antibacterial activity of garlic against

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RESISTANT Staphylococcus Aureus AND Enterococcus faecalis. IN DUHOK CITY ... antimicrobial, anti-neoplastic, anti-cardiovascular, immune-stimulatory and.
Journal of University of Duhok, Vol. 19, No.1 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), Pp 114-122, 2016

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF GARLIC AGAINST MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT Staphylococcus Aureus AND Enterococcus faecalis IN DUHOK CITY JANAN M. SALIH*, ALAA' T. MONAWER**, ISMAEIL M. ABDULLKAHAR *** * College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region-Iraq ** College of Nursing, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region-Iraq *** College of Health sciences, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region-Iraq (Received: November 18, 2015; Accepted for publication: June 30, 2016) ABSTRACT Background: Garlic has been used worldwide for centuries by different societies to fight different types of pathogens. It is antibacterial activity is attributed to its key component allicin, which is rapidly synthesized when garlic is squished. Objective: The study was done to evaluate the antibacterial activity of garlic extraction against the multidrug resistant methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus faecalis. Methods: Forty isolates (40) of S. aureus were collected from hospitalized patients in Azadi teaching hospital and twenty isolates (20) of E. faecalis were collected from different private dental clinics in Duhok city. The isolates were identified by routine methods. Garlic antibiotic activity were performed by using garlic extracts in serial dilutions with the concentrations of (100, 75, 50, 25, 10 and 5 %) by agar well diffusion assay, also antibiotics susceptibility test were done by the disc diffusion method using Muller-Hinton agar medium. Results: Different concentrations of garlic extract exhibited different inhibition zone against S. aureus and E. faecalis. The potency of garlic extracts on S. aureus ranging from (15-36) mm diameter zone of inhibition, while that of E. faecalis ranging from (14-33) mm diameter zone of inhibition; however S. aureus was more sensitive than E. faecalis. The zone of inhibition was increase with increasing concentration of extracts; the concentration (100 %) of garlic extract had the highest inhibitory effect about (36mm) inhibition zone for S. aureus and about (33mm) inhibition zone for E. faecalis. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of garlic extract indicates that there suitability for being used as important certain medicines, so garlic is active to serve as anti-bacterial agents against multi-drug resistant bacteria.

KEY WORDS: Garlic (Allium sativum), Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis.

INTRODUCTION

G

arlic has been found to possess many therapeutic properties including antimicrobial, anti-neoplastic, anti-cardiovascular, immune-stimulatory and hypo-glycaemic activities.1 Garlic (Allium sativum L.) exhibit a wide antibiotic activity against: Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.2 The research articles published that the garlic raw juice was effective against different types of pathogenic bacteria,3 and against antibiotics resistant strains,4 also garlic prevented toxins producing by pathogenic strains.5 A study by Harris et al 2001, reported a review about garlic antimicrobial properties,6 another study done by Singh 2008, showed that

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the garlic had a pharmacological effects.7 Recent researches detected the inhibitory activity of garlic aqueous extracts on many species of bacteria and fungi.8/ Thiosulfinates act a significant role in garlic antibiotic activity.Hughes and Lawson 1991, showed that the whole antibiotics activity of garlic is scrapped when thiosulfinates, e.g.allicin are removed from garlic extract.9 The differences in structure of bacterial strains can have a role in the garlic anti bacterial activity. 10 There is increasing need for new antibiotics due to modifications of older antibiotics by emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria to antimicrobial drugs. 11

Journal of University of Duhok, Vol. 19, No.1 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), Pp 114-122, 2016

Allicin, the main garlic antimicrobial constituent, is procreated by allinase enzyme when garlic is squished.12 Garlic extract has an active role in controlling methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, 13 and oral pathogens.14 The aim of current study to evaluate the antibacterial activity of garlic extraction against the multidrug resistant methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus faecalis. METHODS Fresh garlic bulbs were obtained from the local markets. The garlic bulbs were shucked, then weighed (100 g). Sterilized the garlic bulbs surfaces by using ethanol, the ethanol was evaporated in a sterile laminar flow chamber. By using a sterile mortar and pestle homogenized the garlic, and then filtered the homogenized mixture of garlic through sterile cheese-cloth, this extract of garlic was considered as the (100%) concentration. Then the concentrations (75%, 50%, 25 %, 10%, and 5%) were made by diluting the concentrated extract of garlic with suitable volumes of sterile distilled water. Media: Brain heart infusion broth, blood base agar, chocolate agar, mannitol salt agar, bile esculin agar, nutrient agar, nutrient broth, and Muller- Hinton agar, were used in this study for different purposes. Sample collection & Identification: Forty isolates (40) of S. aureus and twenty isolates (20) of E. faecalis were subjected to garlic extracts, the isolates of S. aureus have been obtained from wound infections in Azadi teaching hospital and twenty isolates of E. faecalis have been collected from different private dental clinics in Duhok city, all samples were identified by routine conventional methods. 15

Antibacterial activity of garlic using agar well diffusion assay: The selected bacterial isolates

were inoculated into (10ml) of sterile nutrient broth, and incubated at 37ºC/8hrs. The cultures were swabbed on the surface of sterile nutrient agar plates using a sterile cotton swab. Agar wells were prepared with the help of sterilized cork borer with 10 mm diameter.16 Using a micropipette, (100µl) of different concentrations of garlic extracts (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 10% and 5 %) were added to the wells in the plate. The plates were incubated at 37ºC/24 hrs (in an upright position). The diameter of inhibition zones were measured in mm and the results were recorded. The inhibition zones with diameter less than (12mm) were considered as no having antibacterial activity.17 Antibiotic sensitivity test: The test microorganisms were also tested for their sensitivity against the antibiotics (Table 3 and 4). The cultures were enriched in sterile nutrient broth for 6-8 hours at 37ºC. Using sterile cotton swab, the cultures were aseptically swabbed on the surface of sterile nutrient agar plates. Using an ethanol dipped and flamed forceps, the antibiotic discs were aseptically placed over the seeded agar plates sufficiently separated from each other to avoid overlapping of inhibition zones. The plates were incubated at 37ºC /24hrs, and the diameter of the inhibition zones was measured in mm. 18 RESULTS Forty isolates (40) of S. aureus and twenty isolates (20) of E. faecalis were collected and transferred to the Microbiology laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, and cultured on different media. In the present investigation we used garlic extracts in different concentrations (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 10% and 5%) by agar well diffusion method. The mean diameters of inhibition zones on S. aureus and E. faecalis were measured in (mm) and the results were recorded (Table 1 and 2) respectively.

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Journal of University of Duhok, Vol. 19, No.1 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), Pp 114-122, 2016

Table (1): Antimicrobial activity of different Garlic concentrations on the growth of forty (40) isolates of S. aureus. Concentration of garlic extracts %

Number of isolates

Average diameter of inhibition zones (mm)

100

7 (17.5%)

36

75

8 (20%)

30

50

10 (25%)

25

25

7 (17.5%)

21

10

6 (15%)

15

5

2 (5%)

9

40 (100%)

Table (2): Antimicrobial activity of different Garlic concentrations on the growth of twenty (20) isolates of E. faecalis. Concentration of garlic extracts % Number of isolates

Average diameter of inhibition zones (mm)

100

3 (15%)

33

75

4 (20%)

30

50

7 (35%)

26

25

3 (15%)

22

10

2 (10%)

14

5

1(5%)

8

20 (100%)

Commercial Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing: The bacterial isolates (S. aureus and E. faecalis) were also tested for their susceptibility against

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commonly used (commercial) antibiotics by modified Kirby-Bauer method, (Tables 3 and 4) respectively.

Journal of University of Duhok, Vol. 19, No.1 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), Pp 114-122, 2016

Table (3): Antibiotic sensitivity pattern with the inhibition zone for each antibiotic discs used against S. aureus Antibiotics

Symbol

Clindamycin

DA

Chloramphenicol

Disc potency (μg)

No. of isolates

Maximum zone of inhibition (mm)

2

10 (25%)

34

C

30

8 (20%)

32

Gentamycin

CN

10

8 (20%)

30

Doxycycline

DO

30

6 (15%)

22

Vancomycin

VA

30

4 (10%)

18

Tetracycline

TE

30

3 (7.5%)

12

Oxacillin

OX

10

1 (2.5%)

10

Methicillin

ME

5

0 (0%)

0

40 (100%)

Table (4): Antibiotic sensitivity pattern with the inhibition zone for each antibiotic discs used against E. faecalis Antibiotics

Symbol

Disc potency (μg)

No. of isolates

Maximum zone of inhibition (mm)

Doxycycline

DO

30

9 (45%)

30

Vancomycin

VA

30

6 (30%)

24

Gentamycin

CN

10

4 (20%)

22

Erythromycin

E

15

1 (5%)

12

Ampicillin

AM

10

0 (0%)

0

Penicillin

P

10

0 (0%)

0

20 (100%)

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Journal of University of Duhok, Vol. 19, No.1 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), Pp 114-122, 2016

DISCUSSION Historically, due to earlier reports garlic has conventional alimentary and medically used as anti-infective agent.19 Garlic contain the sulfur containing compound known as (allicin). Allicin is responsible for the garlic antimicrobial activity. Garlic has at least (33) sulfur compounds, several enzymes, (17) amino acids, and minerals (selenium).20 The garlic antimicrobial activity is due to possessing organic sulfur and phenolic compounds. 21,22,23 The antimicrobial activity of garlic was more effective than any of the tested antibiotics against Staphylococcus, E.coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella bacteria.24, 25

The result of the present study indicates different concentrations of garlic extract exhibited different inhibition zone against (S. aureus and E. faecalis), (Table 1 and 2) respectively. The potency of garlic extracts on S. aureus ranging from (15-36) mm diameter zone of inhibition, while that of E. faecalis ranging from (14-33) mm diameter zone of inhibition. According to the dose response, the zone of inhibition was increased with increasing the concentration of garlic extracts. The Lowest concentrations (5and10 mg/ml) were inhibited the bacteria weakly; however S. aureus bacteria was more susceptible than E. faecalis bacteria, while for the high concentrations of garlic extract (100, 75, 50 and 25 mg/ml), the garlic extracts were recorded noticeable inhibition activity against bacteria. The concentration (100 mg/ml) of garlic extract had the highest inhibitory effect about (36mm) inhibition zone for S. aureus and about (33mm) inhibition zone for E. faecalis. These results are in agreement with those previously published, for example, Iwalokun et al 2004, reported that the concentration about (22.5 ± 2.1 mg/ml) of garlic extract showed inhibition zone about (29.0 ±1.4) for S. aureus. 26 In India, Rubin Dasgupta et al 2012, reported that 0.1 ml of 10% (w/v) extract of garlic was poured into different wells; the inhibition zone surrounding the wells varied from 19.68 – 20.75 mm with mean of 20.22 mm diameter of inhibition zone against S. aureus, all bacteria being sensitive to garlic leaves extract.27 Antibacterial sensitivity testing was carried out using clindamycin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, doxycycline, vancomycin, tetracycline, oxacillin

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and methicillin for S. aureus with the following zones of inhibition obtained 34, 32,30,22,18, 12, 10 and 0 mm respectively. Clindamycin, gentamycin, doxycycline and vancomycin were sensitive while tetracycline, oxacillin and methicillin were resistant; in comparing with garlic extract which gave sensitivity in the same concentration; this proves that garlic extract is potent enough against S. aureus in vitro. The sizes of zone diameter given by garlic extract was between 15 mm to 36 mm diameter which qualifies it to be used as anti bacterial agent against multidrug resistant such as S. aureus, these findings agree with the work carried out by Okoye 2010 who worked on bactericidal effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on S. aureus and E. coli and compared the results with commercially prepared nalidixic acid (oxoid) and tetracycline (oxoid), on S. aureus; tetracycline gave a zone of inhibition of 20mm while garlic extracts gave 22mm zone of inhibition. The results of his investigation show that garlic extract is potent against S. aureus at concentrations that tetracycline were resisted by these pathogens in vitro.28 A study by Zakaria 2003 in Palestine revealed that the higher inhibitory effect of S. faecalis was (61%) for the concentration 50 g/ml these findings agreed with our results.29 Groppo et al 2002, reported that some oral Streptococci were sensitive to garlic extract, and a mouthwash containing garlic extract was reduced the total counts of salivary bacteria and mutans streptococci.30 In Thailand, Pantip et al 2007, indicates that vancomycin has 100% susceptibility, also fosfomycin has high activity, while Enterococci have been shown increasingly resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, and imipenem.31 In the current study the antibiotic sensitivity pattern with the inhibition zone for each antibiotic used against E. faecalis isolates have been reported as doxycycline 30mm, vancomycin 24 mm, gentamycin 22mm, erythromycin 12mm, ampicillin and penicillin were resistant. The E. faecalis bacteria are multidrug resistant, thus causing main problem for antibiotics administration. At first ampicillin was the drug of choice, but appearing resistant strains to this antibiotic forced the physicians to alter the choice. E. faecalis bacteria are resistant to a variety class of antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, betalactams, macrolides, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines.32 Besides those ciprofloxacin,

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erythromycin, cotrimoxazole, doxycycline and gentamycin.33 Also resistant strains to vancomycin were reported. 34 The data from an Indian study compared the effectiveness of garlic with commercial antibiotics, and the results showed that garlic was more effective as a broad spectrum antibiotic, also proved a significant advantage of garlic is that the bacteria do not seem to evolve to build up a resistance to it as they do too many modern antibiotics.35 This study proved that the garlic extract has more effective antimicrobial agent than the antibiotics currently in use. CONCLUSION Recent studies highlight the significance of the raw garlic extract as an antimicrobial agent during in vitro bacterial infection. In addition the absence of bacterial resistance to garlic enhances its ability to effectively act against even highly resistant bacterial strains, such as S. aureus and E. faecalis. However, it is important to assert that the garlic extract is easily prepared and low costs. Consequently, garlic extract enhances the antibacterial activity and protect individual from bacteria invasion. Thus, consuming of garlic may be utilizing as an economic way for patients or hospital workers and have been proposed as novel treatments of bacterial infectious diseases also to reduce the problem of multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria. REFRENECES1.

 Sato T and Miyata G. The nutraceutical benefit, part IV: Garlic, Nutrition. 2000; 16: 787-788.  Whitemore BB and Naidu AS. Thiosulfinates. In: Naidu A.S. (Ed.), Natural food antimicrobial systems. Boca Raton. 2000; FL: CRC Press, pp. 265-380.  Kumar A and Sharma VD. Inhibitory effect of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Indian J Med Res. 1982; 76: 66-70.  Jezowa L, Rafinski T, Wrocinski T. Investigations on the antibiotic activity of Allium sativum L. Herba Pol. 1966; 12:3-13.  Dewitt JC, Notermans S, Gorin N, Kampelmacher EH. Effect of garlic oil or onion oil on toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in meat slurry. J Food Prot. 1979; 42:222-224.

 Harris JC, Cottrell SL, Plummer S, LIoyd D. Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum (garlic). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001; 57: 282-286.  Singh VK and Singh DK. Pharmacological Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum L.). Annu Rev Biomed Sci. 2008; 10: 6-26.  Sivam GP, Lampe JW, Ulness B, Swanzy SR, Potter JD. Helicobacter pylori in vitro susceptibility to garlic (Allium sativum) extract. Nutr. Cancer. 1997; 27: 118-121.  Hughes BG and Lawson DL. Antimicrobial effects of Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium ampeloprasum (elephant garlic), and Allium cepa (onion), garlic compounds and commercial garlic supplement products. Phytother Res.1991; 5:154-158.  Tynecka Z and Gos Z. The fungistatic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) in vitro. Ann Univ Mariae Curie-Sklodowska Sect D Med.1975; 30: 5-13.  Tollefson, L, Miller MA. Antibiotic use in food animals: controlling the human health impact. J. AOAC Int.2000; 83:245-254.  Ankri S and Mirelman D. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes Infect.1999; 1:125–129.  Cutler RR, Wilson P. Antibacterial activity of a new, stable, aqueous extract of allicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Br J Biomed Sci.2004; 61:71–74.  Bakri IM and Douglas CW. Inhibitory effect of garlic extract on oral bacteria. Arch Oral Biol.2005; 50:645–651.  Brooks GF, Butel JS, Morse SA. Jawetz, Melnickand Adel berg's Medical microbiology. 23rd ed, McGraw Hill Companies, USA (2004).  Srinivasan D, Sangeetha Nathan Suresh T., Lakshmanaperumalsamy P. Antimicrobial activity of certain Indian medicinal plants used in folkloric medicine. J Ethnopharmaco. 2001; l 74: 217-220.  Srinivasan D, Sangeetha S. Lakshmanaperumalsamy P. in vitro: antibacterial activity stability of garlic extract at different PH and temperarture. Electronicjournal of biology, 2009, Vol 5(1):5-10.  Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardised single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Path. 1966; 45:493-496.  Ross ZM, O’gara EA, Hill DJ, Sleightholme HV, Maslin DJ. Antimicrobial properties of garlic oil against human enteric bacteria: Evaluation

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of methodologies and comparisons with garlic oil sulfides and garlic powder. Appl Environ Microb.2001; 67: 475-480.  Newall CA, Anderson LA, Phillipsonn JD. Herbal medicines a guide for health for health-care professional. London Pharmaceuticals Press.1996; 9: 296.  Oyedemi SO and Afolayan AJ. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of hydroalcoholic stem bark extract of Schotia latifolia Jacq. Asian Pac J Trop Med.2011; 4(12): 952-958.  Johnson M, Wesely EG, Kavitha MS, Uma V. Antibacterial activity of leaves and inter-nodal callus extracts of Mentha arvensis L. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011; 4(3): 196-200.  Jombo GTA, Emanghe UE, Amefule UE, Damen JG. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles at a university hospital in Sub-Saharan Africa. Asian Pac J Trop Dis.2011; 2(1): 7-11.  Shashikanth KN, Basappa SC, Murthy SV. Studies on antimicrobial and stimulatory factors of garlic (Allium Sativum). J. Food Sci. Technol.1981; 18: 44-47.  Arora DS and Kaur J. Antimicrobial activity of spices. Int J. Antimicrobial agents01999; 12: 257-262.  Iwalokun, BA, Ogunledun A, Ogbolu DO, Bamiro SB, Jimi-Omojola J. In Vitro Antimicrobial Properties of Aqueous Garlic Extract Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Candida Species from Nigeria. J Med Food. 2004; 7 (3), 327D333.  Rubin Dasgupta, Rajendra S, Nancy and Rawat DS. Antibacterial effect of plants extracts on human microbial pathogens & microbial limit test. IJRPC 2012; 2(4), ISSN: 2231.2781.  Okoye LA. In vitro determination of bactericidal effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on Staphylococcus aureus and Echerichi coli.

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NIJOSTEE. 2010; Vol.3, No.1,ISSN:033319873.  Zakaria Y. Al-Astal. Effect of storage and temperature of aqueous garlic extract on the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Al Azhar University-Gaza.2003; Vol. 6, 2 P.11-20.  Groppo FC, Ramacciato JC, Simoes RP, Florio FM, Sartoratto A. Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms. Int Dent J.2002; 52:433–437.  Pantip Chayakul MD, Ratri Hortiwakul, Natnicha Ingviya, Vee Chayakul. Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Songklanagarind Hospital, Hat Yai, Songkhla. 90110, Thailand. J INFECTS DIS ANTIMICROB AGENTS May-Aug. 2007.  ArdinoRC and Murray BE. Enterococcus antimicrobial resistance: principles and practice of infectious diseases.1990; Update Vol 2:4.  Abdulla FE and Abdulla EM. Antibiotic options for Enterococcus faecalis Infections. Pak J Med Sci. 2006; Vol. 22(3):286-290.  Fraimow HS, Jungkind DL, Lander DW, Delso DR, Dean JL. Urinary Tract Infection with an Enterococcus faecalis Isolate that requires vancomycin for growth. Ann Intern Med. 1994; Vol.121:22-26.  Deepak SJ. Investigation of antibacterial potential of garlic (Allium sativum) on enteric pathogens. Int J of Advance Pharma and bio Scie. 2012; Vol. 2, Issue. 1.  Electronic - journal of biology,2009, Vol 5(1):5-10

‫‪Journal of University of Duhok, Vol. 19, No.1 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), Pp 114-122, 2016‬‬

‫ﭼﺎﻻﮐﯿﺎ ﺑﻪرﮔﺮﯾﺎ ﺳﯿﺮا ادژی ﺑﻪﮐﺘﺮﻳﺎ ‪ Staphylococcus aureus‬و ‪ Enterococcus faecalis‬ﺟﻮراوﺟﻮرا ﺑﻪرﮔﺮﯾ‬ ‫دژی ﺗﻪﻧﻪﮐﺎن ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﭘ ﺸﻪﮐﯽ و ﺋﺎرﻣﺎﻧﺞ‪ :‬ﺳﯿﺮ)‪ (Allium sativum‬دﻫﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﮑﺎرﺋﯿﻨﺎن ﺑﯚ ﻣﺎوێ ﮔﻪﻟﻪک ﭼﻪرﺧﺎن ﻟﺴﻪراﻧﺴﻪری ﺟﯿﻬﺎﻧ ژﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪرﮔﺮﯾﮑﺮﻧﺎ ﻧﻪﺧﻮﺷﯿ ﻦ ﭬﻪﮔﺮ‪ .‬ﺋﻪڤ ﺳﺎﻟﻮﺧﻪﺗﻪ ﭬﻪدﮔﻪرﯾﺘﻪﭬﻪ ژ ﺑﯚ ﭘ ﮑﻬﺎﺗ وێ ﯾ ﺳﻪرەﮐﯽ ‪.allicin‬ﺋﺎرﻣﺎﻧﺞ ژ ﭬ‬ ‫ﭬﮑـﻮﻟﯿﻨ ﺋﻪوە ﻫﻪﻟﺴـﻪﻧﮕﺎﻧﺪﻧﺎ ﮔﺮﻧﮕﯿـﺎ ﭘ ﮑﻬﺎﺗـﺎ ﺳـﯿﺮێ دژی ﺑﻪﮐﺘﺮﯾـﺎ ‪ Staphylococcus aureus‬و ‪Enterococcus‬‬

‫‪ faecalis‬ﺑﻮ دژی ﺗﻪﻧﻪﮐﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫ر ﮑ ﻦ ڤەﮐﻮﻟﯿﻨ ‪ :‬ﺋﻪڤ ﭬﮑﻮﻟﯿﻨﻪ )‪ 40‬ﺳﻪ ﻣﺒﻞ( ﺑﺨﻮﭬﺪﮔﺮﯾﺖ و ﻫﺎﺗﯿﻨﻪﮐﻮﻣﮑﺮن ل ﻧﻪﺧﻮﺷﺨﺎﻧﺎ ﺋﺎزادی ﯾﺎ ﻓ ﺮﮐﺮﻧـ ‪،‬‬ ‫و )‪ 20‬ﺳﻪ ﻣﺒﻞ( ﺋـﻮ ﻦ ﻫـﺎﺗﯿﻨﻪ ﮐـﻮﻣﮑﺮن ژ ﮐﻠﯿﻨﯿﮑـ ﻦ ﺗـﺎﯾﺒﻪﺗﯿ ﻦ دداﻧـﺎ ل ﺑـﺎژ ﺮێ دﻫـﻮﮐ ‪ .‬و ﺋﻪڤ ﻧﻤـﻮﻧﻪﯾ ﻦ ﻫـﺎﺗﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﻣﮑﺮن ب ﺑﮑﺎرﺋﯿﻨﺎﻧﺎ راﻣﺎﻳﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﻪﻣﺒﯿ ﺗﺎﻓﻴﻠﮑﺮی و ﭼﺎﻧﺪﻧﺎ وێ ﺑﯚ ﻣﺎوێ )‪ (48-24‬دەﻣﮋﻣ ـﺮا ل ﺗـﺎﻗﯿﮕﻪﻫ ﻦ ﺑﻪﺷـ‬ ‫زﯾﻨــﺪەوەر ﻦ ﺑﭽﻮوﯾــﮏ ل ﮐــﻮﻟﯿﮋا ﭘﺰﯾﺸــﮑﯽ‪/‬زاﻧﮑﻮﯾــﺎ دﻫــﻮک‪ .‬و دﯾﺎرﮐﺮﻧــﺎ ﻓﻪﮔــﺮﺗﻦ ب ﮐﺮﻧــﺎ ﺗﺎﻗﯿﮑﺮﻧ ــﺖ روژاﻧﻪ و‬ ‫ﮔﻪﻫﺸــﺘﻪ )‪ 10 ،25 ،50 ،75 ،100‬و‪ (% 5‬ﺑﺮ ﮑــﺎ ﺑﻪﻻﭬﺒﻮوﻧــﺎ دﯾﺴــﮑ ﺗﺎﻗﯿﮑﺮﻧــﺎ ﺗ ﺴــﺘﺎ ﻫﻪﺳــﺘﯿﺎری ‪,Doxycycline‬‬ ‫‪ ,Clindamycin ,Gentamycin Vancomycin, ,Tetracycline‬و‪.Tetracycline‬‬ ‫ﺋﻪﻧﺠـﺎم‪ :‬ﻟﭭﻪﮐﻮﻟﯿﻨـﺎن دﯾـﺎرﺑﻮو ﮐـﻮ ﭘ ﮑﻬـﺎﺗ ﻦ ﺳـﯿﺮێ ب درﺳـﺘﯽ )‪ (%100‬ﮐﺎرﺗ ﮑﺮﻧـﺎ ﺑﻠﻨﺪودرﺳـﺖ ﻫﻪﺑـﻮو دژی ‪S.‬‬

‫‪ aureus‬و ‪ S. aureus .E. faecalis‬ﻫﻪﺳﺘﯿﺎرﯾﺎ ﭘﺘﺮ ﺑـﯚ ‪ Clindamycin‬و ﻟﺪﯾﭭـﺪا ‪ Gentamycin , Doxycycline‬و‬ ‫‪ ،Vancomycin‬و ‪ E. faecalis‬ﭘﺘﺮ ﺑﯚ ﻫﻪﺳﺘﯿﺎرﯾ ﻟﺴﻪر ‪ Doxycycline‬و دﯾﭭﺪا ‪ Vancomycin‬و ‪.Gentamycin‬‬

‫دەرﺋﻪﻧﺠــﺎم‪ :‬ژ ﺋﻪﭬ ـ ﭬﻪﮐــﻮﻟﯿﻨ ﺑــﯚ ﻣﻪ دﯾﺎردﺑﯿــﺖ ﮐــﻮ ﭼﺎرەﺳــﻪرﮐﺮن ب ﺳــﯿﺮێ ﺑﻪرﻫﻪﻧﮕﺎرﯾﻪﮐــﺎ ﺑﺎﺷــﻪ ﮐــﻮ ﺑﻬ ــﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﮑﺎرﺋﯿﻨﺎن وەک دەرﻣﺎن ﯾـﺎن ﭼﺎرەﺳـﻪری ژ ﺑـﯚ ﻧﻪﻫ ﻼﻧـﺎ ﻧﻪﺧﻮﺷـﯿ ﻦ ﻫـﺎﺗﯿﻨﻪ ﺋﻪﻧﺠـﺎم دان ژ ﺋﻪﮔﻪرێ ﺗﻮﺷـﺒﻮﻧ ب‬ ‫ﺑﻪﮐﺘﺮﯾﺎ دژی ‪ S. aureus‬و ‪ E. faecalis‬ﺑﻪرﮔﺮﯾﺎ دژی ﺗﻪﻧﻪﮐﺎن‪.‬‬

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‫‪Journal of University of Duhok, Vol. 19, No.1 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), Pp 114-122, 2016‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة ﻟﻠﺜﻮم ﺿﺪ ﺑﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﻜﻮرات اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدﻳﺔ اﻟﺬﻫﺒﻴﺔ و اﻟﺴﺒﺤﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎدت اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ دﻫﻮك‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨـﻼﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ واﻫﺪاف اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ :‬ﻟﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺜﻮم )‪ (Allium sativum‬ﻟﻘﺮون ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﻣﺮاض اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻫﺬه اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻮد اﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﻪ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ‪ . allicin‬اﻟﻬـــــــﺪف ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪِ راﺳــــﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻮم ﺿﺪ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﻜﻮرات اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدﻳﺔ اﻟﺬﻫﺒﻴﺔ و اﻟﺴﺒﺤﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎدت اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ :‬ﺗﻀــﻤﻨﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳــــﺔ ‪ 40‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ُ Staphylococcus aureus‬ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴــﺘﺸــﻔﻰ ازادي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬و ‪ 20‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ Enterococcus faecalis‬واﻟﺘﻲ ُﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﺎدات اﻻﺳﻨﺎن اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫دﻫﻮك‪ .‬وﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﺑﺈﺳـــــﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺴــﺤﺎت ﻗﻄﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻤﺔ وزرﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻوﺳﺎط اﻟﺰرﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 48-24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮات ﻗﺴﻢ اﻻﺣﻴﺎء اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺐ ‪/‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ دﻫﻮك ‪ ،‬وﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﺮوﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺗﻢ إﺧﻀﺎع اﻟﻌُ ﺰﻻت إﻟﻰ إﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﺤﺴــﺎﺳــﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺮاﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫اﻟﻌُ ﺰﻻت ﺑﺎﺟﺮاء اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻮم ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة )‪ 10 ،25 ،50 ،75 ،100‬و‪ (% 5‬ﺑﺈﺳــــﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ إﻧﺘﺸـــــــﺎر اﻟﻘﺮص‪ ،‬واﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎدات اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ‪,Doxycycline ,Clindamycin ,Gentamycin Vancomycin, ,Tetracycline‬‬

‫و‬

‫‪.Tetracycline‬‬

‫اﻟﻨـﺘــــــﺎﺋـــﺞ‪ :‬اﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺑﺎن ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ اﻟﺜﻮم ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ)‪ (%100‬ﻛﺎن ﻟﻪ اﻟﺘﺎﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻄﻲ اﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺪ‬

‫ﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻠﻤﻀﺎدات اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ؛وﺟﺪ ان ﻋﺰﻻت ‪aur eus‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ aureus‬و‪ ، E. Faecalis‬و ﻃﺒﻘ ًﺎ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬

‫‪S‬‬

‫‪ S‬ﻛ َﺎنَ أﻛﺜﺮَ‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ل ‪ Clindamycin‬وﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪ Gentamycin , Doxycycline‬و‪ ، Vancomycin‬و ﻋﺰﻻت ‪ E. faecalis‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ل ‪ Doxycycline‬ﺗﻼﻫﺎ ‪ Vancomycin‬و ‪.Gentamycin‬‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮَ ّ‬

‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳـــــــــﺔ ان اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮم ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﺪواء او ﻋﻼج‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻻﻣﺮاض اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﻜﻮرات اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدﻳﺔ اﻟﺬﻫﺒﻴﺔ و اﻟﺴﺒﺤﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎدت اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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