Annual Congress

The Proceedings of the 54th Annual Congress of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (Kano, 2017)

The

Proceedings of the th

54

Annual Congress of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (Kano, 2017)

i


© Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, 2017

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieved system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the owner.

ISSN: 9331-3020

Printed by:

Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Tel: +234-8065949711 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.abupress.org

ii


Contents Editorial Team …………………………………………………………………………………………...vii Chairman’s Speech……………………………………………………………………………………….viii President’s Speech………………………………………………………………………………………….x

A Survey of Veterinary Students for Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices about Tuberculosis Agada , C. A. and Imenger, O……………………………………………………………….1 Interrelationships Between Body Weight And Linear Body Measurements In Napri-X Strain Of Commercial Broiler Ahmed, I.A., Adeyinka, I.A., Akpa, G.N., Kabir, M., Abubakar, I., Yakubu, J.M, Abdullahi. A., Dayyabu, B. I………………………………………………..8 Interrelationships Between Body Weight And Conformation Traits In Ross Commercial Broiler Strain Ahmed, I.A., Adeyinka, I.A., Akpa, G.N., Kabir, M., Abubakar, I., Abubakar, M.M., Ibrahim, S., Kakudi, I.A……………………………………………….14 Peri-Partum Udder Morphomet Ry And Sonography Of Teat And Milk Cistern Diameter In Sahel Does Alkali, M. I. Mohammed, F. H., Thomas, A., Stephen, J. and Bukar, M. M…………...20 Current Prevalence Of Bovine Tuberculosis At Kano Municipal Abattoir, Kano State, Nigeria Abdullahi A1, Yakubu JM1, Madobi IS1, Dayyabu BI1 and Sani IH2…………………..24 Prevalence of Fetal Wastage in Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) Slaughtered At Kano Central Abattoir, Kano State, Nigeria Abdullahi, A., Yakubu, J.M., Madobi, I.S., Ahmed, I.A. and Saleh, A..........................30 Hypoglycemic Activity of Neem and Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathyameliorationin Alloxan Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats Azeez O.M, Ameen SA, Basiru A, Ibrahim DO, Ambali H.M…………………………..37 A Case of Dystocia Due to Fetomaternal Disproportion in a 5-Year-Old Neopolitan Mastiff Bitch Columbus, P. K and Ubah, Simon. A, Ogumbodede, A.M………………………………48 Antibiotic Types And Handling Practices Among Poultry Farmers In Kano State, Nigeria Yakubu J.Y, Abdullahi. A, Ahmed I.A, Daiyabu BI, and Ungogo, M.A………………..57

iii


Preliminary Study on Brucellosis in Cattle in Jigawa State Nigeria Farouk, U.M. J.O.O. Bale J. K.P. Kwaga US Abdullahi Ibrahim, S and Madobi, I.S…………………………………………………………………………...66 Anti-Inflammatory And Antimicrobial Activity Of Cissus Quadrangularis Linn Ethanolic Root Crude Extract Emmanuel, E.G., Hassan, .A.Z., Awasum, C.A., Dahiru, I.L., Mamman, P.H., Otie, D. ……………………………………………………………………72 Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Associated With Bovine Mastitis In Settled Fulani Herds In Kaduna State Umaru, G. A. , Kwaga, J. K. P., Bello, M., Raji, M. A. and Kabir, J……………………77 Phenotypic Characterisation of Listeria Species isolated From Faeces Of Ruminants In Maiduguri Livestock Market Lawan, F. A. Adamu, S. G. Onyilokwu, S. A.Mailafia, S. Atsanda, N. N. Adamu, N. B. Ameh, J.A. and Adikwu, P…………………………………………..85 Attitude and Practice of Vaccine Importers, Retailers and Poultry Farmers to Poultry Vaccine Handling and Administration in Lagos State, Nigeria Hauwa Motunrayo, Ambali, E.C. Okolocha, J. Kabir, N.H. Moru……………………..93 Influence of Graded Dose of Moringa Oleifera and Grower Mash Fed on Semen Quality of Rabbit Bucks Iliyasu, D., Godo, J., Maina, V. A., Bukar, M. M., Muhammed, S. M., Adama, M. A. Abubakar, W., Tijjani, B.A and Tijjani, G. A ………………………….105 Combined Effects of Feed Supplementation with Probiotic and Oral Administration of Methanol Leaf Extract of Anacardium occidentale against Experimental Eimeria tenella Infection in Broilers Jatau, I.D., Andamin, A.D. and Muhammad, Y………………………………………...109 Epidemiological Study of Bovine Fasciolosis: Prevalence and Risk Factors Assessment At Kano State Central Abattoir Yakubu, J.Y, Haladu, S, Abdullahi A, Madobi I.S and Argungu S.L…………………115 Theileriosis In Sheep K. Mohammed, Z. Wunti, A. Adamu, A. Abdulrazak………………………………….121 Assessment of Bacterial Load on Chicken Carcasses And Isolation of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 From Intestinal Contents of Chicken And Table Swabs of Chicken Slaughtering Slab in Samaru Market, Zaria Lawan, M.K. and Nwaha U.A…………………………………………………………….124

iv


Effects of Continuous Darkness Exposure on Ovarian Structure and Function of the African Giant Rat (Cricetomys Gambianus) Ali, M. N. Onyeanusi, B. I. Ayo, J. O. Maidawa, S. M. & Arhyel, B. N………………127 Syndromic Surveillance As An Epidemiologic Tool For Public Health Surveillance B.V. Maikai and O.A. Ojile…………………………………………………………..….135 Comparison Of Antimicrobial And Wound Healing Properties Of Albizia chevalieri and Commiphora kerstingii In Rabbit Olusanmi, F.T, Adeyanju, J.B., Fadason, S.T., Awasum,C.A., Ambali, S.F., Abidoye, E.O., Abdulrahman, M., Baba, A.A. and Daodu, O.B………..141 Occurrence of Tetracycline Residues in Raw Milk from Dairy Farms in Kano State, Nigeria M.S. Yusuf, J. Kabir, M. Bello and M. Babashani……………………………………...155 Testicular Morphometry And Epididymal Sperm Characteristics Of Sahel Bucks In Maiduguri, Nigeria Stephen, J., Alkali, M. I.Malle, T and Bukar, M. M. …………………………………..165 In Vivo Antitrypanosomal Effect Of Crude Methanol Stem-Bark Extract Of Afzelia Africana Against Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei In Wistar Rats A.M. Tauheed, S.A. Manari, A. Adulrahman, M.M. Suleiman, S.F. Yahaya, H. Aliyu-Amoo, M.A. Ungogo and M. Mamman……………………………...170 Comparative Histomorphometry Of The Olfactory Bulb Of Nigerian Dogs And Red Sokoto Goats Umar, A.A., Shehu, S.A., Sadiq, I.V., Lawal, A. And Atabo, S.M…………………….176 Microscopic Studies Of Skin Glands In Adult Red Sokoto Goat Ecotypes Umar, A. A., Sonfada, M. L. Shehu, S. A.,Wiam I M., Oyelowo F. O. Abdulrahman B. Abdullahi A. U., Danmaigoro A., Hena S. A. and Atabo S.M………………………………………………………………..183 Effect Of Supplementing Graded Doses Of Molasses In Drinking Water On Rectal Temperature Of Rabbits Daiyabu B.I, Abdullahi, A., Yakubu, J.M., Ahmad, I.A………………………………..191 Management Of recurrent Ventral Abdominal Hernia Using Hernioplasty In Sudanese Ram Nura Abubakar, Faruku Bande, Saadu Usman, Hassan Abubakar Bodinga, Sadiq Abubakar Yakubu…………………………………………………………………195

v


Management Of Poultry Guano Poisoning, Coccidiosis And Suspected Peste Des Petits Ruminants (Ppr) In Anuda Ram: A Case Report Onoja, I.I., Kaltungo, B.Y., Mshelia, W.P., Babashani, M. and Andrew, A…………..198 Management Of Laminitis In A 10 Years Old West African Barb (Arewa) Stallion Sambo, K. W., Mshelia, W.P., Onoja, I.I., Andrew, A, James, A.A , Sunday, I Abalaka, S………………………………………………………………………………..201

vi


EDITORIAL TEAM

Adetuberu Olutoyin

Chairman

O.O. Okubanjo

Editor-in-chief

Bisalla Mohammed

Deputy Editor-in-chief

K.F. Chah

Member

A.D. El Yuguda

Member

S. Mailafia

Member

J. Muhammad

Member

vii


BEING THE REMARKS OF THE CHAIRMAN F HE OCCASION, NU’UMAN BARAU DANBATTA, OON, mni, IoD, AJIYAN KAZAURE, AT THE OPENING OF THE 54TH ANNUAL CONGRESS OF THE NIGERIAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (NVMA) HELD AT THE CORONATION HALL, GOVERNMENT HOUSE, KANO ON TUESDAY 7TH NOVEMBER, 2017 It gives me great pleasure to welcome you all to the 54th annual congress of Nigerian veterinary medical association (NVMA) holding in the ancient city of Kano, the first of its kind since 1982 (35 years ago). I am particularly thankful to His Excellency, the Executive Governor of Kano State, Dr. AbdullahiGanduje OFR, for his support in seeing to the successful hosting of this event and the National Executives of the Association for finding Kano Branch worthy of its hosting rights. At this crucial time of government‘s efforts towards diversifying the economy, especially towards Agriculture, the theme of this year‘s congress: Veterinary Services as Tools for Advancing Economic Growth, Food and National Security‖ is apt as it will highlight another avenue for generating the needed revenue for the government as well as to corporate organizations and individuals. It will also help in achieving food Security which in turn improves National Security. Veterinarians have very important roles to play, not only in the health of animals, but also in the health of the humans and their environment. This can be achieved through expertise in cross-disciplinary best practice of one Health. The one Health initiative focuses on integrative efforts of disciplines optimal health for the people, animals and the environment, as the health of each is inextricably connected to the health of others. I am therefore, urging for more collaborative efforts towards ensuring that the health of animals around us and those living with us is maintained. This will equally translate to healthy humans and environment. The issue of Monkey Pox is a case in point. Since Veterinarians have a role to play on the control of diseases from wild life to human beings, it is expected that the Veterinarians should contribute in the control of Money Pox. Another area I wish to advise this conference and other stakeholders to focus their efforts is on saving some animal species from extinction. A case of donkeys is very relevant here. Donkeys are now being slaughtered daily without commensurate effort of breeding them. If the trend continues at its present rate or increases, our next generation will only get to know them in books as they will get extinct. The same goes to all other animals facing similar problem. A very important issue that is negatively affecting the Nigerian Livestock Sub-Sector is farmer – herder crisis. This crisis has become a national concern as it has led to the loss of significant livestock, particularly cattle, as well as loss of human lives. The crisis is threatening our Food Security and National Security. I hope this conference will closely examine this critical topical issue and advise government accordingly. In conclusion, I call for concerted efforts from all stakeholders in ensuring domestication of One Health Initiative in Nigeria which ensures better health conditions for humans, animals and environment. Researchers within us should focus their efforts in breeding animals that are viii


resistant to most of the diseases that are afflicting them now. This will help in advancing economic growth for the country as well for those who keep the animals while at the same time boosting Food and National Security. Your Excellencies, Your Highness, Distinguished ladies and gentlemen, I am wishing you happy you happy stay in Kano, fruitful and successful deliberations anticipating an all-encompassing action plan and recommendations. I wish you journey mercies as you embark on your return journey back to your various destinations after this conference. Thank you. Nu’uman Barau Danbatta OON, mni, IoD, Ajiyan Kazaure.

ix


WELCOME SPEECH BY HON. DR. GODWIN EJIKEME ABONYI, NATIONAL PRESIDENT, NIGERIAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (NVMA) AT THE 54TH ANNUAL CONGRESS, KANO, 7TH NOVEMBER, 2017 PROTOCOLS It is with great pleasure and immense gratitude to the Almighty God that I welcome you all to this epoch making event, the 54th Annual Congress of the NVMA in this Royal and Commercial City of Kano. The Nigerian Veterinarians among other programmes gather annually for a National Congress to discuss, interact and share business ideas and inventions, trends in medicine, Public Health, Science, Agriculture and Environment, etc and issues that affect the welfare and growth of the members. The theme for this year‘s Congress is VETERINARY SERVICES AS TOOLS FOR ADVANCING ECONOMIC GROWTH, FOOD AND NATIONAL SECURITY and the KEYNOTE SPEAKER is the erudite Prof. ShehuAlhaji Musa, Vice Chancellor, Kano State University. The year 2017 has been full of activities that touched on the multi-sectorial dimensions of the Veterinary profession. In the first quarter of this year the menace of Cattle rustling and the incessant Herdsmen-Farmers clashes dominated the social and security spheres of our country necessitating the establishment of the National Technical Committee against Cattle rustling and the association ills by the Inspector General of Police NP IDRIS, mni under the leadership of Veterinarians. In April this year, other NVMA joined the rest of the world to mark the WORLD VETERINARY DAY on the 29th of April with the theme: ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: FRO AWARENESS TO ACTION. The National Dialogue on Transiting from Grazing Reserves to Ranging organized by the Federal ministry of Agriculture took place in 3rd Quarter of the year, same as the World Veterinary Association Congress in INCHEON, SOUTH KOREA, 27 th -31st August with the theme: ONE HEALTH, NEW WAVE, a slogan that clearly reflects the multidisciplinary approach to achieving global health and the place of Veterinarians in the One World, One Health Concept. We were also visible at the Association of Professional Bodies of Nigeria APBN 6 th Summit with the theme: Peace and Security for sustainable National Development, a multi-professional Approach. On September 28th\, we joined the rest of the world to mark the WORLD RABIES DAY with the slogan Together we end Rabies by 2030. The commemoration of the WORLD FOOD DAY and WORLD EGG DAY respectively in October point to the central role of Veterinarians in Food production, Food safety and National Food Security. YourExcellencies, Your Highness, distinguished guests, colleagues, ladies and gentlemen, as we gather in this great city this week, the onus lies on us to deal judiciously with this theme. We need to remind ourselves as Veterinarians of our roles and responsibilities in advancing economic growth as well as Food and National Security. We are also drawing the attention of His Excellencies and distinguished ladies and gentlemen on the availability of competent and ready Veterinary manpower within the public and Private sectors to help governments at all x


levels turn around our economic fortunes in the Agro livestock sector through improved Livestock health and productivity. The same goes for the enhancement of Food and National Security by providing efficient buffer to the incessant Herdsmen-Farmers clashes. At this juncture, I wish to appreciate the efforts of the Hon Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, Chief Audu Innocent Ogbeh in going beyond Rice, Cassava and Yam where the Country has recorded tremendous growth to putting up major interventions in the Livestock sub sector. I want to use this opportunity to call on the Hon Minister who is also the Chairman of the National Council on Agriculture to effect the immediate implementation of the Council‘s earlier resolution to establish Federal Specialist Veterinary Hospital in each of the six geopolitical zones of the 774 LGAs for improved Veterinary service delivery nationwide. Your Excellencies the Governors and our Hon Chairman of our LGAs should be alarmed at the gravely deplorable state of our Abattoirs and meat markets across the Country. It‘s a national show of shame and a state of emergency should be declared on Abattoir services in the country and immediate remediations be put in place. The meat industry can generate enough revenue to fund its operations so Governments should recruit the relevant Veterinary manpower to drive the process nationwide. In this light, I wish on behalf of NVMA commend the Hon Minister for FCT, Hon Muhammadu Bello for his giant strides in this direction. Our similar thanks also go to His Excellencies the Governor of Yobe and Ogun States for responding to our call for employment of Veterinary doctors in the public service and we hope other state Governors will see the importance of this national necessity. The seemingly uncontrollable incessant Herdsmen-Farmers clashes nationwide is also remotely connected to the collapse of the Veterinary services at the various Strategic Livestocks Control posts and markets such that the professional monitoring and records of who comes in or goes out has been eroded. Our Governments at all levels should therefore go back to our 1969s to 1970s organized Public Veterinary Services in this country and rediscover this all important aspect of our national life for the advancement of our economy, Food and National Security. The outbreak and continues spread of the Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza virus in Nigeria is highly worrisome and to allow the situation become endemic like Newcastle disease will be catastrophic because of the consequent stigma and rejection of our poultry products on the Hon. Minister of Agriculture to resume payment of compensation to affected and depopulated farms so as to ensure prompt reportage of outbreak by farmers. The avian Influenza Control programme should be reenergized by provision of adequate logistics for the personnel. Along this line the various surveillance and other Epidemiological and Extension services should be strengthened to be able to tackle the challenges of Emerging and Reemerging zoonotic diseases including MONKEY POX. I also wish to solicit the help of the Hon. Minister for Agriculture in helping our fresh graduates access credit from both the Bank of Industry and Agric Bank to kick start their business. The beneficiaries of such facilities have every potential to repay promptly. We wish at this juncture to congratulate the president and commander in chief of the armed forces, federal Republic of Nigeria, the Armed Forces, Nigerian Police Force and other Security for winning the war against insurgency and for the ongoing efforts at the reconstruction of the North Eastern part of Nigeria.

xi


Finally, we thank Chairman and members of the LOC of Kano 2017 for their efforts in making this congress come through. We thank also our corporate sponsors and partners including ADAMORE NIG LTD, TURNER RIGHTS LTD, ZOETIS LTD, OLAMS LTD, Animal Care Konsult etc. we want to specially appreciate His Highness for giving royal cover to this gathering, the wonderful reception he gave to us in his palace and for gracing the occasion. We salute His Excellencies, and other eminent recipients of out\r Award today and expect the award to be a catalyst for them to do even more in their service to humanity. Congratulations. Your Excellencies, Your Highness, Distinguished ladies and gentlemen, I thank you so very much for coming and especially for your kind attention. WELCOME TO KANO 2017. Hon Dr. Godwin Ejikeme Abonyi, DVM. MPH, JP National President. NVMA

xii


A SURVEY OF VETERINARY STUDENTS FOR KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES ABOUT TUBERCULOSIS *1

Agada , C. A. and 2Imenger, O.

1

Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi. 2 School of Animal Technology (SAT), Department of Animal Health Technology (AHT), AkperanOrshi College of Agriculture, Yandev (AOCAY), Gboko, Benue State. * Corresponding author: Agada Charity A.

Email: [email protected], [email protected] Phone: +2348036506966 ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health problem. World Health Organizationhas highlightedan educational strategy to ensure students graduate with the appropriate knowledge, skills, and attitudes essential to the effective management of TB. The study was aimedto determine the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices among Veterinary Students of University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Nigeria. 100 pretested questionnaires were administered to astratified random sample of students.The Students demonstrated a vast knowledge about tuberculosis; with 94.8%having knowledge about the disease, 88.00% knowing the symptoms of the disease; while just about 68.5% knew how the disease is being transmitted to humans as well as a majority (95.9) believed that TB is contagious. More than half of the students (60.0%) had access to information about TB and 29.7% had family members sick with tuberculosis.A high percentage of the respondents (76.00%) think it is shameful to have TB, most of the respondents stigmatize against those with TB since 63.83% would not visit someone with TB however74.32% indicated that they would invite a sick relative who have completed TB treatment to their home. Significant association was observed between receiving information about TB in the last 12 months and Knowledge of the disease (p=0.001). The veterinary student showed high level knowledge about the disease but have many have very poor attitude to those with the disease.Amulticenter research should be conducted to evaluate health care students' knowledge about TB and TB control measures. Keywords: Students, tuberculosis, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice

1993, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB a global public health emergency and supported national and international strategies to improve the care and control of the disease (i.e. Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) and the Stop TB Strategy) (WHO, 2006). Although the TB mortality rate has decreased by 41% since 1990, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and related diseases remain a major global health issue. According to the latest estimates,

INTRODUCTION The emergence of HIV/AIDS as well as the appearance and spread of drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis (TB) have been associated with an increase in the TB rates in several low-, middle- and high-income countries (Davis, 2003, de Vrieset al., 2014). The disease is one of the most important causes of death worldwide, most frequently affecting men in their economically productive age groups (Tiemersmaet al., 2011, WHO, 2013). In 1


there were 8.6 million new cases of TB and 1.3 million TB deaths in 2012 (WHO, 2013).

SAMPLE TECHNIQUE

AND

SAMPLING

Questionnaires were administered to the students by random selection. A total of one hundred students were served with questionnaires out of a total of one hundred and seventy two students in the college. Each level was given twenty questionnaires.

Findings from the global context indicate that a population‘s knowledge of TB is crucial to facilitate the seeking of early medical care and avoidance of further M. tuberculosis transmission. Lack of knowledge often results in delays in TB care seeking, diagnosis and treatment, increasing the risk of M. tuberculosis transmission and the development of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) across the world (WHO, 2006, Smolovicet al., 2012 Li et al., 2013). TB knowledge among undergraduate veterinary students is particularly important, because they may face significant exposure and, consequently, have the highest risk of infection or disease(Mehtaet al., 2012, Durandoet al., 2013). Moreover, these individuals represent potential future leaders in the fight against TB, so it is important that they know how to control the disease appropriately.

METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS Chi-square test was employed to determine the association between the level of studies and Knowledge, attitude as well as practices with regards to TB. The level of significance is P 100 F [37.7 C]).

(2)

Active stage 2 labor lasts more than one hour without producing a pup.

(3)

More than three hours pass between pups without active contractions.

(4)

A black, green, or red discharge is present before any pups are born

A pup is lodged in the birth canal.

TREATMENT TACTICS With dystocia, one needs to ascertain what clients want and what they can afford. How important are live pups to them? Cesarean section is a tool for producing live pups, and if clients want live pups, one should not delay in doing it. But if they can't afford it, one can try other techniques such as oxytocin and fetal manipulation.

51


but most bitches will not respond to it. You will generally have to do a cesarean section to address primary uterine inertia. Secondary inertia without fetal malposition or fetal distress can be hard to sort out. The bitch could be taking a break, but if it's been more than four hours since the birth of the last puppy, it's probably uterine inertia.

Treatment Dogs that are in distress and have been diagnosed with dystocia should be treated on an inpatient basis until all of the offspring have been delivered and until the mother has stabilized. If uterine contractions are absent and there is no evidence of fetal stress, medical treatment will be initiated. Your dog's condition may be due to low blood sugar, low levels of blood calcium, inadequate oxytocin production by the body or an inadequate response to normal oxytocin production.Agents used to promote uterine contractions should not be administered when obstructive dystocia is possible, as they may accelerate placental separation and fetal death, or may cause uterine rupture. Oxytocin, glucose and calcium can be supplemented as needed.

If oxytocin administration isn't contraindicated after performing a vaginal exam and radiography (e.g. no narrowed birth canal or fetal malpositioning), then administer up to two doses, 20 minutes apart. Use small doses because it decreases blood flow to the fetus (e.g. 0.5 units for a Chihuahua and 2 to 3 units for a Newfoundland subcutaneously or intramuscularly). The uterus becomes refractory to oxytocin after a few doses, so the veterinarian would need to do a cesarean section for larger litters (or if two doses don't produce contractions and a puppy).

Manual delivery may be necessary to deliver a fetus that is lodged in the vaginal vault. The veterinarian will use digital manipulation to reposition the puppy, since this method provides the least amount of damage to the puppy and bitch. If the vaginal vault is too small for digital manipulations, instruments, such as a spay hook or non-ratcheted forceps, may be used to assist in delivery. Throughout the process, the veterinarian will use adequate lubrication, always placing a finger in the vaginal vault to direct the instrument and always taking great care to protect the lives of both mother and puppies.Extreme caution should be used under these circumstances. Undesirable complications include mutilation of the fetus and laceration of the vaginal canal or uterus. Traction should never be applied to the limbs of a live fetus. If there is a failure to deliver the fetus within 30 minutes a Cesarean section is indicated.

Fetal manipulation If there is absolute fetal oversize or inadequate pelvic diameter, do a cesarean section. If there is only one large pup in the canal, one can try to manipulate it. If one detects fetal malposition, use gentle manipulation with your fingers around the pup's neck or shoulders (you need long fingers for this). And use lots of lubricant. One may be able to push them from behind by using abdominal palpation or use one finger rectally and one vaginally. Use slow steady traction, and warn anyone in the room that fetal dismemberment could occur despite your care. Above all, don't waste time. Each puppy is valuable to the breeder. Cesarean section The word cesarean is said to derive either from an edict by Julius, Caeser that women about to die in advanced childbirth should have this operation performed to save the child, or from the latinCaesomatrisutera,

Oxytocin The vet has several options for managing dystocia. Oxytocin can be used as the first line of treatment for primary uterine inertia, 52


cutting of the mothers uterus. It is misconception that Julius Caeser was born in this fashion, as his mother survived his birth in an era when this was imposible, Johnston.

suction the oropharynx to remove fluid, but don't swing the puppies; it can cause brain damage, and you could throw them. If the puppies aren't breathing and the bitch has been given opioids, administer one drop of naloxone and doxapram sublingually. Be patient; try to revive them for 15 to 20 minutes before you give up. For postoperative pain, prescribe tramadol for the bitch.

According to Wright, Johnfield in 1839 was the first to report this operation in English literature. He operated on two bitches. The next year J.B Carlislerepored on a Ceasarean in a sow. Cesareans on cattle, horses, sows, and bitches were reported soon after. Latter, with the advent of anesthesia, suturing techniques, asceptic techniques, and antibiotic therapy, this operation became increasingly common. Cesarean section in the domestic animals has been well described by Arthur and Tilman.

PROSPECTIVE PREGNANCIES For subsequent pregnancies, a vaginal delivery can be attempted, especially if the problem was due to big pups. In this situation, advise the breeder not to overfeed the bitch so the pups aren't so big. Patients with secondary uterine inertia tend to have it again. And if the bitch experienced primary uterine inertia, she'll most likely need a cesarean section for subsequent deliveries.

Cesarean section is indicated if one detects fetal distress on ultrasonography, uterine inertia does not respond to oxytocin, or fetal oversize or malposition or vaginal obstruction exists. If one is to do a cesarean section, plan ahead. There is need to limit the time the bitch spends in dorsal recumbency so she experiences no further decrease in ventilation. And limit the time from anesthetic induction to pup removal. Don't induce anesthesia before you're scrubbed and ready to do surgery. Have all your equipment ready and adequate staffing on hand.

THE CASE REPORT The ambulatory unit of Farmers veterinary concept Kubwa Abuja was alerted that a Neopolitan mastiff bitch weighing 25kg was straining in labour around its kennel at the breeders house. History revealed that the bitch started straining around midnight and whelped one dead puppy in the morning about 6 hours later. Further history revealed that the bitch was treated for vitamin A deficiency and following fertility treatment she conceived and whelped 8 puppies that did not survive up to 48hours about two years ago. The bitch was given adequate vaccinations. The bitch was crossed with a Massive pure male Neopolitan mastiff that was much bigger than the bitch.

Administer intravenous fluids to the bitch. Give atropine as a premedication to support the maternal and fetal heart rate. For anesthesia, propofol and isoflurane (or sevoflurane) are best. The vet can also do a line block with bupivacaine. He can give the bitch an opioid once the pups are removed (oxymorphone, hydromorphone, or morphine).

Further clinical examination per vaginum revealed stucked dead pup within the birth canal. The bitch was straining intermittently. The pup was delivered by digital manipulation (inserting a gloved hand into the vagina and eliciting further uterine contraction and pushing by the bitch which

Delivery and postoperative care Vigorous stimulation and oxygen administration are the best techniques to revive the puppies once they're removed, 53


led to removal of the puppy from the vagina). The birth canal showed no abnormally postured or positioned fetus after removing the lodged fetus. Calcium treatment using Calcimax® (Calcium carbonate -300mg, magnesium hydroxide 100mg, Zinc sulphate - 4mg and vitamin D3200 I.U) oral suspension (2 tablets in 50ml of water) was given to the bitch to support uterine tone. After two hours of waiting the bitch started straining with the discharge of dark green fluid from the vagina. This discharge lasted for more than two hours without delivery of a puppy. The bitch was reexamined and the birth canal was engaged with another puppy in normal posture and position with the bitch straining intermittently. Oxytocin injection was given i/m 0.6ml 6 units. The unproductive labour continued for about another one hour and the bitch whelped another dead puppy. After that another O.4 ml (4 I/U) of Oxytocin (climax oxytocin®) was given and after about three hours of intermittent straining no other puppy was delivered and the bitch was recommended for Cesarean section. The CS was not performed because there was no informed agreement from the owner. The bitch was left with only the medical treatment given earlier. The bitch continued with difficult whelping and had 11 dead puppies at the end with the last one coming almost 24hours from the onset of labour.

legal implications of doing that without informed agreement from the owner. The bitch had 11 dead puppies at the end of 24hours of hard labour. Oxytetracycling LA injection was given at 20mg/kg i/m stat. to cover secondary bacterial infection. The cause of the dystocia was concluded based on the history of mating. The massive male could have contributed to the size of the fetuses which were large enough to lodge in the birth canal. The female was not as big as the male, the difficult passage of the fetuses through the birth canal could be due to the size of the male, and not necessarily inappropriate pelvic diameter of the female. The breed disposition may have worsened the situation because brachyceophalic dogs are more predisposed to dystocia in dogs than other breeds. Neopolitanmastifs are brachycephalic dogs. Calcium treatment was given to support uterine tone and contractions, calcium is essential for muscle and nerve function, in this case uterine muscle tone needed to be sustained to avoid secondary inertia. Oxytocin was given considering the fact that the fetal oversize was relative and not absolute. It could be justified because the bitch had whelped one dead puppy before arrival of the medical team. And vaginal examination did not show malposture or malpositioning of the engaged puppy. Ceasarean section would have been the best approach to save the remaining puppies, but the surgeons were handicapped due to non availability of informed agreement from the owner of the dog. Radiography and ultrasound would have helped to have an idea of the number of remaining puppies, but in the field such facilities are not common in developing countries. The bitch was left with only the medical treatment which may have assisted in expelling the remaining puppies over time. This kind of condition may not be as fatal in the bitch as it would be in monotocous species like the bovine. About

After whelping the bitch was given Oxytetracycling injection i/m 20mg/kg body weight and B complex injection to support appetite. The bitch was monitored for one week and adequate feed was supplied. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Vaginal exploration was done and clinical diagnosis was dystocia due to relative fetal oversize. Accelerating the whelping process was attempted with oxytocin. But Ceasarean section was recommended to save the puppies. The CS was not carried out to avoid 54


85 % of dogs whelp without assistance. Cases of dystocia in dogs occur in about 15% of parturitions. The short extremities of the puppies make malpositioning uncommon and fetal presentation could be anterior or posterior without problems. The option of medical treatment in this case was justified because the owner did not commit to saving the puppies. The bitch expelled 11 dead puppies over a protracted time. The puppies were distressed because each of the puppies that engaged the birth canal led to loss of a dark green secretion from the vagina which indicated placental separation and loss of circulation from the dam. Lodging in the birth canal for more than 1or 2 hours after placental separation would lead to anoxia in the puppy and death follows. After death the puppies would gradually be expelled through the canal. This scenario may resemble what could be termed premature separation of the placenta. The placental pigment uteroverdin is a pointer that the placenta has been separated and it is recognized by the dark green discharge from the vagina. In this kind of condition the puppy has tocome out quickly to be able to breath otherwise the puppy would die. This scenario is probably the cause of death of all the puppies.

smaller males during crossing to prevent reoccurrence of dystocia. REFERENCES Amanda, A. C (2017). Canine Dystocia Veterinary Team Brief, ClinicalPeer Reviewed Colorado State University. https://www.veterinaryteambrief.com/article /canine-dystocia David, E. N., Timothy, J. P and Garr, C. W. E. (2001).Arthur‘s Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics 8th edition Harcourt publishers limited. Roberts, S. J (2004). Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases.2nd ed. Indian Reprint CBS publishers and Distributors. Scott P. S. (2009). CVC Highlight: My approach to canine dystocia. Department of Clinical Sciences Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University North Grafton, MA 01536. http://veterinarymedicine.dvm360.com/cvchighlight-my-approach-caninedystocia?id=&sk=&date=&pageID= 2\\ Scott, S. (2017). Dystocia in dogs,

RECOMMENDATION

http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/repro ductive/c_dg_dystocia

The recommendation was to monitor subsequent breeding and prepare for ceaserean section if live puppies are to beexpected from the bitch or look for

Wright, J.G (1993). Further Observations on cesarean section in the Bovine, Jour. Comp. Path and Therap., 63,3, 211.

55


PICTURES OF THE CASE REPORT

Removal of a stucked puppy through the vagina Dead puppy at removal

Dead puppy with fetal memmbranes

A set of some of the dead puppies

56


ANTIBIOTIC TYPES AND HANDLING PRACTICES AMONG POULTRY FARMERS IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA *1Yakubu J.Y,1 Abdullahi. A, 1Ahmed I.A, 1Daiyabu BI and 2Ungogo, M.A. 1 Audu Bako College of Agriculture, Dambatta, Kano State. 2 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. *Correspondence:[email protected]; +2348069451376 ABSTRACT Usage of antibioticshas been the most successful form of antimicrobial chemotherapy in the history of medicine, public health and economic importance of antibiotics cannot be overemphasized. Antimicrobial resistance is declared one of the major global public health threats of 21st century and its development isgreatly influenced by the type of antibiotics used and how they are handled. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted to assess the types of antibiotics used and handling practices employed among poultry farmers in Kano State, Nigeria. A total of 280 respondents were randomly selected from 16 Local Government Areas of the state using a cluster sampling technique and interviewed through administration of questionnaires. The result shows that the majority of the respondents usedtetracycline,erythromycin, gentamycin and penicillin as single drug or in combination with other drugs. Similarly, antibiotics were primarily used for therapeutics (62%), prophylaxis (57%) and as growth promoters (45%).In addition, majority of the farmers learnt about the use of antibiotics from para-veterinary workers(57%), veterinarians (26%) and friends or farmers‘ association (17%). Most of the antibiotics used(>86%)were in form of liquidor solid powder administered through drinking water.Majority of the farmers (63%) stored their antibiotics on bare floor, whereas 35% kept them in polythene bags hanged on walls and 16% in boxes on floors. The farmers have poor knowledge on antibiotics residues in animal products as only about 35% and 33% were aware of the antibiotic residues in egg and meat respectively. The findings of this survey indicated that there is need for increased awareness for poultry farmers regarding the handling practices and appropriate usage of antibiotics as well as enforcementof legislations on antibiotics usage in order to prevent development and spread of drug resistant infectious agents. Key words: Antibiotics residues, resistance to antibiotics, handling practice, poultry farmers, Kano State.

antimicrobials in livestock and the husbandry practices of the farmers have been implicated as a cause of antibiotic resistance.(Chee-Sanford et al.,2009; Laxminarayan et al. 2013)

INTRODUCTION Antimicrobials are mainly used in the production of swine, cattle, and poultry and, recently, in aquaculture and crop production. The antibiotics used in livestock fall into all the major classes of antibiotics used in clinical practice; there have even been cases in which antimicrobials were licensed for livestock use before their subsequent use in humans (Silbergeld et al., 2008). The use of

Antibiotics are used extensively in both humans and in animals, the worldwide increase in the use of antibiotics, as an integral part of the poultry and other livestock production industries to treat and 57


prevent infectious bacterial diseases and as growth promoters has led to the problem of the development of bacterial antibiotic resistance over the years (Collignon, 2003; Apata, 2009). Rapid and large poultry production turn-out are partly due to improved feeding and health management practices involving usage of antibiotics as therapeutic agents to treat bacterial diseases in intensive farming systems. In both developing and developed countries, the economic and health advantages of using antibiotics have revolutionized intensive poultry and other livestock production. Majority of the antibiotics used in poultry is for treatment of infections and also to counteract the adverse consequences of stress responses (Oyekunle et al., 2003; Apata, 2009). Antibiotic use in commercial poultry can be divided into two categories: therapeutic antibiotics and growthpromoting antibiotics (Anonymous, 2003). Therapeutic dose of antibiotics are used for treatment of bacterial infections. Antibiotics used in feed for growth promotion and disease prevention purposes are administered at levels that are lower than those given for the treatment of disease, and therefore, these uses are termed subtherapeutic. These in-feed antibiotics are capable of exerting a selection pressure on bacterial populations and altering various microbial communities (Lu et al., 2006). Uses of antibiotics in either category have the potential to select for bacterial strains that are resistant to the antibiotics used while still having a positive impact on the health of the animal population. The antibiotics in the growth-promoting category are, in some cases, the same antibiotics used in the therapeutic category. The growth-promoting antibiotics are administered only in the birds‘ feed (Jones &Ricke, 2003).

of the risk of bacterial infections and their subsequent effect on mortalities, productivity, and profitability. Consequently, farmers in the tropics spend more money on control and management of bacterial diseases than on any other form of poultry diseases. A recent survey in Nigeria estimated that layer farmers spend over 35% of their cost of medication on treating bacterial diseases up to the end of lay (Adejoro, 2007). Antibiotic resistance translates into costs of about 75 million US$ to medicate 40 million commercial layers in Nigeria to end of lay. Accordingly, this has led farmers to the inappropriate use and handling of antibiotics. The persistent use of antibiotics is suspected to be the major cause of antibiotic resistance in man and animal (Adejoro, 2007). The overall relationship between drug use and resistance is well established and based on laboratory, crosssectional, case-control and prospective studies (Olonitola et al., 2015). Also, selfmedication with antibiotics, use of human antibiotics in food animals and nonregulated prescriptions are increasingly alarming and may have contributed to antibiotic resistance scourge in the poultry industry in Nigeria. However, the rationale for prophylaxis stems from the fact that antibiotic is more efficient when used for prevention rather than for therapeutics (Gustafson and Bowen, 1997). However, misuse of antimicrobials may lead to carryover of residues in animal products, which may result in detrimental effects on consumers and public health in general (Anderson et al., 2003; Cheng et al., 2012; FAO, 2010). Measures to minimize and contain resistance are thus essential to ensure the continued availability and efficacy of veterinary and human antimicrobial drugs. Containment of antibiotic resistance depends on the responsible use of antibiotics, which prompted us to investigate the commonly

Bacterial diseases are recognized as an important risk factor in poultry health management. Every poultry farmer is aware 58


used antibiotics and farmers‘ awareness and practices to antibiotic usage. The aim of this study is to assess the types of antibiotics used and handling practices employed among poultry farmers in Kano State, Nigeria.

DATA ANALYSIS The data collection and management was done using Microsoft excel and analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 2. Descriptive statisticswas used to present the types of antibiotics used, sources of antibiotics, reasons and sources of prescription and knowledge on possible drug residues and its implications in human health.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area The study was conducted in Kano state in February to July, 2017. There are 2,163,225 people as 2006 national population census living within the metropolitan which has a total area of 499km2. Kano state situated at 110 30‘00 North latitude and 80 30 East longitude at an altitude of2300 meters above the sea level (Kano state Nigeria 2014)

RESULTS Table 1 show the characteristic of the sampled farms, many of the farms had between 1000-5000 birds in their farm (36%) and were established within the past 10 years. Laying birds are the most common birds reared in the area which account 70.7% with boreholes as a major source of their water (71.8%) and used wood shavings or saw dust was the most common bedding material (litter) used.

Kano state is a predominantly Hausa Fulani state ethnic groups and it consists of wooded savanna in the south and scrub vegetation in the north and is drained by the Kano Chalawa -Hadejia river system. Majority of the people in the state are farmers producing crops such as millet, rice, cassava, date palms, fruits, vegetables, sorghum, wheat, sweet potato, sugarcane, groundnut, cotton etc. Kano state rainfall usually ranges from three to five months with a temperature of 26°C to 33°C (Kano state Nigeria 2014).

The choice and commonly used antibiotics among farmers were investigated (Table 2). All respondents selected for the study had specified the type of antibiotics used for their farm poultry production. Antibiotics used among farmers included a single drug or in combination with other antibiotics. However, farmers‘ preference of antibiotics was, in the following, order Oxytetracycline (83.9%), Neomycin (69.7%), erythromycin (66.7%), Gentamycin-doxycline (62%) Penicillin-streptomycin (58.9%), tylocindoxycline(37.8%) and furaltadol as the least commonly used among farmers (24%).

Study Design and data Collection A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from February to July 2017, targeted commercial poultry farms. The study was carried out using a semistructured structured questionnaire to answer question on types of antibiotics used, sources of antibiotics, reasons and sources of prescription and knowledge on possible drug residues and its implications in human health. A total of 280 respondentsfrom their respective farms was calculated using n= Z2(pq)/d2 and selected randomly selected from 16 local government that was selected usingcluster sampling techniques.

In all the selected farms in the study area, different antimicrobial agents were employed (figure 1) mainly for treatment of infectious diseases (therapeutics) like bacteria, virus, fungi, which account the highest percentage 62%, prophylactic purposes (administered to prevent infections among birds 57% and some farmers used as

59


growth promoters were mainly with amino acid and vitamin preparations.

animal production, how they are used and possible factors influencing their selection, hence the need for this study. Furthermore, overuse of antibiotics leads to the occurrence of harmful residues in edible poultry tissues (meat and eggs) and other animal products (Olatoye and Ehinmowo, 2009; Shareef et al., 2009; Lawal et al., 2015), which consequently are detrimental to health when such products are consumed by the public.

Figure 2 shows the different sources of information available to farmers on antibiotic use, majority of the farmers get to know about antibiotics from paraveterinary technologies who are involved into private and public services 57%, veterinarian and farmers association account the 26% and 17% respectively. The antibiotics dosage forms corresponded to their routes of administration (Table 3). Most of the antibiotics (>80%) were powder or liquid form which are administered through the oral in drinking water. Liquid form are usually added to the poultry feed and account only 19%.About 63% of the farms stored their antibiotics on the bare floor, 35% on polythene bags and only 16% of the farmers use box as storage site for antibiotic. These storage sites were not securely locked and could easily be accessed by unauthorized persons and children. The farmers have poor knowledge on antibiotics a residue in animal products as only about 35% and 33% were aware of the antibiotic residues in egg and meat respectively and can lead to antibiotic resistance in animals and poses a serious threat to human health. Very few farms (21%) knew about withdrawal periods and antibiotic residues in animal products. Farmers commonly used antibiotics without regard to the infecting organism or the part of the body that was affected.

The most commonly used antibiotics observed in the present study were tetracycline, Neomycin, Erythromycin, penicillin-streptomycin and gentamycin – doxycline. This finding is almost similar to Oluwawemimo et al., 2016 who reported that gentamicin, tetracyclines, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin are common antibiotic used among poultry workers in Ugon state Nigeria. Similarly Ogunleye et al. (2008) reported the use of enrofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamycin streptomycin, furaltadol, Tylosinnorfloxacin among poultry farms in Abeokuta, Nigeria, while Sirdar et al. (2012) also reported the use of oxytetracycline, colistin, Tylosin and enrofloxacin among poultry farms in Khartoun, Sudan. Farmers in the selected farms employed several antimicrobial agents for treatment of infections and for prophylaxis. This is at variance with the findings of Olatoye (2011) who reported that 86% of poultry farms in Ibadan, Nigeria used antibiotics for growth promotion. This may be due to the facts that many of the farms investigated were small scale farms and may not be financially buoyant to afford continuous addition of antibiotics in bird‘s feed as growth promoting agents. The higher usage of antibiotics for therapeutic and/or prophylactic purposes as observed in this present study is similar to the findings of Sirdar et al. (2012).This observation is similar to that previously reported (Ann-prah

DISCUSSION The types and handling practices of antibiotics used in both clinical and veterinary medicine have been implicated in the development and spread of resistant bacteria phenotypes that is affecting the therapeutic efficacy of current antibiotics and food security (E.K. Silbergeld at el., and J.C. Chee-sanford et al., 2009). There are only a few reports on antibiotics used in 60


A et al., 2012, ;Turkson PK 2008) in which antimicrobial agents employed on poultry farms in some Ghanaian communities were mainly for treatment and prevention of infections and as growth promoters. This study has also revealed that more than half of antibiotic-containing agents employed on poultry farms contained between two and five different antibiotics. The inappropriate use of these agents could accelerate the development of microbial resistance to the different groups of antibiotics (Cogliani C et al., 1998; Kohanskim et al., 2010). The use of same antibiotics for treatment and prevention of poultry infections and as growth promoters has been reported in other African countries (Giguere et al., 2013, ;Amaechi N,2014; Oluwasile BB et al., 2014).

Most (>80%) antibiotics used in the poultry farms were solid or powder administered through the drinking water.Paranteral administrati0n account only 24%. The major advantage of not administering the antibiotics through feed or water, as is the case in poultry (S.W Page et al., 2102) is that the unnecessary exposure of healthy animals to antibiotics was avoided. Consequently, the risk of selecting resistant commensals that will later be shed into the environment through the faces was limited. The storage conditions of antibiotics in the farms were suboptimal because the storage environments of the antibiotics were prone to temperature fluctuations which hasten antibiotic decomposition, reducing its concentrations and efficacy as 63% of the farmers store their drugs just on bare floor.

The sourcing of antibiotics by the poultry farms as observed in this study indicates that poultry farmers are not well informed. Greater percentage of them source antibiotics from paraveterinarian rather than veterinarian. According to Okoli et al. (2002) and Okoli et al. (2005) who reported that non-qualified personnel such as hawkers, small traders and illiterate market women are known to be involved in the retailing of veterinary drugs especially poultry medicines in south eastern, Nigeria. Antibiotic prescription pattern observed in this study revealed that more than half of the poultry farmers get their drugs from paraveterinary technologies and some from friends or self-medication, this has also been reported by Kwaga and Adesiyu, (1984) that antimicrobial agents are readily available to people without prescription. Okoli et al. (2002) and Okoli et al. (2005) also reported that self medication is rampant among poultry farmers largely due to claim of good experience by farmers, unavailability of veterinary services and the extra cost of veterinary services.

The knowledge of the farmers concerning antibiotics residue in eggs and meat was found be very low as only 35% and 33% of the famers knew about antibiotics in eggs and meat respectively. Withdrawal periods, and dosages was found to be very low 21% Nonadherence to dosing and withdrawal period was reported by (Addah et al. 2009) among several livestock farmers in Northern Ghana, practices that increase antibiotic residues in animal foods. In conclusion Poultry farmers in the state employed several essential antibiotics on their farms for treatment of infections, prophylaxis and growth promoting purposes. Inadequate knowledge about antibiotics and their effect on the public health among poultry farmers made them use and dispose of antibiotics imprudently, increasing the risk of antibiotic resistance development and spread. Education on the importance of proand prebiotics, strict laws regarding the sales, and use of antibiotics and increased veterinarian interventions on the farms are important to limit the occurrence of diseases and subsequent use of antibiotics. 61


animals – does this cause problem in human health. Manipulating pig production IX. Proceedings of the ninth biennial conference of the Australasian Pig Science Association (Inc.) (APSA), Femantle, Western Australia, 23-26 November: 73-80.

REFERENCES Adejoro S.O., 2007. Nigeria to worry about antibiotic resistance. World Poult., 23 (10): 10-11 Amaechi Ns (2014) A Survey on antibiotic usage in pigs and poultry birds in Abia State, Nigeria. Glob J Med Res C MicrobiolPathol 14: 9.

E. K. Silbergeld, J. Graham, and L. B. Price, ―Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health,‖ Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 29, pp. 151–169, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus

Anderson A.D., Nelson J.M., Rossiter S., Angulo F.J., 2003.Public health consequences of use of antimicrobial agents in food animals in the United States.Microb. Drug Resist., 9 (4): 373-379, doi:10.1089/107662903322762815.

Gustafson R.H., Bowen R.E., 1997. Antibiotic use in animal agriculture. J. Appl. Microbiol., 83 (5): 531-541, doi: 10.1046/j.13652672.1997.00280.

Annan-Prah A, Agbemafle E, Asare PT, Akorli SY (2012) Antibiotic use, abuse and their public health implication: The contributory role of management flaws in the poultry industry in two Agro-ecological zones in Ghana. J Vet Adv 2: 199208.

J. C. Chee-Sanford, R. I. Mackie, S. Koike et al., ―Fate and transport of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes following land application of manure waste,‖ Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 1086– 1108, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus.

Anonymous (2003).Compendium of veterinary products. North American Compendiums, Inc., Port Huron, MI. Pp 302-303 Antibiotic usage pattern in selected poultry farms in Ogun state. Sokoto J Vet Sci 12: 45-50.

Jones FT &Ricke SC (2003).Observations on the history of the development of antimicrobials and their use in poultry feeds. Poultry Science, 82(4): 613–617.

Apata DF (2009). Antibiotic Resistance in Poultry. International Journal of Poultry Science, 8 (4): 404-408.

Kano

Cogliani C, Goossens H, Greko C (2011) Restricting Antimicrobial use in food animals: Lessons from Europe. Microbe 6: 274-279.Giguère S, Prescott JF, Dowling PM (2013) Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine. (5th edn), Wiley Blackwell pp: 675.

State Nigeria http://www.geographic.org/geograph ic_names/name.ph p?uni=2802462&fid=4305&c=Nigeria . 2014. Ref

Kohanski M, Dwyer DJ, Collins JJ (2010) how antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks. Nat Rev Microbiol 8: 423-435.

Collignon P (2003). A review – the use of antibiotics in food production 62


Lawal J.R., Saleh M.J., Yaqub A.G., Amina M.B., Yakaka W., Muhammad M., 2015. Antibiotic residues in edible poultry tissues and products in Nigeria: A potential public health hazard. Int. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 7 (3): 55-61.

Nigeria. Internet J. Food Saf., 11: 6266. Olonitola O.S., Fahrenfeld N., Pruden A., 2015. Antibiotic resistance profiles among mesophilic aerobic bacteria in Nigerian chicken litter and associated antibiotic resistance genes. Poult. Sci. , 94 (5): 867-874, doi:10.3382/ps/pev069.

Lu J, Hofacre CL & Lee MD (2006). Emerging technologies in microbial ecology aid in understanding the effect of monensin on necrotic enteritis. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 15(1):145–153.

Oluwasile BB, Agbaje M, Ojo OE, Dipeolu MA (2014) R. Laxminarayan, A. Duse, C. Wattal et al., ―Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions,‖ The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 1057–1098, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar

Ogunleye AO, Oyekunle MA &Sonibare AO (2008). Multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli isolates of poultry origin in Abeokuta, South Western Nigeria. VeterinarskiArhiv, 78 (6), 501-509.

Shareef A.M., Jamel Z.T., Yonis K.M., 2009. Detection of antibiotic residue in stored poultry products.Iraq J. Vet. Sci., 23 (1): 45-48.

Okoli IC, Anyaegbunam CN, Etuk EB, Opara MN &Udedibie ABI (2005).Entrepreneurial Characteristics and Constraints of Poultry business in Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Social Research, 5(1): 25-32.

Sirdar

Okoli IC, Nwosu CI, Okoli GC, Okeudo NJ &Ibekwe V (2002).Drug management of anti-microbial resistance in avian bacterial pathogen in Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Health and Human Development, 3(1): 39 – 48.

MM, Picard J, Bisschop S &Gummow B, (2012). A questionnaire survey of poultry layer farmers in Khartoum State, Sudan, to study their antimicrobial awareness and usage patterns‘, Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 79(1): 8 pages.

S. W. Page and P. Gautier, ―Use of antimicrobial agents in livestock,‖ Revue Scientifiqueet Technique, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 145– 188, 2012. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus

Olatoye IO (2011). Antibiotics use and resistance patterns of Salmonella species in poultry from Ibadan, Nigeria. Tropical Veterinarian, 29(1): 28-35.

Turkson PK (2008) Use of drugs and antibiotics in poultry production in Ghana.Ghana J AgricSci 41.

Olatoye I.O., Ehinmowo A.A., 2009. Oxytetracycline residue in edible tissue of cattle slaughtered in Akure,

63


Tables and Charts Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of sampled Farms Characteristics Farm size

Age of the farm

Type of birds Source of water

Type of liter

Demographic characteristics 200-500 birds 500-1000 birds 1000-5000birds >5000 birds 0-5 years 6-10 years >10 years Layer Broiler Well Borehole Pipe borne Wood shaving Battery cage

Frequency (%) 58 (20.7) 73 (26.1%) 102 (36.4) 47(16.8%) 68 (24.3%) 179 (63.8%) 33(11.3%) 198 (70.7%) 82 (29.3%) 46 (16.4%) 201 (71.8%) 33 (11.8%) 186 (66.4%) 94 (33.6%)

Table 2. Types of antibiotics used by poultry farmers in selected farms Antibiotics Penicillin-streptomycin Tetracyclines Tylosin-doxycline Enrofloxacin (+norfloxacin) Sulfadimidine Amoxicillin Furaltadol Erythromycin Neomycin Chloramphenicol Gentamycin- doxycline

Frequency (%) 165 (58.9%) 235 (83.9) 106 (37.8%) 78 (27.9%) 132 (48.1%) 106 (37.9%) 69 (24.6%) 187 (66.7%) 195 (69.7%) 102 (36.2%) 174 (62%)

64


Percentage

80

62

57 45

60 40 20 0 Therapeutics

Prophylaxis

Growth Promoter

Figure 1. Purpose of antimicrobial use in the selected farm

60

57

Percentage

50 40

26

30

17

20 10 0 Paraveterinary

Veterinarians

Friends or farmer association

Figure 2. Source of antibiotics used by the farmers Table 3. Forms, Routes of Administration storage condition residual effect of the antibiotics Variable Forms

Routes of administration

Storage

Characteristics Solid or Powder Liquid Aerosol Oral Parenteral Topical/surface Bare floor Polythene bags Box 65

Frequency (%) 242(86%) 53(19%) 236 (84%) 68(24%) 26(9%) 176(63%) 100(35%) 45(16%)


PRELIMINARY STUDY ON BRUCELLOSIS IN CATTLE IN JIGAWA STATE NIGERIA Farouk, U.M1. J.O.O. Bale2 J. K.P. Kwaga3 US Abdullahi4 Ibrahim, S4 and Madobi, I.S5 1 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2 National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 3 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 4 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 5 Department of Animal Health and Husbandry, Audu Bako School of Agriculture, Danbatta, Kano ABSTRACT A serological study on brucella infection was carried out in Jigawa State in order to determine the prevalence in some selected cattle herds and also asses some factors enhancing susceptibility to the infection. Serum samples were screened using Serum agglutination test while milk samples were tested using Whey agglutination test. From the results of the study out of 1,867 serum samples 83/1867 (4.4%) tested positive with Serum agglutination test (SAT) while of the 869 milk samples 61/869 (7 %) tested positive with whey agglutination test (WAT). Prevalence of Brucella infection in Studied herds indicated that 21/147 (14.28%) tested positive. The results also showed that the prevalence was higher among female cattle than males. Cattle of age group 48-60 month had the highest prevalence with significant difference P< 0.05. In conclusion brucella antibodies were detected in both serum and milk samples tested from the studied herds. It is hereby recommended that the herd owners should be educated on brucellosis and its effect on livestock production. They should also be sensitized on the various strategies for control and prevention of the disease.

1994) and Eritrea (Omer et al., 2000). Despite the advances made in diagnosis and therapy, brucellosis is still widespread in many developing nations. Conventionally, serological tests are used to screen for, or to confirm the disease. These screening tests are inexpensive, fast and highly sensitive but not necessarily highly specific (Alton et al., 1975). This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of brucella infection in cattle herds in Jigawa State using serum agglutination and whey agglutination tests and also to advice herd owners on strategies for control and possible eradication.

INTRODUCTION Brucellosis is an important disease among cattle and remains a major source of disease for humans and domesticated animals. Animal such as cattle, sheep and goats become infected after ingesting contaminated feeds, water or suckling from the dam or licking an infected placenta, new born or feotus (Corbel, 1997). The disease has remained widely distributed in Africa and Asia. In Africa a high prevalence has been reported in Uganda (Faye et al., 2005) Egypt, Sudan and Senegal (Chukwu, 1985). Moderate prevalence rate were reported in Nigeria, Tanzania, Ghana and Botswana (Chukwu, 1987a), while a low prevalence was seen in Kenya (Kagumba and Nandokha, 1978), Djibouti (Chantal et al., 66


2. 0.2 ml of the serum to be tested was added in to the first tube containing phenol-saline and mixed thoroughly without frothing. 0.5 ml was carried over to the second tube from which after mixing, 0.5 ml was transferred to the third tube and the process continued to the 5th tube from which after mixing 0. 5ml of the serum dilution was discarded. 3. To each tube 0.5 ml of the antigen diluted in 1:10 was added and mixed thoroughly which resulted to a serum dilution of 1:10 1:20 1:40 1:80 1:160 4. The tubes were then incubated at 370C for 24 hours

MATERIALS AND METHODS The Study Area Jigawa State lies between latitude 10057N and 130 03N and longitude 8008E and 10037E and covers a total land area of about 22,410 sq.km. The State has 27 Local Government Areas and 3 geopolitical zones viz Northeast Northwest and Central. It has an estimated cattle population of 1.2 million heads. The climate is semi-arid, characterized by a long dry season and variable rainy season which vary considerably over the years and are erratic Sample Size Determination

Procedure for Whey Agglutination Test (WAT)

The number of herds sampled was calculated using the formula n = 1.962 Pexp (1- Pexp)/d2 (Thrusfield, 1995) based on an expected herd prevalence (Pexp) of 40% desired absolute precision (d) of 5 % and a confidence interval of 95%.. Furthermore using the multistage cluster sampling, the design effect (D) of the survey was calculated using the formula D = 1 + (b-1) roh (Bennett et al., 1991) which resulted to 147 herds. Sample Collection

1.

Using a spatula, 1 µg of casein enzyme was added to each of the 7 ml labelled milk samples

2.

The milk samples were incubated at 370C for 1-2 hours

3.

Using a microtitre pipette, 1 ml of the clear whey was removed from the defatted milk.

4. 0.2ml of the clear whey from each sample was subjected to tube agglutination test

At herd level, samples collected included; Blood (serum), and milk from lactating cows. Cattle of minimum age of 6 month and above and cows in lactation were considered for selection and it was done systematically as described by Thrusfield, (1995). A total of 1,810 serum and 869 milk samples were collected from 147 herds and screened using Serum agglutination test (SAT) OIE (2002) and Whey agglutination test (WAT) as described by Bale, (2011).

5. 0.8 ml of normal-saline was added into the first tube and 0.5 ml was added into the remaining four tubes using a microtitre pipette. 6. The whey samples were added in to five tubes as follows: 0.2 ml of each whey sample was added to the first tube containing normal-saline and mixed thoroughly without frothing. 0.5 ml was carried over to the second tube from which after mixing, 0.5 ml was transferred to the third tube and the process continued to the 5th tube from which after mixing 0.5 ml of the whey dilution was discarded.

Procedure for Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) 1. 0.8 ml of phenol-saline was added into the first tube and 0.5 ml was added into the remaining four tubes using a microtitre pipette. 67


7. To each tube, 0.5 ml of the antigen diluted in 1:10 was added and mixed thoroughly which resulted to a whey dilution of 1:10, 1:20, 1:40, 1:80 and 1:160

infection in the studied herds. However the prevalence was found to be low when compared to previous work carried out in Nigeria. A prevalence of 26.3% was reported by Mai et al (2012) in Kano and Kaduna States and also a prevalence of 8.9% was obtained by Magaji in 2014 in Shika Zaria.

The tubes were then incubated at 370C for 24 hours Interpretation of SAT and WAT results The degree of agglutination was assessed on the amount of clearing that has taken place in the tubes Serum and Whey with agglutination of a dilution of 1:40 (50 international units) and above was considered as positive reactor samples (Alton et al., 1975).

The overall herd prevalence in this study was found to be 14.3% and at least one positive herd was identified from each zone. All the herds studied practiced similar pattern of husbandry system which was mainly extensive husbandry system. This pattern of husbandry enhances disease transmission through sharing of grazing areas watering points and also poor hygiene. The herd prevalence reported in this work was lower than what was reported by Bertu in 2014 among herds that practice similar husbandry practice at Kachia grazing reserve in Kaduna State.

RESULTS Prevalence of Brucella infection in serum using SAT was 83/1867 (4.4%) while the prevalence in milk using WAT was 61/869 (7.1%) as indicated in Table 1. The overall herd prevalence based on the 3 senatorial zones was; Northcentral zone 18.3% (9/49) Northeast zone 7/49 (14.2%) and Northwest zone (5/49) 10.2 %, The overall herd prevalence in the three zones was 14.2% (21/147) as shown in Table 2.

The results by sex indicated that female cattle showed higher prevalence compared to males and it was significant P< 0.05. These findings were in agreement with what was documented by Radostits et al., 2007. However susceptibility to brucellosis has been shown to increase due to the availability of erythritol a polyhydric acid found in the placenta and uterus during pregnancy thus making females to be more susceptible. Contrary to these Crawford et al., 1990 in a study reported that both sexes stand equal chance to acquiring the infection provided they are all exposed. The findings in this study also showed that cattle of age group 48-60 month had the highest prevalence and was significant (P