Kristen Satya Wacana (UKSW) as a field intensive experience that would bring ...... Available at http://repository.library.uksw.edu/handle/123456789/1315.
An Update on Factors Affecting Agricultural Production of Small-Holder Rice Farmers, Desa Linamnutu, TTS, NTT, Indonesia
Eastern Indonesian Field Intensive 2016
EIFI 2016 Report
Report citation: Wurm P.A.S., Markus J.E.R, Evans K., Narayan M., Bunga W., Riwu Kaho N., Nampa W and Myers B.A.M. (2017). An update on factors affecting agricultural production of small-holder rice farmers, Desa Linamnutu, TTS, NTT: Eastern Indonesia Field Intensive 2016. Unpublished report, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia and Univesitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia.
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Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Acronyms and abreviations .................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 History of EIFI as a collaboration ....................................................................................................................... 7 Context of agricultural systems for NTT and TTS ............................................................................................... 7 History and context for rice growing at Linamnutu and summary of previous EIFI findings ............................. 8 Aims and objectives of the project and this report ........................................................................................... 8 2. Methods.............................................................................................................................................................. 9 Site description .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Data collection ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Interviews and focus groups ....................................................................................................................... 10 Condition of irrigation infrastructure .......................................................................................................... 11 3. Results .............................................................................................................................................................. 12 3.1 Farming practices and agricultural production .......................................................................................... 12 3.2 Pest Problems ............................................................................................................................................ 14 Types of pests ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Pest control ................................................................................................................................................. 17 3.3 Sources of Information .............................................................................................................................. 21 Farmers Groups ........................................................................................................................................... 22 P3A .............................................................................................................................................................. 22 NGOs ........................................................................................................................................................... 23 Agriculture supply shops ............................................................................................................................. 24 Tyes of information accessed ...................................................................................................................... 24 Problems in Accessing Information ............................................................................................................. 25 Potential application of spatial analysis for planning extension services ................................................... 25 3.4 Irrigation infrastructure issues ................................................................................................................... 27 4. Discussion ......................................................................................................................................................... 35 5. Recommendations ............................................................................................................................................ 36 5. References ........................................................................................................................................................ 37 APPENDIX 1: EIFI 2016 QUESTIONNAIRES ............................................................................................................ 39 Introduction to the activity (explanation to interviewees) .............................................................................. 40 Asking for consent for all people being interviewed ....................................................................................... 41 Interview questions ......................................................................................................................................... 42 Kepala Desa: ................................................................................................................................................ 42 Head of farmer groups ................................................................................................................................ 43 Extension officer ......................................................................................................................................... 43 Store owner................................................................................................................................................. 43 Householder ................................................................................................................................................ 43 NGOs ........................................................................................................................................................... 46
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Acknowledgements Report authors: Jenny Markus, Wida Bunga, Norman Riwu Kaho and Wayan Nampa were staff members at Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang at the time of this study. Penelope A.S. Wurm, Kenneth Evans, Monishka Narayan and Bronwyn A. Myers (deceased) were staff members at CDU at the time of this study. Associate Professor Myers sadly passed away during the preparation of this report. We acknowledge her leadership during the entire EIFI program, from its development through to its implementation. Linamnutu Village leadership and community: We sincerely thank the Desa Linamnutu community for their hospitality, and their support of our ongoing engagement with the village since 2009. The EIFI team has been taught so much from the many discussions and interviews on the benefits and challenges of rice farming. We hope that our efforts in asking questions and presenting our findings has in some small way also been of benefit and use to the village community. This is our primary concern. In 2016, we visited during a transition between Kepela Desa appointments, and thank Pak Mateos Tse in particular for supporting and allowing our visit in June 2016. We also thank Pak Mateos for his generous invitation to attend the ceremony to mark the first 12 months of the new weir. BAPPEDA-TTS: We thank BAPPEDA TTS (Timor Tengah Selatan District Planning Board) for hosting our final seminar in So’E offices, and for taking part in the discussion afterwards. EIFI student researchers: We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the capable and motivated course-work students from Universitas Nusa Cendana and Charles Darwin University, who provided research support as interviewers, translators, field data collectors, data managers, data interpreters and final seminar writers and presenters. Their comments, questions, insights and commitment to the field work made this project possible. • •
UNDANA: Uria Atolo, Charles Banani, Agrilis Iraina Labuh, Qrezpy Pariamalinya, Fatrisia Anita Sapala, (Faculty of Agriculture) and Ignatia E. Manek and Asti Alita Malelak (Faculty of Public Health). CDU: Janine Abecia, Bijmoon Tamanna, Jigme Tshering (Master of Environmental Management), Roojan Bista (Bachelor of Environmental Science) and James Miller (Bachelor of Engineering).
UNDANA staff (other than authors): Professor Heri Lalel (International Office and BIOSAINS Director) led the UNDANA team in negotiation with the village leadership and other logistics and planning before the field trip. Pak Heri’s understanding of the research and educational goals of EIFI, attention to detail and overall professionalism meant the field trip ran like clockwork. Mr Utma Aspatria (Faculty of Public Health) provided coordination and logistic support for the team during field work. Pak Utma and Ibu Jenny led a team of UNDANA students and graduates who cooked nutritious and delicious meals three times per day for the field team – this was no small task. The program would not have been possible without this support. Project staff (other than authors): Ms Jaqualine Lakilaf and Ms Arny Boimau were appointed by CDU as free-lance translators and cultural guides during the field work. We thank them for their commitment and professional contributions to the EIFI program since 2009. Their work is central to the EIFI program.
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Funding sources: Both participating universities provided in-kind and cash support for the running of EIFI 2016. In addition, CDU staff would like to acknowledge a small project grant from the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre http://www.pbcrc.com.au/ (PB CRC Project 4140 Knowledge transfer and uptake of new practices for pest management in irrigated rice) that supported CDU staff travel to and EIFI travel within west Timor and some EIFI field costs. The Australian Government provided one New Colombo Plan Scholarship for an eligible CDU student to participate.
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Acronyms and abreviations Abreviation
Term in full
AIIRA
Australia Indonesia Infrastructure Award
BAPEDDA
Planning Office
CDU
Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
EIFI
Eastern Indonesian Field Intensive (collaborative education and research program)
FGD
Focus group discussion
GP3A
Association of Water User Groups (Gabungan Perkumpulan Petani Permakaian Air)
HHI
Household interview
KII
Key informant interview
NTT
Eastern Indonesian Province (Nusa Tenggara Timur)
ODK
Open Data Kit freeware; Universty of Washington (n.d.)
P3A
Water User Groups (Perkumpulan Petani Permakaian Air)
RT
Rumah tetangga (Community solidarity unit)
RW
Rukun warga (neighbour solidarity unit)
SRI
System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
TTS
South Central Timor District (Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan)
UGM
Gadjah Mada University (Universitas Gadjah Mada), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
UKSW
Satya Wacana Christian University (Universitas Kristen Sataya Wacana), Salatiga, Indonesia
UNDANA
Nusa Cendana University (Universitas Nusa Cendana), Kupang, Indonesia
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1. Introduction History of EIFI as a collaboration The Eastern Indonesian Field Intensive (EIFI), was conceived in 2003 by colleagues from Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (UKSW) as a field intensive experience that would bring together staff and students from Australia and Indonesia, to learn together and about each other, and about real problems facing rural communities in eastern Indonesia (Wurm et al. 2007). A series of curriculum workshops were held among staff from UKSW, UNDANA and CDU between 2006 and 2009. We decided on certain principles, which included a focus on cultural as well as technical skills, and that language skills (i.e. proficiency in English for Indonesian students or in Indonesian for Australian students) were not to be a barrier to participation. As educators we aimed to produce graduates who understood real-world problems in the region. UNDANA staff originally proposed Desa Linamnutu as the study site, as it represented a community facing the challenges of using a new technology – large scale irrigation infrastructure for small-holder rice farming. EIFI 1 was held in December 2009 (Myers et al. 2010; Myers et al. 2012), EIFI 2 in July 2011 (Harkness 2012) and EIFI 3 in July 2014 (Myers et al. 2014). In 2011 and 2014 staff and students from Universitas Gadjah Mada joined the EIFI program. In 2016, only CDU and UNDANA participated in EIFI 4. During this long association with Desa Linamnutu we have developed a mutually beneficial and valued relationship with the village. For the participating staff and students, EIFI has often been described as a transformative, unique learning experience. We were delighted in 2016 to receive feed-back indicating it has also been beneficial to the village. Pak Mateos Tse is a former Kepala Desa with whom the first EIFI was negotiated. He explained that the act of EIFI researchers asking questions has encouraged the village community and leadership to reflect on how they do things, and has promoted change in the way things are done (e.g. organisation of water user groups). Pak Jack Longo, a member of the village administration team and EIFI participant since 2009, also explained that our presentations of preliminary findings on each field trip are useful. He indicated the 2016 presentations of preliminary findings will be used to assist with village planning. We were also fortunate to speak with a former staff member of CARE Indonesia who works in Desa Linamnutu. They indicated that EIFI seminars and technical reports have informed their project planning. These indications of the usefulness of the EIFI collaboration are why we keep undertaking the work.
Context of agricultural systems for NTT and TTS NTT is one of the poorest provinces in Indonesia. The majority (80%) of the population of NTT lives in rural areas and livelihoods are largely dependent on agriculture. Health in NTT is generally poor: high incidence of malaria, high infant mortality rate (54/1000 compared with 44/1000 nationally), and child mortality averaging 39% and reaching 50% in some areas (Muslimatun 2009). Food availability is a challenge and famine is a frequent occurrence. Water is a major limitation to land productivity in west Timor, where there is an annual dry season of six to eight months (usually April to November). West Timor’s soils are derived from marine sediments and are generally of low fertility. The topography is mountainous, with some peaks above 2000m. Annual rainfall varies with topography from over 1500mm in the highlands to less than 800mm in the coastal areas (Kieft 2001).
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History and context for rice growing at Linamnutu and summary of previous EIFI findings A weir was constructed in the Noelmina River in 2004 to eventually supply irrigation water to Bena I (Linamnutu village) and Bena II (Bena village) irrigation areas. It is the longest weir in Indonesia, spanning a wide, gravel-filled, braided stream-bed. The weir was destroyed by floods in December 2012 and has since been reconstructed, and reopened in July 2015. Prior to the development of this irrigation scheme, there was some irrigated rice production supplied by small earthen channels directly from the river. By contrast, the current system of irrigation infrastructure has supplied irrigation water to 570 ha of paddy fields in Linamnutu village since 2005 and to about 2800 ha in Bena village since 2015. Most rice farmers in Linamnutu own
