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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76458-2 - Angels, Demons and the New World Edited by Fernando Cervantes and Andrew Redden Frontmatter More information

ANGELS, DEMONS AND THE NEW WORLD When European notions about angels and demons were exported to the New World, they underwent remarkable adaptations. Angels and demons came to form an integral part of the Spanish American cosmology, leading to the emergence of colonial urban and rural landscapes set within a strikingly theological framework. Belief in celestial and demonic spirits soon regulated and affected the daily lives of Spanish, Indigenous, and Mestizo peoples, while missionary networks circulated these practices to create a widespread and generally accepted system of belief that flourished in seventeenthcentury Baroque culture and spirituality. This study of angels and demons opens a particularly illuminating window onto intellectual and cultural developments in the centuries that followed the European encounter with America. The volume will be of interest to scholars and students of religious studies, anthropology of religion, history of ideas, Latin American colonial history and church history. f er n a n do ce rv a n t es is Reader in History at the University of Bristol. He is the author of The Devil in the New World: The Impact of Diabolism in New Spain (1994). and re w redd en is Lecturer in Latin American History at the University of Liverpool. He is author of Diabolism in Colonial Peru, 1560–1750 (2008).

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ANGELS, DEMONS AND THE NEW WORLD edi t ed by FERNANDO CERVANTES AND ANDREW REDDEN


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cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Saõ Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521764582 # Cambridge University Press 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2013 Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by the MPG Books Group A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Angels, demons and the new world / edited by Fernando Cervantes and Andrew Redden. pages cm isbn 978-0-521-76458-2 (Hardback) 1. Angels. 2. Demonology. 3. Latin America–Religion. I. Cervantes, Fernando, editor of compilation. II. Redden, Andrew, editor of compilation. bl477.a524 2012 2020 .1509–dc23 2012016902 isbn 978-0-521-76458-2 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.


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In memory of Michael P. Costeloe


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Contents

List of illustrations Notes on contributors

page ix xi

Introduction

1

Fernando Cervantes and Andrew Redden PART I

from the old world to the new

1 The devil in the Old World: anti-superstition literature, medical humanism and preternatural philosophy in early modern Spain

15

Andrew Keitt

2 Demonios within and without: Hieronymites and the devil in the early modern Hispanic world

40

Kenneth Mills

3 How to see angels: the legacy of early Mendicant spirituality

69

Fernando Cervantes PART II

indigenous responses

4 Satan is my nickname: demonic and angelic interventions in colonial Nahuatl theatre

101

Louise M. Burkhart

5 Where did all the angels go? An interpretation of the Nahua supernatural world

126

Caterina Pizzigoni

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Contents

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6 Vipers under the altar cloths: satanic and angelic forms in seventeenth-century New Granada

146

Andrew Redden PART III

7

the world of the baroque

Angels and demons in the conquest of Peru

171

Ramoń Mujica Pinilla

8

Winged and imagined Indians

211

Jaime Cuadriello

9 ‘Psychomachia Indiana’: angels, devils and holy images in New Spain

249

David Brading

List of works cited Index


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Illustrations

Figure 5.1 Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3 Figure 7.4 Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Map: Valley of Toluca (Mexico). page 128 Angel of the Apocalypse (Arequipa, eighteenth century). Anonymous painting based on an engraving by Juan de Jaúregui (1583–1641) which illustrates Luis de Alca´zar’s Commentary on the Apocalypse. Private collection, Lima, Peru. 184 Esriel Ausilium [Auxilium] Dei (Esriel, Help of God). Anonymous painting, typical of the Andean harquebus-bearing angels of the last third of the seventeenth century. Private collection, Lima, Peru. 186 St Bartholomew and beast with lion’s claws. Anonymous, eighteenth century. Image reproduced courtesy of the Barbosa Stern Collection, Lima, Peru. 190 The Reign of the Antichrist. Anonymous, 1739. Iglesia de Caquiaviri, La Paz, Bolivia. 194 The Ship of Christ under assault from the hordes of Satan. Allegorical painting by Melchor Pe´rez de Holguıń (Cochabamba, 1660–1732), painted for the church of San Lorenzo de Potosı´, Bolivia. 200 Line drawing by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Corońica Nueva y Buen Gobierno, fol. 694[708] depicting a ‘poor Indian’ on his knees, pleading mercy in the face of six threatening animals which are about to devour him alive. 203 Line drawing by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Corońica Nueva y Buen Gobierno, fol. 302[304] depicting a prisoner locked in a cave inhabited by dangerous animals. 204 The devil in the form of a mastiff attacking St Rose of Lima (1586–1617). Anonymous, eighteenth century. Monasterio de Santa Rosa de Santa Marıá, Lima, Peru. 205 ix


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List of illustrations

Figure 7.9

Allegory of the Church. Anonymous, eighteenth century. Image reproduced courtesy of the Barbosa Stern Collection, Lima, Peru. Figure 8.1 The fourth apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe to Juan Diego. Anonymous seventeenth-century painting. Museo de la Bası´lica de Guadalupe, Mexico City. Figure 8.2 Portrait of Fray Pedro de Gante as a catechist. Anonymous eighteenth-century painting. Museo Nacional de Historia, INAH, Mexico City. Figure 8.3 The boy martyrs of Tlaxcala. Anonymous eighteenthcentury mural in the entrance to the convent of Ozumba, Estado de Me´xico. Figure 8.4 A friar hears the confession of an indigenous cacique. Anonymous sixteenth-century mural in the convent of Tlaquiltenango, Morelos. Figure 8.5 The Tree of Redemption in the Republic of the Indians. Engraving detail from the Rethorica Cristiana [1579] by Diego Valade´s. Figure 8.6 The apparition of the portrait of Saint Dominic to the Beatus of Soriano. Early seventeenth-century painting by Luis Jua´rez. Museo Casa de la Bola, Mexico City. Figure 8.7 Anonymous seventeenth-century ‘True portrait of the servant of God, Juan Diego’. Museo de la Bası´lica de Guadalupe, Mexico City. Figure 8.8 San Miguel del Milagro [Saint Michael of the Miracle]. Seventeenth-century painting by Jose´ de Nava. Coleccioń Jaime Cuadriello. Figure 8.9 The apparition of the image of the Virgin de los Remedios to Don Juan Tovar by Miguel Cabrera (1695–1768). Templo de Beleń de la Huertas, Mexico City. Figure 8.10 Fray Pedro de Gante and Our Lady of Los Remedios. Anonymous eighteenth-century painting. Museo Nacional de Historia, INAH, Mexico City. Figure 8.11 Our Lady of Tecaxic. Anonymous sixteenth-century painting. Museo de la Bası´lica de Guadalupe, Mexico City. Figure 8.12 The miracle of the Virgin of Ocotlań by Manuel Caro (1781). Sacristy of the Basilica of Ocotlań, Tlaxcala. Figure 8.13 Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos and her four miracles. Anonymous eighteenth-century painting. Private collection, Guadalajara.


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234 236 237

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Contributors

david brading is Professor Emeritus of Latin American History at the University of Cambridge. His many books include Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico (1971), Haciendas and Ranchos in the Mexican Bajıó (1979), Prophecy and Myth in Mexican History (1984), The Origins of Mexican Nationalism (1985), The First America (1991), Church and State in Bourbon Mexico (1995) and Mexican Phoenix (2000). louise m. burkhart is Professor of Anthropology at the University at Albany, State University of New York. She is the author of The Slippery Earth: Nahua-Christian Moral Dialogue in Sixteenth-Century Mexico (1987), Holy Wednesday: A Nahua Drama from Early Colonial Mexico (1996) and Before Guadalupe: The Virgin Mary in Early Colonial Nahuatl Literature (2001). She is co-editor, with Barry D. Sell, of a four-volume set on Nahuatl theatre. fernando cervantes is Reader in History at the University of Bristol. His publications include The Devil in the New World: The Impact of Diabolism in New Spain (1994) and Spiritual Encounters: Interactions between Christianity and Native Religions in Colonial America (1999), co-edited with Nicholas Griffiths. jaime cuadriello is a member of the Instituto de Investigaciones Este´ticas and Professor of Art History at the Universidad Nacional Autońoma de Me´xico. Among his many books is The Glories of the Republic of Tlaxcala: Art and Life in Viceregal Mexico (2011). andrew keitt is Associate Professor of History at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He is the author of Inventing the Sacred: Imposture, Inquisition, and the Boundaries of the Supernatural in Golden Age Spain (2005).

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Notes on contributors

kenneth mills is Professor of History and Director of Latin American Studies at the University of Toronto. He is the author of Idolatry and Its Enemies (1997). Colonial Spanish America (1998) and Colonial Latin America: A Documentary History (2002) were both co-edited with William B. Taylor and Sandra Lauderdale Graham. Conversion: Old Worlds and New (2003) and Conversion in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (2003) were both co-edited with Anthony Grafton. ramo´ n mujica pinilla is a Fellow of the Academia Nacional de Historia del Peru´. His many publications include El collar de la paloma del alma: Amor sagrado y amor profano en la ensenãnza de Ibn Hazm de Co´rdoba y de Ibn Arabi de Murcia (1990), Ángeles apoćrifos en la Ame´rica virreinal (1996), Rosa limensis: Mı´stica, polı´tica e iconografıá en torno a la patrona de Ame´rica (2001) and, as editor, El Barroco Peruano, 2 vols. (2002–3). caterina pizzigoni is Assistant Professor of History at Columbia University, New York. Her recent publications include Testaments of Toluca (2007). andrew redden is Lecturer in Latin American History at the University of Liverpool. He is the author of Diabolism in Colonial Peru, 1560–1750 (2008).


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