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20 I 0 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution. Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) Applications and Power. Quality in Smart Grids.
20 I 0 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution

Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) Applications and Power Quality in Smart Grids Francisc Zavoda

Department of Electrical Apparatus, IREQ (Hydro-Quebec Research Institute), Varennes, PQ, Canada E-MAIL: [email protected]

Abstract:

Increasing

management,

complexity

growing

of

demand

power

and

grid

service

its

voltage level at the end of the distribution feeder and the

quality

prototype FL system based on a Voltage Drop Fault Location

and

expectations such as greater grid reliability, efficiency and

(VDFL) technique uses voltage and current waveforms from

security as well as environmental and energy sustainability

distributed power-quality measurements. The impact of these

concerns have triggered the next major step in the evolution of

systems on distribution grid and customers is permanently

the power grid towards a "Smart Grid". It is an expected

evaluated.

result of implementing new technologies in power systems,

Meters

and

major

distribution

equipment

controllers

including renewable energy resources, distributed generation

belonging to different ADA systems can be used as well as

and latest information and communication technologies.

elements

A successful power grid management activity such as DA

symbiosis, between ADA applications and the power quality

of

an

integrated

PQ

monitoring

system.

This

hinges on the information collected from the network itself

monitoring activity, represents one of the advantages offered

using an integrated monitoring system. It enables real-time

by Smart Grids.

monitoring of grid conditions for the distribution system operators and allows automatic reconfiguration of the network to optimize the power delivery efficiency and/or reduce the

Keywords: Smart Grid, ADA, VVC (Volt & VAR Control), FL (Fault Location), PQ (Power Quality), PQ Monitoring, intelligent meters, controllers

impact and duration of outages. Hydro-Quebec is showing leadership in this field with its proposed evolution

plan

1. Introduction

towards a smart grid, which should include: •

Grid monitoring (to improve reliability),

Increasing complexity of power grid and its management,



Equipment monitoring (to improve maintenance),

growing demand and service quality expectations such as greater



Product monitoring (to improve power quality).

grid reliability, efficiency and security as well as environmental

The utility has ambitious programs. To achieve its energy

and energy sustainability concerns have triggered the next major

efficiency program, HQ has focused on two targets:

step in the evolution of the power grid towards a "Smart Grid".



Capacitor banks installation,



Volt control.

It is an expected result of implementing new technologies in power systems, including renewable energy resources, distributed

To reduce the outage duration, HQ has focused on fault

generation

location. Pilot projects have been conducted to demonstrate

technologies.

and

latest

information

and

communication

the efficiency of two ADA systems such as: •

Volt & VAR Control (VVC) system



Fault Location (FL) system.

The VVC system requires a permanent surveillance of the

2. ADA applications

A successful power grid management activity such as DA hinges on the information collected from the network itself using

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2010 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution

an integrated monitoring system. It enables real-time monitoring of grid conditions for the distribution system operators and allows automatic reconfiguration of the network to optimize the power

HQD GRID 2010 ·2015 I

Transmission! Distribution

delivery efficiency and/or reduce the impact and duration of outages. By definition, an ADA is a

"set of technologies that enable

an electric utility to remotely monitor, coordinate, and operate distribution components in a real time mode from remote locations" . The group of ADA Applications includes:

• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA),

System control CUSTomer

• Volt & Var Control (V VC), .Fault Location (FL), Figure 1: Grid, equipment and product monitoring.

.Feeder Reconfiguration (FR) (Self Healing),

• FLlSR (Fault Location, Isolation, and Service Restoration), 4. Volt and VAR control

which is a hybrid of FL and FR An integrated PQ Monitoring is not a real ADA application,

The V VC application is based on the CV R (Conservation

but this activity can be easily performed in symbiosis with the

Voltage Reduction) concept, which is associated with having the

above mentioned applications.

customer's voltage at the lowest level consistent with proper operation of equipment and within levels set by regulatory

3. Hydro-Quebec and smart grid

agencies and standards setting organizations. Hydro-Quebec is showing leadership In this field with its

Hydro-Quebec aims saving energy by controlling the voltage

proposed road map towards a smart grid, which should include

level

(see Figure 1):

distribution network.

• Grid monitoring (to improve reliability),

and

by

managing

the

reactive

power

(VAR)

in

the

To fulfill this goal, the utility decided to use a V VC system,

.Equipment monitoring (to improve maintenance),

which requires a permanent surveillance of the voltage level at the

.Product monitoring (to improve power quality).

end of the distribution feeder and the installation of switching

The utility has ambitious programs. To achieve its energy

shunt capacitor banks along the feeders (see Figure 2 a). In 2005 and 2006, Hydro-Quebec has done some experiments

efficiency program, HQ has focused on two targets:

•Capacitor banks installation,

at Pierre-Boucher (PBR) substation (in suburban Montreal) to find

.Volt control.

the effectiveness of the conservation voltage reduction for energy

To reduce the outage duration, HQ has focused on fault

saving and to evaluate the economic feasibility of the concept [1]. In the fall of 2008,

location. Pilot

projects

have

been

conducted

to

demonstrate

the

• Volt & VAR Control (V VC) system,

system losses. Basically, the voltage regulation system at the substation was replaced with an intelligent system that uses

.Fault Location (FL) system. impact

of

these

systems

customers is permanently evaluated.

commissioned a voltage and VAR control system named CATVAR at PBR substation to reduce energy consumption and distribution

efficiency of two ADA systems such as:

The

Hydro-Quebec Distribution (HQD)

on

distribution

grid

and

network measurements to maintain a stable voltage level at the end of the feeder that is close to the lower limit specified by Standard CSA-235. The CATVAR system also analyzes the network's VAR

20 I 0 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution

3

requirements and orders the switching on and off of shunt

Intelligent Maintenance for Electrical Lines),

capacitor banks when required.

technique.

based on this

One of the goals of this pilot project was to determine whether the fact of maintaining a lower medium voltage near the lower limit of Standard CSA-235 would have an impact on the number of voltage sags experienced by customers. Another

goal

was

to

prevent

potential

power

problems created by the switching operations of

quality

1.2-MVAR

capacitor banks. To do so, EM TP power system simulations were conducted

and

the

results

were

compared

with

real

life

measurements made on the network. Figure 3: Monitoring device (a) indoor; (b) outdoor. The average absolute error of MILE system is less than 200m. This error value reflects not only the accuracy of the numerical assessment but also errors in the feeder characteristics database and inaccuracies in the actual distance evaluation.

6. ADA applications and data acquisition requirements To be able to accomplish their duties, these ADA systems

Figure 2: (a) Capacitor bank; (b) Voltage monitoring device

require information, such as voltage and current measurement values. collected from the network itself.

5. Fault location

.V V C/CATVAR The most known methods used for fault location are:

• Voltage and current RMS values measured at the substation and voltage RMS values measured at the end of

.VDFL (Voltage Drop Fault Location ) that:

the feeder (5 minutes average values in general and 1 minute

• Uses distributed PQ measurements (an average of 4 monitoring sites along the feeder is required).

or 30 seconds average values in particular). .Fault Location/MILE

.Based on voltage sags triangulation technique that shrinks the zone of investigation (low number of possible

• Waveforms

of

voltage

and

current

recorded

at

fault locations).

different locations along the feeder when interruptions and

.lBFL (Impedance Based Fault Location), which:

sags occur. The accuracy of the data acquisition process is an important

• Uses centralized PQ measurements (voltage and

factor, critically affecting the efficiency and reliability of these two

current waveforms recorded at substation).

• Based on the calculation of total line impedance from

systems.

the measurement location (substation) to the fault location. MILE,

the

FL

system

designed

and

developed

by

Hydro-Quebec, is based on VDFL technique, and uses voltage and current waveforms from distributed power-quality measurements along the feeder (see Figure 3). So far, seven distribution feeders have been monitored with an automated specialized software package MILE (Maintenance Intelligente de Lignes Electriques or

6.1

Data acquisition required by the Volt & VAR

Control System The CATVAR system requires voltage level measurements from substation bus bar or feeder departure and from the end of the 3-phase main feeder. A substation transformer supplies 3 to 4

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2010 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution

feeders. When one of the voltage levels monitoring devices at the end of these feeders is malfunctioning the voltage adjustment at

. . .... _I__ 1;i.p.

LTC (Load Tap Changer) by CATVAR system is disabled. To avoid this kind of problems, CATVAR will be equipped with an integrated

management

system

based

on

state

estimators.

Enhanced state estimators require more information about the power flow and more voltage and current monitoring points. Figure 4 shows a theoretical distribution of voltage and current monitoring points providing information required for a dynamic modeling of the load.

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Figure 5: Waveforms Diagram; Data required by MILE (FL)

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