An Automatic Procedure for the Landing Gear

11 downloads 0 Views 2MB Size Report
Sep 17, 2013 - maximum vertical load factor and on the strut length, thus on ... stiffness and inertia distribution along the landing gear strut. Since these ... Conceptual Design of a Light Unmanned Aircraft .... This leads to have a rather hard ride while taxing, but .... 2.6 (max friction coefficient equal to 0.8, dry asphalt).
THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Nicola Paletta, Monday, September 02, 2013 05:01:31 AM

+, -./01.23,45/367-56,8/5,.96,:1+72+;,,)6?2;+,/8,1,:2;9.,*+01++67, 253518.

XYMZ3YM3XM`` \+:0%&$)/ YSWMLWXYMZ

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

&'#$()*%#&(' ;3?"N=D"%&"(!"+!-(!!)/"9)$%.0)"+!/)*"/)9)0,'-)!#"(# B A=5" #" %&" (" &%!20)" )!2%!)" '*,')00)/" =WB" 7%#$" (" %*$ )1*.0&C%D+$*3+%.&6$12&EFGH( I),-)#*%." /%-)!&%,!&" _@" G@" 63.2/+ !"#$%&=(&)*-.!-"&>%*$&?+$#+&?+$#3+#$*,&?!@!-"&9 /+%$*+!4%&A$13%00( #" .,+0/" :)" 7,*#$7$%0)" #," !,#)" #$(#" &#)'&" M" #," [" $(9)" :))! 4,00,7)/" (..,*/%!2" #," &#(#)3,43#$)3(*#" )!2%!))*%!2" '*(.#%.) cJd@" 7$)*)(&" #$)" %!#)2*(#%,!" ,4" &#)'" K" (!/" *)0(#%9)" &+:3&#)'& %!9,09%!2" !,!0%!)(*" /1!(-%." (!(01&)&" %&" #$)" (.#+(0" !,9)0#1 '*)&)!#)/"$)*)%!5

6$)"#%*)"&)0).#%,!"%&"/,!)":1"(''01%!2"#$)"2+%/)0%!)&"*)',*#)/ %!"cJd@"&).#%,!"Z5M5 !",*/)*"#,"'*)9)!#".,"*)/)&%2!"%!".(&)",4"(%*.*(4#"7)%2$# %!.*)(&)&" /+*%!2" #$)" /)&%2!" '$(&)@" #$)" (:,9)" 0,(/&" (*) 4(.#,*)/"+'7(*/":)4,*)"&)0).#%!2"#$)"#%*)&5"D%!.)")(.$"0(!/%!2 2)(*" %&" )F+%'')/" 7%#$" ,!01" ,!)" 7$))0@" (!/" +&%!2" (" X[e 2*,7#$"4(.#,*5

G).)&&(*1"%!'+#"/(#("(*)V

6%*)" &)0).#%,!" %&" /,!)" :1" +&%!2" .,--)*.%(0" .(#(0,2+)& (9(%0(:0)",!"#$)"7):@":1".,00).#%!2"/%44)*)!#"#%*)"-,/)0&"%!"( /)/%.(#)/")O.)0"&$))#5"6$)"'*,.)/+*)"%&"(:0)"#,"(..)&&"#,"#$) )O.)0" &$))#" 4*,-" #$)" (!/%!2"P)%2$# CPE",4"#$)"9)$%.0)g

".5/N6, ==5/O201.2/+

FE,,=%*.*(4#"#$*))"9%)7&"/*(7%!2g

6$)" &#*,8)" (''*,O%-(#%,!" %&" .(**%)/3,+#" :1" 4,00,7%!2" #$) -)#$,/"'*)&)!#)/"%!"cJd@"&).#%,!"Z5X5

&+=-.,)1.1,%/>>63.2/+ !'+#" /(#(" (*)" .,00).#)/" %!" (!" )O.)0" &$))#" 0%!8)/" #," #$)" .,/) -(%!"'*,.)/+*)5

GE,,\,&%#%,!&",4"#$)"B)!#)*",4"I*(9%#1"C-(O%-+-"4,*7(*/"(!/ *)(*7(*/"',&%#%,!&Eg HE,,R)&%2!"&%!8"*(#)g IE,,>(!/%!2"&'))/g JE,,R)&%2!"9)*#%.(0">,(/"_(.#,*g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

THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Nicola Paletta, Monday, September 02, 2013 05:01:31 AM

6$)" -%!%-+-" ')*-%&&%:0)" ,9)*0('" %&" )F+(0" #," X5L[" ,4" #$) '%&#,!"/%(-)#)*5"6$)".10%!/)*"$)(/"CBaE".(!":)")&#%-(#)/"4,* :,#$"I"(!/"G>I":1".,-'(*%&,!"7%#$"&%-%0(*".,--)*.%(0 +!/)*.(**%(2)&5" 6$)" A)&)*9)" >)!2#$" CA>E" %&" )9(0+(#)/ (..,*/%!2" #," #$)" *)F+%*)-)!#" ,4" -%!%-+-" .$(-:)*" 2*)(#)* #$(!"MYe",4"#$)"-(O%-+-"9,0+-)5

6$)" %!#)2*(0" ,4" )F+(#%,!" CJE" .(!" :)" 7*%##)!" CQ" %&" #$) 0,!2%#+/%!(0"(O%&EV

6$)" 4%*&#" &%Q%!2" ,4" 7(00" #$%.8!)&&)&" ,4" '%&#,!" (!/" .10%!/)* +!/)*"9)*#%.(0"0,(/&"(!/"$,,'"&#*)&&"%&"/,!)",!.)".,!&#*+.#%,! -(#)*%(0&"(*)".$,&)!5"N&+(001"$%2$"&#*)!2#$"==&"(*)"(/,'#)/ 4,*"#$)".10%!/)*"7$)*)(&"&').%(0"&#))0&"(*)"+&)/"4,*"#$)"(O0)3 '%&#,!"2*,+'5

6$)"40)O+*(0"/%&'0(.)-)!#".(!":)"7*%##)!"(&"#$)"'*,/+.#",4"( &$(')"4+!.#%,!"(!/"#$)"2)!)*(0%Q)/".,,*/%!(#)V

6$)" a,,'" D#*)&&" %&" .(0.+0(#)/" :1" -)(!&" ,4" #$)" 4,00,7%!2 4,*-+0(

,2.

,3. ^1"&+:&#%#+#%!2")F+(#%,!"CKE"%!#,")F+(#%,!"C[E",!)".(!",:#(%!V

,/. 6$)" 4%*&#" &%Q%!2" .(0.+0(#%,!&" ,4" &#*)&&)&" /+)" #," -(O%-+)O').#)/" 9)*#%.(0" 0,(/&" (!/" %!#)*!(0" '*)&&+*)" (*)" ')*4,*-)/ :1" (''01%!2" (" *)(&,!(:0)" /)2*))" ,4" .,!&)*9(#%&-" C&(4)#1 4(.#,*&" 2*)(#)*" #$(!" ,*" )F+(0" #," M5[@" 7%#$" (" 4+*#$)* .,!.)!#*(#%!2"4(.#,*",4"M5[E5

:1+72+;,X@">Z"(*)"#$) Q"0)!2#$"(..,*/%!2"#,"#$)"&.$)-)"&$,7!"%!"_%2+*)"[5

,0. 6$)"$1',#$)&)&"(*)V DPE,,=!(01#%.(0".+:%."40)O+*(0"-,/)g FPE,,D#%44!)&&"(!/"%!)*#%(".$(*(.#)*%&#%.&".,!&%/)*)/"'%).)7%&) .,!&#(!#"(0,!2"#$)"0(!/%!2"2)(*"&#*+#"CQ3(O%&E5 6$)" 4%*&#" 40)O+*(0" 4*)F+)!.1" .(!" :)" ,:#(%!)/" (&" #$)" *(#%, :)#7))!" #$)" 2)!)*(0%Q)/" &#%44!)&&" (!/" #$)" 2)!)*(0%Q)/" -(&& (&&,.%(#)/" 7%#$" #$)" -,/)5" 6$+&" #$)" (!(01#%.(0" )9(0+(#%,!" ,4 #$)"#7,"#)*-&",4")F+(#%,!"CZE"2%9)&"#$)"2)!)*(0%Q)/"-(&&"(!/ &#%44!)&&"*)&').#%9)015

!"#$%&O(&)%-"+7&61$&!-+%"$*,&3*,3#,*+!1-( R)*%9(#%9)",')*(#%,!",!")F+(#%,!"CLE"2%9)&V

_,*"#$)"4%*&#"#)*-",!)".(!"7*%#)V

,1.

,>. #"%&"(''(*)!#"4*,-")F+(#%,!"C`E"#$(#V

CIRA-TR-13-0052 Rev. 0 P. 5/15

THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Nicola Paletta, Monday, September 02, 2013 05:01:31 AM

,?. P$)*)"@A"%&"#$)"2)!)*(0%Q)/"-(&&5

,-1. #"%&"(''(*)!#"4*,-")F+(#%,!"CMJE"#$(#V

_,*"#$)")9(0+(#%,!",4"#$)"2)!)*(0%Q)/"&#%44!)&&"#$)"*)0(#%,!&$%' ,!)".(!"&#(*#"4*,-"?+0)*3^)*!,+00%":)!/%!2"#$),*1"(!/",:#(%!V

,-B.

,-2. P$)*)"+A"%&"#$)"2)!)*(0%Q)/"&#%44!)&&5 _0)O+*(0"4*)F+)!.1"%&"2%9)!":1V . (!/

,/0. ,-?.

6$)",*%4%.)"/%&.$(*2)".,)44%.%)!#"59".(!":)".(0.+0(#)/"(0&,":1 -)(!&",4"#$)"4,00,7%!2")-'%*%.(0"*)0(#%,!&$%'"C&))"?F5"CXJEE@ '*)&)!#)/"%!"c[d5

,/1.

CIRA-TR-13-0052 Rev. 0 P. 7/15

THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Nicola Paletta, Monday, September 02, 2013 05:01:31 AM

7%#$" K/17,813./5?"(*)"2%9)! :1V

,0-.

!"#$%&Q(&I!$%9"$1#-.&6$!3+!1-&31%66!3!%-+&4%$0#0&0,!R $*+!1( 6$)"0(&#")F+(#%,!"%!9,09%!2"#$)"(!2+0(*"9)0,.%#1",4"#$)"7$))0 .,-'0)#)&"#$)"-,/)05

,/>. 7$)*)"NO"%&"#$)"7$))0"-,-)!#",4"%!)*#%("(:,+#"#$)"*,#(#%,!(0 (O%&5

CIRA-TR-13-0052 Rev. 0 P. 8/15

,0/. 6$)" !,!30%!)(*" /%44)*)!#%(0" '*,:0)-" %&" &,09)/" :1" +&%!2" #$) D%-+0%!8f"&.$)-)"*)',*#)/"%!"#$)"='')!/%O5

".5-3.-51>,"2S2+;,-+765,%/0K2+67,W65.231> :/17?R,B/52S/+.1>,:/17?,1+7,B//=,".56?? =4#)*" .(0.+0(#%!2" &'%!3+'" (!/" &'*%!23:(.8" 0,(/&@" 0(!/%!2 2)(*&" (*)" &#*+.#+*(001" 9)*%4%)/" (!/" *)3&%Q)/" +!/)*" .,-:%!)/ 9)*#%.(0" 0,(/&@" $,*%Q,!#(0" 0,(/&" (!/" $,,'" &#*)&&5" 6$)

THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Nicola Paletta, Monday, September 02, 2013 05:01:31 AM

'*,.)/+*)"%&"&%-%0(*"#,"#$)"4%*&#"&%Q%!2"7%#$"#$)"&,0)"/%44)*)!.) ,4" (//%!2" &'%!3+'" (!/" &'*%!23:(.8" 0,(/&" 7%#$" *)&+0#%!2 %!.*)-)!#",4"&$)(*"(!/"!,*-(0"&#*)&&"%!"#$)".10%!/*%.(0"%#)-&5

6$)" '*)0%-%!(*1" /)&%2!" %&" .(**%)/3,+#" :1" *)&').#%!2 *)F+%*)-)!#&" ,4" -(O%-+-" ,9)*(00" /%-)!&%,!&@" -(O%-+7)%2$#"(!/"-(O%-+-"(##(%!(:0)"0,(/5

6$)" !,*-(0" &#*)&&" +!/)*" '+*)" :)!/%!2" %&" .(0.+0(#)/" 7%#$" #$) G(9%)*"_,*-+0(V

&+=-.,)1.1 !'+#"/(#("(*)"&$,7!"%!"#$)"4,00,7%!2"#(:0)&5"6$)"',&%#%,!",4 #$)" .)!#)*" ,4" 2*(9%#1" (0,!2" #$)" O3(O%&" ,4" #$)" -(%!" *)4)*)!.) 4*(-)":)#7))!"XYe"(!/"JYe",4"#$)"I5 6$)"7$,0)"7,*8@"-(/)"4,*")(.$"0(!/%!2"2)(*@".,!&%&#&"%!V Z,B(0.+0(#%,!",4".,!.)'#+(0"/)&%2!"0,(/&g Z, B$,%.)" ,4" 7$))0" &%Q)" (!/" #%*)" (..,*/%!2" #," #$)" 9)$%.0) ')*4,*-(!.)" *)F+%*)-)!#&" (!/" 9)*%4%.(#%,!" ,4" #$)" #+*!,9)* (!20)g Z, R)4%!%#%,!" ,4" &$,.8" &#*+#" (*.$%#).#+*)" #,2)#$)*" 7%#$" -(%! (&&,.%(#)" '(*(-)#)*&" &+.$" (&" '!)+-(#%." .$(-:)*" 9,0+-)& 9)*&+&"&#*,8)@"'*)&&+*)&",4")O)*.%&)"(!/",*%4%.)"&1&#)-"/)&%2! 4,*"$1/*(+0%."*)(.#%,!g Z,B$,%.)",4"-(#)*%(0&"#,":)"(/,'#)/"(!/"&#*+.#+*(0"'*)0%-%!(*1 &%Q%!2" %!" #)*-&" ,4" 0(!/%!2" 2)(*" 0)!2#$@" 7(00" #$%.8!)&&@" -(&& )&#%-(#%,!5 Z, G+-)*%.(0" &%-+0(#%,!" ,4" /1!(-%." /*,'" #)&#&" %!" ,*/)*" #, (&&)&&" #$)" #$),*)#%." ')*4,*-(!.)" ,4" #$)" &1&#)-" %!" #)*-&" ,4 9)*#%.(0" 0,(/" 4(.#,*" (!/" -(O%-+-" &'%!3+'" (!/" &'*%!23:(.8 0,(/&g Z, D#*+.#+*(0" ])*%4%.(#%,!" ,4" .10%!/)*&" (!/" '%&#,!&" +!/)* '*)9%,+&01" .(0.+0(#)/" $,*%Q,!#(0" 0,(/&" C&'%!3+'" (!/" &'*%!23 :(.8Eg A)#*(.#%!2"D1&#)-&"(&"7)00"(&"G>I"&#))*%!2"&1&#)-"(!/"I :*(8%!2" &1&#)-" *)-(%!" #," :)" /)4%!)/" %!" (" &+:&)F+)!#" /)&%2! '$(&)5

CIRA-TR-13-0052 Rev. 0 P. 9/15

R(#(" *)2(*/%!2" G>I" (!/" I" ,9)*(00" /%-)!&%,!&" (!/ -(O%-+-"(/-%&&%:0)"7)%2$#&".(!!,#":)"'+:0%&$)/"&%!.)"#$)1 (*)"'*,'*%)#(*1"%!4,*-(#%,!5

@:3->1.2/+,)1.1 1+7,$6?->.? 6$)" .$,&)!" (*.$%#).#+*)" %&" (" &%!20)3(.#%!2" &$,.8" (:&,*:)* #1')@" 7%#$" (%*" (!/" ,%0" &)'(*(#)/" :1" (" &)'(*(#,*" '%&#,!" C&)) _%2+*)"[E5 6(:0)" X" *)',*#&" .$,&)!" .,-'*)&&)/" #," &#(#%." '*)&&+*)" *(#%,@ &#(#%."#,")O#)!/)/"'*)&&+*)"*(#%,"(!/"&#(#%."'*)&&+*)5 B,!&%/)*%!2" (" &%-%0(*" .,--)*.%(0" +!/)*.(**%(2)@" #$)" %!!)* /%(-)#)*",4"#$)"'%&#,!"%&"(&&+-)/"#,":)"JL5J"--5 I*M,%&=(&:)>&.%0!"-&R$%00#$%&$*+!10&*-.&0+*+!3&R$%00#$%(

\*)&&+*)" 9(0+)&" (!/" (%*" 9,0+-)&" *)&').#%9)01" (#" .,-'*)&&)/@ &#(#%."(!/")O#)!/)/"&$,.8"&#*+#".(!":)")(&%01".(0.+0(#)/"4*,/(#(",4"6(:0)"X5"6$)"-%!%-+-"9,0+-)".$(-:)*"*)&+0#&"MK5M e" ,4" #$)" )O#)!/)/" 9,0+-)5" 6$)" &#(#%." ',&%#%,!" %&" .$,&)!" (# L[e"&#*,8) 6(:0)"Z"&$,7&"#$)"/1!(-%."/*,'"#)&#"&%-+0(#%,!"/(#(5"D1-:,0 -)(!%!2&"(*)"&').%4%)/"%!"ND=A5LX[5 I*M,%&B(&:)>&T$1R&I%0+&T*+*(

6$)"/*,'"#)&#"%&"&%-+0(#)/"4,*"#7,",*%4%.)"&1&#)-&V Z,D%!20)"H*%4%.)"7%#$".,!&#(!#"(*)(")F+(0"#,"M5Z)3J"@/5

THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Nicola Paletta, Monday, September 02, 2013 05:01:31 AM

Z, D%!20)" H*%4%.)" 7%#$" 9(*%(:0)" (*)(" C-)#)*%!2" '%!E" (..,*/%!2 #,"_%2+*)"`5

>" #$)" -(O%-+-" 0,(/" ,:#(%!)/" /+*%!2" #$)" &#*,8)" (!/" D" #$) -(O%-+-"&#*,8)")O')*%)!.)/5

,01. #"%&"(''(*)!#"#$)"2*,7#$",4")44%.%)!.1"%!"#$)".(&)",4"9(*%(:0) ,*%4%.)"(*)(5 6$)" T?F+%9(0)!#U" -(O%-+-" 0,(/" 4(.#,*" %&" .(0.+0(#)/ (..,*/%!2"#,"#$)"-)#$,/"*)',*#)/"%!"ND=A5LX["C)E5 I*M,%&F(&:)>&T$1R&I%0+&T*+*( !"#$%&U(&:)>&V*$!*M,%&K$!6!3%( _%2+*)" S" (!/" _%2+*)" MY" /%(2*(-" #$)" 9)*#%.(0" *)(.#%,!" 9)*&+& &$,.8" &#*+#" /)40).#%,!" *)&').#%9)01" 4,*" .,!&#(!#" (!/" 9(*%(:0) ,*%4%.)"(*)(5"6(:0)"J"*)&+-)&"#$)"-,&#"%-',*#(!#",+#'+#"/(#(5

':3->1.2/+,)1.1,1+7 $6?->.? 6$)" .$,&)!" (*.$%#).#+*)" %&" (" &%!20)3(.#%!2" &$,.8" (:&,*:)* #1')@" 7%#$" (%*" (!/" ,%0" &)'(*(#)/" :1" (" &)'(*(#,*" '%&#,!" C&)) _%2+*)"[E5 6(:0)" [" *)',*#&" .$,&)!" .,-'*)&&)/" #," &#(#%." '*)&&+*)" *(#%,@ &#(#%."#,")O#)!/)/"'*)&&+*)"*(#%,"(!/"&#(#%."'*)&&+*)5 6$)"%!!)*"/%(-)#)*",4"#$)"'%&#,!"%&"%-',&)/"#,":)"JL5J"@@5 I*M,%&O(&Y)>&.%0!"-&R$%00#$%&$*+!10&*-.&0+*+!3&R$%00#$%( !"#$%&W(&:)>&4%$+!3*,&$%*3+!1-&4%$0#0&0713L&0+$#+ .%6,%3+!1-S&31-0+*-+&1$!6!3%&*$%*(

\*)&&+*)" 9(0+)&" (!/" (%*" 9,0+-)&" *)&').#%9)01" (#" .,-'*)&&)/@ &#(#%."(!/")O#)!/)/"&$,.8"&#*+#".(!":)")(&%01".(0.+0(#)/"4*,/(#(",4"6(:0)"[5"6$)"-%!%-+-"(%*"'*)&&+*)"%&")F+(0"#,"KY"\D @ #$)"0,7)&#"*).,--)!/)/"9(0+)"&+44%.%)!#"#,"(&&+*)"(".,-'0)#) +!/)*.(**%(2)")O#)!&%,!"+!/)*"!,")O#)*!(0"0,(/5 6$)"-%!%-+-"9,0+-)".$(-:)*"*)&+0#&"XX5`e",4"#$)")O#)!/)/ 9,0+-)5" 6$)" &#(#%." ',&%#%,!" $(&" :))!" %!.*)(&)/" 4*,-" `[e" #, SYe" &#*,8)" #," ,:#(%!@" %!" #$)" /1!(-%." /*,'" #)&#" &%-+0(#%,!&@ #$)"'*,')*"0(!/%!2"2)(*"/)&%2!"0,(/"4(.#,*5 !"#$%&'X(&:)>&4%$+!3*,&$%*3+!1-&4%$0#0&0713L&0+$#+ .%6,%3+!1-S&4*$!*M,%&1$!6!3%&*$%*( 6$)"?44%.%)!.1"%&"/)4%!)/"(..,*/%!2"#,"cJd@"'(*(2*('$"J5[5" #"%& #$)"*(#%,":)#7))!"#$)")!)*21"(:&,*:)/"/+*%!2"#$)"0(!/%!2"2)(* &#*,8)" C%5)5" #$)" %!#)2*(0" ,4" #$)" (*)(" :)!)(#$" #$)" &#*+#" 0,(/3 &#*,8)".+*9)@"&))"_%2+*)"S"(!/"MYE"(!/"#$)"'*,/+.#">"D@"7%#$

CIRA-TR-13-0052 Rev. 0 P. 10/15

6(:0)"Z"&$,7&"#$)"/1!(-%."/*,'"#)&#"&%-+0(#%,!"/(#(5"D1-:,0 -)(!%!2&"(*)"&').%4%)/"%!"ND=A5LX[5

THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Nicola Paletta, Monday, September 02, 2013 05:01:31 AM

I*M,%&P(&Y)>&T$1R&I%0+&T*+*(

6$)"/*,'"#)&#"%&"&%-+0(#)/"4,*"#$*))"/%44)*)!#",*%4%.)"&1&#)-&V Z,D%!20)"H*%4%.)"7%#$".,!&#(!#"(*)(")F+(0"#,"M5``)3J"@/5 Z, D%!20)" H*%4%.)" 7%#$" 9(*%(:0)" (*)(" C-)#)*%!2" '%!E" (..,*/%!2 #,"_%2+*)"MM"CB,!45"G,5"MEg Z, D%!20)" H*%4%.)" 7%#$" 9(*%(:0)" (*)(" C-)#)*%!2" '%!E" (..,*/%!2 #,"_%2+*)"MX"CB,!45"G,5"XE5

!"#$%&'B(&Y)>&4%$+!3*,&$%*3+!1-&4%$0#0&0713L&0+$#+ .%6,%3+!1-S&31-0+*-+&1$!6!3%&*$%*(

!"#$%&''(&Y)>&V*$!*M,%&K$!6!3%S&N1-6!"#$*+!1-&Y1&'( !"#$%&'F(&Y)>&4%$+!3*,&$%*3+!1-&4%$0#0&0713L&0+$#+ .%6,%3+!1-S&4*$!*M,%&1$!6!3%&*$%*&Y1(&'(

!"#$%&'=(&Y)>&V*$!*M,%&K$!6!3%S&N1-6!"#$*+!1-&Y1&=( _%2+*)&" MZ@" MJ@" M[" /%(2*(-" #$)" 9)*#%.(0" *)(.#%,!" 9)*&+&" #$) &$,.8" &#*+#" /)40).#%,!" 4,*" .,!&#(!#" (!/" 9(*%(:0)" ,*%4%.)" (*)( .,!4%2+*(#%,!&5" #" %&" (''(*)!#" #$)" 2*,7#$" ,4" )44%.%)!.1" %!" #$) .(&)" ,4" 9(*%(:0)" (*)(5" 6(:0)" L" *)&+-)&" #$)" -,&#" %-',*#(!# ,+#'+#"/(#(5 6$)" T?F+%9(0)!#U" -(O%-+-" 0,(/" 4(.#,*" %&" .(0.+0(#)/ (..,*/%!2"#,"#$)"-)#$,/"*)',*#)/"%!"ND=A5LX["C)E5

CIRA-TR-13-0052 Rev. 0 P. 11/15

!"#$%&'O(&Y)>&4%$+!3*,&$%*3+!1-&4%$0#0&0713L&0+$#+ .%6,%3+!1-S&4*$!*M,%&1$!6!3%&*$%*&Y1(&=( I*M,%&Q(&Y)>&T$1R&I%0+&T*+*(

THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Nicola Paletta, Monday, September 02, 2013 05:01:31 AM

)6?2;+,"-0015Y 6(:0)" `" *)',*#&" #$)" -,&#" %-',*#(!#" /(#(" *)&+0#%!2" 4*,-" #$) .,!.)'#+(0"/)&%2!",4"I"(!/"G>I5 I*M,%&U(&)*-.!-"&>%*$0&N1-3%R+#*,&T%0!"-&?#22*$Z(

Z,B$,%.)",4"-(#)*%(0&"#,":)"(/,'#)/"(!/"&#*+.#+*(0"'*)0%-%!(*1 &%Q%!2" %!" #)*-&" ,4" 0(!/%!2" 2)(*" 0)!2#$@" 7(00" #$%.8!)&&@" -(&& )&#%-(#%,!5 Z, G+-)*%.(0" &%-+0(#%,!" ,4" /1!(-%." /*,'" #)&#&" %!" ,*/)*" #, (&&)&&" #$)" #$),*)#%." ')*4,*-(!.)" ,4" #$)" &1&#)-" %!" #)*-&" ,4 9)*#%.(0" 0,(/" 4(.#,*" (!/" -(O%-+-" &'%!3+'" (!/" &'*%!23:(.8 0,(/&g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m",'%!%,!"%#"%&"%-',*#(!#"#,"$%2$0%2$#"#$(#"#$)"4%*&# &#)'&" ,4" #$)" '*,.)/+*)" *)'*)&)!#" #$)" &#(#)3,43#$)3(*#" ,4" #$) )!2%!))*%!2" '*(.#%.)" cJd" %!" #$)" 0(!/%!2" 2)(*" /)&%2!@" 7$)*)(& #$)" %!#)2*(#%,!" ,4" !,!0%!)(*" /1!(-%." (!(01&)&" /+*%!2" #$) .,!.)'#+(0" /)&%2!" &#(2)" %&" #$)" (.#+(0" !,9)0#1" ,4" #$)" '*)&)!# 7,*85" 6$%&" ').+0%(*%#1" (00,7&" *)/+.%!2" #$)" 0)9)0" ,4 .,!&)*9(#%&-")9)!"%!"#$)")(*01"&#(2)",4"#$)"/)&%2!5

$AVA$A'%A" DE,"\,0%.1"D#(#)-)!#"=%*7,*#$%!)&&"B)*#%4%.(#%,!",4 N!-(!!)/"=%*.*(4#"D1&#)-&"CN=DE"?5bYMZYM"?+*,')(! =9%(#%,!"D(4)#1"=2)!.1@"XYYS

"*@@ $C\%('%:*"&('" !" #$%&" '(')*" (!" (+#,-(#%." '*,.)/+*)" (%-)/" (#" '*)0%-%!(*1 /)&%2!%!2" (!" ,0),3'!)+-(#%." 0(!/%!2" 2)(*" &#*+#" 4,*" (" 0%2$# +!-(!!)/"(%*.*(4#"%&"'*)&)!#)/5 6$)"-)#$,/,0,21"$(&":))!"(''0%)/"4,*"#$)".,!.)'#+(0"/)&%2! ,4";3?"I"(!/"G>I@"(..,*/%!2"#,"#$)"=%*7,*#$%!)&& A)F+%*)-)!#&" G=6H" D6=G=I" JKLM" CND=AE5" #" %&" )!#%*)01 )!.,/)/"%!"#$)"(!/%!2"I)(*"R)&%2!V"\*%!.%'0)& (!/"\*(.#%.)&U@"= =="?/+.(#%,!"D)*%)&@"MS``@" D^G YSZYJYZ3JM3;5 IE,"G=B=36G3ZJXK@"T=!"?O')*%-)!#(0"D#+/1",4"H*%4%.) B,)44%.%)!#&@" !#)*!(0"D#*+#"\*)&&+*)&@"(!/">,(/&",!"("D-(00 H0),3\!)+-(#%."D$,.8"D#*+#U@"G(#%,!(0"=/9%&,*1"B,--%##)) 4,*"=)*,!(+#%.&@"P(&$%!2#,!@"='*%0"MS[[5 JE,"A,&8(-@"h5@"T=%*'0(!)"R)&%2!"\(*#" ]V">(1,+#",4">(!/%!2 I)(*"(!/"D1&#)-&U@"R=A"B,*',*(#%,!@"XYMY@" D^G SL`3M3``J``[3[Z3X5 " " "

THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Nicola Paletta, Monday, September 02, 2013 05:01:31 AM

%('# %#,&'V($@ #&(' R*5" G%.,0(" \(0)##(@" =)*,&'(.)" D1&#)-" ?!2%!))*" .W," B A= &.'(" CB)!#*," #(0%(!," A%.)*.$)" =)*,&'(Q%(0%E@" 9%(" ,!2 ?!/+*(!.)"N!-(!!)/"=%*.*(4#"4+!/)/":1"#$)" #(0%(!"%!)"H4"D%2$# %B"3"B10%!/)*"a)(/ :(""3">%!)"H4"D%2$# @:,!2 ?!/+*(!.)"+!-(!!)/"(%*.*(4# 72+"3" !!)*"/%(-)#)* 4G"3"=%*"\*)&&+*)"%!"#$)"4+001".,-'*)&&)/"',&%#%,! ."3"P(00"6$%.8!)&& _"3"D#*)&&

CIRA-TR-13-0052 Rev. 0 P. 13/15

THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Nicola Paletta, Monday, September 02, 2013 05:01:31 AM

44A')&[ 6$)"!,!30%!)(*"/%44)*)!#%(0"'*,:0)-"%&"&,09)/":1"+&%!2"#$)"D%-+0%!8f"&.$)-)"4,00,7%!2"/)'%.#)/V

CIRA-TR-13-0052 Rev. 0 P. 14/15

THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Nicola Paletta, Monday, September 02, 2013 05:01:31 AM

6$)"?!2%!))*%!2"