cially among young people. The prevalence of .... where alcohol is usually ingested; people with whom respondent usually ..... pendeï¼¾ncia. Coimbra: Faculdade ...
Original Report
Alcohol consumption and personality: A study among Portuguese secondary school students ∼
l s Alves Apo Joao Lu´ ´stolo＊１; Maria de Lurdes Lomba＊１; ´udia Jesus Paiva＊１; Ta ＾nia Sofia Queiroz ＾ A ngelo＊１; Cla ＊１ l sa Gon alves Monteiro Sara Lu´
!
Objectives: To analyse the drinking patterns of secondary school students and the relationship between drinking patterns, age at drinking onset, gender, personality traits and family drinking habits. Methods: A descriptive, correlational study was performed with a randomly selected sample of １ ０３ students in １０th, １１th and １２th grades, aged １５―２０, in the Centre Region of Portugal. The Drinking Habits Questionnaire and the Portuguese version of the Eysenck Personality Inventory were used to collect data. Data collection was carried out by self―administered questionnaire in the first week of March２ ００８． Results: On average, boys started drinking alcohol earlier（１３． １years）than did girls（１４． １ years）, but the current drinking pattern was identical across genders. Of １０３ students, ８５． ４％ were drinkers and １４． ６％ had never had alcohol. Of those who had already started to drink（n＝８ ８）, ７９． ５％ were occasional or light drinkers, particularly on weekends and with beer as the primary alcohol of choice. Additionally,８ ２． ０％ of current drinkers also drank spirits on weekends, ５ ２． ３％ had been intoxicated at least once, and the mean age of first intoxication was around １ ６ years. Adolescent drinking pattern was positively associated with family drinking pattern（rs＝０． ３１; p ＜０． ００１）and with extroversion（rs＝０． ２４; p＝０． ０１３）. Conclusion: Both boys and girls attending secondary school in the Centre Region of Portugal tend to drink moderately and occasionally, especially on weekends. About half of the students have been intoxicated at least once. Drinking pattern is weakly correlated with family consumption pattern and with extroversion. 〔JSHEP；１ ９ （１）：１５―２５〕 Key Words: Adolescence, Alcohol, Personality
＊１
Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing Domain; Nursing School of Coimbra ∼ ls Alves Apo Corresponding Author: Joao Lu´ ´stolo ∼ ls Alves Apo Joao Lu´ ´stolo, address: Avenida Bissaya Barreto―Apartado５５３００１―９０１Coimbra, Portugal
１
日健教誌
第１９巻
第２号 ２０１１年
tity in the development process, assuming a
INTRODUCTION
very important role in every stage of life. It
Alcohol consumption is a widespread and
can be easily inferred that children from fami-
１）
expanding practice in contemporary society ,
lies with alcoholic members will start using al-
and the associated social norms play an im-
cohol much earlier and more frequently, and
portant role in defining a reference model for
may be more likely to present excessive
drinking within youth culture. Excessive alco-
drinking patterns than would those from fami-
hol consumption is an increasing problem
lies without such influences７−１０）. Clearly, fami-
which has assumed major dimensions in
lies can have an important role in the trans-
many countries; drunkenness has acquired a
mission of misconceptions about alcohol use.
major cultural and social importance, espe-
Beyond social and environmental influences,
cially among young people. The prevalence of
personality traits are associated with alcohol-
underage drinking is already so high that the
ism and may lead to a generalized risk of sub-
World
stance abuse１１，１２）. For example, the most vul-
Health
Organization （WHO） has
deemed it a primary public health problem２）.
nerable individuals to excessive drinking may
In many European countries, the drinking
be those with high impulsivity／novelty―seek-
patterns among school children have esca-
ing tendencies and those with high neuroti-
lated, with increases in both binge drinking―
cism／negative affectivity. Since these person-
defined by the National Institute on Alcohol
ality traits are constantly present in studies
Abuse and Alcoholism（NIAAA）as the con-
with excessive drinkers, some researchers
sumption of five or more drinks for men, or
have posited that there are two different
four or more drinks for women, in about ２
paths leading to alcohol―related problems
hours―and drunkenness（having ever experi-
based on these traits: one of impulsivity and
３−５）
enced more than ２０ drunken episodes） .
novelty―seeking, and the other of neuroticism
Binge drinking by youth is associated with
or negative affectivity１３）. Taking into account
violence and anti―social behaviour; it contrib-
that the concept of a typical pre―alcoholic per-
utes to unprotected sex, drug consumption
sonality is presently rejected by most authors,
and educational problems including truancy.
it is acknowledged that certain personality
On the other hand, continued heavy alcohol
characteristics may fuel the search for the
consumption is linked to various pathologies
psychopharmacological effect of alcohol in
including liver, oncological and cardiovascular
some individuals１０）.
diseases３）.
Adolescence represents a formative period
Underage drinking must not be addressed
in terms of both access and susceptibility to
as an isolated phenomenon, as it is fully em-
alcohol. Adolescents may be exposed to in-
bedded in the context of child and adolescent
creased opportunities for facilitated access to
environmental, biological, psychological, and
psychoactive
５）
social development and is an important pre-
substances
and
subsequent
adoption of correlated risk behaviours, as well
６）
dictor of subsequent alcohol abuse . In par-
as a constant influence and pressure from
ticular, family is considered to be a critical en-
peer groups as from social and family spheres. ２
Apo ´stolo et al. ／Alcohol consumption and personality among Portuguese youths
Nevertheless, this stage of development may
der and in relation to age at first drink, rela-
be seen as an optimal target period to develop
tives’heavy drinking and personality traits.
interventions in the areas of prevention of
Variables
early onset drinking and promotion of healthy
In addition to basic sociodemographic vari-
lifestyles. It may be said that the problem is
ables（gender, age, school year） , drinking hab-
１ ４）
its were assessed using the following dimen-
not the crisis, but the way out of the crisis .
Considering this issue, this study was con-
sions based on the Drinking Habits Question-
ducted to characterize the drinking patterns
１ ５） : frequency and usual quantity naire （DHB）
and personality traits of secondary school stu-
of alcohol consumption over the previous six
dents in a Portuguese village, as well as to an-
months; whether there had been intoxication
alyse the relationship between the drinking
episodes（at least once） ; age of first drink and
patterns of these students and their socio―
age of first intoxication; place and events
demographic characteristics, personality traits
where alcohol is usually ingested; people with
and family drinking habits.
whom respondent usually drinks; who offered the first drink; reasons for having the first
METHODS
drink; what kinds of alcoholic drinks are cho-
A cross―sectional study was conducted on a
sen; and frequency and quantity of family al-
sample composed of１ ０３adolescents attending
cohol consumption. Adolescents’alcohol drink-
th
th
th
the １０ （n＝２５）,１ １ （n＝３３）and １２ （n＝４５）
ing pattern was classified according to the fol-
grades in the secondary school of a village
lowing criteria: a）occasional drinker: con-
with around１ ８，０００inhabitants in the Centre
sumes one or two drinks at parties or on spe-
Region of Portugal（one of ７ ８ counties in the
cial occasions―drinks alcohol more than once a
region） , during the academic year ２００７／２００８.
year, but no more than once a month; b）
This setting was chosen because it is located
Light drinker: does not drink every day―con-
within an area of transition between regions
sumes between one and thirty drinks per
experiencing different development dynam-
month, that is, less than ８ ４ g of alcohol per
ics―one more urban, close to the region’ s main
week; c）Moderate drinker: daily consumption
city, and the other more remote and charac-
of no more than three drinks or, even though
teristically rural―and it receives students from
not daily, consumption between ８ ４ and ２５２ g
both areas. These characteristics contribute
of alcohol per week; d）Excessive drinker:
to the sample’ s representativeness.
daily consumption of more than three drinks
Study Design
or weekly consumption above ２５２ g of alco-
A quantitative,
descriptive
hol１５）. Personality traits were defined by the
correlational
study was conducted based on the following
neuroticism／emotional
research question: What is the drinking pat-
often called neuroticism, and the extrover-
tern of secondary school students from a vil-
sion／introversion, exclusively called extrover-
lage in the Centre Region of Portugal? The
sion１６）.
hypothesis was that the drinking patterns of
Instruments
these students would vary according to gen-
stability
dimension,
The data collection instrument used to ３
日健教誌
第１９巻
第２号 ２０１１年
measure the variables of interest was com-
tum, in a total of three １０th―grade classes, two
posed of three parts: questions about age, gen-
１１th ―grade
der and school year; the Drinking Habits
classes. Inclusion of participants was based on
１ ５）
classes
and
three １２th ―grade
Questionnaire （DHB）used by Duarte , con-
presence in the classroom on the date of ques-
sisting of both open and closed questions, to
tionnaire administration and voluntary provi-
assess the previously mentioned variables re-
sion of informed consent.
lated to drinking habits; and the Portuguese
Ethical issues
１ ７）
version
of the Eysenck Personality Inven-
Before starting data collection（February
１ ６）
tory （EPI） .
２００８）, formal approval of the study protocol
Each EPI item was scored on a Yes （１）／No
was obtained from the School Council of the
（０）format, with the exception of reverse―
participating school, in accordance with the
scored items,（Yes＝０, No＝１）.A cut―off point
Parents／Carers Association.
for EPI scoring was determined for use in this
RESULTS
study, which made it possible to classify stu-
Alcohol drinking pattern
dents according to their positions on the neuroticism and extroversion scales. The arithme-
As presented in Table １, ８ ５． ４％（n＝８８）of
tic mean for each dimension was calculated,
the respondents were alcohol drinkers and
￣ and the following scores were obtained: x
１４． ６％（n＝１５）had never consumed alcohol.
１１． ５; SD ４． ６ and x ￣ １１． ９; SD ２． ９, respectively.
Those who drank were mainly occasional
Thus, with means for both dimensions close
（２５． ０％）or light drinkers（５４． ５％）, especially
to １２, it was established that individuals who
on weekends. Meanwhile, １ ５． ９％ of partici-
scored between １ and １ １ would be classified
pants were moderate drinkers and ４． ５％
as having low neuroticism／low extroversion,
were excessive drinkers. The mean age of
whereas individuals who scored equal to or
first intoxication was approximately １ ６ years,
above １２ would be classified as having high
and ５２． ３％ of the students had been intoxi-
neuroticism／high extroversion. To verify the
cated at least once.
reliability of the EPI, internal consistency was
Over the previous six months, average
assessed by Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient and
quantity of alcoholic drinks consumed in a
the values obtained were ０． ８ and ０． ７ in the
week was low and increased on weekends. In
dimensions of neuroticism and extroversion,
fact, on weekends, out of the ８ ８ adolescents
respectively.
who
Data collection
spirits, ４６（５２． ３％）beer, and １２（１３． ６％）
consumed alcohol, ７２（８１． ８％）drank
The instrument was self―administered by
wine. Beer was the most commonly consumed
participants from March ３ to March ７, ２００８.
alcoholic drink, at an average of４． ４drinks, al-
Participants were selected using non―propor-
though a high degree of dispersion was ob-
tional stratified random sampling, in which
served（CV＝１２８）.
the study population was divided into strata
Most
adolescents（４５． １％）reported
that
according to school year. By this method,５ ０％
their first alcoholic drink was in a pub. Addi-
of the students were selected from each stra-
tionally, ４ ４． １％ experimented on their own, ４
Apo ´stolo et al. ／Alcohol consumption and personality among Portuguese youths
３８． ２％ were offered their first drink by par-
Adolescents’ drinking pattern, age at first
ents or family members and １ ７． ７％ started
drink, relatives’drinking pattern, and adoles-
drinking because of peer pressure. Regarding
cents’personality traits
family alcohol consumption, ８６． ４％ of partici-
There was no evidence of an association be-
pants reported that there was no excessive al-
tween age of first drink and current drinking
cohol consumption within the family.
pattern（rs＝０． ０９; p＝０． ３７４）. However, data
Gender, age at first drink, and current drinking
indicated a weak positive correlation between
pattern
adolescents’and their relatives’drinking pat-
On average, boys started drinking alcohol
tern（rs＝０． ３１; p＝０． ００２）suggesting a trend
earlier（１ ３． ９ years; mean rank＝４３． ９）than
towards a heavier drinking pattern among
girls（１４． １ years;
those students whose relatives had higher al-
mean
rank＝５５． ８） （z＝
−１． ９９７; p＝０． ０４６）. However, no gender dif-
cohol consumption levels.
ferences were found in current drinking pat-
Regarding the relationship between drink-
tern（z＝１． ０９４; p＝０． ２７４）.
ing pattern and personality traits, there was no evidence of an association between adolescents’drinking pattern and neuroticism（rs＝
Table１ Distribution of adolescents according to the frequency of consumption, usual quantity of consumption, current drinking pattern, and experience of intoxication n Frequency of consumption
Usual quantity of consumption
Consumption pattern
Intoxications
１to２times a year １ ５ １to２times a month ２０ １to２times a week １ １ ３to４times a week ３ Only on weekends ３０ Only on holidays ８ Everyday １ Total ８８ １drink ２ ９ ２to３drinks ３７ ４to６drinks ９ ６or more drinks １ ３ Total ８８ Occasional drinker ２２ Light drinker ４８ Moderate drinker １ ４ Excessive drinker ４ Total ８８ Intoxication at least once ４６ st Age of１ intoxication: x ￣ ＝１６． ０years
５
％ １７． ０ ２２． ７ １２． ５ ３． ４ ３４． １ ９． １ １． １ １００． ０ ３３． ０ ０ ４２． １０． ２ １４． ８ １００． ０ ２５． ０ ５４． ５ １５． ９ ４． ５ １００． ０ ５２． ３
日健教誌
第１９巻
第２号 ２０１１年
０． １６; p＝０． １０９）.However, the data revealed a
six beverages on each drinking occasion, a
weak positive correlation of drinking pattern
pattern which corresponds to a definition of
with extroversion（rs＝０． ２ ４; p＝０． ０１３）, indi-
binge drinking. According to the WHO２１）, such
cating a trend towards a heavier drinking pat-
consumption takes place mainly on weekends
tern among more extroverted individuals.
（weekday abstinence） , not during meals（in
Considering the extroversion trait in isola-
bars, pubs and discos）and with the intention
tion, differences in drinking pattern were also
of becoming intoxicated by heavy consump-
explored according to classifications of low or
tion of alcohol over a short period of time.
high extroversion; results indicated a heavier
In this study, boys started drinking alcohol
drinking pattern in extroverted students than
earlier （１ ３． １ years） than did girls （１４． １
in
p＝
years）. However, no gender differences were
０． ０１２）. Further analysis showed that, of ６１
found in current drinking pattern. The ２００７
students classified as having high extrover-
ESPAD Report２２） describes gender differences
５％）,１１ were sion, ７ were non―drinkers（１１．
in drinking pattern among some European
occasional drinkers（１ ８． ０％）, ２７ were light
countries, but confirms an overall European
drinkers（４４． ３％） ,１２were moderate drinkers
trend towards the homogenization of male
introverted
students（z＝−２． ５１３;
（１ ９． ７％）and ４ were
excessive
drinkers
and female consumption patterns. Our find-
（６． ６％）. Additionally, of ４ ２ students classified
ings are also in accordance with results from
as having low extroversion,８were non―drink-
other studies２３） that underline a trend towards
ers（１ ９． ０％）, １１ were occasional drinkers
a gradual levelling of differences in the drink-
（２６． ２％）,２１ were light drinkers（５ ０． ０％）,２
ing patterns observed across genders.
were moderate drinkers（４． ８％）, and none
In this study, no association was found be-
were excessive drinkers.
tween current drinking pattern and age of first drink. However, various researchers６，２５−２７）
DISCUSSION
mention that the earlier the initiation of alco-
The prevalence of alcohol use among ado-
hol use, the more likely it is that the individ-
lescents in European and North American
ual will develop an abusive relationship with
countries is currently at an extremely high
alcohol, including alcohol dependence. Hence,
２ ４）
level, particularly in comparison to Japan .
further longitudinal research may be neces-
The descriptive results of this study concern-
sary to explore influences on the long―term
ing drinking patterns in young people are
patterns of drinking in this population of ado-
similar to those of two earlier Portuguese
lescents.
１ ８−２ ０）
studies
, not only in terms of the trend to-
As to the drinking habits of the students’
wards occasional and light drinking patterns,
relatives, ８６． ０％ of the students reported no
mainly on weekends, but also in terms of the
excessive alcohol consumption within their
percentage of intoxicated young people and
families. Nevertheless, a statistically signifi-
age of first intoxication. This study showed
cant correlation was found between these
that ４ ２． ０％ of the students usually drank two
adolescents’drinking patterns and excessive
to three beverages, and ２ ５． ０％ drank four to
alcohol consumption by family members, since ６
Apo ´stolo et al. ／Alcohol consumption and personality among Portuguese youths
the students with highest alcohol consumption
the sample was selected randomly from the
were those whose family members were also
community of interest and can be said to re-
excessive drinkers. Other studies７，８） similarly
flect accurately its unique urban and rural
suggest that adolescents’drinking behaviour
characteristics.
is related to cultural and family contexts.
Conclusion
The results from this research indicate a
In this study, ８５． ０％ of the students consid-
weak positive correlation between alcohol
ered themselves alcohol drinkers（８ ０． ０％ of
consumption and extroversion in adolescents,
whom were light or occasional drinkers） . The
showing a trend towards heavier consump-
mean age of drinking initiation was １ ３． ６
tion pattern among more extroverted indi-
years, that of first intoxication was approxi-
viduals. These results reinforce those of other
mately １６ years, and ５２． ０％ of drinkers had
studies showing an association between extro-
been intoxicated at least once.
８）
version and drinking pattern , and evidence
Despite the later drinking initiation of girls,
of a higher risk for alcohol use initiation in
no gender differences were found in current
young people with high levels of impulsivity,
drinking pattern. This study provides support
decreased fearfulness, and moderate―to―low
for the theory that family context may func-
２ ８）
tion as a risk factor for adolescents’alcohol
levels of inhibitory control .
It was impossible from the results of this
consumption by promotion of the habit. Per-
study to verify a relationship between neu-
sonality, meanwhile, seems to be a weak pre-
roticism（or negative affectivity）and vulner-
dictor of alcohol consumption that does not
ability to more excessive alcohol consumption.
account entirely for inter―individual consump-
However, some studies have suggested that
tion differences.
impulsive adolescents also characterized by low levels of positive affectivity evidenced
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