVXVLQJ&DVSURGXFWFRGH



 5$7(237,0,=$7,21

9

,Q RUGHU WR PD[LPL]H WKH UDWH IRU 2)'0 V\VWHP IROORZLQJ FRQVWUDLQHGRSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPLVFRQVLGHUHG

PD[ 57RWDO

5 ORJ  0

VW %(57RWDO d %(57  DQG

BPSK Modulator

1

37RWDO

¦S

L

 37

L 

 :KHUH 5 LV WKH UDWH RI SURGXFW FRGH XVHG IURP VHW & DQG 0 LVWKHVL]HRIPRGXODWLRQV\PEROXVHGIURPVHW0 37 LV

OFDM Channel Image Receiving

Product Decoder

BPSK Demodulator

)LJXUH6LPXODWLRQ0RGHO 

WKHDYDLODEOHWUDQVPLWSRZHUDQG S L LVSRZHUWUDQVPLWWHGSHU 

VXEFDUULHU %(57 LVWDUJHW%(5WKDWGHSHQGVXSRQDVSHFLILF   TXDOLW\RIVHUYLFH4R6 UHTXHVWRUDSSOLFDWLRQGHPDQG7KH DYDLODEOH 4R6 DUH %(57     ZKLOH 1 LV WRWDOQXPEHURIVXEFDUULHUVLQ2)'0V\VWHP7KHDERYHFRVW IXQFWLRQ LV RSWLPL]HG E\ WKH SURSRVHG )X]]\ 5XOH %DVH 6\VWHP 9, )8==@ LQ ZKLFK +@ . 6HVKDGUL 6DVWU\ ³)X]]\ ORJLF EDVHG $GDSWLYH 0RGXODWLRQ 8VLQJ 1RQ 'DWD $LGHG 615 (VWLPDWLRQ IRU 2)'0 V\VWHP´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI (QJLQHHULQJ 6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ ,-(67  9RO    >@ 7 .HOOHUDQG/+DQ]R³$GDSWLYHPRGXODWLRQWHFKQLTXHVIRUGXSOH[ 2)'0 WUDQVPLVVLRQ´ ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ 9HKLFXODU 7HFKQRORJ\ 9ROQRSS >@ @ * &DLUH * 7DULFFR DQG ( %LJOLHUL ³%LW,QWHUOHDYHG &RGHG 0RGXODWLRQ´,((( 7UDQV RQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7KHRU\ YRO QR SS  >@ 2$O$VNDU\³&RGLQJDQGLWHUDWLYHGHFRGLQJRIFRQFDWHQDWHGPXOWL OHYHO FRGHV IRU WKH 5D\OHLJK IDGLQJ FKDQQHO´ LQ 'RFWRUDO WKHVLV LQ 5DGLR FRPPXQLFDWLRQ V\VWHPV 6WRFNKROP 6ZHGHQ .7+ ,QIRUPDWLRQDQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\ >@ 3 $OLDV ³(UURUIUHH FRGLQJ´ ,((( WUDQVDFWLRQ RQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7KHRU\YROSS >@ $WWDXU5DKPDQ*KRXUL6$$GHHO+:DKHHG$3HUIRUPDQFH RI 0RGLILHG ,WHUDWLYH 'HFRGLQJ $OJRULWKP IRU 3URGXFW FRGHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RPSXWDWLRQDO $VSHFWV RI 6RFLDO 1HWZRUNV &$6R1  SS     2FW  6DODPDQFD 6SDLQ >@ $WWDXU5DKPDQ 4XUHVKL ,0 0DOLN $1³$GDSWLYH 5HVRXUFH $OORFDWLRQ LQ 2)'0 6\VWHPV XVLQJ *$ DQG )X]]\ 5XOH %DVH 6\VWHP´ :RUOG $SSOLHG 6FLHQFHV -RXUQDO 9RO   SS  >,6,,QGH[HG-RXUQDO@  

2012 12th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA)