Adverbials in Modern Standard Arabic

Adverbials in Modern Standard Arabic Dr. Suzanne Bardeas [email protected] Umm Al-Qura University

1st Safar 1435/ 4th Dec 2013

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Outline 1

Introduction General assumptions Arabic Adverbials

2

Adjective-Based Adverbials

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DP-Based Adverbials

4

PP and Clausal Adverbials

5

Conclusion and Further Questions

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Introduction

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DP-Based Adverbials

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References

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Introduction

1

General assumptions


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3

DP-Based Adverbials

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References

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Introduction

General assumptions

Adverbials

Constituents which modify verbal elements in a sentence.

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Introduction

General assumptions

Adverbials

Constituents which modify verbal elements in a sentence. manner, place, time, frequency

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Introduction

General assumptions

Adverbials

Constituents which modify verbal elements in a sentence. manner, place, time, frequency Different categories

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Introduction

General assumptions

Adverbials

Constituents which modify verbal elements in a sentence. manner, place, time, frequency Different categories (1)

He walks slowly.

(2)

He lives in the desert.

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Introduction

General assumptions

Structural configurations: Adjoin

(3)

XP XP

Adjunct

...

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Introduction

General assumptions

Structural configurations: vP shells (Hale and Keyser, 1993; Chomsky, 1995)

(4)

vP v′

Agent v

VP V

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Theme

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Introduction

1

Arabic Adverbials


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3

DP-Based Adverbials

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6

References

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Introduction

Arabic Adverbials

Arabic Adverbials

Adjective-based adverbials (5)

Paskonu qareeb-an live(1-s) close acc,ind “I live close-by.”

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Introduction

Arabic Adverbials

Arabic Adverbials

Adjective-based adverbials (5)

Paskonu qareeb-an live(1-s) close acc,ind “I live close-by.”

accusative, nunated.

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Introduction

Arabic Adverbials

Arabic Adverbials

DP-based adverbials (6)

al-baarih.at-a tac ibto got tired(1,s) the yesterday acc “I became tired yesterday.”

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Introduction

Arabic Adverbials

Arabic Adverbials



definite or indefinite, simple or Construct State

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Introduction

Arabic Adverbials

Arabic Adverbials



definite or indefinite, simple or Construct State

accusative

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Introduction

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Arabic Adverbials

Prepositional Phrases (7)

maˇsaito bi-sorc ati-n walked(1,s) with speed(gen) ind “I walked quickly.”

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Introduction

Arabic Adverbials

Arabic Adverbials

Clauses (8)

c aaPiˇ jaaPat satu yaksooh-a an-nadamu came(3,m,s) Aisha(nom) covering her the regret(nom) “Aisha came, looking regretful.”

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Introduction

Arabic Adverbials

Previous studies

Fassi-Fehri (1998, 2012) Al-Shurafa (2005) Kayali (1998)

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Introduction

Arabic Adverbials

Questions

1

How to explain the accusative case used on adjective and DP based adverbials?

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Introduction

Arabic Adverbials

Questions

1


2

How to explain the obligatory nunation on adjective-based adverbials?

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Introduction

Arabic Adverbials

Questions

1


2

How to explain the obligatory nunation on adjective-based adverbials?

3

How can the analysis be extended to PP and clausal adverbials?

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DP-Based Adverbials

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References

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Adverbial of place and time

(9)

(10)

Paskonu qareeb-an live(1-s) close acc,ind “I live close-by.” istaiqadh & tu mobakkir-an woke up(1,s) early(adj) acc,ind “I woke up early.”

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Frequeny adverb

(11)

Pashrabu al-qahoata daaPim-an drink(1,s) the coffee(acc) always acc,ind “I always drink coffee.”

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Manner adverbials

(12)

jaaPat sareec -an came(3,f,s) fast acc,ind “She came fast”

(13)

jaaPat mosric at-an came(3,f,s) being-fast(f) acc,ind “She came fast.”

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Possible analysis

An adjective modifying an elided accusative verbal noun object. (14)

mashat mashia-n sareec -an walked(3,f,s) walking(acc) ind fast acc,ind “She walked fast.”

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Problems

Not extendable to place and time adverbials

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Problems

Not extendable to place and time adverbials Does not explain nunation/indefiniteness

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Problems

Not extendable to place and time adverbials Does not explain nunation/indefiniteness (15)

taPkolu Pakla al-heemi eat(3,f,s) eating(acc) the animals(gen) “She eats like animals.”

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Problems

Not extendable to place and time adverbials Does not explain nunation/indefiniteness (15)

taPkolu Pakla al-heemi eat(3,f,s) eating(acc) the animals(gen) “She eats like animals.”

Cannot explain the subject-adverbial agreement.

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Proposed Analysis

Accusative case is inseparable from nunation.

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Proposed Analysis

Accusative case is inseparable from nunation. Lexical category change from adjective to adverbial

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Proposed Analysis

Accusative case is inseparable from nunation. Lexical category change from adjective to adverbial True adverb, adjoining to VPs.

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(16)

vP

v′

pro

v

VP

Paskonu VP

AdvP qareeb-an

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Advantages

Explains the link between accusative case and nunation.

.

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Advantages

Explains the link between accusative case and nunation. Explains the use of nunation on some Spoken Arabic adverbials, such as c &t ab an “of course” and Pabadan “never”.

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Agreeing manner adverbials

Formed from different forms, producing agreeing adverbials.

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Agreeing manner adverbials

Formed from different forms, producing agreeing adverbials. Adjoin higher than other adverbs allowing them to agree with the subject. (vP)

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(17)

vP

vP

AdvP mosric at-an v′

pro v

VP

jaaPat

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Arguments for a higher adjunction site

Not possible with unaccusatives or expletives. (18)

saqa&t at *mosric at-an// sareec -an fell(3,f,s) fast(f,s) acc,ind fast(m,s) acc,ind “She fell quickly.”

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DP-Based Adverbials

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DP-Based Adverbials

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References

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DP-Based Adverbials

Temporal adverbs: Definite or indefinite DPs

(19)

Pakmaltu waajibat-i al-baarih. ata finished(1,m,s) homework(p) my the yesterday(acc) “I finished my homework yesterday.”

(20)

Pad.habu Pila al-madrasati sabaah.a-n " ind go(1,s) to the school(gen) morning(acc) “I go to school in the morning.”

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DP-Based Adverbials

Place adverbs

(21)

Paskonu qorba al-madrasati live(1,s) near(acc) the school(gen) “I live near the school.”

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DP-Based Adverbials

Adverbial of Manner

(22)

jaaPa rakd &a-n came(3,m,s) running(n,acc) ind “He came running.”

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DP-Based Adverbials

Observations and proposal

DP properties: variable definiteness; simple or Construct State.

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DP-Based Adverbials


DP properties: variable definiteness; simple or Construct State. DPs projected inside AdvPs.

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DP-Based Adverbials


DP properties: variable definiteness; simple or Construct State. DPs projected inside AdvPs. Adjoin to the VP, since they cannot be subject oriented.

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DP-Based Adverbials

(23)

vP

v′

pro

v

VP

jaaPa VP

AdvP Adv

DP

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Prepositional Phrase adverbials: manner, time, place

(24)

bi-sorc ati-n with speed(gen) ind “fast”

(25)

/ fi al-baiti fi as-sabaah.i " "morning(gen) / in the house(gen) in the “in the morning/ at home”

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Proposal

There is no evidence from case that these are dominated by Adverb heads.

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Proposal

There is no evidence from case that these are dominated by Adverb heads. They are directly adjoined to VP.

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(26)

vP v′

Agent v

VP VP V

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Clausal Adverbials

(27)

jaaPa Pah.madun yarkud &u came(3,s,m) Ahmad(nom) run(3,m.s) “Ahmad came running.”

These are always subject (nominal) oriented.

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Clausal Adverbials

(27)

jaaPa Pah.madun yarkud &u came(3,s,m) Ahmad(nom) run(3,m.s) “Ahmad came running.”

These are always subject (nominal) oriented. I assume that these are adjoined to vP.

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(28)

vP

vP

CP v′

Agent v

VP V

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DP-Based Adverbials

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References

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Summary of proposal

Adjective-based adverbials are formed in the lexicon, whereas DP-based ones are syntactically complex constituents.

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Summary of proposal

Adjective-based adverbials are formed in the lexicon, whereas DP-based ones are syntactically complex constituents. Action-oriented adverbs are adjoined to VP, whereas subject-oriented ones are adjoined to vP.

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Summary of proposal

Adjective-based adverbials are formed in the lexicon, whereas DP-based ones are syntactically complex constituents. Action-oriented adverbs are adjoined to VP, whereas subject-oriented ones are adjoined to vP. PP adverbials are action oriented and they are adjoined to VP, whereas clausal adverbials are subject-oriented and they adjoin to vP.

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Further studies

Look at more extensive data.

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Further studies

Look at more extensive data. Study the ordering of different types of adverbials.

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Further studies

Look at more extensive data. Study the ordering of different types of adverbials. Situate this study in a larger study of accusative case in Arabic.

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References

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DP-Based Adverbials

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References

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References

References Al-Shurafa, N. S. (2005). Word order, functions and morphosyntactic features of adverbs and adverbials in arabic. Journal of King Saud University 18, Arts (2), 85–100. Chomsky, N. (1995). Categories and transformational. In The Minimalist Program, pp. 219–394. Cambridge, MA. : MIT Press. Fassi-Fehri, A. (1998). Layers in the distribition of adverbs and adjectives. In E. B. anEl . Hreri (Ed.), Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XI. Ams. Fassi-Fehri, A. (2012). Key Features and Parameters in Arabic Grammar. John Benjamins Publishing Company. Hale, K. and S. Keyser (1993). On arguemnt structure and the lexical expression of syntactic relations. In K. Hale and S. Keyser (Eds.), The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, pp. 53–110. Cambridge, MA. : MIT Press. Kayali, R. A.-R. H. (1998). The syntax of various elements with adverbial function in standard Arabic: A comparison with English. Ph. D. thesis, University of Essex. S Bardeas (UQU)

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References

Thank you for listening! Comments? Questions?

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