Polish Academy of Sciences Branch in Lublin The Volodymyr Dahl East-Ukrainian National University in Lugansk
TEK A
COMMISSION OF MOTORIZATION AND ENERGETICS IN AGRICULTURE
AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON MOTORIZATION, VEHICLE OPERATION, ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Vol. 12. No 2
LUBLIN – LUGANSK 2012
Editor-in-Chief: Eugeniusz Krasowski Assistant Editor: Andrzej Kusz Associate Editors
1. Motorization and vehicle operation: Kazimierz Lejda, Rzeszów, Valentin Mohyła, Lugansk 2. Mechanical engineering: Paweł Nosko, Lugańsk, Adam Dużyński, Częstochowa 3. Energy efficiency: Witold Niemieć, Rzeszów, Stepan Kovalyshyn, Lviv 4. Mathematical statistics: Andrzej Kornacki, Lublin
Andrzej Ambrozik, Kielce, Poland Dariusz Andrejko, Lublin, Poland Andrzej Baliński, Kraków, Poland Volodymyr Bulgakow, Kiev, Ukraine Karol Cupiał, Częstochowa, Poland Aleksandr Dashchenko, Odessa, Ukraine Kazimierz Dreszer, Lublin, Poland Valeriy Dubrowin, Kiev, Ukraine Valeriy Dyadychev, Lugansk, Ukraine Dariusz Dziki, Lublin, Poland Sergiey Fedorkin, Simferopol, Ukraine Jan Gliński, Lublin, Poland Jerzy Grudziński, Lublin, Poland Aleksandr Hołubenko, Lugansk, Ukraine L.P.B.M. Jonssen, Groningen, Holland Józef Kowalczuk, Lublin, Poland Elżbieta Kusińska, Lublin, Poland Janusz Laskowski, Lublin, Poland Nikołaj Lubomirski, Simferopol, Ukraine Dmytro Melnychuk, Kiev, Ukraine Maksym Melnychuk, Kiev, Ukraine Jerzy Merkisz, Poznań, Poland Ryszard Michalski, Olsztyn, Poland Aleksandr Morozov, Simferopol, Ukraine
Editorial Board
Janusz Mysłowski, Szczecin, Poland Ilia Nikolenko, Simferopol, Ukraine Gennadiy Oborski, Odessa, Ukraine Yurij Osenin, Lugansk, Ukraine Marian Panasiewicz, Lublin, Poland Sergiey Pastushenko, Mykolayiv, Ukraine Iwan Rohowski, Kiev, Ukraine Marek Rozmus, Lublin, Poland Povilas A. Sirvydas, Kaunas, Lithuania Wołodymyr Snitynskiy, Lviv, Ukraine Jerzy Sobczak, Kraków, Poland Stanisław Sosnowski, Rzeszów, Poland Ludvikas Spokas, Kaunas, Lithuania Jarosław Stryczek, Wrocław, Poland Michaił Sukach, Kiev, Ukraine Aleksandr Sydorchuk, Kiev, Poland Wojciech Tanaś, Lublin, Poland Viktor Tarasenko, Simferopol, Ukraine Giorgiy F. Tayanowski, Minsk, Bielarus Henryk Tylicki, Bydgoszcz, Poland Denis Viesturs, Ulbrok, Latvia Dmytro Voytiuk, Kiev, Ukraine Janusz Wojdalski, Warszawa, Poland Anatoliy Yakovenko, Odessa, Ukraine Tadeusz Złoto, Częstochowa, Poland
All the scientific articles received positive evaluations by independent reviewers Linguistic consultant: Małgorzata Wojcieszuk Typeset: Hanna Krasowska-Kołodziej, Robert Kryński Cover design: Hanna Krasowska-Kołodziej © Copyright by Commission of Motorization and Energetics in Agriculture 2012 © Copyright by Volodymyr Dahl East-Ukrainian National University in Lugansk 2012 Commission of Motorization and Energetics in Agriculture Wielkopolska Str. 62, 20-725 Lublin, Poland e-mail:
[email protected]
ISSN 1641-7739 Edition 200+16 vol.
Table of contents
Table of contents
Zbigniew Burski, Hanna Krasowska-Kolodziej: Verification of energy consumption modelling in a vehicle under operating conditions of a transport company
3
Daniel Bury, Waldemar Izdebski, Jacek Skudlarski, Stanisław Zając: The hierarchy of impact of technical and economic factors on farmers’ dissatisfaction with orchard sprayers
9
Anna Ciupak, Bożena Gładyszewska, Dariusz Dziki: Change in strength of tomato fruit skin during ripening process
13
Michał Cupiał, Józef Kowalski, Anna Szeląg-Sikora: Assumptions for collecting information for a module concerning a machinery park of ecological farms in GEKKO programme
19
Kazimierz Dreszer, Ryszard Grzechowiak, Tadeusz Pawłowski, Jan Szczepaniak: The possibilities of using linear models in the automation of agricultural machinery driving
27
Dariusz Dziki, Justyna Tomiło, Renata Różyło, Janusz Laskowski, Urszula Gawlik-Dziki: Influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties and grinding energy requirements of dried quince (Cydonia Oblonga Miller)
35
Dariusz Dziki, Bożena Gładyszewska, Renata Różyło, Renata Polak, Stanisław Rudy, Andrzej Krzykowski: The size reduction theories of solid foods
41
Andrzej Gazda, Zdzisław Żółkiewicz: Thermal and physical properties of some refractory layers used in lost foam technology
47
Bożena Gładyszewska: Poisson’s ratio of anisotropic biological media
53
Bożena Gładyszewska, Anna Ciupak, Dariusz Chocyk, Leszek Mościcki, Andrzej Rejak, Tomasz Oniszczuk: The anisotropic nature of the strain of biodegradable film produced from TPS starch
59
Tadeusz Głuski: Method for determining the ventilation air quantity in buildings for cattle on a base of CO2 concentration
63
Irena Izdebska-Szanda: The economical and ecological aspects of using the modified water-glass
67
330
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Waldemar Izdebski, Jacek Skudlarski, Stanislaw Zając: Hierarchy of influence of modern technical solutions used in agricultural tractors on the effectiveness of their work
73
Waldemar Izdebski, Jacek Skudlarski, Stanisław Zając: Impact of agricultural tractors advancement on productivity of selected machine units
77
Lech Jakliński, Dariusz Lodwik, Włodzimierz Malesa, Jerzy Wiktorski: The test stand calculations of the research station of sub-atmospheric pressure press with implementation of the finite element method
83
Arkadiusz Jamrozik, Wojciech Tutak: CFD Modeling of Complete Thermal Cycle of SI Engine
89
Ján Jobbágy, Ján Simoník, Marek Klimkiewicz, Roland Varga: Quality of operation of bauer rainstar 90/300 reel sprinkling machines in agrocoop imel sa agricultural company
95
Jacek Kapica: Entropy analysis of energy price movement
101
Stanisław Kokoszka: The use of production potential of vehicles on farms of different sizes
105
Andrzej Kornacki, Khachatur Kyureghyan, Szymon Ignaciuk: Application of akaike information criterion for the detection of outliers
111
Alina Kowalczyk-Juśko, Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski, Magdalena Gizińska, Janusz Zarajczyk: Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus Tuberosus L.) as renewable energy raw material
117
Anna Kowalska, Wiktoria Sobczyk: Directions of the reclamation and development of wasteland
123
Andrzej Krzykowski, Dariusz Dziki, Renata Polak, Stanisław Rudy: Influence of heating plates temperature on freeze drying energy requirements and quality of dried vegetables
129
Waldemar Kurowski: Fourier transformation – an important tool in vibroacoustic diagnostics
133
Sławomir Kurpaska, Hubert Latała, Jarosław Knaga: Energy efficiency analysis of flat and vacuum solar collector systems
143
Sławomir Kurpaska, Hubert Latała: Energy efficiency of ground heat exchangers co-operating with a compressor heat pump
151
Khachatur Kyureghyan, Wiesław Piekarski: The analysis of oil balance in crank bearing
157
Barbara Maniak, Izabela Kuna-Broniowska, Wiesław Piekarski, Marek Szmigielski, Beata Zdybel, Agnieszka Sagan: The physicochemical evaluation of oils used for frying chips in the aspect of biofuel production
163
T. Oniszczuk, A. Wójtowicz, M. Mitrus, L. Mościcki, M. Combrzyński, A. Rejak, B. Gładyszewska: Biodegradation of TPS mouldings enriched with natural fillers
171
Zenon Pirowski, Marek Kranc, Jerzy Olszyński, Andrzej Gwiżdż, Marek Gościański: Cast agricultural tools for operation in soil
179
Zenon Pirowski, Marek Kranc, Jerzy Olszyński, Andrzej Gwiżdż, Marek Gościański: Performance testing of cast agricultural tools operating in soil
183
Zenon Pirowski, Marek Kranc, Jerzy Olszyński, Andrzej Gwiżdż: Testing ADI properties when used for cast agricultural tools operating in soil
189
Andrzej Rygałło: Modelling of the robot sensor system
195
Paweł Sobczak, Kazimierz Zawiślak, Marian Panasiewicz, Jacek Mazur, Tomasz Oniszczuk: The quality of the mixing process depending on selected technical parameters
199
TABLE OF CONTENTS
331
Anna Stankiewicz: An algorithm for identification of the relaxation spectrum of viscoelastic materials from discrete-time stress relaxation noise data
203
Anna Stankiewicz: Design scheme for the stress relaxation experiment for maxwell model identification
209
Anna Stankiewicz: On determination of the relaxation spectrum of viscoelastic materials from discrete-time stress relaxation data
217
Anna Stankiewicz: On measurement point-independent identification of maxwell model of viscoelastic materials
223
Anna Szeląg-Sikora, Michał Cupiał: Production and technical potential of farms united in the selected producer group
231
Marek Szmigielski, Wiesław Piekarski, Barbara Maniak, Dariusz Andrejko, Grzegorz Zając, Andrzej Masłowski, Agnieszka Sagan, Beata Biernacka: Effect of fried dishes assortment on chosen properties of post-frying soybean oils as raw material for production of engine biofuels
237
Marek Ścibisz, Piotr Makarski: Efficiency of the generating set with synchronous generator supplied with single-phase electricity receivers
245
Georgij Tajanowskij, Wojciech Tanas, Jurij Atamanov: Modelling of the diesel engine in researches of dynamics of machine tractor units
249
Renata Walczak: Quantitative time management methods in project management
257
Piotr Wanke: In-use investigations of the changes of lubricant properties in diesel engines
263
Grzegorz Wcisło, Maciej Strzelczyk: Application of chromatography to the analysis of quality of RME type biofuels obtained from pure, fresh rapeseed oil and from the waste (previously fried) oil of the same origin
269
Tadeusz Zloto, Konrad Kowalski: Oil pressure distribution in conical ring gaps
273
Tadeusz Zloto, Konrad Kowalski: Pressure distributions in oil film in the front gap of a hydrostatic thrust bearing
279
Tadeusz Zloto, Damian Sochacki: Impact of exploitation parameters on the hydrostatic relief of the cylinder block in an axial piston pump
285
Tadeusz Zloto, Piotr Stryjewski: Load of the kinematic pair piston-cylinder block in an axial piston pump
291
Andrzej Baliński: Effect of thermal conditioning of silica-sodium glass on the kinetics of zeta potential changes during soluble sodium silicate gelation
297
Ryszard Kulig, Stanisław Skonecki, Grzegorz Łysiak: The effect of binder addition on the parameters of compacted poplar wood sawdust
303
Józef Kowalczuk, Janusz Zarajczyk, Paweł Sobczak, Jacek Mazur, Stanisław Rudy, Dariusz Cycan, Mirosław Winiarczyk, Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak, Katarzyna Zalewska: The usefulness of briquettes and pellets from selected plant materials for energy purposes
311
Sławomir Kurpaska, Hubert Latała: Analysis of the influence of variable insulating power of a storing tank on energy effects in the conversion system of solar radiation
315
Boris Pasaman and Viktor Zakharchuk: The Determination of the Parameters of a Ploughshare-Rotor Potato Digger
323
List of the Reviewevs
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
Andrzej Ambrozik Vołodymyr Didukh Vasil Dmytriv Kazimierz Dreszer Dariusz Dziki Mieczysław Dziubiński Krzysztof Gołacki Jerzy Grudziński Oleg Kalakhan Agnieszka Kaleta Mykoła Kohut Stanisław Kokoszka Adam Koniuszy Józef Kowalczuk Sławomir Kurpaska Elżbieta Kusińska Andrzej Kusz
18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
Dmytro Kuzenko Kazimierz Lejda Ryszard Lewkowicz Andrzej Marciniak Andrzej Marczuk Jerzy Merkisz Leszek Mościcki Janusz Mysłowski Taras Shchur Stanisław Sosnowski Georgij Tajanowski Wojciech Tanaś Małgorzata Trojanowska Janusz Wojdalski Tadeusz Złoto Daniela Żak
Ján Jobbágy, Ján Simoník, Marek Klimkiewicz, Roland Varga
TEKA. COMMISSION OF MOTORIZATION AND ENERGETICS IN AGRICULTURE – 2012, Vol. 12, No. 2, 95–99
Quality of operation of bauer rainstar 90/300 reel sprinkling machines in agrocoop imel sa agricultural company Ján Jobbágy*, Ján Simoník*, Marek Klimkiewicz**, Roland Varga* *Faculty of Engineering Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia **Faculty of Production Engineering Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
S u m m a r y. The paper aimed at evaluation of the results of sprinkling uniformity measurements for four reel Bauer Rainstar 90/300 sprinkling machines, realized during three years on the lands of agricultural company Agrocoop, ImeĐ. The sprinkling rate uniformity was evaluated with the use of general indexes for irrigation technique work quality. Value of the uniformity coefficient was determined according to STN ISO 7749-2 Standard. There were used from 30 to 70 measuring cups, spaced by 1 to 2 m. Particular sprinkling rate values ranged from 0.41 mm to 49.16 mm, while average values ranged from 15.19 to 31.60 mm. Satisfactory values of sprinkling uniformity coefficients CU according to Frielinghaus and RĤžiþka criterion (more than 70 %) were obtained for three sprinkling machines during sprinkling without overlapping (CUZ1=72.72%, CUZ3=73.32%, CUZ4=73.23%). The requirements of Klement and Heinige criterion (CU more than 80%) were satisfied for three sprinkling machines (Z1, Z2, Z4), only when overlapping was introduced. None of the investigated sprinkling machines satisfied the requirements of STN ISO 7749-2 Standard (CU above 90%), even when overlapping was applied. The lowest value of variance coefficient was found for sprinkling machine Z3 (33.29 %), while the highest value for sprinkling machine Z2 (41.31 %); the sprinkling overlapping was found as an effective factor. K e y w o r d s : quality of operation, sprinkling, coefficient of sprinkling uniformity CU.
INTRODUCTION Setting of sprinkling rate values is the first step towards determination of sprinkling uniformity. Therefore, the well-known methods are used that are common in the evaluation of operational quality of irrigation technology. The applied measuring methods depend on kind of devices used: sprinkling machines with spaced sprinklers, machines with hoses of wide pivot angle or sprinkling machines with reel devices [9,4].
Sprinkling was executed upon decrease in the actual soil moisture content under conditions of hydrolimit value and reduced access to water. Such conditions call not only for soil moisture monitoring but also for controlling of tractors’ traction properties in the field [17,19,15,2,78]. During sprinkling, the reel sprinkling machines with sprinklers move continuously along the field. In practice, the sprinkling rate measured on elementary surfaces does not consider the effect of other input factors (sprinkler model, jet diameter, water pressure, sprinkle sector, speed of movement, spacing of sprinklers) [9]. The sprinkling quality is regarded from the viewpoint of correct intensity and uniformity. The sprinkling intensity means the water amount in mm supplied in time unit. The sprinkling uniformity depends on the correct functioning of sprinklers and, particularly, on correct selection of sprinkler jet, water pressure in the flow line and appropriate selection of spacing and reach of the next sprinkler position [11].
PURPOSE AND METHODS The aim of the presented paper was to evaluate the results of sprinkling uniformity measurements for four Bauer Rainstar 90/300 reel sprinkling machines Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4. The practical measurements were executed during three years in the agricultural company Agrocoop a.s., ImeĐ, situated in the southest Slovakia in Komárno region, with rather flat fields of slope ranging from 0 - 2°. The company uses 30 reel sprinkling machines of model Bauer Rainstar 90/300 (Fig.1); four of them were randomly selected.
96
JÁN JOBBÁGY, JÁN SIMONÍK, MAREK KLIMKIEWICZ, ROLAND VARGA
Specifications Hose diameter and length 90 mm / 300 m Maximal belt length 340 m Flow rate 17 – 65 m3.h-1 Connecting pressure 0,35 – 1 MPa Jet size 16 – 30 mm Weight with hose and water 3270 kg Weight with hose and without water 1850 kg Total length with stand 5350 mm Maximal width at greatest spacing 2050 mm Total height 3060 mm
and after irrigation (irrigation at the end of irrigation after the stop of stand movement). The irrigation rate, or more precisely the winding speed, can be adjusted during sprinkling to obtain the so called variable sprinkling rate within one pass of machine.
The sprinkling machine was equipped with the sprinkler SR-101 of jet diameter 20 mm. The sprinkling machine was controlled with microcomputer Ecostar 4000. The sprinkling uniformity evaluation was carried out on a parcel of land with potato crop.
(1)
• • • • • • • • • •
The most advanced method for sprinkling uniformity evaluation involves application of uniformity coefficient CU, according to CHRISTIANSEN (1942) in [18]: n ⎡ hi − hm ∑ ⎢ CU = 100. ⎢1 − i =1 n.hm ⎢ ⎢⎣
⎤ ⎥ ⎥, ⎥ ⎥⎦
where: hi – rainfall height on elementary surfaces (mm), hm – average rainfall height on the examined surface (mm), n – number of elementary surfaces making up the sprinkled surface, equal in size (pc), n
∑ h −h i
m
– absolute sum of variance of average
i =1
rainfall. Measurements of sprinkling uniformity is evaluated according to STN ISO 7749-2 Standard for the reel sprinkling machines and must be performed on a flat ground (maximal gradient 1%). The winding velocity cannot exceed 1.5 m.s-1 during investigations; overlapping values of 4, 8 and 16 m are applied in determination of the uniformity coefficient CU (%).
Fig. 1. Sprinkling machine Bauer Rainstar 90/300 TX Plus Ecostar 4000 with sprinkler SR101
The sprinkling equipment was controlled with buttons on the panel. The system was equipped with sprinkling belt length detector, electronic panel, winding speed detector, solar collector and detector of electric energy source connector. Ecostar 4000 has four lines’ display and it shows the settings of machine working parameters. They are: winding speed, time to the end of sprinkling, length of the moved out hose, prior irrigation (irrigation at the beginning before the start of stand movement)
Fig. 2. Spacing of measuring cups in one radius, position of irrigators (rainfall cups, sprinkler, sprinkler movement direction)
QUALITY OF OPERATION OF BAUER RAINSTAR 90/300 REEL SPRINKLING MACHINES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The layout of practical measurements is presented in Fig. 2, while the input values for work quality evaluation of the selected reel sprinkling machines together with calculated values of uniformity coefficient according to Christiansen CU are listed in Table 1. As it is evident from the results, the highest value was found for the reel sprinkling machine Z3 and the lowest one for the machine Z2. Many experiments aimed at investigating the connection between irrigation irregularity and crop. [1,12] independently came to conclusion that plants were equal with respect to sprinkling irregularity. Frielinghaus [3] confirmed it and found the Christiansen uniformity coefficient value equal to 70% as satisfactory one. The measurement accuracy is negatively affected by wind activity, pressure variation in the distributing main and the like [20].
97
values of outer cups rainfall increase after application of overlapping and so does the uniformity coefficient value. RĤžiþka [1996] found out that sprinkling uniformity is maintained at sprinkling uniformity coefficient of 70%. [6] consider the value CU = 80 % as good uniformity, while TNV 754307 Standard recommends the uniformity coefficient value according to Christiansen as CU = 90 % for cross uniformity. The Standard recommends also that 80 % of surface should be sprinkled within the range from 0.85 to 1.15 of the average rate at wind velocity of 2 m.s-1. Klementová and Heinig [6] requirements were achieved only after the introduction of overlapping and only for three sprinkling machines; the recommendations of TNV 754307 Standard [16] (CU higher than 90%) were failed without and with application of overlapping. Ta b l e 2 . Sprinkling uniformity with overlapping, Bauer Rainstar 90/300
Ta b l e 1 . Sprinkling uniformity, overlapping = 0
Serial number
Overlapping, m
Sprinkling uniformity CU, % Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
1
0
72.72
67.57
73.32
73.23
72.72
2
4
76.79
74.06
76.27
83.50
1450.10
67.57
3
8
83.68
81.89
73.45
88.39
7082
725.36
73.32
4
16
84.15
83.04
71.32
83.89
9256
948.03
73.23
Sprinkling machine
Cups spacing, m
Aver. Vi, mm
Sum Vi, ml
Sum Vi, mm
CU, %
Z1
1
15.19
10383
1063.46
Z2
1
23.77
14158
Z3
2
24.18
Z4
2
31.60
It was found out that 75% of investigated sprinkling machines achieved the satisfactory uniformity. Therefore, there is a need for further investigations to determine the ways for increasing the uniformity coefficient CU. One of them is overlapping with the next sprinkling belt, for example. The values of sprinkling uniformity coefficient CU at covering of 4, 8 and 16 m are presented in Table 2 together with work quality performance according to Frielinghaus. The CU values increased at the increased overlapping for sprinkling machines Z1, Z2 and Z4, while for Z3 it increased only for overlapping value of 4 m, and then decreased at bigger overlapping values. The minimal
One of the first researchers who began to evaluate the sprinkling uniformity was [13]; he followed the rule in sprinkling uniformity evaluation that the maximal intensity of sprinkling should not exceed the double value of minimal one, with the exception of outside zone. He developed isograms (the lines like rainfall heights) on the basis of rainfall heights measurements in the rainfall cups, and he evaluated visually the uniformity as very good, good, satisfactory and bad [9]. The descriptive statistics was introduced to Table 3 for the investigated sprinkling machines Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4. The average irrigation rate was not equal, but it ranged from 15.19 to 31.60 mm. The measuring cups
Ta b l e 3 . Descriptive statistics, measurements 2010, sprinkling machine 1, Bauer Rainstar 90/300 Value Parameter
Sprinkling machine 1
Sprinkling machine 2
Sprinkling machine 3
Sprinkling machine 4
Average value, mm
15.19
23.77
24.18
31.60
Divergence max – min, mm
23.15
37.69
31.75
48.34
Minimum, mm
1.84
0.41
7.17
0.82
Maximum, mm
24.99
38.10
38.92
49.16
Sum, mm
1063.46
1450.10
725.36
948.03
Number, pc.
70
61
30
30
Level of reliability (95.0%)
1.3
2.51
3.01
4.35
Variance coefficient, %
35.94
41.31
33.29
36.84
98
JÁN JOBBÁGY, JÁN SIMONÍK, MAREK KLIMKIEWICZ, ROLAND VARGA
number amounted to 30, 61 or 70 pc.. Values of particular irrigation rates ranged from 0.41 mm to 49.16 mm. The lowest value of variance coefficient was found for sprinkling machine Z3 (33.29 %) and the highest one for sprinkling machine Z2 (41.31 %). The graphical evaluation of results for particular reel sprinkling machines Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 is presented in Fig. 3. 30,00
Irrigation rate, mm
25,00 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00
Z1
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Number of Cup, -
CONCLUSIONS The presented article was focused on the work quality evaluation of four reel sprinkling machines in agricultural company Agrocoop ImeĐ, a.s. The method of Christiansen (STN ISO 7749-2 [14]. Standard, 1999) was applied for evaluation. Its value is affected by a series of external factors like: the shape of sprinkling curve, spacing and the wind effect. One can find on the basis of [10,3] recommendations (the sprinkling uniformity coefficient value over 70 %), that the three reel sprinkling machines met the conditions. The requirements were fulfilled with application of overlapping for all the examined reel sprinkling machines. However, the use of overlapping is effective only to a limited degree, because an increase in overlapping decreases the effective output of reel sprinkling machines. As a result, the time and economic items increase; this may point out at the need for optimization of effective spacing of the sprinklers.
45,00
REFERENCES
Irrigation rate, mm
40,00 35,00
1.
30,00 25,00 20,00 15,00 10,00
2.
5,00 0,00
Z2
1
4
7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 Number of Cup, -
45,00
Irrigation rate, mm
40,00
3.
35,00 30,00 25,00 20,00
4.
15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00
Z3
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
Number of Cup, -
5.
60,00
6.
Irrigation rate, mm
50,00 40,00 30,00
7.
20,00 10,00
8.
0,00
Z4
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
Number of Cup, -
Fig. 3. Irrigation rate, overlapping 0, sprinkling machines Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4
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QUALITY OF OPERATION OF BAUER RAINSTAR 90/300 REEL SPRINKLING MACHINES 9.
10.
11. 12.
13.
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15.
16. 17.
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The paper was prepared within a frame of scientific research project VEGA 1/0407/11”Research of the effectiveness of arable crops with the support of spatially differentiated irrigation”solved in Department of Machines and Production Systems, SPU in Nitra in 2011-2012. OCENA JAKOĝCI PRACY DESZCZOWNI SZPULOWEJ BAUER RAINSTAR 90/300 W PRZEDSIĉBIORSTWIE ROLNICZYM AGROCOOP IMEL SA
S t r e s z c z e n i e . Celem badaĔ byáo przeprowadzenie analizy równomiernoĞci opadu deszczowni szpulowych Bauer Rainstar 90/300. Pomiary równomiernoĞci opadu przeprowadzono na polach uprawnych przedsiĊbiorstwa rolniczego Agrocoop, Imel SA na Sáowacji. Badania prowadzono w ciągu 3 sezonów agrotechnicznych. Obiektem badaĔ byáy cztery deszczownie szpulowe Z1, Z2, Z3, i Z4. Wspóáczynnik równomiernoĞci opadu byá okreĞlany wedáug normy STN ISO 7749-2. Liczba uĪywanych kubków pomiarowych, które rozstawiano w odlegáoĞci do 1 do 2 m, wynosiáa od 30 do 70. WartoĞci poszczególnych Ğrednich dawek polewowych byáy w zakresie od 15,19 do 31,60 mm. Zadawalające wartoĞci wspóáczynników równomiernoĞci opadu wedáug kryterium Frielinghausa i RĤžiþki (CU powyĪej 70%) uzyskano dla trzech deszczowni przy deszczowaniu bez zakáadu (CUZ1 = 72,72%, CUZ3 = 73,32% i CuZ4 = 73,23%). Wymagania wedáug kryterium Klementovej i Heiniga (wartoĞü wspóáczynnika CU powyĪej 80% CU) speánione byáy dopiero po zastosowaniu zakáadów i to tylko w przypadku trzech deszczowni Z1, Z2 i Z4. Wymaganiom wedáug normy STN ISO 7749-2, wedáug której wspóáczynnik równomiernoĞci opadu powinien mieü wartoĞü powyĪej 90%, nie odpowiadaáy wartoĞci CU uzyskane dla Īadnej z badanych deszczowni, nawet po zastosowaniu zakáadów. NajniĪszą wartoĞü wspóáczynnika wariancji uzyskano dla deszczowni Z3 - 33,29%, a najwyĪszą wartoĞü dla deszczowni Z2 – 41,31%. S á o w a k l u c z o w e : jakoĞü pracy deszczowni, deszczowanie, wspóáczynnik równomiernoĞci opadu CU.
