asmosia vii asmosia vii

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41.

Les Italiens dans le monde grec (IIe siècle av. J.-C.-Ier siècle ap. J.-C.). Circulation, dénomination, intégration. Actes de la Table ronde organisée à l’École Normale Supérieure, Paris, 14-16 mai 1998, édités par Claire HASENOHR et Christel MÜLLER (2002).

42.

Recherches franco-albanaise I. L’Albanie dans l’Europe préhistorique, Actes du colloque de Lorient organisé par l’École française d’Athènes et l’Université de Bretagne-Sud, Lorient 8-10 juin 2000, édités par Gilles TOUCHAIS et Josette RENARD (2002).

43.

Le Néolithique de Chypre, Actes du colloque international organisé par le Département des Antiquités de Chypre et l’École française d’Athènes, Nicosie 17-19 mai 2001, édités par Jean GUILAINE et Alain LE BRUN, avec la collaboration d’Odile DAUNE-LE BRUN (2003).

44.

Les Messéniens de 370/369 au Ier siècle de notre ère. Monnayage et histoire, par Catherine GRANDJEAN (2002).

45.

La sculpture architecturale byzantine dans le thème de Nikopolis du Xe au début du XIIIe siècle (Épire et Étolie-Acarnanie et Sud de l’Albanie), par Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2005).

46.

Mythos. La préhistoire égéenne du XIXe au XXIe siècle après J.-C. Actes de la table ronde internationale d’Athènes (21-23 novembre 2002), édités par Pascal DARCQUE, Michael FOTIADIS et Olga POLYCHRONOPOULOU (2006).

47.

Études d’archéologie délienne, par Philippe BRUNEAU, Recueil d’articles rassemblés et indexés par Jean-Charles MORETTI (2006).

48.

La sculpture des Cyclades à l’époque archaïque. Histoire des ateliers, rayonnement des styles, Actes du colloque international, organisé par l’Éphorie des Antiquités préhistoriques et classiques des Cyclades et l’École française d’Athènes (7-9 septembre 1998), édités par Y. KOURAYOS et Fr. PROST (2008).

49.

La Sculpture Byzantine VIIe – XIIe siècle, Actes du colloque international, organisé par la 2e Éphorie des Antiquités byzantines et l’École française d’Athènes (6-8 septembre 2000), édités par Charalambos PENNAS et Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2008).

50.

La gigantomachie de Pergame ou l’image du monde, par Françoise-Hélène MASSA-PAIRAULT (2007).

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Supplément

Ce volume comprend les textes des communications d’ASMOSIA VII, 7 cone

férence internationale de l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et des autres pierres dans l’Antiquité (Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity), qui s’est tenue dans l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Les thèmes abordés dans ces communications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoignent la science, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de la recherche sur les pierres, depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré dans son état final. Les sujets plus particulièrement abordés sont les suivants : (1) Considérations archéologiques et emploi du marbre ; (2) Carrières, techniques d’extraction, géologie et propriétés de la pierre ; (3) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : le marbre ; (4) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : autres pierres ; (5) Techniques et développements ; (6) Bases de données ; (7) Propriétés de la pierre – Vieillissement –Restauration et (8) Pigments et peintures sur marbre.

This book contains the papers submitted to ASMOSIA VII, which is the 7th In-

ternational Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity. The conference was held in the island of Thassos, Greece. The subjects of the papers represent the state-of-the-art in the interdisciplinary field of Science and Archaeology and Art-History and reflect a very broad range of research and applications on stone, from the quarry to the final decorated object. In particular, the subjects cover: (1) Archaeological considerations and use of marble, (2) Quarries, Quarrying Techniques, Geology and Stone properties, (3) Provenance Identification and Characterisation: Marble, (4) Provenance Identification and Characterisation: Other stones, (5) Techniques and Developments, (6) Databases, (7) Stone Properties – Weathering – Restoration and (8) Pigments and paintings on marble.

ASMOSIA VII

BULLETIN DE CORRESPONDANCE HELLÉNIQUE, SUPPLÉMENTS

BCH ASMOSIA VII Actes du VII e colloque international de l’ASMOSIA Thasos 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity Thassos 15-20 september, 2003 Études réunies par Yannis MANIATIS É C O L E

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ASMOSIA VII


É C O L E

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D ’ A T H È N E S

Directeur des publications : Dominique Mulliez Adjointe aux publications : Catherine Aubert

Révision et mise au point des textes :

Y. Maniatis

L’École française d’Athènes, qui a contribué à l’organisation de la rencontre ASMOSIA VII à Thasos, avec le centre Dimokritos, la 18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques de Kavala et l’IGME, a pris en charge la totalité du coût de fabrication des actes dans sa collection, mais a autorisé à titre exceptionnel Yannis Maniatis à recourir aux normes éditoriales anglo-saxonnes.

Pré-presse et photogravure : Coordination de la fabrication : Impression, reliure : Conception graphique de la couverture :

EFA Velissarios Anagnostopoulos, Thymeli s.n.c. EFA, Velissarios Anagnostopoulos Break In s.a. EFA, Velissarios Anagnostopoulos

Dépositaire : De Boccard Édition-Diffusion – 11, rue de Médicis, F – 75006 Paris, www.deboccard.com © École française d’Athènes, 2009 – 6, rue Didotou, GR – 10680 Athènes, www.efa.gr ISBN 978-2-86958-207-1 Reproduction et traduction, même partielles, interdites sans l’autorisation de l’éditeur pour tous pays, y compris les États-Unis.


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Supplément

ASMOSIA VII Actes du VIIe colloque international de l’ASMOSIA Organisé par l'École française d'Athènes, le National Center for Scientific Research “DIMOKRITOS”, la 18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques (Kavala) et l’Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration Thasos, 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity organized by the French School of Athens, the National Center for Scientific Research “DIMOKRITOS”, the 18th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities (Kavala) and the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration Thassos, september 15-20, 2003

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CONTENTS

Préface Yannis Maniatis

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

XIII-XVI

ABBREVIATIONS IN BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... XVII

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY TALK Ch. KOUKOULI-CHRYSANTHAKI and S. PAPADOPOULOS .................................................................................................................................................................................................1-18 The island of Thassos and the Aegean in the Prehistory

PART I: ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS – USE OF MARBLE Th. STEFANIDOU-TIVERIOU ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19-29 Thassian marble: A connection between Thassos and Thessaloniki E.J. WALTERS .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31-41 Thassian Julius Caesar G.E BORROMEO, J.J. HERRMANN, Jr. and N. HERZ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 43-51 Macedonian workmanship on a Thassian marble Hadrian in Providence? J. C. FANT .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53-57 White marbles in the summer triclinium of the casa del Bracciale d’Oro, Pompeii J.J. HERRMANN, Jr. and R.H. TYKOT ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59-75 Some products from the Dokimeion quarries: craters, tables, capitals and statues P.A. BUTZ ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77-87 The Naxian Colossus at Delos: “Same Stone” A. BETORI, M. GOMEZ SERITO and P. PENSABENE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 89-102 Investigation of marbles and stones used in Augustean monuments of western alpine provinces (Italy) F. BIANCHI and M. BRUNO .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 103-111 Flavian amphitheatre: The Cavea and the Portico; Comments about the quality, quantity and the working of its marbles O. PALAGIA, Y. MANIATIS, E. DOTSIKA and D. KAVOUSSANAKI ........................................................................................................................................................... 113-132 New investigations on the pedimental sculptures of the “Hieron” of Samothrace: A preliminary report V. GAGGADIS-ROBIN, Y. MANIATIS, C. SINTÈS, D. KAVOUSSANAKI and E. DOTSIKA ...................................................................................... 133-146 Provenance investigation of some marble sarcophagi from Arles with stable isotope and maximum grain sizes analysis

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L. COOK and I. THOMAS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 147-157 Faustino Corsi and the coloured marbles of Derbyshire F. VAN KEUREN, L.P. GROMET and N. HERZ .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 159-174 Three mythological sarcophagi at the RISD Museum: Marble provenances and iconography

PART II: QUARRIES, QUARRYING TECHNIQUES, GEOLOGY AND STONE PROPERTIES J.A. HARRELL ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 175-186 The Bokari granodiorite quarry in Egypt’s eastern desert E. BLOXAM, P. STOREMYR and T. HELDAL .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 187-201 Hard stone quarrying in the Egyptian old Kingdom (3rd Millennium BC): rethinking the social organization T. ENDO and S. NISHIMOTO ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 203-210 The ancient Egyptian quarry at Dibabiya D. KLEMM and R. KLEMM ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 211-225 Pharaonic limestone quarries in Wadi Nakhla and Deir Abu Hennis, Egypt T. HELDAL, P. STOREMYR, E. BLOXAM, I. SHAW, R. LEE and A. SALEM ....................................................................................................................................... 227-241 GPS and GIS methodology in the mapping of Chephren’s quarry, Upper Egypt: a significant tool for documentation and interpretation of the site P. STOREMYR, T. HELDAL, E. BLOXAM and J.A. HARRELL ................................................................................................................................................................................. 243-256 New evidence of small-scale Roman basalt quarrying in Egypt: Widan el Faras in the northern Faiyum desert and Tilal Sawda by El-Minya P. STOREMYR and T. HELDAL .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 257-271 Ancient stone quarries: Vulnerable archaeological sites threatened by modern development P. HADJIDAKIS, D. MATARANGAS and M. VARTI-MATARANGAS .............................................................................................................................................................. 273-288 Ancient quarries in Delos, Greece M. WURCH-KOZELJ et T. KOZELJ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 289-307 Quelques sarcophages rectangulaires d’époque impériale, des carrières thasiennes aux nécropoles de Thasos K. LASKARIDIS and V. PERDIKATSIS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 309-317 Characterisation of the timeless white marble and quarrying activity in Thassos

PART III: PROVENANCE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION (MARBLE) F. GABELLONE, M.T. GIANNOTTA and A. ALESSIO ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 319-331 The Torre Sgarrata wreck (South Italy): Marble artefacts in the cargo

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A. CALIA, M.T. GIANNOTTA, L. LAZZARINI and G. QUARTA ...................................................................................................................................................................... 333-342 The Torre Sgarrata wreck: Characterization and provenance of white marble artefacts in the cargo D. ATTANASIO, S. KANE and N. HERZ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 343-356 New isotopic and EPR data for 22 sculptures from the extramural sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene D. ATTANASIO, G. MESOLELLA, P. PENSABENE, R. PLATANIA and P. ROCCHI .................................................................................................................. 357-369 EPR and Petrographic provenance of the architectural white marbles of three buildings at Villa Adriana T. CRAMER, K. GERMANN and W.–D. HEILMEYER ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 371-383 Marble objects from Asia Minor in the Berlin collection of classical antiquities: stone characteristics and provenance M. BRUNO, C. GORGONI and P. PALLANTE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 385-398 On the provenance of white marbles used in the baths of Caracalla in Rome M. FISCHER ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 399-412 Marble from Pentelicon, Paros, Thasos and Proconnesus in ancient Israel: an attempt at a chronological distinction Y. MANIATIS, P. SOTIRAKOPOULOU, K. POLIKRETI, E. DOTSIKA and E. TZAVIDOPOULOS ........................................................................ 413-437 The “Keros Hoard”: Provenance of the figurines and possible sources of marble in the Cyclades Y. MANIATIS, S. PAPADOPOULOS, E. DOTSIKA, D. KAVOUSSANAKI and E. TZAVIDOPOULOS .............................................................. 439-449 Provenance investigation of Neolithic marble vases from Limeraria, Thassos: Imported marble to Thassos? M. UNTERWURZACHER, H. STADLER and P. MIRWALD ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 451-458 Provenance study of Roman marble artefacts of an excavation near Oberdrauburg (Carinthia, Austria) L. LAZZARINI ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 459-484 The distribution and re-use of the most important coloured marbles in the provinces of the Roman Empire M. MARIOTTINI, E. CURTI and E. MOSCETTI ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 485-493 The taste of the marbles in Roman villae (Tiburtina-Nomentana) L. LAZZARINI and S. CANCELLIERE .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 495-508 Marmor Thessalicum (verde antico): Source, distribution and characterization P. LAPUENTE, B. TURI and Ph. BLANC ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 509-522 Marbles and coloured stones from the theatre of Caesaraugusta (Hispania): Preliminary study R.H. TYKOT, G.E. BORROMEO, C. CORRADO-GOULET and K. SEVERSON ....................................................................................................................... 523-532 Marble sculptures from the Rhode Island School of Design: Provenance studies using stable isotope and other analysis

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J. J. HERRMANN, Jr., R. NEWMAN and A. VAN DEN HOEK ............................................................................................................................................................................... 533-545 Identifying Dolomitic Marble 2000-2003: The Capitoline Museums, New York, and SomnusHypnos in Urbisaglia

PART IV: PROVENANCE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION (OTHER STONES) R. BUGINI and L. FOLLI ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 547-557 On tesserae of Roman mosaics in Lombardy (Italy) E. Roffia, R. Bugini and L. Folli .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 559-570 Stone materials of the Roman villas around lake Garda (Italy) P. DEGRYSE, P. MUCHEZ, E. TROGH and M. WAELKENS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 571-580 The natural building stones of Helenistic to Byzantine Sagalassos: Provenance determination through stable isotope geochemistry Ø.J. JANSEN, T. HELDAL, R.B. PEDERSEN, Y. RONEN and S.H.H. KALAND ...................................................................................................................... 581-595 Provenance of soapstone used in medieval buildings in the Bergen region, Western Norway B. MORONI, I. BORGIA, M. PETRELLI and P. LAPUENTE ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 597-613 Archaeometry of chert tools: For a non-destructive geochemical approach J. CASSAR .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 615-626 Classifying Maltese prehistoric limestone megaliths by means of geochemical data F. ANTONELLI, L. LAZZARINI, S. CANCELLIERE and A. SOLANO .............................................................................................................................................................. 627-643 “Granito del Foro” and “Granito di Nicotera”: Archaeometric problems O. ÖZBEK ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 645-656 The prehistoric ground stone implements from Yartarla: The preliminary results of a geoarchaeological study in Tekirdag region (Eastern Thrace) S. CHLOUVERAKI and S. LUGLI ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 657-668 Gypsum: A jewel in Minoan palatial architecture; Identification and characterization of its varieties L. LAZZARINI and F. ATHANASIOU ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 669-676 The discovery of the Greek origin of the “Breccia policroma della Vittoria”

PART V: TECHNIQUES AND DEVELOPMENTS J. ZÖLDFÖLDI and Zs. KASZTOVSZKY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 677-691 Provenance study of Lapis Lazuli by non-destructive prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) F. BIRICOTTI and M. SEVERI ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 693-698 A new non-destructive methodology for studying the internal structure of white marble of artistic and archaeological interest

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PART VI: DATABASES S. PIKE ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 699-708 A stable isotope database for the ancient white marble quarries of Mount Pentelikon, Greece G. KOKKOROU-ALEVRAS, E. POUPAKI, A. CHATZICONSTANTINOU and A. EFSTATHOPOULOS ......................................................... 709-718 Corpus of ancient Greek quarries B. SZÉKELY and J. ZÖLDFÖLDI ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 719-734 Fractal analysis and quantitative fabric analysis database of West Anatolian white marbles

PART VII: STONE PROPERTIES – WEATHERING – RESTORATION A. TSIKOURAS, K. MIHOPOULOS, K. HATZIPANAGIOTOU and N. NINIS .................................................................................................................................. 735-743 Correlations of mineralogy and physical properties for stones used in the building and the restoration of the Asklepieion at Epidauros I. PAPAYIANNI and M. STEFANIDOU ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 745-752 Study of the behaviour of Serpentinite stones used for the construction of ancient Dioklitianoupoli in Northern Greece M. GREENHALGH .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 753-764 Where have all the columns gone? The loss and reuse of antiquities in the Eastern Mediterranean K. KOUZELI, and E. ZGOULETA ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 765-776 Gypsum at the Minoan site of Knossos: Types and deterioration L. GIORDANI, M. ODDONE, and S. MELONI .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 777-786 Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of the marble façade of the Certosa di Pavia: Materials provenancing and problematics related to decay K. POLIKRETI, and Y. MANIATIS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 787-798 Ionic and charge mobility on weathered marble surfaces, studied by EPR spectroscopy

PART VIII: PIGMENTS AND PAINTINGS ON MARBLE B. BOURGEOIS and Ph. JOCKEY ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 799-809 Polychrome Hellenistic sculpture in Delos: Research on surface treatments of ancient marble sculpture - Part II A. G. KARYDAS, H. BRECOULAKI, B. BOURGEOIS and Ph. JOCKEY .................................................................................................................................................... 811-829 In-situ X-Ray Fluorescence analysis of raw pigments and traces of polychromy on Hellenistic sculpture at the archaeological museum of Delos

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PRÉFACE L’acronyme ASMOSIA désigne l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et autres pierres dans l’Antiquité (Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity), fondée lors d’un atelier de recherche avancée de l’OTAN qui s’est tenu à l’hôtel Il Ciocco, à Lucca, en Italie, du 9 au 13 mai 1988. L’atelier était intitulé : Le marbre en Grèce ancienne et à Rome : Géologie, carrières, commerce et artefacts. Il fut suivi par une cinquantaine de participants qui représentaient de nombreuses professions : des physiciens, travaillant dans le domaine de l’archéométrie, des archéologues, des historiens de l’art et des conservateurs. Il fut organisé par Marc Waelkens et Norman Herz avec le but affiché d’encourager les projets associant scientifiques, historiens de l’art et autres pour une meilleure compréhension des questions relevant de l’usage de la pierre par les Anciens. À la suite de cet atelier, une série de rencontres fut programmée tous les deux ans et demi environ : la seconde rencontre eut lieu du 16 au 20 octobre 1990 à Louvain, en Belgique ; la troisième du 17 au 19 mai 1993 à Athènes, en Grèce ; la quatrième du 9 au 13 octobre 1995 à Bordeaux, en France ; la cinquième du 11 au 15 juin 1998 à Boston, aux États-Unis ; la sixième du 15 au 18 juin 2000 à Venise, en Italie ; la septième du 15 au 20 septembre 2003 à Liménas, sur l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Cette série de colloques fait partie intégrante de l’association ASMOSIA : ils ont pour objectif de promouvoir la collaboration entre les sciences, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art pour une meilleure compréhension de l’exploitation, du transport, du traitement et de l’emploi de la pierre brute dans l’Antiquité. La publication des actes a été bien accueillie à la fois par les historiens de l’art, les archéologues et la communauté scientifique, comme par les corps de conservateurs; elle a contribué à susciter une coopération interdisciplinaire sans cesse élargie. Dans la mesure où, avant la création de l’association, cette coopération était minimale, ce fut là, en fait, un progrès décisif. Pour la bonne organisation et la publication de ces rencontres, on a également eu la chance de bénéficier du soutien financier d’agences nationales et internationales, comme la fondation Samuel H. Kress Foundation, l’OTAN, etc. Le nombre de membres de l’association a plus que quadruplé, passant de 50 en 1988 à environ 250 aujourd’hui, représentant 25 pays. En dehors des actes de colloques, ASMOSIA publie également à raison de deux fois par an l’ASMOSIA Newsletter. À ce jour, ce domaine de la recherche a fait preuve d’importantes avancées dans la mesure où les sources matérielles dont on dispose pour l’usage du marbre et des autres pierres dans l’Antiquité ont été largement étudiées et où les matériaux eux-mêmes ont fait l’objet de caractérisations géologiques et physico-chimiques. Les bases de données avec leurs paramètres analytiques se sont développées et les

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caractéristiques de différents types de pierres brutes se sont accumulées. Bien des problèmes archéologiques ou relevant de l’histoire de l’art trouvent désormais une meilleure réponse et une meilleure explication par le recours aux analyses scientifiques et aux bases de données, qu’il s’agisse de la provenance, de l’identification, de la diffusion, du traitement, des assemblages et de la préservation d’importants artefacts. Le 7e colloque international de l’association ASMOSIA s’est tenu à Liménas, la ville principale et le port de l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Il a été organisé par le laboratoire d’archéométrie-NCSR « Demokritos », l’École française d’Athènes, la 18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques, l’IGME (Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration). Le comité d’organisation, composé de Y. Maniatis, K. Polikreti, Z. Bonias, S. Papadopoulos, T. Kozelj, M. Wurch-Kozelj et M. Varti-Mataranga, tient à adresser ses remerciements à la Municipalité de Thasos qui a mis à disposition la salle de conférences du « Kalogeriko » et a tout mis en œuvre pour faciliter le bon déroulement du colloque, le ministère grec de la culture et le ministère grec de l’Égée ainsi que l’Association des entreprises du marbre de Thrace et de Macédoine pour leur soutien financier. Ce volume réunit les contributions présentées au 7e colloque international de l’association ASMOSIA. Les thèmes abordés dans ces communications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoignent les sciences, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de la recherche poursuivie sur les pierres grâce à la coopération des sciences et des humanités. En particulier, les thèmes abordés recouvrent presque tous les aspects qui concernent la pierre depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré dans son état final, sans exclure les questions du vieillissement et de la restauration. Tous les textes soumis pour publication dans ces actes ont fait l’objet d’une révision attentive par un ou plusieurs réviseurs, ce qui en garantit le haut niveau, le caractère innovant et la portée scientifique. En la matière, nous exprimons nos sincères remerciements aux membres du comité exécutif de l’association ASMOSIA, N. Herz, L. Lazzarini, P. Storemyr, J.J. Herrmann Jr., Ph. Jockey, S. Kane, J. Harrell, ainsi qu’aux members du comité scientifique du colloque qui ont apporté leur concours à la difficile révision des textes présentés dans ce volume. En outre, nous voulons remercier V. Zatta, secrétaire de l’Institute of Materials Science-NCSR « Demokritos » pour son aide dans le traitement des actes et les étudiants-chercheurs du laboratoire d’archéométrie-NCSR « Demokritos » D. Tambakopoulos et M. Maniati pour leur aide dans l’organisation et la relecture des épreuves. Nous tenons aussi à exprimer notre plus profonde gratitude à l’École française d’Athènes et, en particulier, à son directeur, le professeur D. Mulliez : l’École française d’Athènes, en effet, a supporté la totalité du coût de fabrication et du travail de publication des actes dans le Supplément 51 du Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique. Nos remerciements vont également à Sandrine Huber, ancienne adjointe aux publications de l’École française d’Athènes, et à Catherine Aubert, qui lui a succédé à ce poste, pour la part qu’elles ont prise dans l’élaboration de la publication. Yannis Maniatis Président de l’association ASMOSIA BCH Suppl. 51

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PREFACE ASMOSIA stands for the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity and was founded at a NATO sponsored Advanced Research Workshop held at Il Ciocco, Lucca, Italy, 9-13 May, 1988. The Workshop was entitled, “Marble in Ancient Greece and Rome: Geology, Quarries, Commerce, Artifacts” and was attended by fifty persons representing many varied professions: physical scientists working in Archaeometry, archaeologists, art historians, and conservators. It was organized by Marc Waelkens and Norman Herz with the avowed goal of encouraging collaborative projects among scientists, art historians and others in order to better understand the problems associated with ancient man’s use of stone. Following that a series of meetings were held scheduled approximately every two and a half year: the second meeting was held October 16-20, 1990 in Leuven, Belgium; the third May 17-19, 1993, in Athens, Greece; the fourth October 9-13, 1995 in Bordeaux, France; the fifth June 11-15, 1998, in Boston, USA; the sixth June 15-18, 2000 in Venice, Italy; and the seventh in September 15-20, 2003 at Limenas on the Island of Thassos, Greece. These series of conferences form an integral part of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones Used in Antiquity (ASMOSIA) and their aim is to promote the combined scientific, archaeological and art-historical research for a better understanding of the exploration, transportation, treatment and use of stone raw materials in Antiquity. The publications of the proceedings have been well received by both the art historical, archaeological, and scientific, as well as museum communities and have helped to inspire an ever increasing interdisciplinary cooperation. Since previous to ASMOSIA, such cooperation was minimal, this has indeed been a great accomplishment. We have also been fortunate in receiving financial support for our meetings and publications from national and international agencies, such as the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, NATO etc. Membership in ASMOSIA has grown over four-fold, from under 50 in 1988 to about 250 now and representing 25 countries. Publications apart from the conference proceedings include the currently twice-yearly ASMOSIA Newsletter. Today, the field has witnessed important advances as the raw material sources for marble and other stones used in Antiquity have been studied to a great extend and the materials have been characterised geologically and physicochemically. The databases with analytical parameters have been expanding and experience with the characteristics of different types of raw stone materials has been accumulating. Many archaeological and art-historical problems can now be better resolved and explained using the advanced scientific methods and databases. Such problems may be related to provenance, identification, movement, treatment, assemblages and preservation of important artifacts.

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The 7th International ASMOSIA Conference was held at Limenas, the main town and harbour of the island of Thassos, Greece. It was organized by the Laboratory of Archaeometry-NCSR “Demokritos”, the French School at Athens, the 18th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration. The Organizing Committee, Y. Maniatis, K. Polikreti, Z. Bonias, S. Papadopoulos, T. Kozelj, M. Wurch-Kozelj and M. Varti-Mataranga would like to thank and acknowledge the Municipal Authorities of Thassos for providing the Conference building “Kalogeriko” and all the necessary facilities in order to make this Conference possible, the financial support of the Greek Ministry of Culture, the financial support of the Greek Ministry of the Aegean and the financial support of the Association of Marble Enterprises of Macedonia and Thrace. This book contains the papers submitted to the 7th International ASMOSIA Conference. The subjects of the papers represent the state-of-the art in the field and reflect a very broad range of research and applications carried out in cooperation between the sciences and the humanities. In particular, the subjects cover almost everything on stone from the quarry to the final decorated object, including even aspects of weathering and restoration. All the papers submitted for publication in these proceedings went under a peer reviewing process by one or more reviewers. This guarantees that the papers published in this volume are of high standards, innovative and scientifically sound. For this, we expresses his sincere thanks to the Executive Committee of ASMOSIA, N. Herz, L. Lazzarini, P. Storemyr, J.J. Herrmann Jr., Ph. Jockey, S. Kane, J. Harrell, and the Scientific Committee of the Conference and also to other professional colleagues who helped with the difficult task of reviewing the papers presented in this volume. In addition, we want to thank Mrs V. Zatta, the Secretary of the Institute of Materials Science of NCSR “Demokritos” for her help in processing the proceedings and the research students of the Laboratory of Archaeometry-NCSR “Demokritos” Mr. D. Tambakopoulos and Mrs. M. Maniati for their help in organising and proof readings of the papers. We also expresses his deepest gratitude to the French School at Athens and particularly to its Director prof. D. Mulliez for undertaking the full cost and effort of publication of the proceedings as Supplement 51 of the Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique. Thanks are also due to Mrs. S. Huber, former publication officer of the French School, and Mrs. C. Aubert, present publication officer, for organizing the publication. Yannis Maniatis Current President of ASMOSIA BCH Suppl. 51

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NEW INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PEDIMENTAL SCULPTURES OF THE “HIERON” OF SAMOTHRACE: A PRELIMINARY REPORT O. PALAGIA1, Y. MANIATIS2, E. DOTSIKA2 and D. KAVOUSSANAKI2 1. Department of Archaeology and Art History, Athens University, Greece. 2. Laboratory of Archaeometry, Institute of Material Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, Greece.

ABSTRACT This paper is a preliminary reassessment of the sculptures in the north pediment of the “Hieron” in the sanctuary of the Great Gods of Samothrace. Marble testing of a sample from a pedimental statue now in Vienna carried out by Maniatis, Dotsika and Kavoussanaki in the Demokritos Laboratory indicates that the most likely provenance of the marble is Paros. New research on the sculptures in the Samothrace Museum and in Vienna, carried out by Palagia, has produced hitherto unidentified fragments and a fresh study of the style, resulting in a revised dating and a tentative interpretation of the pediment as an allegory of Egypt, entailing an association with Ptolemaic Alexandria. KEYWORDS:

PAROS, SAMOTHRACE, GREAT GODS, ALLEGORY, PTOLEMIES, SARAPIS, NILE, EUTHENIA, PERSONIFICATIONS.

INTRODUCTION The “Hieron” in the sanctuary of the Great Gods on Samothrace is a Doric temple built of coarse-grained white marble with blue streaks (LEHMANN 1998, pp. 79-86). Its unusual north - south orientation is determined by the fact that the entrance faces in the direction of the sea. The visitor entered through a prostyle pronaos followed by a porch on the north side. The pronaos was decorated with marble acroteria, a pediment, and sculptured ceiling BCH Suppl. 51

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coffers (LEHMANN 1962; LEHMANN 1969, I, pp. 237-364; THOMPSON 1973; WEBB 1996, pp. 144-147; MANTIS 1998). The temple was excavated by the Austrians in 1873 and 1875 (CONZE et al. 1875) and by the Americans in 1948-1953 (LEHMANN 1969). It was partially restored in 1956. The Austrian excavations took place when Samothrace was part of the Ottoman Empire and the finds were split between Vienna and Istanbul. As a result, several sculptures are housed in the Ephesos Museum and the storerooms of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna (OBERLEITNER 1978, pp. 130-137). The material excavated by the Institute of Fine Arts in New York is in the Archaeological Museum of Samothrace.1 The final excavation was published by Phyllis LEHMANN leaving various matters unresolved (LEHMANN 1969). Originally named “New Temple” by the Austrians (e.g. SCHOBER 1935), the structure was renamed “Hieron” by the American excavators Karl and Phyllis LEHMANN, on the evidence of a late Hellenistic inscription excavated west of the façade, banning the “hieron” to the uninitiated (LEHMANN 1953, pp. 14-15, pl. 6e). But the inscription was not found in situ. Its original position is unknown, and besides, it is by no means clear that “hieron” was the actual name of the building since the word is generic, denoting sacred space (CLINTON 2003, p. 61). The inscription presumably indicates that the entry to the entire sanctuary was authorized to initiates only. The function of the building remains obscure. The excavators considered it the focal point of the final stage of initiation into the mysteries of the Great Gods (LEHMANN 1969, II, pp. 3-50). Its temple-like form, however, raises some interesting questions. One would expect initiation to take place in a large hall resembling the Telesterion at Eleusis, and in Samothrace it is the Hall of Choral Dancers that answers that description (CLINTON 2003, p. 67). The interior of the “Hieron” has certain peculiarities that have not yet been satisfactorily interpreted. The south end forms an apse, enclosed by the rectangular wall of the cella. Two types of bench supports together with a variety of marble bench fragments found within the cella prompted the excavators to reconstruct two aisles lined with benches along the long walls. However, this arrangement is uncanonical and needs to be reconsidered.2 It is at any rate datable to the Roman period since there is no evidence for an earlier dating. Furthermore, the apse recalls a number of Sarapis temples of the Roman period, for example those in Thessaloniki, Pergamon and Frauenberg (WILD 1981, pp. 39-40, 57-60, 178, 186, figs 21-22, 30) but we have no means of knowing whether it was a feature of earlier

1.

2.

A ceiling coffer attributed to the “Hieron” was found on Thasos (MANTIS 1998, 209-212). A thorough search in the storerooms of the Thasos Museum (with the kind permission of Zisis Bonias) produced no fragments of pedimental figures from the “Hieron”. Homer Thompson questioned the reconstruction of the original interior with benches along the walls, suggesting that the benches and their supports were moved into the temple in the Roman period (THOMPSON 1973).

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NEW INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PEDIMENTAL SCULPTURES OF SAMOTHRACE

Sarapieia. Kevin CLINTON recently reiterated Lehmann’s interpretation of the “Hieron” apse as cave-like (LEHMANN 1969, II, pp. 36-37), and explained the ritual use of water3 and the putative benches by suggesting that the temple housed an oracle (CLINTON, forthcoming). At any rate, the uncertainty over the exact layout and indeed the identification of the building is reflected in the problems presented by the reconstruction of the north pediment. Considering that this is one of the last Greek pediments, a new investigation of its chronology and subject-matter is in order.

CHRONOLOGY Phyllis LEHMANN suggested that the construction of the temple began in the last quarter of the fourth century B.C. but it remained unfinished until the completion of the north pronaos in the middle of the second century B.C. (LEHMANN 1969, II, pp. 51-79). Her chronology followed SCHOBER’s stylistic dating of the pedimental sculptures (SCHOBER 1935). But Iris LOVE’s discussion of the ceramic finds from the foundations of the pronaos and porch suggests a dating in the first quarter of the third century B.C. by comparison with the foundation fill of the Arsinoeion (LEHMANN 1969, II, pp. 173-177). A similar conclusion was reached by Susan Rotroff after her examination of the same pottery in summer 2005 (personal communication). LINFERT cast doubts on SCHOBER’s and LEHMANN’s stylistic dating of the pedimental sculptures, placing them in the third century and tentatively ascribing the patronage of the “Hieron” to either Arsinoe II and/or Ptolemy II or Ptolemy III and Berenice II (LINFERT 1976, pp. 126-128, followed by GANSCHOW 1997). He was unable, however, to come up with convincing stylistic comparanda. A date in the first half of the third century was also tentatively suggested by RIDGWAY (RIDGWAY 1990, pp. 158-161) and WEBB (WEBB 1996, pp. 144-147).

ACROTERIA The temple carried acroteria over both pediments. The fragments of two floral acroteria and two headless Nikai, all excavated south of the temple, can be found in Vienna and Samothrace (LEHMANN 1969, I, pp. 329-387; WEBB 1996, p. 147). LEHMANN ascribed the Nike and floral acroterion in the Samothrace Museum to the late second century, while she

3.

A drain below the northwest corner of the cella served an installation for pouring water (LEHMANN 1969, I, p. 126, figs. 81-84).

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relegated the pair in Vienna to replacements of the time of Augustus. She suggested that the apex of each pediment carried a floral acroterion, while Nikai served as lateral acroteria. She restored the type of Nike acroterion on the south side with an oinochoe in the raised right hand and a phiale in the left, according to the evidence of two marble hands in the Samothrace Museum, from which the left is holding a phiale and the right an oinochoe (LEHMANN 1972). But acroteria do not pour libations and the hands are questionable (WEBB 1996, p. 147). The left hand with the phiale is actually life-size and therefore far too large for an acroterion; the right hand is the right size but holds the end of her cloak, not an oinochoe, and may belong to an acroterion from the north side. Judging by a large chunk of lead now clinging to the overfold of her himation in front (LEHMANN 1969, I, fig. 337), it is more likely that the Nike in the Samothrace Museum held a metallic rod-like object diagonally across her body. The existence of a ship’s mast (stylis) can be considered, comparable to that held by Nike on the Panathenaic amphorae of 336/5 B.C. (THEMELIS 2003, 162, fig. 2) and the gold staters of Alexander the Great (THEMELIS 2003, pp. 162-163, fig. 1). LEHMANN’s dating and arrangement of the acroteria were challenged by Homer THOMPSON (THOMPSON 1973; followed by WEBB 1996, p. 147) but her conclusions seem basically sound. Visual inspection of the marble of the Nike in the Samothrace Museum suggests that it is a Parian marble. This also applies to the striding female figure (fig. 1) found north of the temple that LEHMANN, following CONZE and SCHOBER, restored in the center of the pediment (fig. 8) (LEHMANN 1969, I, pp. 254- 255, figs 213-214, 254). But Homer THOMPSON convincingly ruled out its association with the pediment on account for its depth. The maximum depth of the flying drapery at the rear of the figure is 65 cm, whereas the depth of the pediment floor is 47 cm (LEHMANN 1969, I, p. 109). THOMPSON identified this figure as an acroterion (THOMPSON 1973; OBERLEITNER 1978, pp. 135-136, fig. 121). Its size is indeed comparable to that of the Nikai but its pose and style are quite different. Nor does the style match that of the pedimental statues. The sharp contrast between the crinkly chiton and the opaque himation, the dramatic play of light and shade, and the concentration of drapery around the hips and between the legs are rather reminiscent of the Victory of Samothrace in the Louvre (ANDREAE 2001, pl. 92). Even though Figure 1 could still be a Nike, it is more likely a free-standing dedication, not an acroterion.

MARBLE IDENTIFICATION SAMPLE AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES A sample in the form of a small marble chip was taken from the statue in Figure 4. The sample was given the code number SAM-242. The scientific techniques used to determine the marble provenance were 1) Optical Microscopy and 2) Stable Isotope Analysis. The sample was first examined under the optical microscope, and the Maximum Grain Size (MGS) was measured using a micro scale. BCH Suppl. 51

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The microscopic examination and the acid test proved also that the marble of the sample is calcitic and not dolomitic. Then the sample was ground to a fine powder and submitted to isotopic analysis for the measurement of the carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ18O). A Finnigan mass spectrometer was used for these measurements according to the methodology proposed by MCCREA (MCCREA 1950). The technique of using these stable isotopes for the provenance of marble was developed initially by N. HERZ (HERZ 1985; HERZ 1987; HERZ 1988). The results for the SAM-242 sample expressed in δ values per mil relative to the PDB standard, were compared with the new isotope databases of the most important ancient marble quarries (MOENS et al. 1992a; MOENS et al. 1992b; GORGONI et al. 2002). The maximum grain size measurements were compared with the MGS database created at the Laboratory of Archaeometry, NCSR “Demokritos” (MANIATIS and POLIKRETI 2000; POLIKRETI and MANIATIS 2002), and in combination with published MGS results of other known quarries (DE NUCCIO et al. 2002; ATTANASIO 2003).

DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS The results from the measurements and analysis of the sample from the statue in Fig. 4 (SAM-242) are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Results of the examination and analysis of the SAM-242 sample. Sample

δ13C (‰)

δ18O (‰)

MSG (mm)

Colour

Description

Type of marble

Cat. No: 242 Mus Col.: I-343

2.91

-0.78

1.6

Whitish

Well crystallized, external surface weathered

Calcitic

The isotopic values of the sample (SAM-242) are plotted against the isotopic reference database constructed of field samples from most of the known ancient quarries (fig. 2). This isotopic field diagram and has been provided kindly by Prof. Luc MOENS, Ghent University, Belgium. From this diagram, it is shown that the sample falls in an overlapping region between the fields of Thasos-2, Paros-2, Us¸ak, Proconnesus and marginally Carrara. An affinity with the Us¸ak quarries can be excluded because according to all indications, the Us¸ak quarries are surrounded by mountains and their marble was only used in local monuments. There is no evidence to exclude any of the other overlapping quarries based only on the isotopic values. However, the marble grain size bears a lot of information and can be used for a second level of discrimination between the quarries in question. Figure 3 shows the maximum grain size (MGS) for this sample compared with the distribution of the MGS for the candidate quarries as resulted from the isotopic analysis. The quarries of Thasos-1 are added together with Thasos-2, in order to cover all areas of calcitic marble on Thasos and Paros-1 (Lychnites) and 2 in order to cover all the marble types of Paros. According to these results (fig. 3), the BCH Suppl. 51

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Thasian origin of the sample from the statue in Figure 4 can be safely excluded, as the MGS value of the SAM 242 is lower than any calcitic Thasian marble. Furthermore, the Carrara quarries can also be excluded as origin since the MGS for all the samples is below 1.4 mm. Therefore, the provenance problem of the SAM-242 sample is confined between the quarries of Paros and Proconnesos. Distinguishing between Paros and Proconnesos is a general problem occurring with most scientific techniques because the marble characteristics of the two areas is quite similar, especially when the grain size of a sample is higher than 2 mm. However, in this case the MGS of the sample being equal to 1.6 mm does provide some helpful information. From Figure 3 it can be seen that the this value of the sample falls within the bulk of the Paros MGS values, but to the lowest extreme of the Proconnesus 1 and 2 MGS values. This gives a higher probability for the marble of SAM-242 to be from Paros and a lower probability to be from Proconnesos. In sum, the scientific analysis of the sample from the statue in Figure 4, using the combination of isotopic analysis, optical examination and maximum grain size measurements in a stepwise approach, has shown that the provenance of the marble is with a higher probability from Paros (Paros-2) and with a lower probability from Proconnesus.

NORTH PEDIMENT The pediment was 11.72 m wide and 0.47 m deep, its apex reaching a height of 1.47 m (LEHMANN 1969, I, p. 109). The surviving tympanon wall blocks lack any cuttings or other markings for the placement of figures. In addition, the dowel cuttings and pry holes in the extant horizontal geison blocks indicate that the pedimental figures were placed on a low additional floor, which is now lost (LEHMANN 1969, I, pp. 107-109, pls. 73-75). The position of the figures can therefore only be determined by their height, the dowel holes for attachment, and by the fact that they are roughly worked at the back. Some were anchored to the floor by cramps, for example the reclining female figure near the right corner was held by a cramp in the left side of her rock (fig. 5). A number of statues were pieced. Feet could be added to seated figures, for example to the woman in Figure 6. Some heads were carved separately, e.g., Figure 7. LEHMANN restored 13 figures in the pediment, with three reclining figures in each corner (fig. 8). The large number of reclining figures is unique for a Greek pediment. Because the Great Gods of Samothrace have no known iconography, LEHMANN assumed that the pediment depicted a myth relating to the foundation of the mystery cult (LEHMANN 1962; LEHMANN 1969, I, pp. 253-317, figs 211-212). Her central figure (fig. 1) does not belong here, as we have already seen. As she had excavated fragments of a baby, she interpreted the scene as the nurturing of Aëtion (or Iasion), son of Zeus and Electra and founder

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of the mysteries of Samothrace,4 attended by the Seasons, Fates and Graces. This was based on the nurturing of his brother, Dardanus, described in Nonnus, Dionysiaca 3.195-200. This myth, however, was never shown in art and Nonnus is too late to be reliable (fifth century A.D). This paper attempts to improve on Lehmann’s restoration with the addition of a few more fragments, also bringing a sex-change on some of the figures. As the pediment has come down to us partly in scraps, only major fragments will be discussed here. The fragments of a baby, Samothrace Museum 48.610 (leg, not arm as described by LEHMANN) and 53.523 (elbow) (LEHMANN 1969, I, pp. 275-276, figs 242-243) were found scattered5 and are of coarse-grained Parian marble of different quality than that of the pedimental sculptures. As the workmanship is also different, LEHMANN’s attribution of this infant to the pediment is questionable. The gap in LEHMANN’s reconstruction of the right corner (fig. 8) is readily filled with the draped left lower leg and foot of a figure in a himation, reclining on the ground (fig. 9). Not enough of the figure remains to determine its sex. The association with the pediment advocated here is supported by the cutting for a cramp that fastened the rear of the plinth to the pediment floor. This fragment was excavated on the western hill in 1971, among finds that had been brought from other parts of the sanctuary in the Roman period (MCCREDIE 1979, p. 16, pl. 8f ). The adjacent female figure (fig. 5) reclines on a rock (LEHMANN 1969, I, pp. 265-267, no. 12, fig. 229). She wears a himation leaving her torso bare, and a snake bracelet on her left arm. When she came to light she held a calf ’s head rhyton in her left hand, now lost (CONZE et al. 1875, p. 25, fig. 10, pl. 35; SCHOBER 1935, p. 8, fig. 2). This attribute suggests a symposion iconography. She is reminiscent of Aphrodite but may well be a personification. LEHMANN identified her with the mountain that dominates the island, Saoce (LEHMANN 1969, I, p. 296). Personifications of mountains in Greek art, however, are usually male. GANSCHOW identified her with the nymph Rhene, mother of Saos, eponymous hero of the island (GANSCHOW 1997). As she is the only pedimental figure retaining its head, she is particularly important in the search for stylistic comparanda. Her full face, upward glance and cascading, luxuriant hair find their closest parallels in early Ptolemaic art, mainly exemplified by portraiture. A stylistic parallel is provided by the plaster impression of a medallion of Ptolemy I and Berenice I (Alexandria, Greco-Roman Museum 24345) from the reign of Ptolemy II (284-246 B.C.) (PETIT PALAIS MUSEUM 1998, p. 79, no. 37). The reclining male figure on her proper right is equally corpulent (fig. 4) (LEHMANN 1969, I, pp. 264-265, no. 11, figs 228, 255). He reclines on a rock, legs covered with a himation. A rectangular cutting in his left hand held an attribute in marble, now lost. Even though

4. 5.

On the foundation myth of the mysteries, see e.g., LEWIS 1958, no. 75. The leg was inside the cella, the elbow in débris east of the northeast corner of the façade.

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acknowledging that he looks like a river god, Lehmann argued that there are no local rivers on Samothrace and identified him as Saos, eponymous hero of Samothrace (LEHMANN 1969, I, p. 296, followed by GANSCHOW 1997). But he is very close to Ptolemaic representations of the Nile River. These are chiefly known from later copies, where the Nile’s legs point left instead of right.6 The object once held in his left hand may have been a reed, a common attribute of river gods. In Ptolemaic iconography of the Roman period the reclining Nile is often accompanied by a reclining semi-nude woman personifying Abundance (Euthenia) (JENTEL 1988). This may entail that Figure 5 next to him is Nile’s companion, Euthenia. Examples of Euthenia closest to Figure 5 appear on a fresco from the Villa Farnesina in Rome (BRAGANTINI and DE VOS 1982, 236, pl. 133) and a clay lamp in Alexandria, Greco-Roman Museum 10161 (JENTEL 1988, no. 16b). The sole surviving seated woman from the pediment is heavily cloaked in a chiton and a himation enveloping her right arm, and holding a bunch of grapes (fig. 6). There is no textural differentiation between her garments. She belongs to the left side of the pediment. The female Figure 10, placed by Lehmann in the right side of the pediment, was supported on her left hand and wears a high-girt, crinkly chiton with short sleeves fastened with buttons (LEHMANN 1969, I, pp. 260-261, no. 7, fig. 222). Her dress suggests a young girl. Her neck and head, now lost, were made separately. LEHMANN restored her as seated, but if we look at Figure 6, the only certain seated figure in the pediment, we see her sitting upright, not leaning on her hand as reclining figures tend to do. Since we are missing two reclining figures from the left corner, Figure 10 may in fact belong there. The standing figure with drapery pendent from the left upper arm (fig. 7), restored by LEHMANN as female (LEHMANN 1969, I, pp. 258-259, no. 5, figs 219-220), is more likely male since the drapery arrangement suggests a man’s chlamys, unfastened and casually falling over the left shoulder. Young male deities like Hermes and the Dioscuri can be shown in this casual dress, for example the Hermes Richelieu in Paris, Louvre MA 573 (SIEBERT 1990, no. 946a), a marble statue of one of the Dioscuri, Antalya Museum 3028 (HERMARY 1986, no. 90) and a late Hellenistic grave relief in Epidaurus showing the deceased in the guise of Hermes (GHISELLINI 1999, p. 71, fig. 77). SCHOBER identified Figure 7 with Hermes (SCHOBER 1935, pp. 11-12, fig. 11) but one of the Dioscuri or some other youthful god or hero with chlamys is equally possible. The neck with tenon for insertion (fig. 7) once associated with this figure is also male as indicated by the Adam’s apple (identified as female by LEHMANN 1969, I, pp. 259-260, no. 6, fig. 221). It probably belonged to a draped figure, however, since naked marble statues do not have separately made heads.

6.

Cf. marble statuette of the first century B.C. in Stuttgart, Landesmuseum 152, from Hermopolis Magna (ADRIANI 1961, no. 195, pl. 92, fig. 304, and pl. 93, fig. 306; JENTEL 1992, no. 18).

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A sex-change is possible for the standing Figure 11. LEHMANN interpreted this as a woman in chiton and himation (LEHMANN 1969, I, pp. 268-269, no. 14, fig. 231) but the thick, creased fabric and short sleeves of the chiton, the edge of the himation bunched over the left shoulder, and its overfold forming a low curve below the belly are characteristic of Hellenistic male dress. The impression of breasts is due to his corpulent physique. The long male chiton with short sleeves is introduced in the mid-fourth century with portraits of Asians like the “Mausolus”, British Museum 1000 (BOARDMAN 1995, fig. 19). It becomes widespread in the third century with the most popular example being the cult statue of Sarapis in Alexandria. This is now known through Roman copies and variants (HORNBOSTEL 1973). Sarapis’ chiton forms V-shaped folds on his corpulent chest.7 Figure 11 is in fact similar to a type of standing Sarapis with himation bunched over the left shoulder and across his rather wide hips, familiar from a number of late Hellenistic marble statuettes from the islands of the Aegean. A Sarapis from Amorgos, Athens National Museum 4546 (TRAM TAN TINH 1983, cat. II 2, fig. 76) and another in the Delos Museum (A 126) (TRAM TAN TINH 1983, cat. IB 25, fig. 39) provide the best parallels. As there are virtually no documents of the iconography of Sarapis in the third century, if our Figure 11 is a Sarapis, it may well belong to an early version of the standing type. Fragments of a standing, draped woman (fig. 12) in Parian marble, not seen by Lehmann, are kept in the storerooms of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Their size, weathering and style indicate that they could belong to an additional standing figure near the middle of the pediment. Evidence of a seated male figure is provided by the fragment of a foot shod in a man’s shoe with straps (fig. 13). This was erroneously attributed by LEHMANN to a female figure (LEHMANN 1969, I, pp. 273-274, no. 19, figs 238-239). That it belonged to a man is shown by the fact that it is not covered with drapery like the feet of the woman with grapes (fig. 6). The oblique placement of the sole indicates that the foot did not touch the ground. The toes were made separately. The neck in Figure 7 may belong to the same figure. The left corner of the pediment was occupied by another reclining figure (fig. 14), naked but for a himation thrown over the lower belly. LEHMANN described it as female but the casual draping of the himation suggests a man (LEHMANN 1969, I, pp. 274-275, no. 20, figs 240-241).

7.

E.g., statues in Naples, Museo Nazionale 975, HORNBOSTEL 1973, pl. 83, fig. 146; CLERC and LECLANT 1994, no. 10a, and in Alexandria, Greco-Roman Museum 3916, HORNBOSTEL 1973, pl. 40, fig. 60; CLERC and LECLANT 1994, no. 8a.

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CONCLUSION Because the chronology of Hellenistic sculpture is a vexed question, it is safer to anchor the pediment’s date to that of the building and assume a dating in the first quarter of the third century on the basis of the ceramic fill of the foundations of the north pronaos. The stylistic, iconographical and typological connections of some of the pedimental figures with the art of Alexandria prompt the association of the “Hieron” with the Ptolemies and their entourage. The connections of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II with Samothrace are documented by the Propylon of Ptolemy II and the Arsinoeion, both dated to the first quarter of the third century (FRAZER 1990; MCCREDIE et al. 1992; WEBB 1996, pp. 147-150; LEHMANN 1998, pp. 62-70, 94-96). Ptolemaic interest in the island continued under Ptolemy III, as attested by a decree in honor of Hippomedon, his general in Thrace, who was an initiate in the mysteries of the Great Gods (IG XII (8) 156; FRASER 1960, pp. 7-11). What of the iconography? The scene is set in a rural landscape dotted with rocks and dominated by reclining figures. The reclining poses and the only attributes attested, a drinking horn and a bunch of grapes belong to a symposion scene. They point to the world of Dionysus but also, in a Ptolemaic context, to the gifts of the Nile. We do not know enough about the iconography of the Kabeiroi on Samothrace to arrive at a safe interpretation of the scene. The Kabeiros in Thebes, for example, borrowed Dionysiac elements. On a Boeotian skyphos of the fourth century in Athens, National Museum 10466 (VOLLKOMMER-GLÖKLER 1997, no. 26) he is represented as a symposiast reclining under a vine. On the other hand, the Ptolemaic overtones of the pedimental figures that recall early, as yet uncanonical versions of Sarapis (fig. 11), the Nile (fig. 4) and Euthenia (fig. 5) present us with two possible interpretations. The pediment could reproduce a local myth of the Great Gods couched in a Ptolemaic artistic idiom. Or it may well represent an allegory of Ptolemaic Egypt by analogy with scenes involving the Nile, Aion, the Seasons, Isis, Hermes and a variety of personifications in art works deriving from late Hellenistic Alexandria like the Tazza Farnese (Naples, Museo Nazionale 27611, ALFÖLDI 1979b, pp. 24-25, pls. 24-25; DWYER 1992; POLLINI 1992) or based on Alexandrian paintings like the Roman cosmological mosaics of Sheba-Philippopolis (Damascus Museum, ALFÖLDI 1979b, pl. 22; LA ROCCA 1984, pp. 81-85, fig. 71) and Merida (Emerita), House of the Mithraeum (ALFÖLDI 1979a, pp. 1-12, color pl. 3, pls. 15, 44; DUNBABIN 1999, pp. 147-150, figs 153-155). These scenes include a large number of semi-nude reclining figures, their attributes comprising cornucopias, fruit, flowers, and drinking cups symbolizing the bounty of the Nile River. Could a Ptolemaic iconography entail an Alexandrian cult? Could the “Hieron”, erected within the sacred precinct of the Great Gods, be dedicated to the cult of Isis and Sarapis? The presence of Isis initiates on the island is documented by two pairs of silver earrings with Isis feathers from the local cemetery, dating from the first century B.C. (DUSENBERY 1998, pp. 1007-1008, S 150-2 and S 151-16). Temples of Sarapis began to appear in northern Greece from the end of the fourth century B.C., one of the earliest being in Thessaloniki

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(DUNAND 1973, II, pp. 53-54; BRICAULT 2001, p. 22).8 Sarapieia in Maroneia on the Samothracian peraea, and on the island of Thasos are documented from the second century B.C. (DUNAND 1973, II, pp. 61-63; GRANDJEAN 1975; BRICAULT 2001, pp. 33-34). Imbros too, which housed another sanctuary of the Great Gods, had its own Sarapieion (BRICAULT 2001, p. 34). If the apse of the “Hieron” is a deliberate imitation of a cave implying an association with oracles, we could recall the oracular character of the cult of Sarapis (DUNAND 1973, I, pp. 63-65). On the other hand, there is no epigraphic or other evidence to associate the “Hieron” with Sarapis. The Ptolemaic connection notwithstanding, the identity of the deity worshipped here or indeed the exact function of the building remain sub judice.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The cooperation of Samothrace Excavations conducted by the Institute of Fine Arts in New York, the Ephoreias of Antiquities of Komotene and Kavala, and the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna is gratefully acknowledged. James R. McCredie kindly offered hospitality, support and advice. Bonna Wescoat, Dimitris Matsas, Kevin Clinton, Manolis Voutiras and Hans Goette have given help, encouragement and advice. Susan Rotroff kindly examined the pottery from the foundations of the “Hieron”. Luc Moens generously provided the isotope database field diagram. Thanks are due to Hans Goette and Craig Mauzy for taking new photographs of the sculptures in Vienna and Samothrace respectively.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ADRIANI, A., 1961, Repertorio d’arte dell’Egitto greco-romano, A II, Banco di Sicilia, Palermo. ALFÖLDI, A., 1979a, Aion in Merida and Aphrodisias, von Zabern, Mainz/Rhein. ALFÖLDI, A., 1979b, “Redeunt saturnia regna”, Chiron, 9, pp. 553-606. ANDREAE, B., 2001, Skulptur des Hellenismus, Hirmer, Munich. ATTANASIO, D., 2003, Ancient white marbles: analysis and identification with paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, Rome. BOARDMAN, J., 1995, Greek Sculpture: The Late Classical Period, Thames and Hudson, London. BRAGANTINI, I., and DE VOS, M., 1982, Museo Nazionale Romano, Le pitture II, 1, De Luca, Rome. BRICAULT, L., 2001, Atlas de la diffusion des cultes isiaques, De Boccard, Paris. CLERC, G., and LECLANT, J., 1994, LIMC, VII, s.v. “Sarapis”, pp. 666-692. CLINTON, K., 2003, “Stages of initiation in the Eleusinian and Samothracian Mysteries”, in M.B. COSMOPOULOS (ed.) Greek Mysteries, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 50-78. CLINTON, K., (forthcoming), “Oracles in Samothrace?”, Prophecy and Ecstasy in the Ancient World, Acts of conference, June 21-22, 2003, The University of Thessaly.

8.

The distribution of the cult of Isis and Sarapis in Macedonia and Thrace is charted by BRICAULT 2001, 22-35. On the introduction of the cult of Sarapis in the Greek world in the late fourth century, see STAMBAUGH 1972.

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CONZE, A., HAUSER, A., and NIEMANN, G., 1875, Archaeologische Untersuchungen auf Samothrake I, Carl Gerolds Sohn, Vienna. DE NUCCIO, M., BRUNO, M., GORGONI, C., and PALLANTE, P., 2002, “The use of Proconnesian marble in the architectural decoration of the Bellona Temple in Rome”, in L. LAZZARINI (ed.), ASMOSIA VI, Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone – Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity, Bottega d’Erasmo Aldo Ausilio Editore, Padova, pp. 293-302. DUNAND, F. 1973, Le Culte d’Isis dans le bassin oriental de la Méditerranée, E. J. Brill, Leiden. DUNBABIN, K.M.D., 1999, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World, Cambridge University Press. DUSENBERY, E.B., 1998, Samothrace 11, The Nekropoleis II, Princeton University Press. DWYER, E.J., 1992, “The temporal allegory of the Tazza Farnese”, AJA, 96, pp. 255-282. FRASER, P.M., 1960, Samothrace 2,1, The Inscriptions on Stone, Pantheon Books, New York. FRAZER, A., 1990, Samothrace 10, The Propylon of Ptolemy II, Princeton University Press. GANSCHOW, T., 1997, LIMC VIII Suppl., s.v. “Saos et Rhene”, pp. 1074-1075. GHISELLINI, E., 1999, Atene e la corte Ptolemaica, “L’Erma” di Bretschneider, Rome. GORGONI, C., LAZZARINI, L., PALLANTE, P., and TURI, B., 2002, “An updated and detailed mineropetrographic and C-O stable isotopic reference database for the main Mediterranean marbles used in antiquity”, in J.J. HERRMANN JR., N. HERZ and R. NEWMAN (eds), ASMOSIA 5, Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone – Proceedings of the 5th International Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity, Archetype Publications, London, pp. 115-131. GRANDJEAN, Y., 1975, Une nouvelle arétalogie d’Isis à Maronée, E. J. Brill, Leiden. HERMARY, A., 1986, LIMC, III, s.v. “Dioskouroi,” pp. 567-593. HERZ, N., 1985, “Isotopic Analysis of Marble”, in G.J. RAPP and J.A. GIFFORD (eds), Archaeological Geology, Yale University Press, pp. 331-351. HERZ, N., 1987, “Carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios: A database for classical Greek and Roman marble”, Archaeometry, 29(1), pp. 35-43. HERZ, N., 1988, “The oxygen and carbon isotopic database for classical marble”, in M. WAELKENS, N. HERZ and L. MOENS (eds), Ancient Stones: Quarrying, Trade and Provenance, Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia, Monographiae, 4, Leuven University Press, Leuven, pp. 305-314. HORNBOSTEL, W., 1973, Sarapis, E. J. Brill, Leiden. JENTEL, M.-O., 1988, LIMC, IV, s.v. “Euthenia”, pp. 120-124. JENTEL, M.-O., 1992, LIMC, VI, s.v. “Neilos”, pp. 720-726. LA ROCCA, E., 1984, L’ Età d’ oro di Cleopatra, “L’Erma” di Bretschneider, Rome. LEHMANN, K., 1953, “Samothrace: sixth preliminary report”, Hesperia 22, pp. 1-24. LEHMANN, K., 19986, Samothrace: A Guide to the excavations and the museum, Thessaloniki. LEHMANN, P.W., 1962, The Pedimental Sculptures of the Hieron of Samothrace, Institute of Fine Arts, New York. LEHMANN, P.W., 1969, Samothrace 3, The Hieron, Princeton University Press. LEHMANN, P.W., 1972, “Addendum to Samothrace, volume 3: the lateral akroteria”, Hesperia, 41, pp. 463-465.

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LEWIS, N., 1958, Samothrace 1, The Ancient Literary Sources, Pantheon Books, New York. LINFERT, A., 1976, Kunstzentren hellenistischer Zeit, Franz Steiner, Wiesbaden. MANIATIS, Y., and POLIKRETI, K., 2000, “The characterisation and discrimination of Parian marble in the Aegean region”, in D.U. SCHILARDI and D. KATSONOPOULOU (eds), PARIA LITHOS, Proceedings of 1st International Conference on the Archaeology of Paros and the Cyclades, Paros, October 2-5, 1997, Athens, pp. 575-584. MANTIS, A., 1998, «T· ·Ó¿ÁÏ˘Ê· Ê·ÙÓÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ IÂÚÔ‡ ÙË˜ ™·ÌÔıÚ¿ÎË˜», in O. PALAGIA and W. COULSON (eds), Regional Schools in Hellenistic Sculpture, Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 209225. MCCREA, J. M., 1950, “On the isotopic chemistry of carbonates and a paleotemperature scale”, J. Chem. Phys., 18, pp. 849-857. MCCREDIE, J. R., 1979, “Samothrace: supplementary investigations 1968-1977”, Hesperia, 48, pp. 144. MCCREDIE, J.R., ROUX, G., SHAW, S.-M, and KURTICH, J., 1992, Samothrace 7, The Rotunda of Arsinoe, Princeton University Press. MOENS, L., DE PAEPE, P., and WAELKENS, M., 1992a, “Multidisciplinary research and cooperation: Keys to a successful provenance determination of white marbles”, in M. WAELKENS, N. HERZ and L. MOENS (eds), Ancient Stones: Quarrying, Trade and Provenance, Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia, Monographiae, 4, Leuven University Press, Leuven, pp. 247-252. MOENS, L., ROOS, P., DE PAEPE, P., and SCHEURLEER, R. L., 1992b, “Provenance determination of white marble sculptures from the Allard Pierson Museum in Amsterdam, based on chemical, microscopic and isotopic criteria”, in M. WAELKENS, N. HERZ and L. MOENS (eds), Ancient Stones: Quarrying, Trade and Provenance, Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia, Monographiae, 4, Leuven University Press, Leuven, pp. 269-276. OBERLEITNER, W., 1978, Funde aus Ephesos und Samothrake, Ueberreuter, Vienna. PETIT PALAIS MUSEUM, 1998, La Gloire d’Alexandrie, Exhibition, Paris. POLIKRETI, K., and MANIATIS, Y., 2002, “A new methodology for marble provenance investigation based on EPR spectroscopy”, Archaeometry, 44(1), pp. 1-21. POLLINI, J., 1992, “The Tazza Farnese: Augusto imperatore ‘‘redeunt saturnia regna!”, AJA, 96, pp. 283300. RIDGWAY, B.S., 1990, Hellenistic Sculpture I, Bristol Classical Press. SCHOBER, A., 1935, “Der neue Tempel von Samothrake”, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen archäeologischen Institutes 29, pp. 1-22. SIEBERT, G., 1990, LIMC, V, s.v. “Hermes”, pp. 285-387. STAMBAUGH, J.E., 1972, Sarapis under the Early Ptolemies, E. J. Brill, Leiden. THEMELIS, P., 2003, “Macedonian dedications on the Akropolis”, in O. PALAGIA and S.V. TRACY (eds), The Macedonians in Athens 322-229 B.C., Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 162-172. THOMPSON, H.A., 1973, “Review of Lehmann (1969)”, Archaeology 26, pp. 228-229. TRAN TAM TINH, V., 1983, Sérapis Debout, E. J. Brill, Leiden. VOLLKOMMER-GLÖKLER, D., 1997, LIMC, VIII, S.V. “Megaloi Theoi”, pp. 820-828. WEBB, P.A., 1996, Hellenistic Architectural Sculpture, University of Wisconsin Press. WILD, R.A., 1981, Water in the Cultic Worship of Isis and Sarapis, E.J. Brill, Leiden

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Fig. 1. — Striding woman. Vienna, Ephesos Museum 345. Photo Hans R. Goette. BCH Suppl. 51

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2 3

Fig. 2. — Isotopic signature of the Samothrace Hieron sample (Vienna inv. no. 343) plotted on the isotopic fields of all ancient known quarries (kindly provided by Prof. L Moens). PE = Penteli, NA = The whole of Naxos, EP1 = Ephesos-1 quarry region, EP2 = Ephesos-2 quarry region, DO = Dokimeion, AP = Aphrodisias, US = Us¸ak, CA = Carrara, PR = Proconnesus, PA1 = Paros-1, PA2 = Paros-2, TH1 = Thasos-1 (calcitic), TH2 = Thasos-2 (calcitic), TH3 = Thasos-3 (dolomitic). Fig. 3. — Maximum Grain Size ranges of sample SAM-242 in comparison with the MGS of Paros, Thasos, Proconnesus and Carrara ancient marble quarry regions. Thasos 1, 2 represents the calcitic marbles of Thasos. Paros 1, 2 represents all the quarries of Paros. BCH Suppl. 51

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4 5

Fig. 4. — Reclining river god, here identified as the Nile. Vienna, Ephesos Museum 343. Photo Hans R. Goette. Fig. 5. — Reclining woman, here identified as Euthenia (Abundance). Vienna, Ephesos Museum 342. Photo Hans R. Goette. BCH Suppl. 51

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Fig. 6. — Seated woman with grapes. Vienna, Ephesos Museum 344. Photo Hans R. Goette. Fig. 7. — Vienna, Ephesos Museum: man’s neck and left arm. Photo Hans R. Goette. BCH Suppl. 51

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8

9

10

Fig. 8. — Phyllis Lehmann’s restoration of the north pediment of the “Hieron” of Samothrace. After Samothrace 3, I, fig. 212. Fig. 9. — Reclining figure from right corner of pediment. Samothrace Museum 71.793. Photo courtesy of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University. Fig. 10. — Reclining girl from left side of pediment. Vienna, Ephesos Museum 677. Photo Hans R. Goette. BCH Suppl. 51

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11

12

Fig. 11. — Standing man from pediment center, here identified as Sarapis. Vienna, Ephesos Museum 696. Photo Hans R. Goette. Fig. 12. — Fragment of folds from woman’s skirt. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum. Photo Hans R. Goette. BCH Suppl. 51

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Fig. 13. — Man’s foot. Vienna, Ephesos Museum. Photo Hans R. Goette. Fig. 14. — Reclining figure from left corner of pediment. Samothrace Museum 49.491. Photo Craig Mauzy. BCH Suppl. 51


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41.

Les Italiens dans le monde grec (IIe siècle av. J.-C.-Ier siècle ap. J.-C.). Circulation, dénomination, intégration. Actes de la Table ronde organisée à l’École Normale Supérieure, Paris, 14-16 mai 1998, édités par Claire HASENOHR et Christel MÜLLER (2002).

42.

Recherches franco-albanaise I. L’Albanie dans l’Europe préhistorique, Actes du colloque de Lorient organisé par l’École française d’Athènes et l’Université de Bretagne-Sud, Lorient 8-10 juin 2000, édités par Gilles TOUCHAIS et Josette RENARD (2002).

43.

Le Néolithique de Chypre, Actes du colloque international organisé par le Département des Antiquités de Chypre et l’École française d’Athènes, Nicosie 17-19 mai 2001, édités par Jean GUILAINE et Alain LE BRUN, avec la collaboration d’Odile DAUNE-LE BRUN (2003).

44.

Les Messéniens de 370/369 au Ier siècle de notre ère. Monnayage et histoire, par Catherine GRANDJEAN (2002).

45.

La sculpture architecturale byzantine dans le thème de Nikopolis du Xe au début du XIIIe siècle (Épire et Étolie-Acarnanie et Sud de l’Albanie), par Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2005).

46.

Mythos. La préhistoire égéenne du XIXe au XXIe siècle après J.-C. Actes de la table ronde internationale d’Athènes (21-23 novembre 2002), édités par Pascal DARCQUE, Michael FOTIADIS et Olga POLYCHRONOPOULOU (2006).

47.

Études d’archéologie délienne, par Philippe BRUNEAU, Recueil d’articles rassemblés et indexés par Jean-Charles MORETTI (2006).

48.

La sculpture des Cyclades à l’époque archaïque. Histoire des ateliers, rayonnement des styles, Actes du colloque international, organisé par l’Éphorie des Antiquités préhistoriques et classiques des Cyclades et l’École française d’Athènes (7-9 septembre 1998), édités par Y. KOURAYOS et Fr. PROST (2008).

49.

La Sculpture Byzantine VIIe – XIIe siècle, Actes du colloque international, organisé par la 2e Éphorie des Antiquités byzantines et l’École française d’Athènes (6-8 septembre 2000), édités par Charalambos PENNAS et Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2008).

50.

La gigantomachie de Pergame ou l’image du monde, par Françoise-Hélène MASSA-PAIRAULT (2007).

51

Supplément

Ce volume comprend les textes des communications d’ASMOSIA VII, 7 cone

férence internationale de l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et des autres pierres dans l’Antiquité (Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity), qui s’est tenue dans l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Les thèmes abordés dans ces communications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoignent la science, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de la recherche sur les pierres, depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré dans son état final. Les sujets plus particulièrement abordés sont les suivants : (1) Considérations archéologiques et emploi du marbre ; (2) Carrières, techniques d’extraction, géologie et propriétés de la pierre ; (3) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : le marbre ; (4) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : autres pierres ; (5) Techniques et développements ; (6) Bases de données ; (7) Propriétés de la pierre – Vieillissement –Restauration et (8) Pigments et peintures sur marbre.

This book contains the papers submitted to ASMOSIA VII, which is the 7th In-

ternational Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity. The conference was held in the island of Thassos, Greece. The subjects of the papers represent the state-of-the-art in the interdisciplinary field of Science and Archaeology and Art-History and reflect a very broad range of research and applications on stone, from the quarry to the final decorated object. In particular, the subjects cover: (1) Archaeological considerations and use of marble, (2) Quarries, Quarrying Techniques, Geology and Stone properties, (3) Provenance Identification and Characterisation: Marble, (4) Provenance Identification and Characterisation: Other stones, (5) Techniques and Developments, (6) Databases, (7) Stone Properties – Weathering – Restoration and (8) Pigments and paintings on marble.

ASMOSIA VII

BULLETIN DE CORRESPONDANCE HELLÉNIQUE, SUPPLÉMENTS

BCH ASMOSIA VII Actes du VII e colloque international de l’ASMOSIA Thasos 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity Thassos 15-20 september, 2003 Études réunies par Yannis MANIATIS É C O L E

F R A N Ç A I S E

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C O R R E S P O N D A N C E

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