APA Citation Style 6th Edition 8/2011 - Amarillo College

Download PDF
8 downloads 1404 Views 1MB Size Report
Comment
Topic 1: Introduction. Topic 8: Indirect quotations, page 6. Exact example not available, 1. (Quoting information quoted in article by different author). Topic 2: ...
Amarillo College Library

APA Citation Style, 6th Edition

Revised August 2011

Topic 1: Introduction Exact example not available, 1

Topic 8: Indirect quotations, page 6 (Quoting information quoted in article by different author)

Topic 2: Authors/Editors Author, typing the name, 1 Author, not provided, 1 Author, more than one work, 1 Authors, one through seven, p.1; eight or more, p. 2 Author, group, 2 Author, publisher the same, 2 Editor, book, 2

Topic 9: Italics: When to use them, page 6

Topic 3: Books (print/online) Book citation format, 2 Citation information source, 3 Editions, 3 Introduction, foreword, preface, 3 Place of publication, 3 Publisher name, 3 DSM-IV , 3 Dictionary and encyclopedia, 3 Google Books, 3 Information Plus book series, 3 Occupational Outlook Handbook, online, print, 4 Statistical Abstract of the United States , 4 Topic 4: Citing sources in text of paper, page 4 Topic 5: Dates Date not provided, 5 Date of publication, 5 Date of retrieval, electronic, 5

Topic 10: Library databases General information, 7 Academic Search Complete, 7 CINAHL Plus with Full Text, 7 CQ Researcher, 8 eBooks Collection (formerly NetLibrary), 8 Health Reference Center Academic, 8 Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center, 8 Points of View Reference Center, 8 Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, 9 STAT!Ref, 9 Topic 11: Miscellaneous formats Brochure, 9 DVD/Motion picture, 9 Facebook, 9 Interviews, personal, 9 Twitter, 10 YouTube, 10 Topic 12: Missing Information Author, date, DOI, issue #, location, page #s, 10 Topic 13: Periodicals, print Periodical citation format, 10-11 Issue numbers, 11 Print journal article, with and without DOI, 11 Magazine, newsletters, newspapers, 11

Topic 6: DOI numbers, page 5 Topic 7: Formatting/typing the paper Double-spacing the paper, 5 Font, 12 pt. Times New Roman, 5 Hanging indent, 5 Margins, 1 inch all around, 5 Order of entries in References list, 5 Page numbers (p or pp or neither?), 5 Qutotations, long (block), 6 Running head, 6 Title page, 6

Topic 14: Titles Articles, periodicals, books, 11 Topic 15: Web sources Minimum required information, 12 Prior print information, 12 Retrieval date, 12 URLs, 12 Web document with and without an author, 12 Web document, no date, no author, 12

(Continued on next page.)

Table of Contents (continued) Web document from a university site, 12 Online journal with page numbers, 12 Online journal, no page numbers, 12 Online magazine and newspaper, 12 Sample documents attached. Things to remember:

Double-space all citations. Find the example closest to your situation and modify it to fit your situation. Page numbering starts on first page of examples.

Page 1

Topic 1: Introduction/General 

Exact example not available? Find the closest example and modify it.



If you believe you see an error, please send an e-mail describing it to [email protected]. Thanks!



APA is usually used in psychology, social sciences, and behavioral sciences. At AC, it is often used for health sciences, psychology, and speech.



In APA style, sources are cited in the text of the paper and at the end of the paper in the References list.



The authority for APA style is the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (called Handbook here), which is available at most libraries for in-library use. The Handbook is sold by the AC Bookstore and other booksellers. Deviations from the APA Handbook shown here were personally okayed by APA’s style experts.

Topic 2: Authors/Editors

(all formats, References list and in-text citations)

Author, how to type the name(s). Use initials only regardless of how the names appear on the item. Type an extra space between the two initials. Type the names in the citation entry in the order they appear in the item’s byline. Do not include titles such as Dr., degrees such as Ph.D., or other designations. Example of Jr.: Strong, E. K., Jr., & Uhrbrock, R. S. Author(s) not provided. When the author’s name is not provided, place the title first in the References list citation. Use it for alphabetization purposes, and use a shortened form for citations in the text of the paper. — Example: Web article References: Texting while driving more dangerous than alcohol. (2008). AFB. Retrieved May 17,

2011, from http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=080918100933.qj8ms49l In the text: Drivers who were texting were found to be significantly impaired (“Texting,” 2008). —Example: Book References: Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA:

Merriam-Webster. In the text: (Merriam-Webster's, 2005, p. 3) (Include page number for a direct quote.)

Author(s) of more than one work. Order them by date in the References list, from the oldest work to the newest. They are usually differentiated by the year in the text of the document. Authors, one, References list. References: Monroe, R. L. (2001). In the text: According to Monroe (2001), . . . Authors, two, References list. References: Monroe, R. L., & Evans, D. J. (1998), . . . In the text: According to Monroe and Evans (2001, p. 5), . . . Authors, three to seven, References list. References: Monroe, R. L., Evans, D. J., Smith, C. T., Brown, J., Jones, J. K., Sweeney, D. N., & Nelson, S. L. (2003). In the text: Include the names of all authors upon first mention. Then use the last name of the first author with et al.

Monroe, Evans, Smith, Brown, Jones, Sweeney, and Nelson duplicated Johnson’s results (2001).

Page 2

The report has been called a “new classic in the field” (Monroe et al., 2001, p. 7) Authors, eight or more. In the References list, include the first six authors, then an ellipsis (three periods that indicate omitted content), and then the name of the last author. References: Monroe, R. L., Evans, D. J., Smith, C. T., Brown, J., Jones, J. K., Sweeney, D. N., . . . Nelson, S. L.

(2001). In the text: Evans et al. duplicated Johnson’s results (2001).

Author, group. An organization can be an author. In the text, the name is written in full upon first mention. When an abbreviated form, such as NASA, is well known, it can be used in later citations in the text of the paper. The report provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was described in a NASA news release as “a comprehensive report written for the general public” (NASA, 2007, p. 23). If the group author with a well-established abbreviation is NOT spelled out in full in the text prior to the parenthetical citation, it must be spelled out in the parentheses. The abbreviation may be included in brackets directly after the name. Afterwards, the abbreviation may be used through the rest of the paper and citations. The results of a malpractice survey indicate that more doctors are reluctant to take on end-of-life care because they are afraid of being sued (American Medical Association [AMA], 2008, p. 5). Author and publisher are the same. Use Author as the publisher. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Editor. Example 1 shows a signed article in a book with an editor. Example 2 shows a book of unsigned articles with two editors. Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Norris, S., & Stevenson, B. (Eds.). (1998). Ecology for a strong earth. New York, NY: Longman.

Topic 3: Books

(Print and Online)

—See “Topic 2 : Authors/Editors” on Page 1 for author and editor variations. Book citation: Print publication information (if any) + electronic publication information (if source is electronic) Author(s). (Year of publication). Book title in italics with sentence-style capitalization. City of publication, state: Name of publisher. Online publication information for e-books. Print and library database version of the same book Prince, S. (2003). Classical film violence: Designing and regulating brutality in Hollywood cinema, 1930-1968. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Prince, S. (2003). Classical film violence: Designing and regulating brutality in Hollywood cinema, 1930-1968. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Retrieved from eBook Collection.

Page 3 Citation information source: Information for print book citations comes from the title page, not the cover or spine. Sometimes the copyright date is on back of the title page. These pages probably are shown in the e-book version. Editions. Appears between book title and publisher. Abbreviate as shown. Use “Rev. ed.” for revised editions. Example: below. Mitchell. T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Editor. See example in “Topic 2” section. Introduction/ Foreword/Preface. These items may have their own author. Funk, R., & Kolln, M. (1998). Introduction. In E.W. Ludlow (Ed.), Understanding English grammar (pp. 1-2). Needham, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Place of publication. Include city and state using the U.S. Post Office abbreviation for the state. Include country for countries outside the United States. If the publisher location is not given, type “N.p.” in the space for the city. Heinly, A. P. (2001). Inflammatory bowel disease. In R. L. Moser (Ed.) Primary Care for Physician Assistants: Clinical Practice Guidelines. (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved from STAT!Ref Online Medical Library database. Wagner, G. (2009). Point: Music censorship is necessary to protect children. In Points of view: Music censorship (p. 2). N.p.: Great Neck. Retrieved from Points of View Reference Center database. Publisher name. Give the name in as brief a form as possible while keeping it comprehensible. Leave out unnecessary words such as “Publishers,” “Co.,” and “Inc.” However, retain “Press” and “Books.” Examples of Specific Works or Formats DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Dictionary Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London, England: Macmillan. eBooks Collection (Formerly Netlibrary. Now operated by EBSCO.) Prince, S. (2003). Classical film violence: Designing and regulating brutality in Hollywood cinema, 1930-1968. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Retrieved from eBooks Collection database. Encyclopedia article without a named author or editor Scotland. (2000). In World book encyclopedia (Vol. 10, p. 79). Chicago, IL : World Book Encyclopedia. Google Books McNamara, S. (2000). Stress in young people [Google Books version]. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/ books?id=XdeNqfgFo9AC&lpg=PA152&dq=sleep%20stress&pg=PR1 #v=onepage&q =sleep%20stress&f=false Information Plus Books (Book in a Series) Weier, J. W. (2006). Capital punishment: Cruel and unusual? In Information Plus Reference Series. Detroit, MI: Thomson Gale.

Page 4 Occupational Outlook Handbook online and print versions (U.S. government publication) U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2007, December 17). Occupational outlook handbook, 2010-11 edition: Accountants and auditors. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos001.htm U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2006). Registered nurses. Occupational outlook handbook. 2006-07 Library ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Statistical Abstract of the United States (U.S. government publication) U.S. Census Bureau. (2006). Deaths—Years lost and mortality costs by age, sex, and cause: 2000 and 2002. No. 118. Statistical abstract of the United States: 2007. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Topic 4: Citing Sources in the Text of the Paper —See “Topic 2 : Authors/Editors” on Page 1 for author and editor variations. Information required for in-text citation in APA style. Author (or shortened form of the title if there is no named author). Date. Page number for direct quotations. Page numbers. The matter of page numbers can be confusing because most electronic sources do not have them. APA requires them for direct quotations but provides alternative location methods when they are not available in the source. —Example: Page numbers available in the source “Many of my colleagues are envious of my obvious brilliance,” Smith claimed (1999, p. 2). —Example: Page numbers not available (electronic source). Use paragraph numbers if the paragraphs are numbered on the

piece. Otherwise, use headings. If the headings are too lengthy, use a shortened form. See examples.

“Many of my colleagues are envious of my obvious brilliance,” Smith (1999) claimed (para. 4). “Many of my colleagues are envious of my obvious brilliance,” Smith (1999) claimed (Jamison, “Dubious Reputation” section, para. 3). One work by one author (Examples of different arrangements of the citation information) The author’s name can be included in the text of a sentence OR inside the parentheses. “They are stirring up controversy about my research because they are envious,” Smith asserted (1999, p. 23). The controversial scientist recently angered his colleagues by stating that they are “stirring up controversy about my research results because they are envious” (Smith, 1999, p. 23). In an article in the Journal of Senseless Scientific Controversies, Smith (1999) asserted that his colleagues are “stirring up controversy about my research because they are envious” (p. 23). References list entry

Smith, J.C. (1999). Scientist accuses colleagues of envy: Smith is at it again. Journal of Senseless Scientific Controversies, 4(3): 23-24.

Page 5

The Association of Abraham Lincoln Scholars released its conference report that discussed the “continuing proliferation” of books about former president (2003, p. 5).

Topic 5: Dates Date not provided. Use “n.d.” in the space where the date would be. See example. Farley, C. J. (n.d.). Standing on the shoulders of giants. Retrieved from http://www.ascp.org. Date of publication (electronic). It can be the date of publication, date of latest update, or date of retrieval. Date of publication (print). It is the copyright date, which is located on the title page or on the back of the title page for a book Date of retrieval (electronic). The date the article was viewed and/or printed. The retrieval date is required only if the item is expected to change over time. Electronic items that originated in print are not expected to change after they are online.

Topic 6: DOI numbers DOI numbers. DOI numbering is a new system intended to remedy the problem of changing URLs. DOI numbers are digital object identifiers. They serve as a unique, unchanging item of information used to locate a digital object. Because DOI numbering is a new system, not all works have a number. APA recommends including a DOI number when it is provided on the piece or in the database information. See example below. Wong, E. (2009). Novel nursing techniques for the Rapid Response System. International Journal of Nursing Terminologies & Classifications, 20(2), 53-63. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. doi:10.1111/j.1744-618X.2009.01116.x

Topic 7: Formatting/Typing the Paper Double-space the paper and the References list. Font. APA recommends 12 pt. Times New Roman. Hanging indent. The first line of a References list entry starts at the left margin. Each subsequent line is indented 5-7 spaces or ½ inch on the Ruler Bar. See below. U.S. Census Bureau. (2006). Deaths—Life years lost and mortality by age, sex, and cause: 2000 and 2002. No. 118. Statistical abstract of the United States: 2007. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Margins. One inch all around. Order of entries in the References list. Alphabetical by the last name of the first author. The citation for an item without an author begins with the title, which is also used for alphabetization purposes in the References list. Page numbers—When to use p. and pp. abbreviations in References list citations: —Volume numbers: Do not use them at all for periodicals with volume numbers. Example: Smith, J. (2001). Research trends in 2009. Educator, 6(2): 4-6. (Six is the volume, two is the issue.) —Periodicals without volume numbers: Smith, J. (2001, May 1). Research trends in 2009. Educator, pp. 4-6.

Page 6 —One page or less: Allen, J. (2009, June 2). Issues in microbiology. Cell, p. 4. —Newspaper articles: New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (2001, August 3). The Washington Post, p. A12. —Book chapters or articles: Harker, J. (2006). New directions in the classroom. In L. Poe (Ed.), Educating students in the new century, (pp. 23-25). Washington, DC: Hall Foundation. Quotations, long (40 words or more of text). The parenthetical reference is included after the final punctuation. No period appears after the reference. Notice that a block quotation does NOT need quotation marks. Drucker (1985) defines innovation as: the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a different business or a different service. Entrepreneurs need to search purposefully for the sources of innovation, the changes and their symptoms that indicate opportunities for successful innovation. (p. 20) Running head. It consists of the words “Running head,” a colon (:), and the title of your paper. It is included on EVERY PAGE of the paper. The title part is in all caps. The running head cannot be longer than 50 characters, counting characters, numbers, and spaces. If it is, it must be shortened. The running head is typed as a header in your word processing program. It is placed on the left side, and the page number is placed on the right side. See the example.

Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION

3

Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information Frequently, people encounter situations in their environment in which it is impossible to attend to all available stimuli. . . . Spacing between sentences. APA recommends two spaces between sentences to improve readability. Title page. According to APA, the title page consists of “five elements: Title, running head, author byline, institutional affiliation, and author note” (APA, p. 229). Use the format given to you by your instructor because it may deviate from APA’s recommendations, especially as regards the author’s note. The author’s note is usually regarded as not relevant to a undergraduate research paper at an institution such as AC.

Topic 8: Indirect Quotations How to cite in the text of the paper: Freeman’s study (as cited in Atkins, 1990) provided exciting breakthroughs. How to cite in the References list: Atkins, J. E. (1990). Memory studies in identical twins. Twin Studies Journal, 100(10), 589-608.

Topic 9: Italics: When to Use Them Titles of books, periodicals, films, videos, TV shows, and microfilm publications. Exception: Words within the title of a book in text that would normally be italicized should NOT be italicized.

Page 7 Periodical volume numbers, e.g., Journal of Norwegian Linguistics, 26(3), 25-36. (Notice that the issue number and its parentheses are not italicized.) A word used as a word, e.g., Use and and or as Boolean connectors in a database search.

Topic 10: Library Databases —See “Topic 2 : Authors/Editors” on Page 1 for author and editor variations. Library database information. The new edition says library database information is not required in citations. However, a style expert at APA has ruled that library database information is permitted when it provides the most convenient access. This situation is true of most colleges, including AC. Therefore, include database names in citations unless your instructor says otherwise. This category includes AC Library’s online databases such as Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, CQ Researcher, Health Reference Center Academic, eBooks Collection, Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center, Points of View Reference Center, STAT!Ref, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. Retrieval dates are not needed for library databases because the content of items will not change over time. —Academic Search Complete (Multi-subject academic database)

Scholarly journal, PDF with page numbers, DOI Wong, E. (2009). Novel nursing techniques for the Rapid Response System. International Journal of Nursing Terminologies & Classifications, 20(2), 53-63. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. doi:10.1111/j.1744-618X.2009.01116.x Magazine, HTML with no page numbers Mardesich, J. (1999, October 25). Online music stocks: Expect plenty of static ahead. Fortune, 140(8). Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. —CINAHL Plus With Full Text (Most popular nursing and allied health database) Article from scholarly journal, PDF with page numbers, DOI Hubbard, I. J., Parsons, M. W., Neilson, C., & Carey, L. M. (2009). Task-specific training: Evidence for and translation to clinical practice. Occupational Therapy International, 16(3): 175-189. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database. doi:10.1002/oti.275 Article from trade publication (not scholarly), HTML with no page numbers Murphy, J. (2006, October 27). Reducing the impact of migraines. Practice Nurse, 32(5), 202-203. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database. Evidence-based care sheets, PDF with page numbers Note: There are no obvious examples in the Handbook. This example interprets these documents as “A Work in a Series.” Strayer, D. (2006, March 20). Melanoma: The role of immune response. In Evidence-Based Care Sheet series. Glendale, CA: CINAHL Information Systems. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database. Quick Lessons (CINAHL) Buckley, L. (2006, March 20). Liver cancer. In the Quick Lessons series. Glendale, CA: CINAHL Information Systems. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database.

Page 8 —CQ Researcher Database (Contains comprehensive reports on issues) HTML Version (Default view, HTML with no page numbers). Clemmitt, M. (2006, November 17). Privacy in peril. CQ Researcher, 16(41). Retrieved from CQ Researcher Online database. PDF Version (Scanned in from original print. Click the View PDF icon if you prefer a PDF document. Clemmitt, M. (2006, November 17). Privacy in peril. CQ Researcher, 16(41), 961-984. Retrieved from CQ Researcher Online database. —eBooks Collection (Online version of print books. Formerly Netlibrary. Now operated by EBSCO.) Prince, S. (2003). Classical film violence: Designing and regulating brutality in Hollywood cinema, 1930-1968. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Retrieved from eBooks Collection database. —Health Reference Center Academic (2nd health academic database after CINAHL) Article from scholarly journal, PDF with page numbers, no DOI Carter, L., Rukholm, E., & Kelloway, L. (2009). Stroke education for nurses through a technology-enabled program. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 41(6): 336-344. Retrieved from Health Reference Center Academic database. Article from scholarly journal, PDF with page numbers, DOI. Collier, R. (2010). Smoking rates declines stall. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 182(1): p. 49. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-3122 —Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center (Pro/Con database) Article from book, HTML with no page numbers Skiar, H. (2004). Increasing the minimum wage can help the working poor. In K. Balkin (Ed.), Opposing Viewpoints: Poverty. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven. Retrieved from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database.

Article from magazine, HTML with no page numbers Califano, J. A., Jr. (2007, May). Wasting the best and the brightest: Alcohol and drug abuse on college campuses. America, 196(19). Retrieved from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. Article from scholarly journal, PDF with page numbers Satel, S., & Stolba, C. (2001). Who needs medical ethics? Commentary, 111(2): 37-41. Retrieved from

Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. —Points of View Reference Center (Pro/Con database) Article from book (N.p. = no city of publication) Wagner, G. (2009). Point: Music censorship is necessary to protect children. In Points of view: Music censorship (p. 2). N.p.: Great Neck Publishing. Retrieved from Points of View Reference Center database. Articles from magazine (It has no volume number, so pp. must be used.)

Clifton, G. (2009, June 8). Healing health care. America, pp. 10-13. Retrieved from Points of View Reference Center database.

Page 9 Article from scholarly journal, PDF with page numbers Perry, R. (2003). Who wants to work with the poor and homeless?" Journal of Social Work Education, 39(2), 321-341. Retrieved from Points of View Reference Center database. —Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection Article from scholarly journal, PDF with page numbers, DOI provided Hughson, A. L., & Boakes, R. A. (2009). Passive perceptual learning in relation to wine: Short-term recognition and verbal description. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(1): 1-8. Retrieved from Psychology and Behavioral Sciences database. doi:10.1080/17470210802214890 —STAT!Ref (Online version of medical texts and reference books) Click show on the show/hide bibliography link at the bottom of a STAT!Ref article to view publication facts. Signed Article in a Book

Barkun, J. S., Prosanto, C., & Barkun, A. N. (2006). Jaundice. In American College of Surgeons (Ed.), ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice 2009. U.S.A.: Decker. Retrieved from STAT!Ref Online Electronic Medical Library database. Heinly, A. P. (2001). Inflammatory bowel disease. In R. L. Moser (Ed.) Primary Care for Physician Assistants: Clinical Practice Guidelines. (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved from STAT!Ref Online Medical Library database.

Topic 11: Miscellaneous Formats

(Brochures, interviews, motion pictures, etc.)

—See “Topic 2 : Authors/Editors” on Page 1 for author and editor variations. Include the format type in square brackets after the title. Formats listed in the Handbook are letters to the editor, special issues, special sections, monographs, abstracts, audio podcasts, data files, brochures, motion pictures (including DVDs and videos), lecture notes, CDs, computer software, video webcasts, and supplemental material. Examples: —Brochure Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author. —DVD/Motion picture/Movie Smith, J. D. (Producer), & Smithee, A. F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures. —Facebook Barack Obama. (2009b, October 9). Humbled. http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/ obamaforamerica/gGM45m [Facebook update]. Retrieved from http://www.facebook.com/posted .php? id=6815841748&share_id=154954250775&comments=1#s154954250775 —Interviews, personal. They cannot be retrieved later and are not included in the References list. They can be introduced in sentence form in the text of the paper. Example: During the interview, T.K. Lutes responded to many probing questions (personal communication, April 18, 2001).

Page 10 —Twitter BarackObama. (2009a, July 15). Launched American Graduation Initiative to help additional 5 mill. Americans graduate college by 2020: http://bit.ly/gcTX7 [Twitter post]. Retrieved from http://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/2651151366 —YouTube video Psychology Video Blog #3 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=lqM90eQi5-M

Topic 12: Missing Information (Author, Date, Location, Page Numbers, Publisher, etc.) Author. See “Author(s)” section. Date/n.d. The publication date for printed works is the copyright date. For electronic works, it can be the date of publication, date of latest update, or date of retrieval. If there is no date, use n.d. in the location where the date would go. Farley, C. J. (n.d.). Standing on the shoulders of giants. Retrieved from http://www.ascp.org DOI numbers. DOI numbering is a new system. Many items do not have these numbers, so they must be omitted in that case. Issue number of periodical. Some do not have issue numbers because page numbers run continuously throughout the volume instead of starting over with page one each time. Location/N.p. Book citations have the publisher’s location. Use “N.p.” where the location would have been. Wagner, G. (2009). Point: Music censorship is necessary to protect children. In Points of view: Music censorship (p. 2). N.p.: Great Neck Publishing. Retrieved from Points of View Reference Center database. Page numbers. In-text citations (online source). Use paragraph numbers if the paragraphs are numbered on the piece. Otherwise, use headings. If the headings are too lengthy, use a shortened form. See examples. “Many of my colleagues are envious of my obvious brilliance,” Smith (1999) claimed (para. 4). “Many of my colleagues are envious of my obvious brilliance,” Smith (1999) claimed (“Dubious Reputation” section, para. 3). “Many of my colleagues are envious of my obvious brilliance,” Smith (1999) claimed (“Preposterous Claims Enrage,” para. 2). Page numbers, References list citation (online source). They must be omitted when they were not provided. Mardesich, J. (1999, October 25). Online music stocks: Expect plenty of static ahead. Fortune, 140(8). Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.

Topic 13: Periodicals, Print

(Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, etc.)

—See “Topic 2 : Authors/Editors” on Page 1 for author and editor variations. Periodical citation = Print publication information (if any) + online publication information (if provided)

Page 11 Author(s). (Year of publication). Article title not in italics or quotation marks. Journal Title in Italics with Regular Capitalization, Vol(issue): page numbers. Online publication information for online journal articles. Issue numbers. When all periodicals were in print, issue numbers were not always necessary to provide unique identification. However, issue numbers can be included for all electronic periodical citations to provide unique identification. An APA expert said it is “not wrong” to do so. Some periodicals do not have issue numbers. Print and library database version of the same journal article Hubbard, I. J., Parsons, M. W., Neilson, C., & Carey, L. M. (2009). Task-specific training: Evidence for and translation to clinical practice. Occupational Therapy International, 16(3): 175-189. Hubbard, I. J., Parsons, M. W., Neilson, C., & Carey, L. M. (2009). Task-specific training: Evidence for and translation to clinical practice. Occupational Therapy International, 16(3): 175-189. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database. doi:10.1002/oti.275 Print journal article, no DOI number Duffy, M. E. (2005). Guidelines for otitis media: A valuable resource for evidence-based practice. Clinical Nurse Specialist,19(3), 117-120. Print journal article with DOI number Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10 Monthly or weekly magazine Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262(7), 673-674. Newsletter article, no author The new health-care lexicon. (1993, August/September). Copy Editor, 4(1), 1-2. Daily newspaper article, discontinuous pages Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

Topic 14: Titles Article titles. Article titles are not enclosed in quotation marks. They are not in italics and are not underlined. The capitalization method is sentence style. However, words that are always capitalized are capitalized in article titles, too. The first word after a colon is capitalized. Example: Texas license renewal: A snapshot of nurses in Texas. Duffy, M. E. (2005). Guidelines for otitis media: A valuable resource for evidence-based practice. Clinical Nurse Specialist,19(3), 117-120. Periodical and book titles. They are shown in italics. They are capitalized in the more familiar style in which each “important” word is capitalized. Example: Journal of Immigrant & Minority Health. Eysenck, M. W. (1976). Human memory: Theory, research, and individual differences. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.

Page 12

Topic 15: Web Sources

(Information and Examples)

—See “Topic 2 : Authors/Editors” on Page 1 for author and editor variations. Minimum required information. At a minimum, APA recommends including (1) a document title or description, (2) a date (either the date of publication or update OR the date of retrieval if the content may change), and (3) a URL or other locating information such as a library database name or DOI number. The author(s) should be included if provided. Prior print information. Many online items originated in print. If an electronic item was published first in print, your citation must include both the print and electronic information. Almost all items in library databases were published first in print. Retrieval date. APA no longer requires a retrieval date unless the content can be expected to change over time. URLs. When you need to divide an electronic address from one line to the next, break only after a slash or before a period. Do not put a period after the ending URL. Examples Document with an author Daly, B. (1997). Writing argumentative essays. Retrieved May 12, 1998, from http://www.eslplanet.com/ teachertools/argueweb/frntpage.html Document without an author (start with title) Social constructionism. (2001, May 1). Retrieved June 3, 2005, from http://sites.unc.edu/-daniel/ social_constructionism/ Document with no author and no date (shown as n.d.) What is the future of America? (n.d.). Retrieved June 7, 2003, from http://www.futurewatchers.org/america/ Document from a university web site McConnell, L. M. (2001, August 17). Genetic testing and Alzheimer’s disease: Has the time come? Retrieved January 28, 2005, from Stanford University, Project in Genomics, Ethics, and Society Web site: http://scbe.Stanford.edu/pges Article from online journal with page numbers Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A. (1995). A history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience. American Psychologist, 50(7), 750-765. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/journals/jacobson.html Article from online journal with no page numbers Wissink, J. A. (2000). Techniques of smoking cessation among teens and adults. Adolescent Medicine, 2(3). Retrieved from http://222.easu.edu/AdolescnetMedince/2-Wissink.html Article from from online magazine (Use pp. when there is no volume number and/or discontinuous pages.) Sleek, S. (1996, January). Psychologists build a culture of peace. APA Monitor, pp. 1, 33. Retrieved December 3, 1999, from http://www.apa.org/monitor/peacea.html Article from online newspaper Pear, R. (2001, January 23). Gains reported for children of welfare to work families. The New York Times on the Web. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/23/national/23/WELF.html

Page 13 YouTube Online Video Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs If you believe you have spotted an error on this handout, please describe it in an e-mail to [email protected] (Jana Comerford). We welcome your assistance in providing accurate information. The Amarillo College Library thanks Catherine Urban, MLS, for her careful and well-informed proofreading of this handout, which resulted in a number of changes that improved the content.

References (for this handout) Amato, C. (2002). The world’s easiest guide to using the APA (3rd ed.). Corona, CA: Stargazer. American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Perrin, R. (2007). Pocket guide to APA style (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton.

Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION

2

Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Their Effects on Relationship Research Numerous studies have been conducted on various facets of Internet relationships, focusing on the levels of intimacy, closeness, different communication modalities, and the frequency of use of computer-mediated communication (CMC). However, contradictory results are suggested within this research mostly because only certain aspects of CMC are investigated, for example, email only. Cummings, Butler, and Kraut (2002) suggest that FtF interactions are more effective than CMC (read: email) in creating feelings of closeness or intimacy, while other studies suggest the opposite. In order to understand how both online (Internet) and offline (nonInternet) relationships are affected by CMC, all forms of CMC should be studied. This paper examines Cummings et al.’s research against other CMC research to propose that additional research be conducted to better understand how online communication affects relationships. In Cummings et al.’s (2002) summary article reviewing three empirical studies on online social relationships, it was found that CMC, especially email, was less effective than FtF contact in creating and maintaining close social relationships. Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-Internet and Internet relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s use was significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et al., 2002). The strength of the relationship was predicted best by FtF and phone communication, as participants rated email as an inferior means of maintaining personal relationships as compared to FtF and phone contacts (Cummings et al., 2002).

(The example above came from the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL), a highly respected source of advice for writing research papers. OWL’s web page is http://owl.english.purdue.edu/.)

Running head: EXAMPLES OF APA CITATIONS

12

References American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Heinly, A. P. (2001). Inflammatory bowel disease. In R. L. Moser (Ed.) Primary Care for Physician Assistants: Clinical Practice Guidelines. (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGrawHill. Retrieved from STAT!Ref Online Medical Library database. Hubbard, I. J., Parsons, M. W., Neilson, C., & Carey, L. M. (2009). Task-specific training: Evidence for and translation to clinical practice. Occupational Therapy International, 16(3): 175-189. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database. doi:10.1002/oti.275 Murphy, J. (2006, October 27). Reducing the impact of migraines. Practice Nurse, 32(5), 202203. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database. Norris, S., & Stevenson, B. (Eds.). (1998). Ecology for a strong earth. New York, NY: Longman. Prince, S. (2003). Classical film violence: Designing and regulating brutality in Hollywood cinema, 1930-1968. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Retrieved from NetLibrary database. Texting while driving more dangerous than alcohol. (2008). AFB. Retrieved May 17, 2011, from http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=080918100933.qj8ms49l Wagner, G. (2009). Point: Music censorship is necessary to protect children. In Points of view: Music censorship (p. 2). N.p.: Great Neck. Retrieved from Points of View Reference Center database. Wissink, J. A. (2000). Techniques of smoking cessation among teens and adults. Adolescent Medicine, 2(3). Retrieved from http://222.easu.edu/AdolescnetMedince/2-Wissink.html