Pharmacogn J. 2017; 9(5): 611-614
Original Article
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Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra l.) Extract for Acne Treatment Arif Budiman1*, Diah Lia Aulifa2, Arif Satria Wira Kusuma1, Astri Sulastri1
ABSTRACT Introduction: Black mulberry is rich in phenols and is hence usable in the treatment of acne. It also contains anthocyanin, a well-known antioxidant. This study aimed to examine the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) extract as a potential raw material for use in beauty care products. Method: Fruit extract was obtained using maceration method with 96% ethanol. The antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by disc diffusion method, while the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by microdilution method. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extract was tested by DPPH method. Result: The results showed a 2.5% MIC against S. epidermidis and P. acnes, confirming the antibacterial activity of black mulberry extract. The MBC values for the respective bacterium were 2.5% and 5%. Regarding antioxidant activity, the IC50 value of black mulberry extract was 146.731 mg/mL, suggesting its medium potential. Conclusion: Morus nigra extract has antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis and P. acnes, and has medium potential as antioxidant. Key words: Morus nigra extract, Antioxidant, Anti acne, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes.
Arif Budiman1*, Diah Lia Aulifa2, Arif Satria Wira Kusuma1, Astri Sulastri1 Departement of Pharmaceutical and Technology Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor, INDONESIA. 2 Sekolah Tinggi Farmasi Indonesia, Jl. Soekarno Hatta No. 354, Bandung, INDONESIA. 1
Correspondence Arif Budiman, Departement of Pharmaceutical and Technology Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, INDONESIA. Tel.: 45363 Telp/Fax: 022-7796200 E-mail:
[email protected] History • Submission Date: 14-03-2017; • Review completed: 28-03-2017; • Accepted Date: 30-05-2017 DOI : 10.5530/pj.2017.5.97 Article Available online http://www.phcogj.com/v9/i5 Copyright © 2017 Phcog.Net. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
INTRODUCTION Our skin protects the body from environmental influences such as ultraviolet rays of the sun and numerous microbes.1 A notable influence of the environment on our skin is premature aging and acne. Premature aging is usually caused by frequent exposure to ultraviolet rays.2 Ultraviolet rays can cause skin burn3 and trigger the formation of free radicals more quickly.4 Acne is an inflammatory disease of the skin that often occurs in adolescence.5,6 One of the factors that cause acne on face is due to the activity of bacteria. Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, the two normal skin flora, are often isolated from lesions of acne7. Black mulberry (Morus nigra) contains the highest total phenolic compounds compared to the species of another genus Morus and has antibacterial and antioxidant activity.8,9 2-arylbenzofuran (Moracin M) has known antibacterial activity against Streptococcus faecalis (MBC 500 μg/mL), and oxyresveratrol stilbenoid against Staphylococcus aureus (MBC 125 μg/mL).10 Mulberry fruits are a rich source of flavonoids and anthocyanin compounds as antioxidant.9,11,12
MATERIALS AND METHOD Materials The materials used in this study consisted of Black Mulberry fruit obtained from Plantations in Cibodas, Maribaya-Lembang, 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) (Sigma Aldrich), glycerin (Brataco Chemical), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) (Brataco Chemical), Mueller Hinton Agar (Merck), Mueller Hinton Broth (Merck), saline (Otsu-NS), ethanol 96% (CV Sarana Abdi Bakti), Dimethyl Sufoxide (DMSO) (Merck), P. acnes and S. epidermidis bacteria from the Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Padjadjaran. The tools used in this study is the incubator (Yenaco), magnetic stirrer (Yellow-MAG HS7), mechanical stirrer (IKA EUROSTAR), micropipette (Socorex), ovens, pH meters (108 pH ATC), analytical balance (OHAUS TM-Adventure), Viscometer Rion (VT 04F), UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Analytik Jena Specord. Extraction Black mulberry was dried to a final weight of 10 kg in an oven at a temperature of 50oC 13,14 and extracted by maceration method using 96% solvent ethanol twice for 24 hours at room temperature. A viscous extract was obtained using a rotatory evaporator under vacuum at 50oC. Phytochemical Screening Phytochemical screening of ethanol extract Black Mulberry fruit (Morus nigra) was tested for the presence of alkaloids, steroids/ triterpenoids, saponins,
Cite this article : Budiman A, Aulifa DL, Kusuma ASW, Sulastri A. Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra l.) Extract for Acne Treatment. Pharmacog J. 2017;9(5):611-4. Pharmacognosy Journal, Vol 9, Issue 5, Sep-Oct, 2017
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Budiman, et al.: Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Black Mulberry for acne polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, monoterpenoid, and sesquiterpenoids.
Ethanol often used to attract the antioxidant compounds in fruit extracts such as anthocyanin.22,23,24
Antibacterial activity The antibacterial activity was tested by disc diffusion method. The growth medium used was Mueller Hinton Agar. Firstly, the extract was dissolved in 0.01% DMSO to obtain four concentrations: 10%, 20%, 40%, and 80%. A 6 mm diameter paper disc was soaked in 5 mL of the extract for 15 minutes and then dried in a laminar flow cabinet for 2 hours. The paper discs were then placed on the surface of the media containing inoculated bacteria. The Petri dishes were incubated at 37°C for 18 hours15,16.
Phytocemicals screening The results of phytochemical screening showed can be seen in Table 1. Using phytochemical screening, we detected flavonoids and phenolics in black mulberry.25,26 The presence of anthocyanin was also identified, which gives the extract of black mulberry the characteristic violet color,27 According to previous study,28 the contains of the phytochemical black mulberry extract ethanol compound will be easier to be detected. The antibacterial activity of morus nigra extract can be seen in Table 2. The Results of MIC and MBC of Morus nigra Ethanol Extract can be seen in Table 3. Based on our results, the MIC value of black mulberry extract against S. epidermis was in the range of 1.25–2.5%, while the MIC value against
Determination of MIC and MBC MIC and MBC were determined by micro-dilution method using a microplate17. 100 mL MHB media added into 100 µL of extract. Furthermore, each well was added 10 mL of the bacterial suspension was adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standards. Furthermore, the microplate was covered with a plastic wrap and then incubated at 37°C for 18 hours. Antioxidant activity The antioxidant activity of the extract was measured based on its scavenging activity of 1-diphenyl 2-picrylhyorazyl (DPPH) free radicals according to the method described previously18 with slight modifications. One milliliter of 0.1 mM DPPH solution in methanol was mixed with 1 ml of plant extract of varying concentrations (100, 120, 140, 160, and 180 μg/mL).
Sample solution The DPPH solution (2:3) was allowed to stand for the operating time to read absorbance at the maximum wavelength. A mix of 1 ml methanol and 1 ml DPPH solution was used as the control. Corresponding blank samples were prepared and L-ascorbic acid (1–100 µg/ml) was used as a reference standard. The reaction was carried out in triplicate, and the decrease in absorbance was measured at 517 nm after 30 minutes in the dark using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Absorbance values were expressed as a percentage of its inhibition (IC50) using the equation: % Inhibition = [1 – (Asample/ADPPH)] × 100 Where % Inhibition Asample ADPPH
= percentage of free radical inhibition capacity = absorbance of sample = absorbance of DPPH control
IC50 value of the sample was obtained by entering a value of 50 into the equation of each sample.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plant determination Based on the records available at the Department of Biological Science of Universitas Padjadjaran, the plants used in the research were identified as Morus nigra L. The drying and Extraction The purplish black color of black mulberry is due to anthocyanin compounds present in it. These compounds have been found to remain stable in the acidic atmosphere (pH
