rı. Allnıı^Olmi. — Unlvrraii}' or lire Amcan. Department nf MertHtttn I U ' X I ı Sı udlca. HhnHniOm». The I I . I I M af Mır IKI M H I " * Li ra ni I Item! Lire iil*o ne U İnli ...
rÜÖA-AU
II
(İ99S)
Archaeological and A r c h a e o m e t r i c a l R e s e a r c h at Y a l i , Nissiros
Yali (Nissiros) da Arkeolojik: ve Arkeometrîk Araştırmalar
Adamantios S A M P S O N * - Ioannia L I R I T Z I S * * rtHV*0«li »flH İHCirjıı.HMıMoloefi H a f i m " * UHAHgy Elhnfiarıffcannloçv An,UıUr m c u k l m : YBÜ lfllrfllprj .RüMlBUlDDlar. NBOlil* OöVii.NiadaıCılık.tLnMrkOûûıı
Yali adası Kos île Nissh-os merkezlerden
arasında yer alır ve jeolojik
kaynaklanan
yüzey araştırmaları varlığını ortaya
volkan
ve kazılar adanın güney
çıkarmıştır. Aynı zamanda
g üney doğusunda
sürdürülmüştür.
- NÎSBİTOB volkan
merkezinin
kanıtlamıştır Yaii'de
katmanlarından
(Kos. Rodos.
en son volkan
etkin
batı kesiminde yürütülen
Arkeometrîk olduğunu
Tilos). Volkanik
patlamasının
olm ak bu bölgedeki oluşmuştur.
sistemli
yerleşmelerin ortalarında
adalarda
TL (teımoluıniııesans) meydana
adanın
geldiğini
Yali
biriktiğini tarihiemesi
kanıtlamıştır.
Nissiros" a n d between Y a l i a n d K o s ' . T h e obsidian deposits of Y a l i a r e also attributed to s m a l l eruptions of more t h a n one unk n o w n v o l c a n i c centres by the volcanologist R. B r o u s s e (pers. c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) . H e asc ribed the material to a quite recent age. I n the N E sector H e l l e n i s t i c potteiy w a s collected from m a n y surface spots 1 . Ho wever, to date n o p r e h i s t o r i c r e m a i n s have been located, w i t h the exception of one site on the east side. T h e existence on Y a l i ' s N E sector of a dense assemblage of f a r m i n g a n d h e r d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n s (about 300) da ted to the 19th c. diverted the orientation of Y a l i Project for a few years towards a n ethnoarchaeological study of the a r e a a n d the
- - I l '. e l L ' n h - i l i - HL-|..L.| I . L i i b l i l l • }.i L u i - . I-: I ; •. • : 11 ı \ . rı A l l n ı ı ^ O l m i — Unlvrraii}' or lire A m c a n . Department nf MertHtttn I U ' X I ı Sı udlca. H h n H n i O m » The I I . I I M af Mır I K I M H I " * Li ra ni I Item! Lire iil*o ne U İnli mid a n i m i '
volkanik
yapılan
araştırmalar
araştırmalar M.Ö. S.binin ve tufraların civardaki
kalıntıların
değişik
yoğ un Neolitik
etnoaıkeoiojik
M Ö. S. bin süresinde
T h e i s l a n d of Y a l i (Fig. 1), m e a n i n g "glass " m m o d e r n greek, owes i t s n a m e to the v o l c a n i c deposits of obsidian o c c u r i n g in i t s N E part. Y a l i i s situated south of K o s and not far from N i s s i r o s , the m a i n volca nic centre of the a r e a 1 . It consists of two mo untain m a s s e s j o i n e d by a long and narrow s a n d y i s t h m u s of a l l u v i a l coast deposits w h i c h probably w a s related to a s h a l l o w s e a in the p r e h i s t o r i c period. T h e N E part of the i s l a n d c o n s i s t s m a i n l y of perlite. w h i l e obsidian i s found either i n t h i n layers wit h i n the perlites or i n l i m i t e d m a s s i v e depo s i t s (Fig, 2). It i s possible that a l l these ryoliths of the N E part are due to the activity of one or more v o l c a n i c centres, e x i s t i n g to day i n the m a r i n e a r e a between Y a l i a n d
Burada
SAMPSON
s e a r c h for the type of s u b s i s t e n c e strategic s w h i c h the modern population from Niss i r o s had adapted to exploit the l a n d of Y a U\ Between 1990-1995 a team of archaeologists a n d topographers effectuated the location, m a p p i n g and typological separation of the s t r u c t u r e s ( F i g . 3) r a n g i n g from habitation c o n s t r u c t i o n s , storerooms and foodpreparation huts to pens, c i s t e r n s , w e l l s and t h r e s h i n g floors. Problems l i k e seasonality, i s l a n d t r u n s h u m a n c e . extent of private properties a n d variety of l a n d use raised i n the course of the r e s e a r c h revealted the s o c i o e c o n o m i c a l i d i o s y n c r a s i e s of the a r e a . T h e pattern i m p l i e d c a n be used as a n e x p l a n a t o i y parallel for the type of the neo l i t h i c occupation of Y a l i . The SW part of the island holds great geological interest. The complexity of the geological events has attracted the attention of many specialists; but no thorough study has so far been made to relate the geological formations to human occupation i n prehistory. However, the data so far allow us to make a first approach to the palaeogeogi aphy of Y a l i , The S W part of the mountain massif consists basically of a uniform deposit of pure pumice more than 160 m. high. T h i s has been exploited by a m i n i n g company for the last two decades (Fig. 4). T h i s geological unit containing xenoliths from K o s was deposited i n a shallow marine environment and is dated to 145 ka". Pumice is overlaid by a deposit of calcareous sandstone. 2 -3 m. thick, containing typical fossils of sea molluscs (Fig. 4) w h i c h have been assigned to the T y r r h e n i a n age (135 or 85 k a old)'. However, the lack of Strombus Bubonius. the characteristic species of the T y r r h e n i a n i n the Mediterranean, shows that these sediments cannot be assigned to the above period, and that their date rather ranges between 145 and 3 l k a B P . A b o v e the s a n d s t o n e one c a n observe a layer of a r g i l . 0.30-0.60 m. t h i c k (palaeosol 1). probably formed d u r i n g a g l a c i a l period. T h i s deposit i s dated by P e n t a r a k i s " by " C of s e a s h e l l s to 55450 ± 330 B P . a n d by W a g n e r " to c a . 24000 B P . T h i s l a y e r is
-
l.miTAiS
o v e r l a i d by a a p h i r i c p u m i c e deposit 1.5 to 2 m . t h i c k and c o r r e s p o n d s to a n e x p l o s i v e event from a v o l c a n i c centre probably betw e e n Y a l i and K o s . B a s e d on deep s e a cove s e d i m e n t s , the age of t h i s deposit i s dated about 3 1 k a " h . F u r t h e r m o r e , a l a n d uplift brought the m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s and the upper p u m i c e to a h e i g h t of 165 m., w h i l e a set of N W - t r e n d i n g n o r m a l f a u l t s " c a u s e d the l o w e r i n g of the relief o n the n o r t h s i d e of the S W p a r t and o n the i s t h m u s , w h e r e all this stratigraphic sequence is visible j u s t a few m e t r e s above s e a level. A l s o a s e c o n d a r g i l i c l a y e r (palaeosol 3) is found on top of t h i s s e q u e n c e . F i n a l l y the y o u n g e r p a l a e o s o l i s covered by p u m i ce of v a r i a b l e t h i c k n e s s , r e a c h i n g s e v e r a l m e t r e s In s o m e c a s e s . A m a j o r part of t h i s is due to s m a l l v o l c a n o e r u p t i o n s a n d deposits of p y r o c l a s t i c m a t e r i a l i n a r o u n d m o v e m e n t ("serge"). However, s o m e of it l i k e l y due to a e o l i c d i s p l a c e m e n t a n d see m s to be of a post-neolithic date. Radioisotope a n a l y s i s of ten w e l l stratified tephra and p u m i c e s a m p l e s ( F i g . 5) from the top p u m i c e deposit of the S W sector of Y a l i had for the first time connected Y a l i deposits w i t h s i m i l a r layers i n K o s and R h o d e s by p r o d u c i n g o v e r l a p p i n g radionuclide signatures (Fig. 6). On the i s l a n d of K o s two sites were sampled: K e p h a l o s on the i s l a n d ' s West, w h i c h falls w i t h i n the same isotopic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as Y a h . and the city of K o s on the E a s t , the latter however p o i n t i n g towards a S a n t o r i n i prevenance. C o n c e r n i n g R h o d e s , most samples correlate w i t h the S a n t o r i n i group, except for one sample c o m i n g from the M i n o a n settlement of T r i a n t a . T h i s closely resembles a single Y a l i s a m p l e . It i s noteworthy that d i s t i n c t differences observed even w i t h i n Y a l i samples are l i k e l y to be due to different eruptions 1 '. T h e a n a l y s e s together w i t h more mea s u r e m e n t s effectuated i n a n earlier stage, i m p l y no trace of S a n t o r i n i tephra at Y a l i . The Y a l i Archaeological Project w a s i n i tiated i n the S W part of the island i n 1986. T h i s area w a s divided into sections and was
Ynli
(Nlssii-osj
systematically surveyed i n squares (Fig. 7-8) y i e l d i n g abundant neolithic pottery and stone tools. T h s prehistoric material lay a l l over the surface of the peak, between the upper palaeosol 2 and the lower surface pumice deposit 1 '. The almost fiat a r e a around the top is more l i k e l y to have been used for cultivation or herding rather t h a n residence, although some sporadic structures or huts of poor materials cannot beruled o u t T o the north, parts of neolithic buildings were excavated on a slope protected from the south and north-east w i n d s . T h e lay e r s of aeolian p u m i c e and argil were completely eroded i n that area, and the calcareous sandstone w a s exposed to the surface, offering building material in abundance. Bec a u s e of the i n c l i n e d bedrock, the constructions were erected on terraces supported by w a l l s . However, the corrosion and the later h e l l e n i s t i c occupation of the a r e a c a u s e d major damage to the neolithic s t r u c t u r e s . T h e sole neolithic b u i l d i n g w i t h good p r e s e r v a t i o n c a m e to light on a s m a l l platea u , and constitutes a complete s p e c i m e n oE n e o l i t h i c a r c h i t e c t u r e , the best so far k n o w n i n the A e g e a n ( F i g . 9). T h e b u i l d i n g 17 m, long and 7.5 m.. wide c o n s i s t s of three a r e a s ; the two major rooms a r e divided by a s t u r d y w a l l on a N E - S W a x i s . T h i s w a s u s e d to support the roof, possibly of a n A s h a p e A long-narrow room i s attached a l o n g the north part and w a s used as a k i t c h e n o r stor i n g place, as i m p l i e d by the r e m a i n s of fire a n d the a b u n d a n c e of coarse c o o k i n g vases s u c h as cheese-pots and pithoids. A n irreg u l a r area, detached from the m a i n room, ends i n an a p s i d a l w a l l ,on the west side. T h i s w a s interpreted as a yard or a shelter for a n i m a l s . T h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l type of the b u i l d i n g is u n u s u a l and the d i v i s i o n i n two u n e q u a l areas appears for the first time i n a n e o l i t h i c house of the Aegean. A s for the a p s i d a l w a l l s there are m a n y p a r a l l e l s i n Saliagos". Emporio C h i o s ' . Sitagroi i n 1 T h r a c e a n d T h e s s a l y " . One more p a r a l l e l c o m i n g from the Dodecanese is a n a p s i d a l b u i l d i n g on the s m a l l i s l a n d of A l i m n i a nea r Rhodes, excavated i n 19S0'\
103
T h e pottery dates the b u i l d i n g to a late n e o l i t h i c p h a s e (Late A e g e a n Neolithic 4) w h i c h c o r e s p o n d s to L a t e C h a l c o l i t h i c 4 of A n a t o l i a ' " . T h e s a m e n e o l i t h i c stage also i n c l u d e s the site i n A l i m n i a . the settlement at P a r t h e n i i n Levos. as w e l l as m a n y other u n e x c a v a t e d sites i n the Dodecanese. M o r e stratified r e m a i n s of t h i s p h a s e h a v e been found i n the c a v e s of K o u m e l o and A g i a Georgios i n Rhodes'*. A l t h o u g h Y a l i pottery has close affinities w i t h the B e y c e s u l t a n sequence, m a n y p a r t i c u l a r i t i es exist, s u c h as the large v a r i a t i o n of a coarse open b a s i n k n o w n a s cheese-pot. T h e large q u a n t i t i e s of t h i s v a s e i n the Dodecan e s i a n sites p o s s i b l y suggest a local o r i g i n of the shape"'. T h e s p r e a d of t h i s form to the r e s t of the A e g e a n , m a i n l a n d G r e e c e a n d A s i a M i n o r s e e m s to be l i m i t e d . A large c e r a m i c s a m p l e of Y a l i w a r e w a s m e a s u r e d by the Magnetic S u s c e p t i b i lity (X) method s u g g e s t i n g s e v e n c e r a m i c groups (A-F). a c c o r d i n g to c l a y s of different o r i g i n ( F i g . lOa.b). At least one of t h i s group w a s local, as far as i s i m p l i e d by the loc a l clay magnetic rates. Not far from the neolithic building, together with characteristic neolithic potteiy. two ceramic vases w i t h remains of copper were identified as melting pots (Fig. 11). Both bear holes to accomodate wooden handles. These rare examples are compared w i t h similar pots found i n K e p h a l a on Keos" 1 and S i tagroi". Copper i n general is scarce i n the Neolithic, although it is found i n most neolithic sites i n minor quantities (Sesklo. F e f k a k i a " in Thessaly. Alepottypa i n the Peloponnese. Th&rrounia" (Euboea). cave of K i t s o s " (Attica), cave of Zas (Naxos), K e p h a l a ^ K e o s ) , Ftelia 1 " in Myconos. A l l samples are supposed to come from copper sources a short distance away, s u c h as the mines of Lavrion i n Attica. In the Dodecanese copper artifacts were found in the cave of A g i a Georgios i n Rhodes"". Given the proximity of the Dodecanese to the coast of A s i a Minor it was logical to expect that copper artifacts found i n neolithic levels would originate from sources of Anatolia. Recent tsotopic analysis i n the Osotrace Labora-
104
tory of the University of Oxford showed surprisingly that the copper residues found inside the two above melting pots From Y a l i came from L a v r i o n deposits i n A t t i c a (pers. comm.V Maxwell-McGeehan and N. Gale). More buildings and about seventy graves of the s a m e date were excavated from inside p u m i c e further to the S o u t h of the Y a l i S W sector. No grave offerings were found s i n c e most of the graves seem to have been p hints red i n the past, w h i l e a l l h u m a n bones were totally destroyed by p u m i c e s c h e m i c a l acidity. T h e existence of a cemetery of the Neolithic period on Y a l i suggests dense population a n d intense occupation, w h i c h is s t r i k i n g for s u c h a s m a l l i s l a n d . I t seems that the neolithic c o m m u n i t i e s of Yali were orientated to productive activities s u c h as cultivation and herding. T h e b i g quantity of m i l l s t o n e s everywhere testifies to the c u l t i v a t i o n of cereals, as w e l l as to an intensive occupation on a permanent basis. Seasonality cannot be excluded however, and the i s l a n d t r a n s h u m a n c e pattern revealed by ethnographic analogy for the 19th c. c o m m u n i t i e s of Y a l i provides u s w i t h a good i m p l i c a t i o n for prehistoric seasonality. After long archaeological r e s e a r c h on Y a l i . i n c l u d i n g systematic surveys of the i s land, it is c e r t a i n that Y a l i obsidian s o u r c e s were v e i y indifferently exploited, because of the inferior quality of the local m a t e r i a l . The presence of w h i t e spots i n the outcrop does not facilitate specialised k n a p p i n g and s h a r p e n i n g of the m a t e r i a l to create points ( F i g . 12). N o w h e r e i n the Dodecanese blades made of Y a l i obsidian h a v e been found, w h e r e a s the obsidian from Melos™ (Fig. 13) is strongly present i n a l l the islands, even i n Y a h . T h i s fact c l e a r l y indica¬ tes that Y a l i s o u r c e s were unable to provide the proper material for the production of tools. I t is l i k e l y that some unshaped flakes were usable, but it i s also possible that Y a l i obsidian found i n the S W sector of the i s land w a s not transported there on purpose, but w a s produced by recent volcano eruprtions ( ft- T o r r a n c e 1 " and B u c h h o l a " ) . T h e y visited the i s l a n d also noticed the non-exis-
SAMPSON
•
URITSJS
tence of tools from local m a t e r i a l . Nevertheless, the t h i c k pumice deposits of the S W sector contain several outcrops of pure, high-quality, obsidian, produced by older volcano eruptions of the a r e a . S a m p l e s of a l l those different m a t e r i a l s h a v e been a n a l y s e d by neutron activation. T r a c e elements c o n f i r m the local origin a n d that they derive from different eruptions. T h e absence of tools from t h i s m a t e r i a l is due to the s m a l l quantity of the r a w m a t e r i a l . T h e use of Y a l i obsidian for madoing stone vases or jewellery is a w e l l k n o w n activity i n the Late Minoan period"". D u r i n g t h i s e r a habitation exists i n many Dodecanes i a n i s l a n d s (Rhodes, K o s . Telos, Karpat¬ hos). I n Y a l i the f l o u r i s h i n g neolithic period is succeeded by a poor Bronze Age habitation, probably because of a critical change i n the economic conditions of this area. Very recently c e r a m i c s of Late Minoan A were excavated from w i t h i n the p u m i c e on the west side of the i s t h m u s j o i n i n g Y a l i ' s two sector. The most diagnostic among t h e m is a n eyebeaked j u g bearing polychrome mattpainted decoration (Fig. 14), and some sherds w i t h white-on-red patterns ". Typological studies and clay measurements on the pottery of a contemporaneous site at Seraglio i n K o s . not far from Y a l i . suggests that K o s could have been the production centre of t h i s type of potteiy, and moreover one of the sources from w h i c h vases of this type were imported to A k r o t i r i " a n d . presumably, to Y a l i . Of p a r t i c u l a r importance is the new da¬ ting produced by thermoluminescence on four surface ejecta eruption samples, t a k e n from K a m a r a . i n the east side of the N E sector of the i s l a n d (Fig. 2. 15). T h e m e a n age w a s 1460±4GO years B.C., w h i c h is a significant date c o n c e r n i n g the v o l c a n i c activity i n the Aegean d u r i n g the 2nd m i l l e n i u m B.C. because of the S a n t o r i n i eruption oecuring about the same age'-. The new result i s of considerable significance, because it proves that v o l c a n i c centres on Y a l i and/or Nissiros were active u n t i l about three m i l l e n i a ago. Moreover the obsidian outcrops i n K a m a r a a r c dated to about the same time, as the Bel-
Yııli
103
(Nissiras)
gian volcanologist R B r a u s s e lias sugges ted. Unfortunately no pottery or other finds have been located i n the a r e a of K a m a r a . The stratigraphy of K a m a r a . to the N E of Ya¬ l i , h a s a s i m i l a r sequence to that of the top (SWsectoij and t h e neck, w h e r e the Minoan potteiy w a s found. T h i s dates a l l tephra la yers to the same age. T h e correlation provi des a safe indirect w a y to date the most re cent eruptions w h i c h took place i n Y a l i .
cms i n the Aegean, around the H e l l e n i c vol canic a r c . d u r i n g the 3nd m i l l . B.C. Possibly this t i m i n g suggests a n inter relationship of m a g m a chambers of those volcanos occur i n g a s a result of a triggering effect.
C o n c e r n i n g the Late Minoan period, ce r a m i c evidence of that age was found inside a tephra layer from the excavations of K o s (T. Marketou. pers. comm.). Also to early L a te Minoan are dated the conical cups excava ted inside a tephra layer on the island of Telos™. T e p h r a a n a l y s i s of two samples from this site by alpha-particle spectrometiy 1 i n dicates a different v o l c a n i c origin than tephras from Rhodes and K o s . but s i m i l a r to Nis s i r a s isotopic data. Although no Santorinian tcphras were analysed for comparison, ta k i n g into account the radioisotope analy ses'" suggesting S a n t o r i n i a s the provenance of most tephras i n Rhodes, w e may a s s u m e that Telos tephras come from the same erup tion that deposited pumice on Y a l i .
Up to this time, the S a n t o r i n i volcanic eruption w a s the n i E i j o r and unique event i n the Aegean that took place i n 1620-1660 B.C. (1624 B.C. according to tree-rings, 1645±30 a c c o r d i n g to ice-cores, a n d between 1700¬ 1400 on the evidence of potteiy} and that w a s considered a s the cause for the demise of the M i n o a n civilisation. A s a result, every tephra deposit covering Minoan settlements has been attributed to the S a n t o r i n i V O I C E I no' u . Recent investigations imply that s u c h attributions a n d the associated analyses ha ve to be reconsidered, reanalysing older and newly found tephras from Minoan settle ments of Crete, Teios, Rhodes. K o s , Karpat¬ hos and other Aegean i s l a n d s , employing the u r a n i u m , thorium, and potassium mdioisotope a n a l y s i s corroborated w i t h other met hods 1 -. I t i s worth mentioning that a n a l y s i s of the tephra layer fron Nile Delta has s h o w n a different origin than that at S a n t o r i n i ' , i m p l y i n g volcanic eruption i n the Aegean.
Recently, a v o l c a n i c layer ( s u l p h u r i c se diment a n d cemented tephra) has been re vealed i n excavations at Methana (northeast Péloponnèse), another w e l l k n o w n v o l c a n i c centre. T h i s layer covers a Late Myeenean settlement and a s a n c t u a r y of the same peri od ( K o n s o l a k i s , pars. comm. 1995). T h i s event indicates a c h a i n of v o l c a n i c erupti-
I n c o n c l u s i o n , t h e r o l e of v o l c a n i c ac tivity i n the Aegean d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d h a l f of t h e 2 n d m i d e n i u m B . C . at t h e t i m e of t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of M i n o a n s e t t l e m e n t s and t h e e v e n t u a l d e m i s e o f M i n o a n c i v i l i s a t i o n , h a s to be r e a s s e s s e d i n t h e l i g h t o f the r e c e n t a r c h a e o m e t r i c a n a l y s e s f r o m Y a l i a n d other Aegean i s l a n d s
NOTE5 I . A . MurtPİli, 1917ı E . N . Oııvis, 1 0 6 9 . 2 3 5 : G . M . ÛJ Pnolii. 1974. 944. 2. E . Puritlımkiü. M. M n i ' k O u l i s , 1974: I . P U u U n J r l a . L978. 3. P. UiLHlcaİB. N . K D L J D B . H . İ3OVCJI. E S n l l b n . 1986. 146. 4 II G . HııchholA. E AltrınıiH. 1 9 8 2 6. A. :•=•::-ıı: 1993ıı. ; A . S u m p s O T l , 1 9 9 7 * . 6. F u l M İ M t a U l : . 1 9 9 6 . 1 4 5 : J . K o l l c r . Q l . n l t i . tOSO. AfealM* O S 26. T e r i * Absımcls, 3 5 4 . 7
A. Aılıi|Jİ("Ek*. 1966.
lı
K. • . - . i . , n , ı, 1 9 7 0 .
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H O O D , S . . 1981 P r e h i s t o r i c E m p o r i D a n d A y i o G a l a 1. L a n d o n . T h a m o a a n d H u d s o n . B r i t i s h S c h o o l o l A r c h a e o l o g y at A t h e n s a u p p l . v o l . 1 5 . K E L L E R , J . , 3978 " P r e h i s t o r i c uıunice i c p h i o o n A e g e a n i s l a n d s " . T h o r a a n d t h e Acflcnn World I I . London. 33. K E L L E R . J . , 1981 ' Q u u t c r n u i y t c p h l U C h j O i l o l o g y I n Mm M e d i t e r r a n e a n r e g i o n ' T e p h r n . S t u d i e s . S . S H E L l - ' , - H . S . S F A I İ T S ( E d s ). R e l d e l . D o r d r e c h t . 227-244. K E L L E R J . . P . O I L L O T . T . R E K R E N , E . S T A D L B A U E I L 198D " C h r o n o h l r a t l i r f i p h l C d o t " (or t h e V o l e n i t i s m In H i e e a s t e r n H e l l e n i c are: Nlayrqa a n d K o a " . A b s t r a c t O S 06-28. T e r r a A b s t ract*. 354. K E R A U D R E N . B.. 1970 Lea formations quafemalre.i sis.Univ. Paris.
m a i H i e i de
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L A M B E R T . N.. 1982 L a g r o t l e P r d h i a l o r l g u E d e K l t s o s - P a r l a . R e c h e r c h e 3HT Lea Giandes Civilisations.Syntheses 7 L 1 H 1 T Z I S . I . C . M I C H A E L . R . B . G A L L O W A Y . 1277 "A s i g n i f i c a n t A e g e a n v o l c a n i c e r u p t i o n d u r i n g the 2 n d m i n i m u m B.C. revealed by t h e r m o l u m l n c s c e n c e dating". Oenni-cJınoDİogy 11/4. 3 8 1 - 3 7 1 . L I R 1 T Z I 5 . L . M . I V A N O V I T C H . N . H . G A L E . 1983 " J l U p l l c a t i o n s for the- T h o r n e r u p t i o n a n d l a i c M l n o a n 1 d e s t r u c t i o n ; U/Th I s o y o p e a n d X R F a n a l y s e s oE l a p h r a f r o m A e g e an i s l a n i l s " . 3 3 t h I n E e m a t l o n a l S y m p o s i u m o n A r c h a e o m e t r y . N a p l e s (nbalttiCt b o o k 75).
of Arch R Biilajzy X M f. 8 S ' 7 3
S A M P S O N , A.. 1984 " TJIL- N e o l i t h i c of n o d n c t L i i e s o a n d t h e A e g e a n N e o l i t h i c ' . A n n u a l B r i t i s h S c h o o l of A r c h a e o l o g y at A t h e n a 79. 2 3 9 .
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P E O N . A . , 1987 Neolithic puriod In the D o d e c a n e s e ,
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S A M P S O N , A., 1 9 8 8 n The
N e o l i t h i c S u t l l c m u n t tit f U i . N t s s i r a s . A t h e n s .
S A M P S O N . A.. I S S S b " S e a s o n a l a n d P e r i o d i c a l U a a g c u( two N e o l i t h i c C a v o a In R h o d e a " . Archaeology 'n the Durffomji-str, S . D J K T Z - t . P A P A C l l R l S T 0 D 0 U L 0 U tEds.f, Copenhagen. S A M P S O N . A . 199311 " E t h n o u r c h a Q o l o g l c u l r e a e a r c h In N l i s l r a j u n d Y u l i i n t h e Do d e c a n e s e ' ' . Ntsalrifl/ni S A M P S O N . A . i&eab Sftoteini at T l i a n o u i i u t T l i e C a v e l h e S e l t l e i i i c T i l unci t h e C o m i lety. A t h e n a . S A M P S O N . A . 1997a E H i n o a r c h H u o l a g y flt Y a l l N leal roe I n l a n d Hie B E A e g o a n , Athena. SAMPSON. The
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S T I R O S . S C . . G . V O U G I O U K A L A K I S . 1997 Thu 1970. Y a l l [ 5 E e d g e of t h e A e g e a n v o l c a n i c a c e ] e a r t h q u ake swarm, surface faulting associated with a small earthqu ake". A i i n u l c s T e c t o n i c a n . (In p r e s s ) . T O R I l E N C E . R J . r J . C H E R R Y . 197G A r c h a e o l o g i c a l s u r v e y o l the obsidian s o u r c e on Giali In the D o d e c a n e s e . A t h e n s . B r i t i s h S c h o o l of A l l i e n ^ u n p u b l i s h e d thesis) W A G E . A.J., H. T H O M P S O N , 191? Prehistoric ThcsSEily. Cambridge. Ciimbridge UnLvcraily Press W A O N P l t . C . A . D. S T 0 1 1 Z E R . J . K E L L E R , 1976 ' S p j i l l a p u r c n d n l l e r u i i g t m t i i l a r e r G e & t e l n g l o a s c r a u s d m Mit¬ ' - -1111 - - - - 1 1 . , M I : . N m t i r e i • 1 1 • • -1 • - 1 •: ftfr M i n c i a i o R i c . s u u g a r t . W A R R E N . P. 1262 M l n o a n S t o n e ifeaca. C a m b r i d g e . C i t m b r i d g e U n l v a r a l l y P r r a a W E I S S H A A R . H . . 1289 Pevhaltia AfaguJa. Das apate Seotithtkum B o n n . Dr. Rudolf h a b e l t
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Figure 6: E x c a v a t i o n t r e n c h e s In the SW part of Yali. In t h e b a c k r o u n d K a m a r a a n d t h e NE s e c t o r .
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