Corpus Analysis of Conjunctions: Arabic Learners’ Difficulties with Collocations Haslina Hassan Nuraihan Mat Daud International Islamic University Malaysia
[email protected];
[email protected];
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INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA (IIUM) LOCATION (4 campus): – Main Campus: Gombak, Selangor (283 hectares) – Centre for Foundation Studies Campus: Petaling Jaya & Nilai – Kuantan Campus: Bandar Indera Mahkota (404 hectares) – International Institute of Islamic Thought & Civilization (ISTAC) Campus: Kuala Lumpur (8 hectares)
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• POPULATION: – STUDENTS: • Undergraduate: 16,807 Students
(Malaysian: 14,003, Internationals: 2,804) • Postgraduate: 4,524 Students • International students come from over 90 countries – STAFF: • Academic Staff: 1,633 Lecturers • Administrative Staff: 1,489 Staff
• LANGUAGE: – Medium of instruction: • ENGLISH • ARABIC (for faculty of Laws & Islamic Revealed Knowledge)
• FACULTY: – No. of faculties: 12 ( Medicine, Dentistry, Allied Health Sciences, Pharmacy, Nursing, Sciences, Laws, Economics & Management Sciences, Engineering, Architecture, Islamic Revealed Knowledge & Human Sciences, Economics, Information & Technology)
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Third International Conference on Arabic Linguistics and Literature 19-21 September 2011
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Presentation Outline • • • • • • •
Introduction Statement of the Problem Objectives of the study Arabic Conjunctions Data collection and research procedure Analysis of Results Conclusion and suggestions WACL LANCASTER UNIVERSITY 11-12 APRIL 2011
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keywords • • • •
Arabic conjunctions L2 Arabic learners Collocations of Arabic conjunctions Learner corpus
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Introduction • Sinclair defined collocations as the occurrence of two or more words within a short space of each other in a text (Sinclair, 1991:170)
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Statement of the problem • Although collocations could be one of the challenges in learning a language, very few studies have been done on Arabic learners’ competency in using Arabic collocations (particularly on Malay Arabic major learners).
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• One area that learners may have problems with is the use of conjunctions. • The Arabic conjunctions consist of collocations, and based on experience, these were found to be problematic to the second language learners.
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Objectives of the study • To give accurate description of Arabic conjunctions used among learners of Arabic; • To investigate the misuse of Arabic conjunctions among the learners; • To see how certain combinations of words were preferred by the learners. WACL LANCASTER UNIVERSITY 11-12 APRIL 2011
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Arabic conjunctions • Combined words that signal a connection between sentences • not single words, or a repetition of word • serve as connectors and carry a variety of meanings: additive, adversative, causal, temporal, clarification, conditional and limitation if attached to a complete sentence (Hassan, 1999). WACL LANCASTER UNIVERSITY 11-12 APRIL 2011
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Normally found as a result of different combinations of words: No.
1.
Words combination
Examples of
preposition +noun +preposition
conjunctions ر/ أ ذ/ أ ها
2.
preposition +preposition +noun
ر أن و
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3.
preposition +noun +preposition
و
+noun
إ ذ وا ذ
4.
preposition +noun
و وة ذ ا ق ذ ! ذ "#
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5.
preposition +preposition
آ أن إ أن أن إ أن إ إ إذا
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6.
preposition + preposition
أن
+preposition
و وإ و و وآ
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7. preposition + preposition +preposition و إ ذ +noun 8. Preposition + noun +noun
)و( أ('ى * ذ+ إ * ذ ,-. /0وا ل2 ا.(و '(3 405 56 7
!" إ
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Preposition +preposition +noun
8 ا آ:و
+noun +reference 10
Preposition +preposition +noun
=ل5 ة ا.
Noun +noun
إزاء ذ 12
Noun +preposition
A وأ('ا BآC ذ أن
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13 noun + preposition + preposition
" إذا:ا
14 noun + preposition +noun
'' آEB+ إ إ ذ
15 Verb + preposition + noun
زد ذ
16 Verb + noun + preposition
ر ارة إ أنB H
+preposition
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Meanings • ADDITIVE !' & ا $%#وا#زد!د إ ذ /إ إ ذ ،زEدة ذ ،زد ذ ،و أ('ى / ،و 7أن ،ق ذ! ، ذ 5 ،أن ، A ،ه" '+ا ،وا ذ، و ،آ 5أن ،وا ،,-. /0وآ ،و وة ذ ،إ ) *+آ;( ذ * ،ذ .( ،ا 2ل /و( .ا 2ل /وا >. ،ً .( / .Lة ا 2ل ،و( ، و Aذ ،ا Lم 19
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• !' & ا %#اب وا* راك
ADVERSATIVE
إ 7أن / "O' ,ر ; ، "Oا،54 ،/0 'Oأن ،ا ":إذا
CAUSAL • !' & ا & .أو ا$ ,,- إزاء ذB ،ر ، +ا ،أ ;+ه ا /أ ;+ذ و ،وا ،;.-و ، ،ذ أن ،وآ ، و ،"#إ أن ،و :ا )آ(8
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TEMPORAL $ / ا$ 0• !' & ا B4 ، 5P دا، ' ن6 "# ،=# ،# ،7 أو،وأ('ا PB4 CLARIFICATION 1 2' !' & ا آ أو ا ،ر ارة إ أنB H ،'(3 405 ،BآC ، آنEأ (=ل )و5
