Archaeological and Archaeometrical Research at Yali

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. Allnıı^Olmi. — Unlvrraii}' or lire Amcan. Department nf MertHtttn I U ' X I ı Sı udlca. HhnHniOm». The I I . I I M af Mır IKI M H I " * Li ra ni I Item! Lire iil*o ne U İnli ...
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(İ99S)

Archaeological and A r c h a e o m e t r i c a l R e s e a r c h at Y a l i , Nissiros

Yali (Nissiros) da Arkeolojik: ve Arkeometrîk Araştırmalar

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Yali adası Kos île Nissh-os merkezlerden

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kaynaklanan

yüzey araştırmaları varlığını ortaya

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sistemli

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adanın

geldiğini

Yali

biriktiğini tarihiemesi

kanıtlamıştır.

Nissiros" a n d between Y a l i a n d K o s ' . T h e obsidian deposits of Y a l i a r e also attributed to s m a l l eruptions of more t h a n one unk­ n o w n v o l c a n i c centres by the volcanologist R. B r o u s s e (pers. c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) . H e asc­ ribed the material to a quite recent age. I n the N E sector H e l l e n i s t i c potteiy w a s collected from m a n y surface spots 1 . Ho­ wever, to date n o p r e h i s t o r i c r e m a i n s have been located, w i t h the exception of one site on the east side. T h e existence on Y a l i ' s N E sector of a dense assemblage of f a r m i n g a n d h e r d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n s (about 300) da­ ted to the 19th c. diverted the orientation of Y a l i Project for a few years towards a n ethnoarchaeological study of the a r e a a n d the

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T h e i s l a n d of Y a l i (Fig. 1), m e a n i n g "glass " m m o d e r n greek, owes i t s n a m e to the v o l c a n i c deposits of obsidian o c c u r i n g in i t s N E part. Y a l i i s situated south of K o s and not far from N i s s i r o s , the m a i n volca­ nic centre of the a r e a 1 . It consists of two mo­ untain m a s s e s j o i n e d by a long and narrow s a n d y i s t h m u s of a l l u v i a l coast deposits w h i c h probably w a s related to a s h a l l o w s e a in the p r e h i s t o r i c period. T h e N E part of the i s l a n d c o n s i s t s m a i n l y of perlite. w h i l e obsidian i s found either i n t h i n layers wit­ h i n the perlites or i n l i m i t e d m a s s i v e depo­ s i t s (Fig, 2). It i s possible that a l l these ryoliths of the N E part are due to the activity of one or more v o l c a n i c centres, e x i s t i n g to­ day i n the m a r i n e a r e a between Y a l i a n d

Burada

SAMPSON

s e a r c h for the type of s u b s i s t e n c e strategic s w h i c h the modern population from Niss i r o s had adapted to exploit the l a n d of Y a U\ Between 1990-1995 a team of archaeologists a n d topographers effectuated the location, m a p p i n g and typological separation of the s t r u c t u r e s ( F i g . 3) r a n g i n g from habitation c o n s t r u c t i o n s , storerooms and foodpreparation huts to pens, c i s t e r n s , w e l l s and t h r e s h i n g floors. Problems l i k e seasonality, i s l a n d t r u n s h u m a n c e . extent of private properties a n d variety of l a n d use raised i n the course of the r e s e a r c h revealted the s o c i o e c o n o m i c a l i d i o s y n c r a s i e s of the a r e a . T h e pattern i m p l i e d c a n be used as a n e x p l a n a t o i y parallel for the type of the neo l i t h i c occupation of Y a l i . The SW part of the island holds great geological interest. The complexity of the geological events has attracted the attention of many specialists; but no thorough study has so far been made to relate the geological formations to human occupation i n prehistory. However, the data so far allow us to make a first approach to the palaeogeogi aphy of Y a l i , The S W part of the mountain massif consists basically of a uniform deposit of pure pumice more than 160 m. high. T h i s has been exploited by a m i n i n g company for the last two decades (Fig. 4). T h i s geological unit containing xenoliths from K o s was deposited i n a shallow marine environment and is dated to 145 ka". Pumice is overlaid by a deposit of calcareous sandstone. 2 -3 m. thick, containing typical fossils of sea molluscs (Fig. 4) w h i c h have been assigned to the T y r r h e n i a n age (135 or 85 k a old)'. However, the lack of Strombus Bubonius. the characteristic species of the T y r r h e n i a n i n the Mediterranean, shows that these sediments cannot be assigned to the above period, and that their date rather ranges between 145 and 3 l k a B P . A b o v e the s a n d s t o n e one c a n observe a layer of a r g i l . 0.30-0.60 m. t h i c k (palaeosol 1). probably formed d u r i n g a g l a c i a l period. T h i s deposit i s dated by P e n t a r a k i s " by " C of s e a s h e l l s to 55450 ± 330 B P . a n d by W a g n e r " to c a . 24000 B P . T h i s l a y e r is

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o v e r l a i d by a a p h i r i c p u m i c e deposit 1.5 to 2 m . t h i c k and c o r r e s p o n d s to a n e x p l o s i v e event from a v o l c a n i c centre probably betw e e n Y a l i and K o s . B a s e d on deep s e a cove s e d i m e n t s , the age of t h i s deposit i s dated about 3 1 k a " h . F u r t h e r m o r e , a l a n d uplift brought the m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s and the upper p u m i c e to a h e i g h t of 165 m., w h i l e a set of N W - t r e n d i n g n o r m a l f a u l t s " c a u s e d the l o w e r i n g of the relief o n the n o r t h s i d e of the S W p a r t and o n the i s t h m u s , w h e r e all this stratigraphic sequence is visible j u s t a few m e t r e s above s e a level. A l s o a s e c o n d a r g i l i c l a y e r (palaeosol 3) is found on top of t h i s s e q u e n c e . F i n a l l y the y o u n g e r p a l a e o s o l i s covered by p u m i ce of v a r i a b l e t h i c k n e s s , r e a c h i n g s e v e r a l m e t r e s In s o m e c a s e s . A m a j o r part of t h i s is due to s m a l l v o l c a n o e r u p t i o n s a n d deposits of p y r o c l a s t i c m a t e r i a l i n a r o u n d m o v e m e n t ("serge"). However, s o m e of it l i k e l y due to a e o l i c d i s p l a c e m e n t a n d see m s to be of a post-neolithic date. Radioisotope a n a l y s i s of ten w e l l stratified tephra and p u m i c e s a m p l e s ( F i g . 5) from the top p u m i c e deposit of the S W sector of Y a l i had for the first time connected Y a l i deposits w i t h s i m i l a r layers i n K o s and R h o d e s by p r o d u c i n g o v e r l a p p i n g radionuclide signatures (Fig. 6). On the i s l a n d of K o s two sites were sampled: K e p h a l o s on the i s l a n d ' s West, w h i c h falls w i t h i n the same isotopic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as Y a h . and the city of K o s on the E a s t , the latter however p o i n t i n g towards a S a n t o r i n i prevenance. C o n c e r n i n g R h o d e s , most samples correlate w i t h the S a n t o r i n i group, except for one sample c o m i n g from the M i n o a n settlement of T r i a n t a . T h i s closely resembles a single Y a l i s a m p l e . It i s noteworthy that d i s t i n c t differences observed even w i t h i n Y a l i samples are l i k e l y to be due to different eruptions 1 '. T h e a n a l y s e s together w i t h more mea s u r e m e n t s effectuated i n a n earlier stage, i m p l y no trace of S a n t o r i n i tephra at Y a l i . The Y a l i Archaeological Project w a s i n i tiated i n the S W part of the island i n 1986. T h i s area w a s divided into sections and was

Ynli

(Nlssii-osj

systematically surveyed i n squares (Fig. 7-8) y i e l d i n g abundant neolithic pottery and stone tools. T h s prehistoric material lay a l l over the surface of the peak, between the upper palaeosol 2 and the lower surface pumice deposit 1 '. The almost fiat a r e a around the top is more l i k e l y to have been used for cultivation or herding rather t h a n residence, although some sporadic structures or huts of poor materials cannot beruled o u t T o the north, parts of neolithic buildings were excavated on a slope protected from the south and north-east w i n d s . T h e lay e r s of aeolian p u m i c e and argil were completely eroded i n that area, and the calcareous sandstone w a s exposed to the surface, offering building material in abundance. Bec a u s e of the i n c l i n e d bedrock, the constructions were erected on terraces supported by w a l l s . However, the corrosion and the later h e l l e n i s t i c occupation of the a r e a c a u s e d major damage to the neolithic s t r u c t u r e s . T h e sole neolithic b u i l d i n g w i t h good p r e s e r v a t i o n c a m e to light on a s m a l l platea u , and constitutes a complete s p e c i m e n oE n e o l i t h i c a r c h i t e c t u r e , the best so far k n o w n i n the A e g e a n ( F i g . 9). T h e b u i l d i n g 17 m, long and 7.5 m.. wide c o n s i s t s of three a r e a s ; the two major rooms a r e divided by a s t u r d y w a l l on a N E - S W a x i s . T h i s w a s u s e d to support the roof, possibly of a n A s h a p e A long-narrow room i s attached a l o n g the north part and w a s used as a k i t c h e n o r stor i n g place, as i m p l i e d by the r e m a i n s of fire a n d the a b u n d a n c e of coarse c o o k i n g vases s u c h as cheese-pots and pithoids. A n irreg u l a r area, detached from the m a i n room, ends i n an a p s i d a l w a l l ,on the west side. T h i s w a s interpreted as a yard or a shelter for a n i m a l s . T h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l type of the b u i l d i n g is u n u s u a l and the d i v i s i o n i n two u n e q u a l areas appears for the first time i n a n e o l i t h i c house of the Aegean. A s for the a p s i d a l w a l l s there are m a n y p a r a l l e l s i n Saliagos". Emporio C h i o s ' . Sitagroi i n 1 T h r a c e a n d T h e s s a l y " . One more p a r a l l e l c o m i n g from the Dodecanese is a n a p s i d a l b u i l d i n g on the s m a l l i s l a n d of A l i m n i a nea r Rhodes, excavated i n 19S0'\

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T h e pottery dates the b u i l d i n g to a late n e o l i t h i c p h a s e (Late A e g e a n Neolithic 4) w h i c h c o r e s p o n d s to L a t e C h a l c o l i t h i c 4 of A n a t o l i a ' " . T h e s a m e n e o l i t h i c stage also i n c l u d e s the site i n A l i m n i a . the settlement at P a r t h e n i i n Levos. as w e l l as m a n y other u n e x c a v a t e d sites i n the Dodecanese. M o r e stratified r e m a i n s of t h i s p h a s e h a v e been found i n the c a v e s of K o u m e l o and A g i a Georgios i n Rhodes'*. A l t h o u g h Y a l i pottery has close affinities w i t h the B e y c e s u l t a n sequence, m a n y p a r t i c u l a r i t i es exist, s u c h as the large v a r i a t i o n of a coarse open b a s i n k n o w n a s cheese-pot. T h e large q u a n t i t i e s of t h i s v a s e i n the Dodecan e s i a n sites p o s s i b l y suggest a local o r i g i n of the shape"'. T h e s p r e a d of t h i s form to the r e s t of the A e g e a n , m a i n l a n d G r e e c e a n d A s i a M i n o r s e e m s to be l i m i t e d . A large c e r a m i c s a m p l e of Y a l i w a r e w a s m e a s u r e d by the Magnetic S u s c e p t i b i lity (X) method s u g g e s t i n g s e v e n c e r a m i c groups (A-F). a c c o r d i n g to c l a y s of different o r i g i n ( F i g . lOa.b). At least one of t h i s group w a s local, as far as i s i m p l i e d by the loc a l clay magnetic rates. Not far from the neolithic building, together with characteristic neolithic potteiy. two ceramic vases w i t h remains of copper were identified as melting pots (Fig. 11). Both bear holes to accomodate wooden handles. These rare examples are compared w i t h similar pots found i n K e p h a l a on Keos" 1 and S i tagroi". Copper i n general is scarce i n the Neolithic, although it is found i n most neolithic sites i n minor quantities (Sesklo. F e f k a k i a " in Thessaly. Alepottypa i n the Peloponnese. Th&rrounia" (Euboea). cave of K i t s o s " (Attica), cave of Zas (Naxos), K e p h a l a ^ K e o s ) , Ftelia 1 " in Myconos. A l l samples are supposed to come from copper sources a short distance away, s u c h as the mines of Lavrion i n Attica. In the Dodecanese copper artifacts were found in the cave of A g i a Georgios i n Rhodes"". Given the proximity of the Dodecanese to the coast of A s i a Minor it was logical to expect that copper artifacts found i n neolithic levels would originate from sources of Anatolia. Recent tsotopic analysis i n the Osotrace Labora-

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tory of the University of Oxford showed surprisingly that the copper residues found inside the two above melting pots From Y a l i came from L a v r i o n deposits i n A t t i c a (pers. comm.V Maxwell-McGeehan and N. Gale). More buildings and about seventy graves of the s a m e date were excavated from inside p u m i c e further to the S o u t h of the Y a l i S W sector. No grave offerings were found s i n c e most of the graves seem to have been p hints red i n the past, w h i l e a l l h u m a n bones were totally destroyed by p u m i c e s c h e m i c a l acidity. T h e existence of a cemetery of the Neolithic period on Y a l i suggests dense population a n d intense occupation, w h i c h is s t r i k i n g for s u c h a s m a l l i s l a n d . I t seems that the neolithic c o m m u n i t i e s of Yali were orientated to productive activities s u c h as cultivation and herding. T h e b i g quantity of m i l l s t o n e s everywhere testifies to the c u l t i v a t i o n of cereals, as w e l l as to an intensive occupation on a permanent basis. Seasonality cannot be excluded however, and the i s l a n d t r a n s h u m a n c e pattern revealed by ethnographic analogy for the 19th c. c o m m u n i t i e s of Y a l i provides u s w i t h a good i m p l i c a t i o n for prehistoric seasonality. After long archaeological r e s e a r c h on Y a l i . i n c l u d i n g systematic surveys of the i s land, it is c e r t a i n that Y a l i obsidian s o u r c e s were v e i y indifferently exploited, because of the inferior quality of the local m a t e r i a l . The presence of w h i t e spots i n the outcrop does not facilitate specialised k n a p p i n g and s h a r p e n i n g of the m a t e r i a l to create points ( F i g . 12). N o w h e r e i n the Dodecanese blades made of Y a l i obsidian h a v e been found, w h e r e a s the obsidian from Melos™ (Fig. 13) is strongly present i n a l l the islands, even i n Y a h . T h i s fact c l e a r l y indica¬ tes that Y a l i s o u r c e s were unable to provide the proper material for the production of tools. I t is l i k e l y that some unshaped flakes were usable, but it i s also possible that Y a l i obsidian found i n the S W sector of the i s land w a s not transported there on purpose, but w a s produced by recent volcano eruprtions ( ft- T o r r a n c e 1 " and B u c h h o l a " ) . T h e y visited the i s l a n d also noticed the non-exis-

SAMPSON



URITSJS

tence of tools from local m a t e r i a l . Nevertheless, the t h i c k pumice deposits of the S W sector contain several outcrops of pure, high-quality, obsidian, produced by older volcano eruptions of the a r e a . S a m p l e s of a l l those different m a t e r i a l s h a v e been a n a l y s e d by neutron activation. T r a c e elements c o n f i r m the local origin a n d that they derive from different eruptions. T h e absence of tools from t h i s m a t e r i a l is due to the s m a l l quantity of the r a w m a t e r i a l . T h e use of Y a l i obsidian for madoing stone vases or jewellery is a w e l l k n o w n activity i n the Late Minoan period"". D u r i n g t h i s e r a habitation exists i n many Dodecanes i a n i s l a n d s (Rhodes, K o s . Telos, Karpat¬ hos). I n Y a l i the f l o u r i s h i n g neolithic period is succeeded by a poor Bronze Age habitation, probably because of a critical change i n the economic conditions of this area. Very recently c e r a m i c s of Late Minoan A were excavated from w i t h i n the p u m i c e on the west side of the i s t h m u s j o i n i n g Y a l i ' s two sector. The most diagnostic among t h e m is a n eyebeaked j u g bearing polychrome mattpainted decoration (Fig. 14), and some sherds w i t h white-on-red patterns ". Typological studies and clay measurements on the pottery of a contemporaneous site at Seraglio i n K o s . not far from Y a l i . suggests that K o s could have been the production centre of t h i s type of potteiy, and moreover one of the sources from w h i c h vases of this type were imported to A k r o t i r i " a n d . presumably, to Y a l i . Of p a r t i c u l a r importance is the new da¬ ting produced by thermoluminescence on four surface ejecta eruption samples, t a k e n from K a m a r a . i n the east side of the N E sector of the i s l a n d (Fig. 2. 15). T h e m e a n age w a s 1460±4GO years B.C., w h i c h is a significant date c o n c e r n i n g the v o l c a n i c activity i n the Aegean d u r i n g the 2nd m i l l e n i u m B.C. because of the S a n t o r i n i eruption oecuring about the same age'-. The new result i s of considerable significance, because it proves that v o l c a n i c centres on Y a l i and/or Nissiros were active u n t i l about three m i l l e n i a ago. Moreover the obsidian outcrops i n K a m a r a a r c dated to about the same time, as the Bel-

Yııli

103

(Nissiras)

gian volcanologist R B r a u s s e lias sugges­ ted. Unfortunately no pottery or other finds have been located i n the a r e a of K a m a r a . The stratigraphy of K a m a r a . to the N E of Ya¬ l i , h a s a s i m i l a r sequence to that of the top (SWsectoij and t h e neck, w h e r e the Minoan potteiy w a s found. T h i s dates a l l tephra la­ yers to the same age. T h e correlation provi­ des a safe indirect w a y to date the most re­ cent eruptions w h i c h took place i n Y a l i .

cms i n the Aegean, around the H e l l e n i c vol­ canic a r c . d u r i n g the 3nd m i l l . B.C. Possibly this t i m i n g suggests a n inter relationship of m a g m a chambers of those volcanos occur i n g a s a result of a triggering effect.

C o n c e r n i n g the Late Minoan period, ce­ r a m i c evidence of that age was found inside a tephra layer from the excavations of K o s (T. Marketou. pers. comm.). Also to early L a ­ te Minoan are dated the conical cups excava­ ted inside a tephra layer on the island of Telos™. T e p h r a a n a l y s i s of two samples from this site by alpha-particle spectrometiy 1 i n ­ dicates a different v o l c a n i c origin than tephras from Rhodes and K o s . but s i m i l a r to Nis­ s i r a s isotopic data. Although no Santorinian tcphras were analysed for comparison, ta­ k i n g into account the radioisotope analy­ ses'" suggesting S a n t o r i n i a s the provenance of most tephras i n Rhodes, w e may a s s u m e that Telos tephras come from the same erup­ tion that deposited pumice on Y a l i .

Up to this time, the S a n t o r i n i volcanic eruption w a s the n i E i j o r and unique event i n the Aegean that took place i n 1620-1660 B.C. (1624 B.C. according to tree-rings, 1645±30 a c c o r d i n g to ice-cores, a n d between 1700¬ 1400 on the evidence of potteiy} and that w a s considered a s the cause for the demise of the M i n o a n civilisation. A s a result, every tephra deposit covering Minoan settlements has been attributed to the S a n t o r i n i V O I C E I no' u . Recent investigations imply that s u c h attributions a n d the associated analyses ha­ ve to be reconsidered, reanalysing older and newly found tephras from Minoan settle­ ments of Crete, Teios, Rhodes. K o s , Karpat¬ hos and other Aegean i s l a n d s , employing the u r a n i u m , thorium, and potassium mdioisotope a n a l y s i s corroborated w i t h other met­ hods 1 -. I t i s worth mentioning that a n a l y s i s of the tephra layer fron Nile Delta has s h o w n a different origin than that at S a n t o r i n i ' , i m p l y i n g volcanic eruption i n the Aegean.

Recently, a v o l c a n i c layer ( s u l p h u r i c se­ diment a n d cemented tephra) has been re­ vealed i n excavations at Methana (northeast Péloponnèse), another w e l l k n o w n v o l c a n i c centre. T h i s layer covers a Late Myeenean settlement and a s a n c t u a r y of the same peri­ od ( K o n s o l a k i s , pars. comm. 1995). T h i s event indicates a c h a i n of v o l c a n i c erupti-

I n c o n c l u s i o n , t h e r o l e of v o l c a n i c ac­ tivity i n the Aegean d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d h a l f of t h e 2 n d m i d e n i u m B . C . at t h e t i m e of t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of M i n o a n s e t t l e m e n t s and t h e e v e n t u a l d e m i s e o f M i n o a n c i v i l i ­ s a t i o n , h a s to be r e a s s e s s e d i n t h e l i g h t o f the r e c e n t a r c h a e o m e t r i c a n a l y s e s f r o m Y a l i a n d other Aegean i s l a n d s

NOTE5 I . A . MurtPİli, 1917ı E . N . Oııvis, 1 0 6 9 . 2 3 5 : G . M . ÛJ Pnolii. 1974. 944. 2. E . Puritlımkiü. M. M n i ' k O u l i s , 1974: I . P U u U n J r l a . L978. 3. P. UiLHlcaİB. N . K D L J D B . H . İ3OVCJI. E S n l l b n . 1986. 146. 4 II G . HııchholA. E AltrınıiH. 1 9 8 2 6. A. :•=•::-ıı: 1993ıı. ; A . S u m p s O T l , 1 9 9 7 * . 6. F u l M İ M t a U l : . 1 9 9 6 . 1 4 5 : J . K o l l c r . Q l . n l t i . tOSO. AfealM* O S 26. T e r i * Absımcls, 3 5 4 . 7

A. Aılıi|Jİ("Ek*. 1966.



K. • . - . i . , n , ı, 1 9 7 0 .

8. EVnİ4tnEki«. M M u r l u m l i * . 1974. 9. O . A - W n n ı ı a r . e t n l l l . 1 9 7 « 10. A . I • '-i "i S . K.,ı- • ı-'s:, 1 6 0 - 1 7 1 . 1 1 . S . C . S l l m u . C VaumuulrnİKkm, 1 0 9 ? . 12. P. a. Oulfcnıvuy. et.AJil . l 9 9 u . 43-54 . K H . Gullüu'ny. 1. U r l l A L S . 1 9 0 2 . 105-411. 13- A - S n m p s n n . 1 9 8 8 « . 14- J - Evmıu. 0 - Renfraur. I 9 6 K . IB. S - H n o d r 1 0 3 1 . 1 6 - A . J . W « c e . H . ThonıpFiorı. I S I 2 17. A . S

SJS.SJI.

19Ö7.

I S . E. L l o y d . J . MellüHil. I 9 B 2 ; A . S » m ] « m ı r 1994. 2 3 9 . 10. A.Snmpüon. l O S S b .

2 0 . A . S i i j n p E a n 1 9 8 7 . 9 6 . t i g . 59, G3. G S c . 2 1 . J . ColüııiLiıl, 1977. 22. C . H u i l l U ' w . 1 9 6 9 . 12-47. 2 3 . I L J . W u f e b h n u r . L 9 3 9 . En E X l X . 24 A • i " : •- i i • ' lb. 4 3 5 . 25. N. L a m b e r t , 1982. 2 6 . J . CoJCHlLiil 1 9 7 7 , 157. 2 7 . A . •• . i . 1 9 9 7 b . Tig. 12 2 8 . A . S a m p s o n 1987. 5 5 . 2 9 A . S u l r l p i O i I 1 9 8 9 a . 2 D 5 . rig 5 6 30. R. T o r r a n c e . J . C h e r r y . 1976, 31. H . 0 . BucllhoJz 1952. 3 2 . A - E v a n s . I B ? I . ; P. W a r r e n . 19BB. 3 3 . J . I - DflVis. 1 B 8 2 . 3 3 - 4 1 . 1 4 M M * n h A " . e t - A l M . 1 9 9 9 . 93 1 9 8 3 5 . I . i i i i i - i - .•! . h : I ' i ' i v 3 B 1 - 3 T 1 . 30. A- SjunpsQP. 1 9 8 1 . 6B-73. 3 7 . 1 . L l r L l g l s . eüılil-.lflÜS. 7 t 3 9 , I t . B . O A l l n w a y . 1. l.lı-IlT.lı | 9 & 2 . 3 9 . J . K e l l e r . 1 9 7 8 . 3 3 ; J . K e l l e r . 108 I . 2 2 7 - 3 4 4 ¬ 40. I . L l ı l L ü s 1 9 3 3 . II

V a u L c l m r r t . e l rtlil . 1 Ü 9 S . G 1 B - 6 1 2

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BIBLIOGRAPHY A N A P L I O T I I I 5 . A.. 1U8G " T y r r h e n i a n H i o l J i i n 1E]G1B F y r g o u a n - Y a l l ^ I s y i O S m e n ) " . P r o c a a d i n g g of I h a A c a d e m y ai A t h e n e X L 1 V . 2 7 1 - 2 3 0

L L O Y D , S., J M E L L A A R T , 1962 D c y c c s u L l o i l L.TIui C h h l e O l l L h l c a n d t h e E a r l y B r o n z e A g e v e l s L o n d o n , t h e B r i t i s h J n a l i L u l c at A n k n r n . 8

B U C H H O L Z . H . G . - E . A L T H A U S . 1932 GLnJi. K n a . I.:ii V a r b e n c h l ıLber A i c h u c o l n g u i c h - M i ­ n e m I o g l s c h o F o r a c h u n g e n auf G r i e c h l s c h c n I n a e l n .

M A R T E L L I , A.. t B t ? "11 e n i p p d CrutiVO til NL&VrO n e l m u r e E g c O " . M o m . E u c . Etui. S c . Delta del XL, . XX.

C O L E M A N . J . . 1977 K o p h a i n . A l a t e n e o l i t h i c s a l l l a m e n l a n d c e m e t e r y . PrLniretop. A m e r i c a n S c h o o l of C l a s s i c a l S t u d i o s

M A H T H A R L M . . T . M A H K E T O L I , It. J O N E S . J 996 "LBI ceramic connections between T h e m a n d Kos", T h e m mid the A e g e a n W o r l d . C . D O U M A S (Ed.) 93-108.

D A V I S , E . N . . 196B " E u r G e o l o g i c u n d P c l r o l o g i c d e r itıselıı N l s y r o s J'njcocdii.,:- o E t h e A c a d e m y o l A t h e n s X U I . 236.

P A P A C E O H G A K f S . I . 197B ' G e o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h I n t h e p u m i c e d e p o s i t s of t h e i s l a n d Y a ¬ li". I n s t i t u t e of G e o l o g i c a l a n d M l n e r o l o g i c u l R e s e a r c h .

D A V I S , J.L., 1982 11:- o n r l i c a l M l n o n n a S t u d i e s . 32. 33-41

In I ho

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• I P A O I > , O . M . . 1B74 W o l c u n o l o g y mid jiOtreloBy u l NisyıUs ishınd". BııtlaSin e J f l h f l X J K V l l I . 944. EVANS The

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PA3TEL3 p.N KOUOS. N BOVEN. E SAUHA. IBM ' A p p l i c a b i l i t y of t h e K _ A r m e t h o d t o w h o l e - r o c k s a m p l e s of a c i d l a v a a n d p u m t c a . c a s e of t h e u p p e r P l e i s t o c e n e d o m e s a n d p y i ' o c l a s t s o n K o a I s l a n d " . C l i o m l C J l l G e o l o g y 5 7 . 145. P E N T A R A K E S . E . r M . M A R K O U L I 5 . 1274 • P t m i l c G d o p D e l l s of t h e 5 W p a i l of t h e I s l a n d Y j i l I " . I n s l i t u l e of Geological and. Mlneraloglcal Roeearch Athens.

A . R E N F R E W . C . 19&9 " D i e a u t o n o m y ol the S o u l h - E a s t E u r o p e a n [ t o p p e r age".Pro­ c e e d i n g s of t h e P r e h i s t o r i c S o c i e t y 3 6 . 12-17.

p a l a c e o l Mlıtos m K n o s s o s . L o u d o n . M u c m i l l u n .

E V A N S . J . - C R E N F R E W , 1968 Excxviiliaitfi at Sahagm h i a r L.r.r . London. Thnmea and H u d s o n . T h e B r i i l e h S c h o o l of A r c h a e o l o g y nt TOL.5 F E D E R M A N . A . - S K A R E Y . i960 ' E l e c t r o n m i a r a p r o b e c o r r e l a t i o n of l e p h m LnyoiB f r o m E a n i e i n Mediterranean n b y s M l s e d i m e n t s und the Island ol S u n torlnl*. Quale m o r l a R e a . l 3 . l W - l 7 l .

S A M P S O N . A . . 1981 " M l n o a n finds I r c m T i l e s " . Atlians Annuls

G A L L O W A Y . R . B . I . U H I T Z I S . A. S A M P S O N . T . M A R K E T O L . 1995 ' R a d i o i s o t o p e a n a l y s i s af A e g e a n l e p l u a s C o i l t l i l m t l O l l t o t h e d a t i n g aE S n n i o r i n l v o l c a n o " . T h o r a a n d t h e AeftCUU W o i ' k l O t a DOUMAS(Ed.>.l_ondon.4a-54.

BAM

G A L L O W A Y . R . B . . • 1 . L I R I 1 Z 1 S . 1393 " P r o v e n a n c e of A e g e a n v o l c a n i c t a p h r o s by h i g h r e s o l u t i o n g a m m a r a y a p a c l r o m e t i y " . N u c l e a r G e o p h y s i c s . (3. 4 0 5 - 4 1 1 G U L C H A H D . F . . S . C A R E Y . M A. M . A R N O L D . 1993 Nature 3 G 3 . 810-912.

ARTHUR.

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H O O D , S . . 1981 P r e h i s t o r i c E m p o r i D a n d A y i o G a l a 1. L a n d o n . T h a m o a a n d H u d s o n . B r i t i s h S c h o o l o l A r c h a e o l o g y at A t h e n s a u p p l . v o l . 1 5 . K E L L E R , J . , 3978 " P r e h i s t o r i c uıunice i c p h i o o n A e g e a n i s l a n d s " . T h o r a a n d t h e Acflcnn World I I . London. 33. K E L L E R . J . , 1981 ' Q u u t c r n u i y t c p h l U C h j O i l o l o g y I n Mm M e d i t e r r a n e a n r e g i o n ' T e p h r n . S t u d i e s . S . S H E L l - ' , - H . S . S F A I İ T S ( E d s ). R e l d e l . D o r d ­ r e c h t . 227-244. K E L L E R J . . P . O I L L O T . T . R E K R E N , E . S T A D L B A U E I L 198D " C h r o n o h l r a t l i r f i p h l C d o t " (or t h e V o l e n i t i s m In H i e e a s t e r n H e l l e n i c are: Nlayrqa a n d K o a " . A b s t r a c t O S 06-28. T e r r a A b s t ­ ract*. 354. K E R A U D R E N . B.. 1970 Lea formations quafemalre.i sis.Univ. Paris.

m a i H i e i de

In G r e e t . P h D

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L A M B E R T . N.. 1982 L a g r o t l e P r d h i a l o r l g u E d e K l t s o s - P a r l a . R e c h e r c h e 3HT Lea Giandes Civilisations.Syntheses 7 L 1 H 1 T Z I S . I . C . M I C H A E L . R . B . G A L L O W A Y . 1277 "A s i g n i f i c a n t A e g e a n v o l c a n i c e r u p t i o n d u r i n g the 2 n d m i n i ­ m u m B.C. revealed by t h e r m o l u m l n c s c e n c e dating". Oenni-cJınoDİogy 11/4. 3 8 1 - 3 7 1 . L I R 1 T Z I 5 . L . M . I V A N O V I T C H . N . H . G A L E . 1983 " J l U p l l c a t i o n s for the- T h o r n e r u p t i o n a n d l a i c M l n o a n 1 d e s t ­ r u c t i o n ; U/Th I s o y o p e a n d X R F a n a l y s e s oE l a p h r a f r o m A e g e ­ an i s l a n i l s " . 3 3 t h I n E e m a t l o n a l S y m p o s i u m o n A r c h a e o m e t r y . N a p l e s (nbalttiCt b o o k 75).

of Arch R Biilajzy X M f. 8 S ' 7 3

S A M P S O N , A.. 1984 " TJIL- N e o l i t h i c of n o d n c t L i i e s o a n d t h e A e g e a n N e o l i t h i c ' . A n ­ n u a l B r i t i s h S c h o o l of A r c h a e o l o g y at A t h e n a 79. 2 3 9 .

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P E O N . A . , 1987 Neolithic puriod In the D o d e c a n e s e ,

Athens.

S A M P S O N , A., 1 9 8 8 n The

N e o l i t h i c S u t l l c m u n t tit f U i . N t s s i r a s . A t h e n s .

S A M P S O N . A.. I S S S b " S e a s o n a l a n d P e r i o d i c a l U a a g c u( two N e o l i t h i c C a v o a In R h o d e a " . Archaeology 'n the Durffomji-str, S . D J K T Z - t . P A P A C l l R l S T 0 D 0 U L 0 U tEds.f, Copenhagen. S A M P S O N . A . 199311 " E t h n o u r c h a Q o l o g l c u l r e a e a r c h In N l i s l r a j u n d Y u l i i n t h e Do­ d e c a n e s e ' ' . Ntsalrifl/ni S A M P S O N . A . i&eab Sftoteini at T l i a n o u i i u t T l i e C a v e l h e S e l t l e i i i c T i l unci t h e C o m i lety. A t h e n a . S A M P S O N . A . 1997a E H i n o a r c h H u o l a g y flt Y a l l N leal roe I n l a n d Hie B E A e g o a n , Athena. SAMPSON. The

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S T I R O S . S C . . G . V O U G I O U K A L A K I S . 1997 Thu 1970. Y a l l [ 5 E e d g e of t h e A e g e a n v o l c a n i c a c e ] e a r t h q u ­ ake swarm, surface faulting associated with a small earthqu­ ake". A i i n u l c s T e c t o n i c a n . (In p r e s s ) . T O R I l E N C E . R J . r J . C H E R R Y . 197G A r c h a e o l o g i c a l s u r v e y o l the obsidian s o u r c e on Giali In the D o d e c a n e s e . A t h e n s . B r i t i s h S c h o o l of A l l i e n ^ u n p u b l i s h e d thesis) W A G E . A.J., H. T H O M P S O N , 191? Prehistoric ThcsSEily. Cambridge. Ciimbridge UnLvcraily Press W A O N P l t . C . A . D. S T 0 1 1 Z E R . J . K E L L E R , 1976 ' S p j i l l a p u r c n d n l l e r u i i g t m t i i l a r e r G e & t e l n g l o a s c r a u s d m Mit¬ ' - -1111 - - - - 1 1 . , M I : . N m t i r e i • 1 1 • • -1 • - 1 •: ftfr M i n c i a i o R i c . s u u g a r t . W A R R E N . P. 1262 M l n o a n S t o n e ifeaca. C a m b r i d g e . C i t m b r i d g e U n l v a r a l l y P r r a a W E I S S H A A R . H . . 1289 Pevhaltia AfaguJa. Das apate Seotithtkum B o n n . Dr. Rudolf h a b e l t

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