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Zootaxa 2876: 35–48 (2011) www.mapress.com / zootaxa/ Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press

ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

Article

ZOOTAXA ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)

An updated identification key to the pseudoscorpions (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) of the Czech Republic and Slovakia JANA CHRISTOPHORYOVÁ1, FRANTIŠEK ŠŤÁHLAVSKÝ2 & PETER FEDOR3 1

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina B–1, SK–842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ–128 44 Prague 2; Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Ecosozology (Conservation Biology), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina B–1, SK–842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract An illustrated dichotomous key is provided for the identification of adults of the pseudoscorpion species found in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, based on morphological and morphometric characters. The pseudoscorpion fauna of Slovakia includes 51 species in 7 families, and that of the Czech Republic includes 38 species in 7 families. New country records are provided: Mundochthonius carpaticus Rafalski and Microbisium brevifemoratum (Ellingsen) in the Czech Republic and Microbisium suecicum Lohmander in Slovakia. Key words: checklist, diversity, new records, Central Europe

Introduction Pseudoscorpions represent an arachnid order of medium diversity, with more than 3,400 described species in 25 recent families worldwide (Harvey 2009). Inhabiting almost all terrestrial habitats, they often play an important ecological role as predators. Europe is the best documented continent, with a known pseudoscorpion fauna of about 760 species (Harvey 2007). Until recently, the identification of pseudoscorpions in Central Europe was often confusing or difficult because the available keys are either outdated (Beier 1932a, b,1963; Verner 1971) or lack relevant figures (Mahnert 2004). More detailed analyses from this region were usually limited to certain taxa (Ducháč 2003). More intensive research on pseudoscorpions in the Czech Republic and Slovakia has been hampered by the absence of an accurate identification key. The previous national key for the Czech Republic (Ducháč 1995a) was published to identify just the most common species and higher taxa. Soon after the split of the former Czechoslovakia in 1993, the historical data, including the first national identification key (Verner 1971), often appeared ambiguous with no further distinction of the separated states. These problems have consequentially led to incomplete faunistic records in the world checklists and catalogues (Harvey 1991, 2009). Ducháč (1999) summarized all the available data from the Czech Republic for 28 species in 7 families, which rose to 33 species in the updated checklist of Blick et al. (2004). The latest world catalogue of pseudoscorpions (Harvey 2009) gives 38 species (7 families) for the Czech Republic and 37 species (6 families) for Slovakia. A need for more detailed knowledge of the diversity of pseudoscorpions in the Czech Republic and Slovakia has encouraged us to provide an updated identification key, based on standard and sometimes new morphological characters (shape of sternite IX setae in Chernes similis and C. hahnii), as well as additional morphometric data for some species (particularly Chthonius carinthiacus, C. pygmaeus, Neobisium slovacum, N. crassifemoratum, Roncus transsilvanicus, Allochernes peregrinus, Lamprochernes chyzeri and L. nodosus), accompanied by the latest data on the national fauna, including species recorded for the first time. Used in combination with Mahnert’s Accepted by M. Judson: 29 Mar. 2011; published: 12 May 2011

35

(2004) key to the Austrian species, it should be useful for identifying species of other Central European countries, thus making it easier to produce the faunistic data necessary for exploring their distribution and conservation status.

Material and methods This paper provides a dichotomous key for the identification of adults of the pseudoscorpion species listed in Table 1. This list is based on many faunistic papers published since the end of the 18th century, supplemented by unpublished records from theses deposited in university libraries. Chthonius hungaricus and Larca lata have recently been added to the list of the Slovakian species by Christophoryová et al. (2011). For the first time we also record Mundochthonius carpaticus and Microbisium brevifemoratum from the Czech Republic, and Microbisium suecicum from Slovakia. The nomenclature for all taxa follows Harvey (2009). Adult pseudoscorpions may be easily distinguished by a greater degree of sclerotization, the presence of four trichobothria on the movable finger of the pedipalp (except in the genera Microbisium, with only three trichobothria, Larca and Cheiridium, with two, and Apocheiridium, with one) and the presence of genitalia. TABLE 1. List of currently valid pseudoscorpion species of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, including data on their occurrence in the neighbouring countries from Harvey (2009). Abbreviations: CZ—Czech Republic, SK—Slovakia, HU—Hungary, PL—Poland, AT—Austria, UA—Ukraine, DE—Germany. Taxon

Country

Species shared with CZ and SK

CZ

SK

HU

PL

AT

UA

DE

+

+

Chthoniidae Chthonius (Chthonius) carinthiacus Beier

+

Chthonius (C.) diophthalmus Daday Chthonius (C.) heterodactylus Tömösváry

+ +

+

Chthonius (C.) hungaricus Mahnert

+

+

+

+

Chthonius (C.) ischnocheles (Hermann)

+

+

Chthonius (C.) orthodactylus (Leach)

+

+ +

Chthonius (C.) pygmaeus Beier Chthonius (C.) ressli Beier

+

Chthonius (C.) subterraneus Beier Chthonius (C.) tenuis L. Koch

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+ +

Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) boldorii Beier

+

+ +

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Chthonius (E.) fuscimanus Simon

+

+

Chthonius (E.) tetrachelatus (Preyssler)

+

+

Mundochthonius carpaticus Rafalski

+

+

Mundochthonius styriacus Beier

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+ +

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Neobisiidae Microbisium brevifemoratum (Ellingsen)

+

Microbisium suecicum Lohmander

+

+

+

Neobisium (Blothrus) slovacum Gulička

+

+

Neobisium (Neobisium) beieri Verner

+

Neobisium (N.) brevidigitatum (Beier)

+

Neobisium (N.) carcinoides (Hermann)

+

Neobisium (N.) carpaticum Beier

+

+ +

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Neobisium (N.) crassifemoratum (Beier)

+

+

+

+

Neobisium (N.) erythrodactylum (L. Koch)

+

+

+

+

+

continued next page

36 · Zootaxa 2876 © 2011 Magnolia Press

CHRISTOPHORYOVÁ ET AL.

TABLE 1. (continued) Taxon

Country

Species shared with CZ and SK

CZ Neobisium (N.) fuscimanum (C. L. Koch)

+

SK

HU

PL

AT

+

+

+

+

+

UA

DE +

Neobisium (N.) inaequale Chamberlin

+

Neobisium (N.) jugorum (L. Koch)

+

Neobisium (N.) macrodactylum (Daday)

+

Neobisium (N.) polonicum Rafalski

+

Neobisium (N.) simile (L. Koch)

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+ + +

Neobisium (N.) sylvaticum (C. L. Koch)

+

+

+

Roncus lubricus L. Koch

+

+

+

Roncus transsilvanicus Beier

+

+

+

+

Syarinidae Syarinus strandi (Ellingsen)

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Larcidae Larca lata (Hansen)

+

+

Cheiridiidae Apocheiridium (Apocheiridium) ferum (Simon)

+

Cheiridium museorum (Leach)

+

+

+

Atemnus politus (Simon)

+

+

Diplotemnus insolitus Chamberlin

+

Atemnidae +

+

Cheliferidae Chelifer cancroides (Linnaeus)

+

+

+

+

+

Dactylochelifer latreillii (Leach)

+

+

+

+

+

Mesochelifer ressli Mahnert

+

+

+

+

Rhacochelifer peculiaris (L. Koch)

+

+

Rhacochelifer quadrimaculatus (Tömösváry)

+

+

+ +

+ +

+

Chernetidae Allochernes peregrinus Lohmander

+

+

+

+

+

+

Allochernes wideri (C. L. Koch)

+

+

+

+

+

+

Anthrenochernes stellae Lohmander

+

Chernes cimicoides (Fabricius)

+

+

+

+

+

Chernes hahnii (C. L. Koch)

+

+

+

+

+

Chernes nigrimanus Ellingsen

+

+

+

+

Chernes similis (Beier)

+

+

Chernes vicinus (Beier)

+

+

Dendrochernes cyrneus (L. Koch)

+

+

Dinocheirus panzeri (C. L. Koch)

+

+

Lamprochernes chyzeri (Tömösváry)

+

+

Lamprochernes nodosus (Schrank)

+

+

Lasiochernes pilosus (Ellingsen) Pselaphochernes scorpioides (Hermann)

+

+

38

PSEUDOSCORPIONS OF CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA

51

+ +

+

+ +

+ +

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Total number of species shared with CZ and SK Total number of species

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

31

35

41

14

37

41

38

69

21

49

Zootaxa 2876 © 2011 Magnolia Press ·

37

Morphological terminology follows Beier (1963), Harvey (1992) and Judson (2007), with trichobothrial terminology following Chamberlin (1931). Figures, were drawn using a Leica drawing tube, mainly at Charles University in Prague (Czech Republic) and Comenius University in Bratislava (Slovakia), based on our own material, as well as on the collections of the Natural History Museum in Vienna, Austria. Specimens were studied as temporary or permanent slide mounts, photographed using a Leica DM1000 compound microscope with ICC50 Camera Module (LAS EZ application, 1.8.0) and an Olympus SZX9 stereoscopic microscope with uEye camera model UI1440-C. Measurements were taken from photographs using the AxioVision 40LE application (v. 4.5) and ImageTool for Windows (v. 3.00). The reference points used for measurements are shown on figure 5D.

Results

Faunal considerations The pseudoscorpion fauna includes 38 species (7 families) for the Czech Republic and 51 species (7 families) for Slovakia. The survey of species (Table 1) is accompanied by data from the neighbouring countries: Austria, Hungary, Germany, Ukraine (60–75% similarity) and Poland (90%) to compare geographical diversity in Central Europe (Harvey 2009). In addition to the older data, we have found two species that were previously unrecorded for the Czech Republic, and one for Slovakia: Mundochthonius carpaticus: collected in a tree hollow of Acer pseudoplatanus, at Poledňana reserve, Ostravice (49°30'N, 18°27'E, 620 m a.s.l.), 15 October 1999, 1 female, 1 deutonymph, lgt. and det. F. Šťáhlavský (new for the Czech Republic). Microbisium brevifemoratum: sifted from Sphagnum, at Ruda reserve, Veselí nad Lužnicí (49°09'N, 14°41'E, 420 m a.s.l.), 12 April 2009, 11 females, 12 deutonymphs, 4 protonymphs, lgt. J. Vilímová, det. F. Šťáhlavský (new for the Czech Republic). Microbisium suecicum: sifted from grass clumps and fallen leaves in a woody steppe on sandy soil, at Jalovské vrstvy, Cerová vrchovina Mts. (48°14'N, 20°06'E, 230–245 m a.s.l.), 1 October, 2007, 2 tritonymphs, lgt. P. Fenďa, det. J. Christophoryová; sifted from leaf litter of Quercus trees, at Tajba reserve, Streda nad Bodrogom (48°23'N, 21°46'E, 97 m a.s.l.), 6 February 2000, 6 females, lgt. and det. F. Šťáhlavský (new for Slovakia).

Identification key for adult pseudoscorpions of the Czech Republic and Slovakia 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Legs I–IV with different number of segments, legs I, II with one tarsal segment (fig. 1C) and legs III, IV with two tarsal segments (metatarsus and telotarsus) (fig. 1D); coxal spines present on pedal coxae II (fig. 1E) or II and III (fig. 1F); venom apparatus absent in chelal fingers (fig. 1I–K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Legs I–IV with equal number of segments (fig. 1A, B); coxal spines absent; venom apparatus developed in one or both chelal fingers (fig. 5F–H). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Coxal spines present only on pedal coxae II (fig. 1E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Coxal spines present on pedal coxae II and III (fig. 1F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Two well-developed eyes present (fig. 1G); fixed chelal finger with 44–52 teeth and movable chelal finger with 49–60 teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mundochthonius carpaticus Eyes absent (fig. 1H); fixed chelal finger with 35–42 teeth and movable finger with 41–48 teeth . . .Mundochthonius styriacus Chelal hand without any depression dorsally, distinctly bulbous in lateral view the dorsum not level with the finger but clearly rounded, base of movable without reinforced internal apodeme (fig. 1I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Chelal hand with a distinct dorsal depression, in lateral view the distal part of dorsum almost level with finger and not rounded, base of movable finger with a reinforced internal apodeme (fig. 1J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Teeth of chelal fingers small and contiguous (fig. 1I). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Teeth of chelal fingers larger and mostly clearly separated (fig. 2B, C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Chelal hand brown and darker than other palpal segments; palpal chela 0.66–0.85 mm long (fig. 1I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chthonius (Chthonius) carinthiacus Chelal hand not darker than other palpal segments; palpal chela 0.61–0.77 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chthonius (C.) pygmaeus Posterior margin of carapace with 2 setae (fig. 1L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chthonius (C.) hungaricus Posterior margin of carapace with 4 setae (fig. 1M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Teeth of fixed chelal finger in its middle part close-set or separated from each other by a gap with a maximum distance equal to tooth basal width (fig. 1K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

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FIGURE 1. Characters of the families Neobisiidae and Chthoniidae; A, leg I of Neobisium carcinoides (arrows on figs. A–D show tarsi); B, leg IV of N. carcinoides; C, leg I of Chthonius diophthalmus; D, leg IV of C. diophthalmus; E, pedal coxae I–IV of Mundochthonius styriacus (arrows on fig. E, F show coxal spines); F, pedal coxae I–IV of C. carinthiacus; G, carapace of M. carpaticus; H, carapace of M. styriacus; I, palpal chela of C. carinthiacus (arrow shows clearly rounded dorsum of chelal hand); J, palpal chela of C. tetrachelatus (arrow shows not rounded dorsum of chelal hand); K, palpal chela of C. tenuis; L, carapace of C. hungaricus; M, carapace of C. ischnocheles (arrow shows epistome); scale 0.5 mm: A–M. 9 10 11 12 -

Teeth of fixed chelal finger in its middle part clearly separated or isolated by a gap longer than tooth basal width (fig. 2B, C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Small species, chelal finger 0.35–0.36 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chthonius (C.) ressli Larger species, chelal finger over 0.50 mm long (fig. 2B, C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Epistome, at least in females, conspicuous and serrated (fig. 1M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chthonius (C.) ischnocheles Epistome absent, anterior margin of the carapace straight and serrated (fig. 2A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Anterior eyes removed from anterior margin of carapace by scarcely more than half of their diameter; chelal hand at least in females darker than other segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chthonius (C.) tenuis Anterior eyes removed from anterior margin of carapace by their diameter (fig. 2A); chelal hand not darker than other segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chthonius (C.) orthodactylus Chelal fingers of approximately equal length, movable chelal finger only slightly shorter than fixed finger; chelal fingers more or less straight; dentition of movable chelal finger flat but complete (fig. 2B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chthonius (C.) diophthalmus Chelal fingers of distinctly different length, movable chelal finger considerably shorter than fixed finger; fixed chelal finger curved; dentition at the base of movable chelal finger considerably reduced (fig. 2C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

PSEUDOSCORPIONS OF CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA

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39

FIGURE 2. Characters of the family Chthoniidae; A, anterior part of carapace of Chthonius orthodactylus; B, palpal chela of C. diophthalmus (arrow shows flat but completed dentition of movable chelal finger); C, palpal chela of C. heterodactylus; D, anterior margin of carapace of C. heterodactylus; E, detail of chelal fingers of C. heterodactylus (arrows on fig. E, G show trichobothrium est); F, anterior margin of carapace of C. subterraneus; G, detail of chelal fingers of C. subterraneus; H, palpal chela of C. fuscimanus (arrow shows basal lamella); I, chelicera with detail of cheliceral movable finger of C. fuscimanus (arrow shows isolated subdistal tooth); J, chelicera of C. boldorii; scale 0.1 mm: D, I, J; 0.5 mm: A–C, E–H. 13 14 -

15 16

Epistome relatively small and serrated (fig. 2D); 5–7 teeth situated between fixed chelal finger tip and trichobothrium est (fig. 2E); fixed chelal finger 0.61–0.74 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chthonius (C.) heterodactylus Epistome absent, anterior margin of the carapace straight and serrated (fig. 2F); dentition of fixed chelal finger beginning from level of trichobothrium est (fig. 2G); fixed chelal finger 0.88–0.90 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chthonius (C.) subterraneus Movable chelal finger with more than 10 teeth, almost reaching trichobothrium sb, basal lamella absent (fig. 1J); movable cheliceral finger without isolated subdistal tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) tetrachelatus Movable chelal finger with less than 10 teeth, reaching to midway between trichobothria st and sb at most, proximally continued by a more or less crimped basal lamella (fig. 2H); movable cheliceral finger with or without isolated subdistal tooth 15 Cheliceral movable finger with isolated subdistal tooth (fig. 2I); chela at least in females darker than other palpal segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chthonius (E.) fuscimanus Cheliceral movable finger without isolated subdistal tooth (fig. 2J); chelal hand mostly same colour as other palpal segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chthonius (E.) boldorii Movable cheliceral finger with several teeth; galeal seta submedial (fig. 3B); tergites and sternites undivided; legs I–IV with two tarsal segments (metatarsi and telotarsi separate) (fig. 1A, B). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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CHRISTOPHORYOVÁ ET AL.

FIGURE 3. Characters of the families Syarinidae, Atemnidae, Neobisiidae and Larcidae; A, chelicera of Syarinus strandi (arrow shows galea); B, chelicera of Neobisium carcinoides (gs–galeal seta; arrow shows spinneret); C, chelicera of Atemnus politus (gs–galeal seta); D, carapace of N. slovacum; E, carapace of Roncus lubricus; F, carapace of N. fuscimanum; G, cheliceral rallum of R. transsilvanicus; H, cheliceral rallum of N. erythrodactylum (arrows on fig. H, I show denticulated blades); I, cheliceral rallum of Microbisium brevifemoratum; J, palpal femur of R. transsilvanicus; K, palpal femur of R. lubricus; L, fixed chelal finger of N. sylvaticum; M, chelal fingers of N. fuscimanum with abbreviations in terminology of trichobothria (movable finger: t–terminal, st–subterminal, sb–subbasal, b–basal; fixed finger: et–exterior terminal, est–exterior subterminal, esb–exterior subbasal, eb–exterior basal, it–interior terminal, ist–interior subterminal, isb–interior subbasal, ib–interior basal); N, fixed chelal finger of N. polonicum; O, fixed chelal finger of N. erythrodactylum; P, fixed chelal finger of N. carcinoides; Q, carapace of Larca lata. Scale lines 0.1 mm: G–I; 0.4 mm: C; 0.5 mm: A, B, D–F, J–M, O–Q; 1 mm: N. 17 18 19 -

20 21 -

Movable cheliceral finger with 1–2 subapical teeth; galeal seta subdistal (fig. 3C); some tergites and sternites at least partly divided; legs I–IV with one tarsal segment (metatarsi and telotarsi fused) (fig. 5O–Q) or two tarsal segments . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Movable cheliceral finger with long branched galea (fig. 3A); abdominal pleural membrane smoothly longitudinally striate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Syarinus strandi Movable cheliceral finger without branched galea (fig. 3B); abdominal pleural membrane granulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Eyes or eyespots absent (fig. 3D); eutroglobiont species; palpal femur 1.52–1.95 mm long. . . .Neobisium (Blothrus) slovacum Eyes with lenses present (fig. 3E, F); epigean species; palpal femur less than 1.88 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 One pair of eyes present (fig. 3E); all blades of cheliceral rallum denticulate anteriorly (fig. 3G); trichobothria ist and isb of fixed chelal finger situated between basal and distal groups of trichobothria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Two pairs of eyes present (fig. 3F); first two or three blades of cheliceral rallum denticulate anteriorly (fig. 3H, I); trichobothria isb and ist of fixed chelal finger usually associated with basal or distal groups of trichobothria, no trichobothria situated in the middle part of fixed finger (fig. 3M). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Palpal femur 3.5–4.4 times longer than broad and 0.90–1.18 mm long (fig. 3J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roncus transsilvanicus Palpal femur 2.9–3.5 times longer than broad and 0.64–0.85 mm long (fig. 3K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roncus lubricus First two blades of cheliceral rallum denticulate anteriorly (fig. 3H); chelal fingers in adults with normal number of trichobothria (8 on fixed chelal finger and 4 on movable chelal finger) (fig. 3M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 First three blades of cheliceral rallum denticulate anteriorly (fig. 3I); chelal fingers in adults with reduced number of trichobothria (7 on fixed chelal finger and 3 on movable chelal finger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

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FIGURE 4. Characters of the family Neobisiidae; A, pedipalp of Neobisium beieri; B, palpal femur and patella of N. crassifemoratum (arrow shows pedicel on palpal femur); C, palpal femur and patella of N. simile (arrow shows line of tubercles); D, palpal femur and patella of N. brevidigitatum; E, anterior margin of carapace of N. carpaticum; F, anterior margin of carapace of N. fuscimanum; G, pedipalp of N. carpaticum; H, pedipalp of N. jugorum; I, pedipalp of Microbisium brevifemoratum; J, pedipalp of M. suecicum; K, palpal femur and patella of N. sylvaticum (arrows show typical tulip shape of patella). Scale lines 0.2 mm: E; 0.5 mm: B, F, I, J; 1 mm: A, C, D, G, H, K. 22 23 24 -

Trichobothrium ist of fixed chelal finger situated approximately midway between trichobothria it and ib and generally slightly proximad of middle of finger (fig. 3L); palps with typical tulip-shaped patella (fig. 4K) … Neobisium (Neobisium) sylvaticum Trichobothrium ist of fixed chelal finger situated closer to trichobothrium it than to ib and mostly distad of middle of finger (fig. 3M); palps with patella not tulip-shaped (fig. 4C, D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Chelal fingers of different length, movable chelal finger clearly longer than fixed finger. . . . . . . . . . Neobisium (N.) inaequale Chelal fingers of approximately equal length (fig. 3M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Distance between trichobothria ist and ib of fixed chelal finger less than twice distance between trichobothrium ist and finger tip, trichobothrium ist often situated almost midway between finger tip and trichobothrium ib (fig. 3M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Distance between trichobothria ist and ib of fixed chelal finger at least twice distance between trichobothrium ist and finger tip, trichobothrium ist situated mostly closer to finger tip (fig. 3N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

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FIGURE 5. Characters of the families Cheiridiidae, Atemnidae, Chernetidae and Cheliferidae; A, carapace of Apocheiridium ferum; B, carapace of Chelifer cancroides; C, carapace of Chernes hahnii; D, pedipalp of A. ferum with measurement examples (arrow shows basally widened femur); E, pedipalp Cheiridium museorum; F, chelal fingers of Atemnus politus (arrow shows venom apparatus); G, chelal fingers of Dendrochernes cyrneus (arrows show examples of accessory teeth); H, chelal fingers of Dactylochelifer latreillii (arrow shows trichobothrium it); I, tarsus IV of A. politus; J, tarsus IV of Diplotemnus insolitus; K, palpal femur of Lamprochernes chyzeri (arrow shows pointed seta); L, tarsus IV of L. chyzeri; M, palpal femur of C. hahnii (arrow shows clavate seta); N, tarsus IV of Pselaphochernes scorpioides; O, leg I of Anthrenochernes stellae; P, leg IV of A. stellae; Q, leg IV of L. nodosus (arrow shows tactile seta on palpal patella); R, palpal trochanter and femur of L. nodosus (arrows on fig. R, S show protuberance on palpal trochanter); S, palpal trochanter and femur of L. chyzeri; T, tarsus IV of Chernes similis. Scale lines 0.1 mm: L, N, T; 0.2 mm: I–K, M, R, S; 0.5 mm: A–H, O–Q. 25 26

Teeth of fixed chelal finger of equal length (fig. 3O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Teeth of fixed chelal finger of unequal length, at least in distal half of finger: large and small teeth alternating (fig. 3M, P) 30 Palpal femur robust (fig. 4A, B), at most 3.3 times longer than broad, palpal femur only slightly longer or shorter than carapace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

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FIGURE 6. Characters of the family Chernetidae; A, male palpal femur of Lasiochernes pilosus; B, female palpal femur of L. pilosus; C, palpal femur of Pselaphochernes scorpioides; D, tarsus IV of Dinocheirus panzeri (arrow shows pseudotactile seta); E, spermatheca of Dinocheirus panzeri; F, spermatheca of Allochernes wideri; G, chelal fingers of A. wideri (arrow shows accessory tooth); H, chelal fingers of Chernes similis; I, spermatheca of C. hahnii; J, tergite XI of A. peregrinus; K, tergite XI of A. wideri; L, tergite XI of C. cimicoides; M, tergite XI of C. hahnii; N, palpal femur with detail of honeycomb pattern of C. cimicoides; O, pedipalp of C. nigrimanus; P, pedipalp of C. vicinus; Q, palpal chela of C. hahnii; R, sternite IX of C. similis; S, sternite IX of C. hahnii. Scale lines 0.1 mm: E, F, I; 0.2 mm: C, D, G, H, J–M, R, S; 0.5 mm: A, B, N, O, P, Q. 27 28 29 30 31 -

Palpal femur more slender (fig. 4C), at least 3.5 times longer than broad, palpal femur always longer than carapace . . . . . . 28 Palpal femur 0.85–0.88 mm long with indistinct pedicel (fig. 4A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neobisium (N.) beieri Palpal femur 0.52–0.75 mm long with distinct pedicel (fig. 4B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Neobisium (N.) crassifemoratum Palpal femur on medial and mediodorsal face with irregular line of tubercles (fig. 4C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neobisium (N.) simile Palpal femur without tubercles (fig. 4D). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Palpal chela bicoloured, chelal fingers light reddish-brown and chelal hand dark olive green to greenish-brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neobisium (N.) erythrodactylum Palpal chela unicoloured, reddish-brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neobisium (N.) brevidigitatum Epistome prominent, protuberant, more or less pointed (fig. 4E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Epistome small, knob-like or absent (fig. 4F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Palps robust; palpal patella 1.9–2.4 times longer than broad; palpal chela 3–3.5 times longer than broad (fig. 4G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neobisium (N.) carpaticum Palps slender; palpal patella 2.7–3 times longer than broad; palpal chela 4.3–4.5 times longer than broad (fig. 4H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neobisium (N.) jugorum

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FIGURE 7. Characters of the family Cheliferidae; A, tarsus IV of Chelifer cancroides; B, tarsus IV of Dactylochelifer latreillii; C, tarsus IV of Rhacochelifer peculiaris; D, tarsus IV of R. quadrimaculatus; E, lateral part of male tergites of C. cancroides; F, lateral part of male tergites of D. latreillii; G, chelicera of Mesochelifer ressli with abbreviations in terminology of setae (movable finger: gs–galeal seta; cheliceral hand and fixed finger: es–exterior seta, b–basal seta, sb–subbasal seta, is–interior seta, ls–laminal seta); H, chelicera of C. cancroides; I, chelal fingers of R. quadrimaculatus; J, cribriform plates of M. ressli (lcp–lateral cribriform plate, mcp–median cribriform plate); K, cribriform plates of D. latreillii (lcp–lateral cribriform plate, mcp–median cribriform plate). Scale lines 0.1 mm: G, H; 0.2 mm: A–D, J, K; 0.5 mm: E, F, I. 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 -

Teeth of fixed chelal finger contiguous; 2–5 small teeth situated between 2 large teeth in its distal part (fig. 3P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neobisium (N.) carcinoides Teeth of fixed chelal finger in its distal part spaced, separated from each other by a gap equal approximately to tooth width; 1 large tooth alternating with 1 small tooth (fig. 3M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neobisium (N.) fuscimanum Chelal hand and fingers reddish-brown, palpal femur and patella light yellowish-brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neobisium (N.) macrodactylum macrodactylum Chelal hand of same colour as other palpal segments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neobisium (N.) polonicum Palpal femur 3.2 times longer than broad and 0.45–0.54 mm long (fig. 4I); chelal finger of same length as hand with pedicel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbisium brevifemoratum Palpal femur 2.7–2.8 times longer than broad and 0.29–0.34 mm long (fig. 4J); chelal finger approximately same length as hand without pedicel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbisium suecicum Carapace triangular, with cucullus; two or four eyes present and distinctly removed from anterior margin of carapace (fig. 3Q, 5A). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Carapace rectangular, without cucullus; two pairs of eyes close to anterior margin (fig. 5B) of carapace or eyes absent (fig. 5C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Four eyes present (fig. 3Q); movable chelal finger with 2 trichobothria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Larca lata Two eyes present (fig. 5A); movable chelal finger with 1 or 2 trichobothria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Palpal femur widened basally (fig. 5D); humeral angles of carapace not pronounced; movable chelal finger with 1 trichobothrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apocheiridium ferum Palpal femur not widened basally (fig. 5E); humeral angles of carapace pronounced; movable chelal finger with 2 trichobothria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cheiridium museorum Venom apparatus present in one chelal finger (fixed or movable) (fig. 5F, G). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Venom apparatus present in both chelal fingers (fig. 5H). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Venom apparatus developed in fixed chelal finger; chelal fingers without accessory teeth (fig. 5F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Venom apparatus developed in movable chelal finger; chelal fingers with accessory teeth (fig. 5G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Tactile seta of pedal tarsus IV situated near base of segment (fig. 5I); carapace smooth or anteriorly slightly granulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atemnus politus Tactile seta of pedal tarsus IV situated between one third from base of segment to its middle (fig. 5J); carapace strongly granulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diplotemnus insolitus insolitus Body and palpal setae long, pointed and finely toothed (fig. 5K); carapace almost smooth; tactile seta of pedal tarsus IV, when present, in basal half of segment (fig. 5L). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Body and palpal setae short, dentate and clavate (fig. 5M); carapace granulate; tactile seta of pedal tarsus IV, when present, in the middle of segment or in distal half (fig. 5N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Pedal tibia IV without tactile seta (fig. 5P); subbasal transverse furrow on carapace well-developed; distance of trichobothrium it from tip of fixed chelal finger not greater than distance between trichobothria ist and isb . . . . . . . . .Anthrenochernes stellae Pedal tibia IV with tactile seta on situated relatively distally (fig. 5Q); subbasal transverse furrow on carapace indistinct; distance of trichobothrium it from tip of fixed chelal finger greater than distance between trichobothria ist and isb . . . . . . . . . . 43 Protuberance on palpal trochanter blunt and rounded (fig. 5R); palpal femur 0.41–0.63 mm long . . . . Lamprochernes nodosus Protuberance on palpal trochanter conical and pointed (fig. 5S); palpal femur 0.51–0.67 mm long . . . Lamprochernes chyzeri

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44 45 46 47 48

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 -

Trichobothrium st of movable chelal finger close to trichobothrium sb (fig. 5G); cheliceral rallum of four blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dendrochernes cyrneus Trichobothrium st of movable chelal finger not close to trichobothrium sb (fig. 6G, H); cheliceral rallum of three or four blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Pedal tarsus IV with long tactile seta, distinctly longer than width of segment (fig. 5N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Pedal tarsus IV with tactile seta absent (fig. 5T) or with a short pseudotactile seta distally (fig. 6D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Vestitural setae not clavate; male palpal femur and patella with long and dense setation (fig. 6A); palpal femur at least 1 mm long (fig. 6A, B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lasiochernes pilosus Vestitural setae weakly but distinctly clavate; male palps without dense setation; palpal femur at most 0.50 mm long (fig. 6C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pselaphochernes scorpioides Pedal tarsus IV with subdistal pseudotactile seta (fig. 6D); female spermatheca paired, with a pair of long tubes with terminal bulbs (fig. 6E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dinocheirus panzeri Pedal tarsus IV without pseudotactile seta (fig. 5T); tubes of female spermatheca without terminal bulbs (fig. 6F, I) . . . . . . . 48 Number of accessory teeth of chelal fingers reduced, movable chelal finger medially with only 1 accessory tooth (fig. 6G); female spermatheca unpaired, T- or mushroom-like (apically divided into 2 tubes not exceeding the length of the common stem) (fig. 6F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Number of accessory teeth of chelal fingers not reduced, movable chelal finger medially with more than 1 accessory tooth (fig. 6H); female spermatheca paired, with long and thin tubes (fig. 6I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Tergite XI with a pair of relatively long tactile setae (fig. 6J); palpal chela 0.83–0.94 mm long. . . . . . . Allochernes peregrinus Tergite XI without a pair of tactile setae (fig. 6K); palpal chela 1.06–1.23 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Allochernes wideri Tergite XI with a pair of tactile setae (fig. 6L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Tergite XI without a pair of tactile setae (fig. 6M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Chelal hand same colour as other palpal segments; surface of palps and carapace distally from subbasal transverse furrow with honeycomb pattern (fig. 6N); palpal femur 0.62–0.73 mm long (fig. 6N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chernes cimicoides Chelal hand distinctly darker than other palpal segments; surface of palps and carapace granulate; palpal femur 0.52–0.62 mm long (fig. 6O). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chernes nigrimanus Palpal finger of same length as or longer than palpal hand with pedicel (fig. 6P); frequently found in ants nests, also in bird nests and under the bark of trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chernes vicinus Palpal finger shorter than palpal hand with pedicel (fig. 6Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Sternite IX with mainly clavate setae (fig. 6R); mainly found in leaf litter and soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chernes similis Sternite IX only with acuminate setae (fig. 6S); mainly found under the bark of deciduous trees, rarely in tree hollows and bird nests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chernes hahnii Tibia and tarsus of male leg I slender and unmodified (fig. 7A); male tergites with distinct lateral keels (fig. 7E); female median cribriform plates paired (fig. 7J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Tibia and tarsus of male leg I robust and strongly modified (fig. 7B–D); male tergites without distinct lateral keels (fig. 7F); female median cribriform plates unpaired (fig. 7K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Cheliceral hand with 5 setae (seta sb present) (fig. 7G); abdominal tergite XI with a pair of short tactile setae; mainly found under the bark of trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mesochelifer ressli Cheliceral hand with 4 setae (seta sb absent) (fig. 7H); abdominal tergite XI without a pair of tactile setae; mainly found in synanthropic habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chelifer cancroides Trichobothrium it of fixed chelal finger midway between trichobothria ist/est and finger tip (fig. 5H) Dactylochelifer latreillii Trichobothrium it of fixed chelal finger much closer to ist and est than to finger tip (fig. 7I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Tarsus of male leg I with a strong dorso-distal projection (fig. 7D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhacochelifer quadrimaculatus Tarsus of male legs I without a distal projection (fig. 7C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhacochelifer peculiaris peculiaris

Discussion In total, 58 pseudoscorpion species are listed here from the Czech Republic and Slovakia (i.e. former Czechoslovakia), including the first regional records of Mundochthonius carpaticus, Microbisium brevifemoratum and Microbisium suecicum. The records of several species are questionable, either because they are based on few records or because they were observed more than a hundred years ago and have not been recorded since. These include Chthonius ressli (Mock et al. 2004, 2005), C. subterraneus (Krumpál & Krumpálová 2003), Neobisium jugorum (Verner 1960), N. macrodactylum (Krumpál 1980), N. simile (Tömösváry 1882), Roncus transsilvanicus (Verner 1971, Krumpál & Krumpálová 2003, Christophoryová & Šťáhlavský 2007) and Rhacochelifer peculiaris (Daday 1888a, 1888b, 1918; Tömösváry 1882). Since Verner’s (1958) description of N. beieri from Veľká Fatra Mts (central Slovakia), no more specimens have been found. However we consider this species to be valid because the determination was confirmed by Prof. M. Beier. One of us (F. Šťáhlavský) found both female specimens as permanent slide mounts in Verner’s collection and marked them as the holotype and paratype. Recently they have been deposited in the Natural History Museum in Vienna, Austria.

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Since the key of Verner (1971) to the pseudoscorpions of the former Czechoslovakia, published 40 years ago, 10 species have been added: five of Chthoniidae, three of Neobisiidae, one of Syarinidae and one of Cheliferidae. The taxonomy and identification of pseudoscorpion species often use morphometric characters, but these have often been based on limited material, typically only a few type specimens (especially in Beier 1963), giving a poor reflection of intraspecific variability. Although there are more detailed morphological or morphometric data in recent descriptions of new taxa, data for populations of common species are mainly limited to species from England (Gabbutt & Vachon 1963, 1965, 1967; Gabbutt 1970) and Switzerland (DeVore-Scribante 1999). Detailed studies have already been published to distinguish Chthonius boldorii and C. fuscimanus (Muster et al. 2004) and to provide measurements for C. heterodactylus (Ducháč et al. 2007), Syarinus strandi (Ducháč 1998), Neobisium slovacum (Ducháč 1996), N. polonicum (Ducháč 1995b) and some other species (Drogla et Lippold 2004; Jost 1982). The possibility that cryptic species might exist in this region is supported by preliminary karyological analyses of the common Neobisium carcinoides. Populations with three different diploid numbers in this species were recorded in Central Europe (Šťáhlavský et al 2003). Unfortunately the analysis has not been completed yet, hence there are still real problems in distinguishing different populations by their morphological features. Variable and questionable characters have been replaced by more reliable ones in the present determination key, as in the case of Chernes hahnii and C. similis (overlapping morphometric characters were replaced by the difference between clavate and pointed setae on sternite IX). Chthonius pygmaeus and C. carinthiacus were previously supposed to differ in the number of setae on carapace (16 versus 18), but our analyses have shown that the same number (18) is present in both species. According to Legg & Jones (1988) the female anterior genital operculum bears more than 20 setae in Lamprochernes nodosus and 9–11 setae in L. chyzeri, but we have not observed any specimens of these species with less than 20 setae. The key presented here should help to improve our knowledge of the pseudoscorpion faunas of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as of Central Europe in general. However, some problems still exist with poorly defined taxa and the potential existence of cryptic species. Thus more taxonomic research will be required, including the application of methods such as karyotype analysis and DNA sequencing.

Acknowledgements We are grateful to many colleagues for their help, criticism and comments, including Mark S. Harvey (Australia), Christoph Hörweg (Austria), Miroslav Krumpál, Peter Fenďa and Martin Fris (Slovakia), Jitka Vilímová and Eliška Ducháčová (Czech Republic), Juan A. Zaragoza (Spain), Selvin Dashdamirov (Germany), Giulio Gardini (Italy) and Volker Mahnert (Switzerland). The project was financially supported by VEGA 1/0176/09, 1/0137/11, MŠMT 0021620828 and KEGA 3/7459/09.

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