asmosia vii asmosia vii

BCH suppl_51couverture 7/9/09 5:11 PM Page 1

BCH Supplément

51

41.

Les Italiens dans le monde grec (IIe siècle av. J.-C.-Ier siècle ap. J.-C.). Circulation, dénomination, intégration. Actes de la Table ronde organisée à l’École Normale Supérieure, Paris, 14-16 mai 1998, édités par Claire HASENOHR et Christel MÜLLER (2002).

42.

Recherches franco-albanaise I. L’Albanie dans l’Europe préhistorique, Actes du colloque de Lorient organisé par l’École française d’Athènes et l’Université de Bretagne-Sud, Lorient 8-10 juin 2000, édités par Gilles TOUCHAIS et Josette RENARD (2002).

43.

Le Néolithique de Chypre, Actes du colloque international organisé par le Département des Antiquités de Chypre et l’École française d’Athènes, Nicosie 17-19 mai 2001, édités par Jean GUILAINE et Alain LE BRUN, avec la collaboration d’Odile DAUNE-LE BRUN (2003).

44.

Les Messéniens de 370/369 au Ier siècle de notre ère. Monnayage et histoire, par Catherine GRANDJEAN (2002).

45.

La sculpture architecturale byzantine dans le thème de Nikopolis du Xe au début du XIIIe siècle (Épire et Étolie-Acarnanie et Sud de l’Albanie), par Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2005).

46.

Mythos. La préhistoire égéenne du XIXe au XXIe siècle après J.-C. Actes de la table ronde internationale d’Athènes (21-23 novembre 2002), édités par Pascal DARCQUE, Michael FOTIADIS et Olga POLYCHRONOPOULOU (2006).

47.

Études d’archéologie délienne, par Philippe BRUNEAU, Recueil d’articles rassemblés et indexés par Jean-Charles MORETTI (2006).

48.

La sculpture des Cyclades à l’époque archaïque. Histoire des ateliers, rayonnement des styles, Actes du colloque international, organisé par l’Éphorie des Antiquités préhistoriques et classiques des Cyclades et l’École française d’Athènes (7-9 septembre 1998), édités par Y. KOURAYOS et Fr. PROST (2008).

49.

La Sculpture Byzantine VIIe – XIIe siècle, Actes du colloque international, organisé par la 2e Éphorie des Antiquités byzantines et l’École française d’Athènes (6-8 septembre 2000), édités par Charalambos PENNAS et Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2008).

50.

La gigantomachie de Pergame ou l’image du monde, par Françoise-Hélène MASSA-PAIRAULT (2007).

51

Supplément

Ce volume comprend les textes des communications d’ASMOSIA VII, 7 cone

férence internationale de l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et des autres pierres dans l’Antiquité (Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity), qui s’est tenue dans l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Les thèmes abordés dans ces communications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoignent la science, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de la recherche sur les pierres, depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré dans son état final. Les sujets plus particulièrement abordés sont les suivants : (1) Considérations archéologiques et emploi du marbre ; (2) Carrières, techniques d’extraction, géologie et propriétés de la pierre ; (3) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : le marbre ; (4) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : autres pierres ; (5) Techniques et développements ; (6) Bases de données ; (7) Propriétés de la pierre – Vieillissement –Restauration et (8) Pigments et peintures sur marbre.

This book contains the papers submitted to ASMOSIA VII, which is the 7th In-

ternational Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity. The conference was held in the island of Thassos, Greece. The subjects of the papers represent the state-of-the-art in the interdisciplinary field of Science and Archaeology and Art-History and reflect a very broad range of research and applications on stone, from the quarry to the final decorated object. In particular, the subjects cover: (1) Archaeological considerations and use of marble, (2) Quarries, Quarrying Techniques, Geology and Stone properties, (3) Provenance Identification and Characterisation: Marble, (4) Provenance Identification and Characterisation: Other stones, (5) Techniques and Developments, (6) Databases, (7) Stone Properties – Weathering – Restoration and (8) Pigments and paintings on marble.

ASMOSIA VII

BULLETIN DE CORRESPONDANCE HELLÉNIQUE, SUPPLÉMENTS

BCH ASMOSIA VII Actes du VII e colloque international de l’ASMOSIA Thasos 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity Thassos 15-20 september, 2003 Études réunies par Yannis MANIATIS É C O L E

F R A N Ç A I S E

D

´

A T H È N E S

B U L L E T I N

D E

C O R R E S P O N D A N C E

H E L L É N I Q U E

BCHSuppl51pdtitre 7/9/09 2:46 PM Page 1


ASMOSIA VII


É C O L E

F R A N Ç A I S E

D ’ A T H È N E S

Directeur des publications : Dominique Mulliez Adjointe aux publications : Catherine Aubert

Révision et mise au point des textes :

Y. Maniatis

L’École française d’Athènes, qui a contribué à l’organisation de la rencontre ASMOSIA VII à Thasos, avec le centre Dimokritos, la 18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques de Kavala et l’IGME, a pris en charge la totalité du coût de fabrication des actes dans sa collection, mais a autorisé à titre exceptionnel Yannis Maniatis à recourir aux normes éditoriales anglo-saxonnes.

Pré-presse et photogravure : Coordination de la fabrication : Impression, reliure : Conception graphique de la couverture :

EFA Velissarios Anagnostopoulos, Thymeli s.n.c. EFA, Velissarios Anagnostopoulos Break In s.a. EFA, Velissarios Anagnostopoulos

Dépositaire : De Boccard Édition-Diffusion – 11, rue de Médicis, F – 75006 Paris, www.deboccard.com © École française d’Athènes, 2009 – 6, rue Didotou, GR – 10680 Athènes, www.efa.gr ISBN 978-2-86958-207-1 Reproduction et traduction, même partielles, interdites sans l’autorisation de l’éditeur pour tous pays, y compris les États-Unis.


BCH

51

Supplément

ASMOSIA VII Actes du VIIe colloque international de l’ASMOSIA Organisé par l'École française d'Athènes, le National Center for Scientific Research “DIMOKRITOS”, la 18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques (Kavala) et l’Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration Thasos, 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity organized by the French School of Athens, the National Center for Scientific Research “DIMOKRITOS”, the 18th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities (Kavala) and the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration Thassos, september 15-20, 2003

Études réunies par Yannis MANIATIS

B

U

L

L

E

T

I

N

D

E

C

O

R

R

E

S

P

O

N

D

A

N

C

E

H

E

L

L

É

N

I

Q

U

E


BCHSuppl_51_contensPreface 6/5/09 9:41 AM Page VII

CONTENTS

Préface Yannis Maniatis

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

XIII-XVI

ABBREVIATIONS IN BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... XVII

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY TALK Ch. KOUKOULI-CHRYSANTHAKI and S. PAPADOPOULOS .................................................................................................................................................................................................1-18 The island of Thassos and the Aegean in the Prehistory

PART I: ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS – USE OF MARBLE Th. STEFANIDOU-TIVERIOU ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19-29 Thassian marble: A connection between Thassos and Thessaloniki E.J. WALTERS .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31-41 Thassian Julius Caesar G.E BORROMEO, J.J. HERRMANN, Jr. and N. HERZ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 43-51 Macedonian workmanship on a Thassian marble Hadrian in Providence? J. C. FANT .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53-57 White marbles in the summer triclinium of the casa del Bracciale d’Oro, Pompeii J.J. HERRMANN, Jr. and R.H. TYKOT ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59-75 Some products from the Dokimeion quarries: craters, tables, capitals and statues P.A. BUTZ ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77-87 The Naxian Colossus at Delos: “Same Stone” A. BETORI, M. GOMEZ SERITO and P. PENSABENE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 89-102 Investigation of marbles and stones used in Augustean monuments of western alpine provinces (Italy) F. BIANCHI and M. BRUNO .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 103-111 Flavian amphitheatre: The Cavea and the Portico; Comments about the quality, quantity and the working of its marbles O. PALAGIA, Y. MANIATIS, E. DOTSIKA and D. KAVOUSSANAKI ........................................................................................................................................................... 113-132 New investigations on the pedimental sculptures of the “Hieron” of Samothrace: A preliminary report V. GAGGADIS-ROBIN, Y. MANIATIS, C. SINTÈS, D. KAVOUSSANAKI and E. DOTSIKA ...................................................................................... 133-146 Provenance investigation of some marble sarcophagi from Arles with stable isotope and maximum grain sizes analysis

BCH Suppl. 51

BCHSuppl_51_contensPreface 6/5/09 9:41 AM Page VIII

L. COOK and I. THOMAS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 147-157 Faustino Corsi and the coloured marbles of Derbyshire F. VAN KEUREN, L.P. GROMET and N. HERZ .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 159-174 Three mythological sarcophagi at the RISD Museum: Marble provenances and iconography

PART II: QUARRIES, QUARRYING TECHNIQUES, GEOLOGY AND STONE PROPERTIES J.A. HARRELL ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 175-186 The Bokari granodiorite quarry in Egypt’s eastern desert E. BLOXAM, P. STOREMYR and T. HELDAL .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 187-201 Hard stone quarrying in the Egyptian old Kingdom (3rd Millennium BC): rethinking the social organization T. ENDO and S. NISHIMOTO ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 203-210 The ancient Egyptian quarry at Dibabiya D. KLEMM and R. KLEMM ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 211-225 Pharaonic limestone quarries in Wadi Nakhla and Deir Abu Hennis, Egypt T. HELDAL, P. STOREMYR, E. BLOXAM, I. SHAW, R. LEE and A. SALEM ....................................................................................................................................... 227-241 GPS and GIS methodology in the mapping of Chephren’s quarry, Upper Egypt: a significant tool for documentation and interpretation of the site P. STOREMYR, T. HELDAL, E. BLOXAM and J.A. HARRELL ................................................................................................................................................................................. 243-256 New evidence of small-scale Roman basalt quarrying in Egypt: Widan el Faras in the northern Faiyum desert and Tilal Sawda by El-Minya P. STOREMYR and T. HELDAL .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 257-271 Ancient stone quarries: Vulnerable archaeological sites threatened by modern development P. HADJIDAKIS, D. MATARANGAS and M. VARTI-MATARANGAS .............................................................................................................................................................. 273-288 Ancient quarries in Delos, Greece M. WURCH-KOZELJ et T. KOZELJ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 289-307 Quelques sarcophages rectangulaires d’époque impériale, des carrières thasiennes aux nécropoles de Thasos K. LASKARIDIS and V. PERDIKATSIS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 309-317 Characterisation of the timeless white marble and quarrying activity in Thassos

PART III: PROVENANCE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION (MARBLE) F. GABELLONE, M.T. GIANNOTTA and A. ALESSIO ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 319-331 The Torre Sgarrata wreck (South Italy): Marble artefacts in the cargo

BCH Suppl. 51

BCHSuppl_51_contensPreface 6/5/09 9:41 AM Page IX

A. CALIA, M.T. GIANNOTTA, L. LAZZARINI and G. QUARTA ...................................................................................................................................................................... 333-342 The Torre Sgarrata wreck: Characterization and provenance of white marble artefacts in the cargo D. ATTANASIO, S. KANE and N. HERZ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 343-356 New isotopic and EPR data for 22 sculptures from the extramural sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene D. ATTANASIO, G. MESOLELLA, P. PENSABENE, R. PLATANIA and P. ROCCHI .................................................................................................................. 357-369 EPR and Petrographic provenance of the architectural white marbles of three buildings at Villa Adriana T. CRAMER, K. GERMANN and W.–D. HEILMEYER ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 371-383 Marble objects from Asia Minor in the Berlin collection of classical antiquities: stone characteristics and provenance M. BRUNO, C. GORGONI and P. PALLANTE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 385-398 On the provenance of white marbles used in the baths of Caracalla in Rome M. FISCHER ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 399-412 Marble from Pentelicon, Paros, Thasos and Proconnesus in ancient Israel: an attempt at a chronological distinction Y. MANIATIS, P. SOTIRAKOPOULOU, K. POLIKRETI, E. DOTSIKA and E. TZAVIDOPOULOS ........................................................................ 413-437 The “Keros Hoard”: Provenance of the figurines and possible sources of marble in the Cyclades Y. MANIATIS, S. PAPADOPOULOS, E. DOTSIKA, D. KAVOUSSANAKI and E. TZAVIDOPOULOS .............................................................. 439-449 Provenance investigation of Neolithic marble vases from Limeraria, Thassos: Imported marble to Thassos? M. UNTERWURZACHER, H. STADLER and P. MIRWALD ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 451-458 Provenance study of Roman marble artefacts of an excavation near Oberdrauburg (Carinthia, Austria) L. LAZZARINI ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 459-484 The distribution and re-use of the most important coloured marbles in the provinces of the Roman Empire M. MARIOTTINI, E. CURTI and E. MOSCETTI ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 485-493 The taste of the marbles in Roman villae (Tiburtina-Nomentana) L. LAZZARINI and S. CANCELLIERE .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 495-508 Marmor Thessalicum (verde antico): Source, distribution and characterization P. LAPUENTE, B. TURI and Ph. BLANC ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 509-522 Marbles and coloured stones from the theatre of Caesaraugusta (Hispania): Preliminary study R.H. TYKOT, G.E. BORROMEO, C. CORRADO-GOULET and K. SEVERSON ....................................................................................................................... 523-532 Marble sculptures from the Rhode Island School of Design: Provenance studies using stable isotope and other analysis

BCH Suppl. 51

BCHSuppl_51_contensPreface 6/5/09 9:41 AM Page X

J. J. HERRMANN, Jr., R. NEWMAN and A. VAN DEN HOEK ............................................................................................................................................................................... 533-545 Identifying Dolomitic Marble 2000-2003: The Capitoline Museums, New York, and SomnusHypnos in Urbisaglia

PART IV: PROVENANCE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION (OTHER STONES) R. BUGINI and L. FOLLI ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 547-557 On tesserae of Roman mosaics in Lombardy (Italy) E. Roffia, R. Bugini and L. Folli .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 559-570 Stone materials of the Roman villas around lake Garda (Italy) P. DEGRYSE, P. MUCHEZ, E. TROGH and M. WAELKENS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 571-580 The natural building stones of Helenistic to Byzantine Sagalassos: Provenance determination through stable isotope geochemistry Ø.J. JANSEN, T. HELDAL, R.B. PEDERSEN, Y. RONEN and S.H.H. KALAND ...................................................................................................................... 581-595 Provenance of soapstone used in medieval buildings in the Bergen region, Western Norway B. MORONI, I. BORGIA, M. PETRELLI and P. LAPUENTE ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 597-613 Archaeometry of chert tools: For a non-destructive geochemical approach J. CASSAR .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 615-626 Classifying Maltese prehistoric limestone megaliths by means of geochemical data F. ANTONELLI, L. LAZZARINI, S. CANCELLIERE and A. SOLANO .............................................................................................................................................................. 627-643 “Granito del Foro” and “Granito di Nicotera”: Archaeometric problems O. ÖZBEK ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 645-656 The prehistoric ground stone implements from Yartarla: The preliminary results of a geoarchaeological study in Tekirdag region (Eastern Thrace) S. CHLOUVERAKI and S. LUGLI ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 657-668 Gypsum: A jewel in Minoan palatial architecture; Identification and characterization of its varieties L. LAZZARINI and F. ATHANASIOU ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 669-676 The discovery of the Greek origin of the “Breccia policroma della Vittoria”

PART V: TECHNIQUES AND DEVELOPMENTS J. ZÖLDFÖLDI and Zs. KASZTOVSZKY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 677-691 Provenance study of Lapis Lazuli by non-destructive prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) F. BIRICOTTI and M. SEVERI ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 693-698 A new non-destructive methodology for studying the internal structure of white marble of artistic and archaeological interest

BCH Suppl. 51

BCHSuppl_51_contensPreface 6/5/09 9:41 AM Page XI

PART VI: DATABASES S. PIKE ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 699-708 A stable isotope database for the ancient white marble quarries of Mount Pentelikon, Greece G. KOKKOROU-ALEVRAS, E. POUPAKI, A. CHATZICONSTANTINOU and A. EFSTATHOPOULOS ......................................................... 709-718 Corpus of ancient Greek quarries B. SZÉKELY and J. ZÖLDFÖLDI ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 719-734 Fractal analysis and quantitative fabric analysis database of West Anatolian white marbles

PART VII: STONE PROPERTIES – WEATHERING – RESTORATION A. TSIKOURAS, K. MIHOPOULOS, K. HATZIPANAGIOTOU and N. NINIS .................................................................................................................................. 735-743 Correlations of mineralogy and physical properties for stones used in the building and the restoration of the Asklepieion at Epidauros I. PAPAYIANNI and M. STEFANIDOU ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 745-752 Study of the behaviour of Serpentinite stones used for the construction of ancient Dioklitianoupoli in Northern Greece M. GREENHALGH .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 753-764 Where have all the columns gone? The loss and reuse of antiquities in the Eastern Mediterranean K. KOUZELI, and E. ZGOULETA ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 765-776 Gypsum at the Minoan site of Knossos: Types and deterioration L. GIORDANI, M. ODDONE, and S. MELONI .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 777-786 Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of the marble façade of the Certosa di Pavia: Materials provenancing and problematics related to decay K. POLIKRETI, and Y. MANIATIS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 787-798 Ionic and charge mobility on weathered marble surfaces, studied by EPR spectroscopy

PART VIII: PIGMENTS AND PAINTINGS ON MARBLE B. BOURGEOIS and Ph. JOCKEY ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 799-809 Polychrome Hellenistic sculpture in Delos: Research on surface treatments of ancient marble sculpture - Part II A. G. KARYDAS, H. BRECOULAKI, B. BOURGEOIS and Ph. JOCKEY .................................................................................................................................................... 811-829 In-situ X-Ray Fluorescence analysis of raw pigments and traces of polychromy on Hellenistic sculpture at the archaeological museum of Delos

BCH Suppl. 51

BCHSuppl_51_contensPreface 6/5/09 9:41 AM Page XII

BCHSuppl_51_contensPreface 6/5/09 9:41 AM Page XIII

PRÉFACE L’acronyme ASMOSIA désigne l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et autres pierres dans l’Antiquité (Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity), fondée lors d’un atelier de recherche avancée de l’OTAN qui s’est tenu à l’hôtel Il Ciocco, à Lucca, en Italie, du 9 au 13 mai 1988. L’atelier était intitulé : Le marbre en Grèce ancienne et à Rome : Géologie, carrières, commerce et artefacts. Il fut suivi par une cinquantaine de participants qui représentaient de nombreuses professions : des physiciens, travaillant dans le domaine de l’archéométrie, des archéologues, des historiens de l’art et des conservateurs. Il fut organisé par Marc Waelkens et Norman Herz avec le but affiché d’encourager les projets associant scientifiques, historiens de l’art et autres pour une meilleure compréhension des questions relevant de l’usage de la pierre par les Anciens. À la suite de cet atelier, une série de rencontres fut programmée tous les deux ans et demi environ : la seconde rencontre eut lieu du 16 au 20 octobre 1990 à Louvain, en Belgique ; la troisième du 17 au 19 mai 1993 à Athènes, en Grèce ; la quatrième du 9 au 13 octobre 1995 à Bordeaux, en France ; la cinquième du 11 au 15 juin 1998 à Boston, aux États-Unis ; la sixième du 15 au 18 juin 2000 à Venise, en Italie ; la septième du 15 au 20 septembre 2003 à Liménas, sur l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Cette série de colloques fait partie intégrante de l’association ASMOSIA : ils ont pour objectif de promouvoir la collaboration entre les sciences, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art pour une meilleure compréhension de l’exploitation, du transport, du traitement et de l’emploi de la pierre brute dans l’Antiquité. La publication des actes a été bien accueillie à la fois par les historiens de l’art, les archéologues et la communauté scientifique, comme par les corps de conservateurs; elle a contribué à susciter une coopération interdisciplinaire sans cesse élargie. Dans la mesure où, avant la création de l’association, cette coopération était minimale, ce fut là, en fait, un progrès décisif. Pour la bonne organisation et la publication de ces rencontres, on a également eu la chance de bénéficier du soutien financier d’agences nationales et internationales, comme la fondation Samuel H. Kress Foundation, l’OTAN, etc. Le nombre de membres de l’association a plus que quadruplé, passant de 50 en 1988 à environ 250 aujourd’hui, représentant 25 pays. En dehors des actes de colloques, ASMOSIA publie également à raison de deux fois par an l’ASMOSIA Newsletter. À ce jour, ce domaine de la recherche a fait preuve d’importantes avancées dans la mesure où les sources matérielles dont on dispose pour l’usage du marbre et des autres pierres dans l’Antiquité ont été largement étudiées et où les matériaux eux-mêmes ont fait l’objet de caractérisations géologiques et physico-chimiques. Les bases de données avec leurs paramètres analytiques se sont développées et les

BCH Suppl. 51

BCHSuppl_51_contensPreface 6/5/09 9:41 AM Page XIV

caractéristiques de différents types de pierres brutes se sont accumulées. Bien des problèmes archéologiques ou relevant de l’histoire de l’art trouvent désormais une meilleure réponse et une meilleure explication par le recours aux analyses scientifiques et aux bases de données, qu’il s’agisse de la provenance, de l’identification, de la diffusion, du traitement, des assemblages et de la préservation d’importants artefacts. Le 7e colloque international de l’association ASMOSIA s’est tenu à Liménas, la ville principale et le port de l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Il a été organisé par le laboratoire d’archéométrie-NCSR « Demokritos », l’École française d’Athènes, la 18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques, l’IGME (Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration). Le comité d’organisation, composé de Y. Maniatis, K. Polikreti, Z. Bonias, S. Papadopoulos, T. Kozelj, M. Wurch-Kozelj et M. Varti-Mataranga, tient à adresser ses remerciements à la Municipalité de Thasos qui a mis à disposition la salle de conférences du « Kalogeriko » et a tout mis en œuvre pour faciliter le bon déroulement du colloque, le ministère grec de la culture et le ministère grec de l’Égée ainsi que l’Association des entreprises du marbre de Thrace et de Macédoine pour leur soutien financier. Ce volume réunit les contributions présentées au 7e colloque international de l’association ASMOSIA. Les thèmes abordés dans ces communications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoignent les sciences, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de la recherche poursuivie sur les pierres grâce à la coopération des sciences et des humanités. En particulier, les thèmes abordés recouvrent presque tous les aspects qui concernent la pierre depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré dans son état final, sans exclure les questions du vieillissement et de la restauration. Tous les textes soumis pour publication dans ces actes ont fait l’objet d’une révision attentive par un ou plusieurs réviseurs, ce qui en garantit le haut niveau, le caractère innovant et la portée scientifique. En la matière, nous exprimons nos sincères remerciements aux membres du comité exécutif de l’association ASMOSIA, N. Herz, L. Lazzarini, P. Storemyr, J.J. Herrmann Jr., Ph. Jockey, S. Kane, J. Harrell, ainsi qu’aux members du comité scientifique du colloque qui ont apporté leur concours à la difficile révision des textes présentés dans ce volume. En outre, nous voulons remercier V. Zatta, secrétaire de l’Institute of Materials Science-NCSR « Demokritos » pour son aide dans le traitement des actes et les étudiants-chercheurs du laboratoire d’archéométrie-NCSR « Demokritos » D. Tambakopoulos et M. Maniati pour leur aide dans l’organisation et la relecture des épreuves. Nous tenons aussi à exprimer notre plus profonde gratitude à l’École française d’Athènes et, en particulier, à son directeur, le professeur D. Mulliez : l’École française d’Athènes, en effet, a supporté la totalité du coût de fabrication et du travail de publication des actes dans le Supplément 51 du Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique. Nos remerciements vont également à Sandrine Huber, ancienne adjointe aux publications de l’École française d’Athènes, et à Catherine Aubert, qui lui a succédé à ce poste, pour la part qu’elles ont prise dans l’élaboration de la publication. Yannis Maniatis Président de l’association ASMOSIA BCH Suppl. 51

BCHSuppl_51_contensPreface 6/5/09 9:41 AM Page XV

PREFACE ASMOSIA stands for the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity and was founded at a NATO sponsored Advanced Research Workshop held at Il Ciocco, Lucca, Italy, 9-13 May, 1988. The Workshop was entitled, “Marble in Ancient Greece and Rome: Geology, Quarries, Commerce, Artifacts” and was attended by fifty persons representing many varied professions: physical scientists working in Archaeometry, archaeologists, art historians, and conservators. It was organized by Marc Waelkens and Norman Herz with the avowed goal of encouraging collaborative projects among scientists, art historians and others in order to better understand the problems associated with ancient man’s use of stone. Following that a series of meetings were held scheduled approximately every two and a half year: the second meeting was held October 16-20, 1990 in Leuven, Belgium; the third May 17-19, 1993, in Athens, Greece; the fourth October 9-13, 1995 in Bordeaux, France; the fifth June 11-15, 1998, in Boston, USA; the sixth June 15-18, 2000 in Venice, Italy; and the seventh in September 15-20, 2003 at Limenas on the Island of Thassos, Greece. These series of conferences form an integral part of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones Used in Antiquity (ASMOSIA) and their aim is to promote the combined scientific, archaeological and art-historical research for a better understanding of the exploration, transportation, treatment and use of stone raw materials in Antiquity. The publications of the proceedings have been well received by both the art historical, archaeological, and scientific, as well as museum communities and have helped to inspire an ever increasing interdisciplinary cooperation. Since previous to ASMOSIA, such cooperation was minimal, this has indeed been a great accomplishment. We have also been fortunate in receiving financial support for our meetings and publications from national and international agencies, such as the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, NATO etc. Membership in ASMOSIA has grown over four-fold, from under 50 in 1988 to about 250 now and representing 25 countries. Publications apart from the conference proceedings include the currently twice-yearly ASMOSIA Newsletter. Today, the field has witnessed important advances as the raw material sources for marble and other stones used in Antiquity have been studied to a great extend and the materials have been characterised geologically and physicochemically. The databases with analytical parameters have been expanding and experience with the characteristics of different types of raw stone materials has been accumulating. Many archaeological and art-historical problems can now be better resolved and explained using the advanced scientific methods and databases. Such problems may be related to provenance, identification, movement, treatment, assemblages and preservation of important artifacts.

BCH Suppl. 51

BCHSuppl_51_contensPreface 6/5/09 9:41 AM Page XVI

The 7th International ASMOSIA Conference was held at Limenas, the main town and harbour of the island of Thassos, Greece. It was organized by the Laboratory of Archaeometry-NCSR “Demokritos”, the French School at Athens, the 18th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration. The Organizing Committee, Y. Maniatis, K. Polikreti, Z. Bonias, S. Papadopoulos, T. Kozelj, M. Wurch-Kozelj and M. Varti-Mataranga would like to thank and acknowledge the Municipal Authorities of Thassos for providing the Conference building “Kalogeriko” and all the necessary facilities in order to make this Conference possible, the financial support of the Greek Ministry of Culture, the financial support of the Greek Ministry of the Aegean and the financial support of the Association of Marble Enterprises of Macedonia and Thrace. This book contains the papers submitted to the 7th International ASMOSIA Conference. The subjects of the papers represent the state-of-the art in the field and reflect a very broad range of research and applications carried out in cooperation between the sciences and the humanities. In particular, the subjects cover almost everything on stone from the quarry to the final decorated object, including even aspects of weathering and restoration. All the papers submitted for publication in these proceedings went under a peer reviewing process by one or more reviewers. This guarantees that the papers published in this volume are of high standards, innovative and scientifically sound. For this, we expresses his sincere thanks to the Executive Committee of ASMOSIA, N. Herz, L. Lazzarini, P. Storemyr, J.J. Herrmann Jr., Ph. Jockey, S. Kane, J. Harrell, and the Scientific Committee of the Conference and also to other professional colleagues who helped with the difficult task of reviewing the papers presented in this volume. In addition, we want to thank Mrs V. Zatta, the Secretary of the Institute of Materials Science of NCSR “Demokritos” for her help in processing the proceedings and the research students of the Laboratory of Archaeometry-NCSR “Demokritos” Mr. D. Tambakopoulos and Mrs. M. Maniati for their help in organising and proof readings of the papers. We also expresses his deepest gratitude to the French School at Athens and particularly to its Director prof. D. Mulliez for undertaking the full cost and effort of publication of the proceedings as Supplement 51 of the Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique. Thanks are also due to Mrs. S. Huber, former publication officer of the French School, and Mrs. C. Aubert, present publication officer, for organizing the publication. Yannis Maniatis Current President of ASMOSIA BCH Suppl. 51

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 719

FRACTAL ANALYSIS AND QUANTITATIVE FABRIC ANALYSIS DATABASE FOR WEST ANATOLIAN WHITE MARBLES B. SZÉKELY1,2 and J. ZÖLDFÖLDi2,3 1. Space Research Group, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary 2. Institute of Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Sigwartstr, Germany 3. State Office for Historical Monuments of Baden-Württemberg, Esslingen, Germany

ABSTRACT Texture is a crucial property of marbles because it is related to the petrogenetic history of geological units. The fabric properties follow fractal (power-law) distributions in three dimensions, and these properties can be parameterised in marble artefacts to help clarify provenance questions. Here we provide a comprehensive dataset for West Anatolian marble occurrences that includes both geometrical textural and isotope geochemical data. The results are compared to data for some marble artefacts from Troy, Turkey and, based on the geometric similarities a Western Anatolian provenance is hypothesized for the marble. An attempt is also made to combine textural and isotope geochemical data in provenance analysis. KEYWORDS:

MARBLE PROVENANCE, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, FRACTALS, GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION, OXYGEN ISOTOPES, CARBON ISOTOPES, STRONTIUM ISOTOPES, DATABASE, TROY, ANATOLIA

INTRODUCTION An important branch of archaeometric research is provenance analysis, where one is looking for properties that are suitable for linking the various raw material occurrences to archaeological artefacts. In answering marble provenance questions, numerous techniques have proven to be applicable. For coloured marbles, the colour and other macroscopic properties are frequently simplify the provenance determination, while in case of white marbles the identification needs more sophisticated tools. Beside mineralogical, petrological, physical and

BCH Suppl. 51

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 720

720

B. SZÉKELY and J. ZÖLDFÖLDI

geochemical investigations, a decade ago quantitative fabric analysis (QFA) (SCHMID et al. 1995; 1999) was proposed. QFA attempts to extract geometric parameters based on the grain outlines visible in thin sections. Either the available set of grain boundaries (commonly handdrawn) is analysed in its two-dimensional geometrical form (in informatics, this is the so-called vector approach), or the thin section is taken as an image and image processing tools are applied to extract features (a.k.a. raster approach, because the image is a raster dataset). In early applications of QFA, the individual grain properties were considered as the determining factor (SCHMID et al. 1995). Later the more holistic evaluation of grain geometry (e.g., fractal dimension) gained importance (PERUGINI et al. 2003). However, the results of the various authors are often not comparable, and therefore it is difficult to collect a comprehensive data library. The situation is especially complicated if the sample properties analysed involve more than one measuring technique. The aforementioned problem led to an initiative to make available a large number of observations related to the same marble occurrences in the form of a database (ZÖLDFÖLDI et al. 2004). The objective of the initiative was to integrate data about the rock samples both as a geological unit and also as a localized occurrence where raw material was or could be quarried. As a first step we provide a comprehensive database of Western Anatolian marbles, including QFA and isotopic results. All the analyses were performed on the same hand specimens in order to produce a more reliable data set. Although this paper focuses on the QFA results, it is also deemed important to publish here the numerical values of the isotope ratios. Our goal is to encourage other authors to make their measured values available to facilitate further comparative analyses.

SAMPLES AND METHODOLOGY The analytical results for 40 samples are reported here. They are grouped according to their respective tectonic origin with one exception: the PBA-samples are from archaeological artefacts coming from the excavation of Troy, Turkey (fig. 1; Table 1 and Table 2). Space limitations prevent us from providing more details on the sampling, material processing, geological setting and archaeological background (PBA-samples) as well as the naming conventions used for the samples. For this information see ZÖLDFÖLDI and SATIR (2003). The PBA-samples are referred to as archaeological samples in contrast to the other samples referred to as geological ones. There is no comprehensive database of the Anatolian quarries, and there is a lack on written proofs concerning the exploitation of the quarries in different historical times. Therefore the sampling strategy should follow certain rules. We concentrate on white marbles, the most prestigious building material among marbles, since they are very often macroscopically seem to be indistinguishable. The samples have to characterize (1) the quarries themselves or (2) the quarries or occurrences belonging to the same district; i.e. they have to characterize the petrological-geochemical BCH Suppl. 51

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 721

FRACTAL ANALYSIS AND QUANTITATIVE DATABASE FOR WEST ANATOLIAN WHITE MARBLES

Fig. 1. — Simplified tectonic map of Turkey after OKAY and TÜYSÜZ (1999) with sampling locations. Note that Orhangazi (“2”) sampling site belongs to the Marmara sample group (see sample ORH2c). For the sake of the brevity throughout in the text we referred to all Marmara and Orhangazi samples as “Marmara” (as a reference to Marmara Sea), however, because of the considerable difference in geographical position, in the map the location Orhangazi is indicated separately.

properties of the given geological unit. Therefore all the varieties from one site have been collected as well (crystal size, colour, striped) along vertical and horizontal cross sections. The geological samples are from standing rock walls, both from natural outcrops and from quarry walls. From this huge material, after proving the petrographic properties, we have selected 32 samples from different quarries and 8 samples from the excavation of Troy for further investigation. Some of the geological samples were taken from ancient quarries, like Afyon, Babadag, Mugla, and Marmara; but we selected other samples from the quarries in Northand South-Kazdag Massif (fig. 1), because these outcrops are in the vicinity of archaeological site of Troy.

ISOTOPIC RATIOS The determination and evaluation of the isotopic ratios for oxygen, carbon and strontium have been carried out in a previous study (ZÖLDFÖLDI and SATIR 2003) and details of the applied isotope geochemical methods are given there. The measured values are provided in Table 1 of the present study for completeness.

BCH Suppl. 51

721

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 722

722


QUANTITATIVE TEXTURAL ANALYSIS (QTA) Quantitative textural analysis (QTA) (PERUGINI et al. 2003), the combination of QFA (SCHMID et al. 1995) and extraction of fractal properties (fractal analysis, FA), was applied to the calcite grain boundaries in Western Anatolian white marbles. For the QFA-technique, according to the classic approach of SCHMID et al. (1995; 1999), grain boundaries were manually outlined in scanned thin sections. The grain boundary data set serves as the input for the numerical processing. In contrast to QFA, for FA (PERUGINI et al. 2003) the thin sections are treated as raster images, and standard fractal analysis tools are applied to these images in order to determine their fractal dimensions. For calculation of the simplest type of fractal dimension, the box counting method was used (e.g., TURCOTTE 1997, p. 298): i.e., the number of black pixels is calculated for increasingly larger squares. These numbers are posted in a log-log plot, where a straight line is usually obtained in the case of a simple fractal distribution. The parameter for this line gives the fractal dimension of the image. Because of the sampling technique and the limited size of the individual samples (2.5 × 5 cm), this analysis cannot be complete. Therefore, we combine our fractal approach with the geometric analysis of grain boundaries according to the principles of QFA. It is important to note that the results from both the QFA and FA techniques are influenced by the smallest grain size observable. In outlining the crystal boundaries, a cut-off effect exists because below a given size the observer cannot follow the boundary lines. Furthermore, automated processing filters-out the very small crystals. The grain size histograms should thus be evaluated with this fact in mind.

DERIVATION OF THE FRACTAL DIMENSION-RELATED DATA Conventionally, the result of fractal analysis is a single number, the fractal dimension. There are several methods to determine its value: e.g., the box dimension, mass dimension and information dimension methods (TURCOTTE 1997, p. 298). However, in our experience, not all the samples behave as a simple fractal; some of them show a tendency to multifractality (e.g., TURCOTTE 1997). It seems feasible to evaluate the individual points on the log-log plot and determine further parameters. A common problem of the box dimension calculation comes from the limited size of the sample; larger boxes sometimes do not fit into the framework of the sample. To avoid this problem, PERUGINI et al. (2003) applied a thoroidal approach that links the opposite sides of a sample together. We overcame this problem in a more sophisticated way. During the box counting, the sample is rotated stepwise by a small angle (e.g., by 15°) to increase the number of fitted boxes. All the rotated box patterns are calculated, and the setting producing the maximum number of boxes is taken as a data point in the log-log plot. This way the possible anisotropy in the sample is also taken into account. A further advantage of this calculation method is that multifractality, if it occurs, can be better observed.

BCH Suppl. 51

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 723


From a single fractal calculation three parameters are determined: D, k, and σ D. D is the fractal dimension derived from the slope of the best-fit linear regression line; k is the coefficient of the expression: M (L) = k⋅L D (e.g., PERUGINI et al. 2003); and σ D is the standard deviation of D. The latter parameter is found to be important (ZÖLDFÖLDI and SZÉKELY, 2005) because it shows the tendency towards multifractality; the higher σ D, the stronger the multifractality.

GRAIN PROPERTIES DISTRIBUTION Similar to the method of PERUGINI et al. (2003), the grain boundaries were determined in an automated manner to avoid manual bias. To measure the most commonly used property, the maximum grain size (MGS) (MOENS et al. 1988), the dimensions of all individual grains have to be calculated. To this end, the maximum dimension (long axis) is measured in the following way: the two-dimensional grain outline is rotated through all possible angles and the maximum bounding rectangular box is determined. The maximum length of this box defines the long axis. The appropriate rotation angle to maximise this dimension is calculated using the Brent method (BRENT 1973, chap. 5; see PRESS et al. 1989, p. 759).

Here it is important to note that although MGS is widely used in marble provenance, it is not a reliable measure in heteroblastic samples with extraordinarily large grains that are not typical of the general fabric. In such a case, MGS is highly dependent on the selection of the thin section. To be statistically more robust, the lower 99 % range of the data (the interval which contains the smallest 99 % of grains) is calculated and this is termed as MGS 99%. There is typically a considerable difference between MGS and MGS99% (sometimes a factor of 2; Table 1). Because MGS is generally a good provenance indicator, it is important to make it statistically more reliable in order to minimise the effect of the random thin section selection. Figure 2 demonstrates the statistical usefulness of MGS99%, where the conventional MGS is shown in the upper part of the plot and MGS99% appears in the lower part. Both parameters are plotted versus the box (fractal) dimension. Although there is a correlation between MGS and box dimension, the correlation is much better if MGS99% is used. For the latter parameter, it is evident that the data points have less scatter around the trend line. The same consideration led to the definition of the 99% quantile of the grain area distribution, MGA 99%, which is analogous to MGS99%. PERUGINI et al. (2003) found the distribution of grain areas to be of fundamental importance. To characterize this distribution, they introduced its standard deviation (in their paper they denote it as σ, but to avoid confusion we denote it as σA.) To complete this descriptive approach, the average grain area (AGA ) is considered; it is actually the reciprocal of the average grain density (ρ): AGA=1/ρ.

BCH Suppl. 51

723

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 724

724


Fig. 2. — Cross plot of fractal dimension (box dimension; D) vs. maximum grain size (MGS) and maximum grain size 99% (MGS99%) with linear regression lines.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The numerical results from QFA and FA together with the carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopic ratios are listed in the Table 1. The structure of the table is as follows: the sample rows are grouped by tectonic units (in the leftmost column), and the columns are grouped according to grain size-related data (number of grains, MGS, MGS99%, the ratio MGS/MGS99%, MGA, MGA99%, MGA/MGA99%, AGA, and σA ), fractal dimension-related data (D, k, and σ D ;all dimensionless), and isotopic ratios (δ18Ovs PDB(‰), δ13Cvs PDB(‰) and 87Sr/86Sr; all dimensionless and reported relative to the PDB standard). From Table 1 is evident that the number of grains present in the thin sections, which are all the same size, varies widely. Commonly, such variation is accommodated by normalising the resulting distribution. However, because we are extracting the properties for comparative purposes, the “fingerprinting” technique is more suitable and consequently no normalisation was applied. Thus, the distribution patterns are readily comparable. GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS On the basis of the length of the large axis and the grain area (figs 3 and 4; note the logarithmic horizontal scale), our samples can be grouped in two basic categories. A flatter, sometimes bimodal distribution characterizes the samples originating from geological units

BCH Suppl. 51

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 725


Fig. 3. — Large axis length distribution plots of the various tectonic units (a: Afyon, b: Babadag, c: Mugla, d: Milas, e: Kazdag Massif South, f: Kazdag Massif North, g: Marmara) and Trojan marble samples (h).

south of the Izmir-Ankara Suture (figs 1, 3a-d and 4a-d). These samples are typically homeoblastic with relatively large grains. In contrast, samples from the area north of this line are characterised by highly peaked distributions with most of the grains close to 300 µm in size (figs 3e-g and 4e-g). The latter group also has a greater percentage of larger and smaller grains as a consequence of its heteroblastic textures. The distribution of the Trojan samples validates the applicability of this approach as their similarity to the Marmara marbles is obvious (figs 3g-h and 4g-h). This correlation is also supported by the isotopic similarities (Table 1; ZÖLDFÖLDI and SATIR 2003) as well as by other texture-oriented geometrical properties (e.g. D vs σD, ZÖLDFÖLDI and SZÉKELY 2008).

THE IMPORTANCE OF FRACTAL DIMENSION As illustrated above and also shown by PERUGINI et al. (2003), a geologist’s impression of the characteristics of a rock sample (most notably its heteroblasticity and homeoblasticity) is determined by its fractal properties (typically in three dimensions). It is reasonable to assume that other geometric properties are strongly correlated with the fractal dimension. As a demonstration of this consider the plot of the standard deviation for the grain area (σA; also evaluated by PERUGINI et al. 2003) against fractal dimension (fig. 5). The curvilinear relationship seen can be attributed to the fact that all the distributions are highly asymmetric (note the BCH Suppl. 51

725

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 726

726


Fig. 4. — Grain area distribution plots of the various tectonic units (a: Afyon, b: Babadag, c: Mugla, d: Milas, e: Kazdag Massif South, f: Kazdag Massif North, g: Marmara) and Trojan marble samples (h).

logarithmic scale for σA in (fig. 4). Consequently, the statistical parameters designed for symmetric distributions (e.g., standard deviation) will be determined by the asymmetry of the distribution, which is largely controlled by the fractal properties.

RELATING THE FRACTAL DIMENSION RESULTS WITH PREVIOUS DATA It is very difficult to compare our results to those of the previous workers, because: (1) except for Marmara marble, previous workers did not analyze other West Anatolian marbles by FA; (2) the present computing capacity is considerably greater than that of previous workers, which increases the power of the current FA approach; and (3) in their analysis of fractal dimensions, PERUGINI et al. (2003) give their results in units of pixels without defining the actual grain sizes. The latter problem does not affect the fractal dimension results in theory, but the considerably smaller number of grains counted (the Marmara samples for both studies

BCH Suppl. 51

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 727


Fig. 5. — Cross plot of fractal dimension (box dimension; D) vs. standard deviation of the grain area (σA) with power regression line. Note the high R 2 value.

may be compared) suggests that the resolution of the hand-drawn grain outlines of PERUGINI et al. (2003) is considerably lower than ours. Using their values for the density of grains (ρ, which is reciprocal of AGA), we compute an approximate pixel size of about 10 µm on the assumption that the AGA results are similar for both studies. If this estimate holds, then we can conclude that PERUGINI et al. (2003) had low number of small crystals outlined and this would be the reason why our fractal dimension values are considerably higher than theirs. A further comparative study between their data set and ours would be useful.

IMPLICATION ON THE ISOTOPIC RESULTS In concluding our QTA results, we make an attempt to relate two completely different types of data: geometrical properties and isotope ratios. The goal of this initial effort is to find further tools for provenance analysis. The first example is the comparison of two cross plots: the MGS vs. δ13C (fig. 6a) and MGS99% vs. δ13C (fig 6b). As we have seen above, MGS99% makes the distribution more compact and through this compaction the different tectonic units become separable. Based on the plot D vs. δ18O (fig. 7 ), the tectonic units north and south of the Izmir-Ankara Suture are distinguishable. Note that the Trojan archaeological samples overlap with the Marmara samples as would be expected.

BCH Suppl. 51

727

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 728

728


Fig. 6. — a) Cross plot of δ13C vs. maximum grain size (MGS). Note the overlap of the various localities. b) Cross plot of δ13C vs. maximum grain size 99% (MGS99%). Note the separation and more compact distribution of the values.

CONCLUSIONS 1. We propose statistically more robust parameters to evaluate grain size and grain area distributions in thin sections of white marble. The most important of these is the 99% quantile of the large axis distribution, MGS99%. 2. Strong correlations are found between the fractal dimension and other textural analytical parameters.

BCH Suppl. 51

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 729


Fig. 7. — Cross plot of fractal dimension (box dimension; D) vs. δ18O. Note the separation line between the main geological units of West Anatolia.

3. This study makes available to the public a large data set for Anatolian white marbles. However, relating these data to those of other researchers, who employed different methodologies, is very difficult. 4. We made the first ever attempt to combine textural and isotopic geochemical data, and obtained results that will be useful in future provenance studies.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS These studies have been carried out partly in the framework of a joint project financed by the DAAD-MÖB German-Hungarian Scientific Fund, BSz also enjoyed financial support from University of Tübingen (Nachwuchswissenschaftlerförderung). ZJ is contributed as a doctoral student of the University of Tübingen and her contribution is a part of her doctoral thesis. BSz contributed as Békésy György Postdoctoral Fellow. The manuscript has profited very much of the reviewers’ comments and linguistic improvements, what we are especially deeply indebted for. All help is gratefully acknowledged.

BIBLIOGRAPHY BRENT, R.P., 1973, Algorithms for Minimization without Derivates, Prentice-Hall, N.J. Englewood Cliffs, Chapter 5. MOENS, L., ROOS, P., DE RUDDER, J., DE PEAPE, P., VAN HENDE, J., and WAELKENS, M., 1988, “A multimethod approach to the identification of white marbles used in Antique artifacts”, in N.

BCH Suppl. 51

729

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 730

730


HERZ and M. WAELKENS (eds), Classical Marble: Geochemistry, Technology, Trade, NATO ASI Series E, Applied Sciences, 153, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, pp. 243-250. OKAY, A.I., and TÜYSÜZ, O., 1999, “Tethyan sutures of Northern Turkey”, Geological Society, London Special Publications, 156, pp. 475-515. PERUGINI, D., MORONI, B., and POLI, G., 2003, “Characterization of marble textures by image and fractal analysis”, in L. LAZZARINI (ed.), ASMOSIA VI, Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone – Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity, Bottega d’Erasmo Aldo Ausilio Editore, Padova, pp. 241-246. PRESS, W.H., FLANNERY, B.P., TEUKOLSKY, S.A., and VETTERLING, W.T., 1989, Numerical recipes in Pascal, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. SCHMID, J., RAMSEYER, K., and DECROUEZ, D., 1995, “A new element for the provenance determination of white marbles: quantitative fabric analysis”, in M. SCHVOERER (ed.), ASMOSIA IV, Archéomatéiaux – Marbres et Autres Roches. Actes de la IVème Conférence Internationale de l’Association pour l’Étude des Marbres et Autres Roches Utilisés dans le Passé, Centre de Recherche en Physique Appliquée à l’Archéologie and Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, Bordeaux-Talence, pp. 171-175.

Table 1: Comprehensive data set for West Anatolian white marbles. grain size specific data Sample name

σA

MGS (μm)

MGS99% (μm)

MGS/ MGS99%

MGA (μm2)

MGA99% (μm2)

MGA/ MGS99%

AGA(=1/ρ) μm2

μm2

973 834 430 191 193 789 3061

2756 2655 3138 6881 4744 2816 1761

1869 1972 2677 4504 4528 2103 1158

1.474 1.346 1.172 1.528 1.048 1.339 1.521

3393431 2792827 3550173 25440748 13476376 2436874 1051255

1088909 1358491 2652886 9755672 8481968 1615257 541836

3.116 2.056 1.338 2.608 1.589 1.509 1.940

208899 227208 486077 932666 1084180 230077 61510

277367 308139 589615 2504540 1984690 319255 111312

237 790 459

3323 3070 3021

2868 2620 2325

1.159 1.172 1.300

4438615 5397256 4517816

4156647 3201846 2364587

1.068 1.686 1.911

663330 297277 422058

857707 626251 510788

3357 3516 2269

1835 1464 1016

1.829 2.401 2.233

4586329 5600829 2677303

1380164 916444 388794

3.323 6.111 6.886

127927 59718 43272

300211 258401 114411

2942 3938 7164 4390

1759 1260 2325 3303

1.673 3.125 3.082 1.329

3000754 3813369 20834267 6785673

1373589 563370 2172188 4878332

2.185 6.769 9.591 1.391

83288 51349 152538 364483

263119 155254 790916 966080

N

Afyon A13 A14 A2 A4-1 A4-2 A6-2 A8

Babadag BD1 BD4 BD6

Kazdag South K15 K18 K21

1408 2471 2763

Kazdag North K1 K2 K3 K4

1948 2260 1347 514

BCH Suppl. 51

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 731


SCHMID, J., AMBÜHL, M., DECROUEZ, D., MÜLLER, S., and RAMSEYER, K., 1999, “A quantitative fabric analysis approach to the discrimination of white marbles”, Archaeometry, 41, pp. 239-252. TURCOTTE, D.L., 1997, Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ZÖLDFÖLDI, J., and SATIR, M., 2003, “Provenance of white marble building stones in the monuments of the ancient Troy”, Part II, in G.A. WAGNER, E. PERNICKA, and H. P. UERPMANN (eds), Troia and the Troad, Springer, Berlin, pp. 203-223. ZÖLDFÖLDI, J., and SZÉKELY, B., 2005, “Quantitative fabric analysis and fractal analysis of marbles from West-Anatolia and Troy”, Geoarchaeological and Bioarchaeological Studies, 3, pp. 113-118. ZÖLDFÖLDI, J., and SZÉKELY, B., 2008, “Quantitative fabric analysis (QFA) on marble from West-Anatolia: Application of raster- (fractal) and vector-based (geometric) approaches”, in Y. FACORELLIS, N. ZACHARIAS and K. POLIKRETI (eds), Proceedings of the 4th Symposium of the Hellenic Society for Archaeometry, BAR International Series, 1746, pp. 413-420.. ZÖLDFÖLDI, J., SZÉKELY, B., and FRANZEN, Ch., 2004, “Interdisciplinary data base of historically relevant marble material for archaeometric, art historian and restoration use”, in G. GRASSEGGER-SCHÖN and G. PATITZ (eds), Natursteinsanierung Stuttgart 2004, Neue Natursteinsanierungsergebnisse und messtechnische Erfassungen, Siegl, München, pp. 79-86.

fractal dimension related data Dbox

σDbox

isotopic ratios kbox

δ18OvsPDB (‰)

δ13CvsPDB (‰)

87Sr/86Sr

A13 A14 A2 A4-1 A4-2 A6-2 A8

1.623 1.593 1.528 1.352 1.374 1.585 1.674

0.235 0.267 0.236 0.118 0.117 0.272 0.263

5.96 4.69 3.57 1.06 1.53 4.67 7.66

-5.53

1.05

-3.25 -4.41 -4.40 -4.46 -4.57

1.32 3.61 3.64 1.10 3.77

BD1 BD4 BD6

1.475 1.485 1.481

0.193 0.210 0.356

2.12 3.15 2.77

-2.72 -2.38 -2.72

-0.03 1.54 -0.03

0.707529 0.707519

K15 K18 K21

1.585 1.638 1.702

0.274 0.093 0.147

4.45 4.89 6.10

-0.51 -0.86 -2.89

2.32 2.72 1.49

0.707728

K1 K2 K3 K4

1.589 1.679 1.573 1.442

0.132 0.151 0.119 0.139

4.16 5.19 4.27 1.96

-10.24 -2.80 -2.49 -4.93

1.04 2.10 2.00 2.65

BCH Suppl. 51

0.708009

0.708152

731

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 732

732


Table 1(cont/ed) grain size specific data σA

MGS (μm)

MGS99% (μm)

MGS/ MGS99%

MGA (μm2)

MGA99% (μm2)

MGA/ MGS99%

AGA(=1/ρ) μm2

μm2

514 634 2589

4390 6246 4415

3303 5397 1462

1.329 1.157 3.019

6785673 17633107 11115754

4878332 11802889 947649

1.391 1.494 11.730

364483 708068 61195

966080 2081100 332419

248 140 697 189 945

5777 6004 3324 4929 3683

4008 5384 2485 4125 2025

1.441 1.115 1.338 1.195 1.819

15627284 17421016 3228381 10468921 3644703

6114207 13708807 2293828 7893137 1386704

2.556 1.271 1.407 1.326 2.628

793403 1368870 327620 1182540 237749

1810670 2841930 484656 1718770 336995

1605 1475 2512 3952 4002

3695 2757 1990 3160 3290

2072 1566 1143 1360 1113

1.783 1.761 1.741 2.323 2.956

6093962 3762435 1383168 4023047 3871332

1734591 1118193 545388 810518 542595

3.513 3.365 2.536 4.964 7.135

139798 97660.2 47611.7 53182.3 44075.2

366251 237252 102992 160412 146322

1013 1247

3077 3018

2000 1940

1.539 1.556

3215470 3509450

1531565 1467468

2.099 2.392

199719 173058

330413 332997

2543 3431 3947 2340 3744 2794 2327 1622

1989 1971 2386 2913 1928 1519 3125 2602

1259 1006 1077 1397 1015 965 1475 1326

1.580 1.959 2.215 2.085 1.899 1.573 2.118 1.961

1615702 1678418 2312397 2742048 1481513 687525 4504683 3161651

612443 403802 488002 811289 425284 327134 874421 715216

2.638 4.157 4.738 3.380 3.484 2.102 5.152 4.421

49664 34942.8 36515.9 60916.8 41134.2 33891.1 78031.2 58131.6

118621 90782.3 112049 179277 90433.6 68004.5 229396 165623

Sample name

N

K4 K7 AyazmaA

Mugla M2-1 M2-2 M4 M7 M8

Marmara Ma3 Mar1a BAN1b ZTM2-2 ORH2c

Milas Mi2 Mi3-2

Troy PBA18 PBA19a PBA21a PBA24 PBA30 PBA31 PBA32 PBA6

BCH Suppl. 51

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 733


fractal dimension related data Dbox

σDbox

isotopic ratios kbox

δ18OvsPDB (‰)

δ13CvsPDB (‰)

87Sr/86Sr

K4 K7 AyazmaA

1.442 1.398 1.648

0.139 0.136 0.085

1.96 1.65 5.51

-4.93 -9.72 -2.53

2.65 2.36 2.12

M2-1 M2-2 M4 M7 M8

1.388 1.365 1.521 1.400 1.548

0.128 0.096 0.309 0.173 0.368

1.68 1.21 3.98 1.98 4.56

-5.90 -5.50 -5.86 -3.71 -4.68

3.94 3.83 3.06 1.25 2.93

Ma3 Mar1a BAN1b ZTM2-2 ORH2c

1.584 1.602 1.667 1.668 1.674

0.224 0.226 0.235 0.173 0.202

5.60 3.98 4.88 8.38 6.94

-1.52 -1.61 -2.72 -1.61 -6.98

3.14 3.14 3.32 3.14 3.00

Mi2 Mi3-2

1.584 1.549

0.260 0.268

5.02 4.40

-3.75 -6.88

3.72 3.44

0.707761

PBA18 PBA19a PBA21a PBA24 PBA30 PBA31 PBA32 PBA6

1.666 1.706 1.703 1.655 1.683 1.695 1.627

0.240 0.175 0.136 0.159 0.216 0.170 0.212

4.91 6.02 7.08 5.34 6.73 4.77 5.57

-1.99 -2.79 -2.22 -2.74 -5.19 -3.62 -2.12 -2.28

2.17 3.43 2.95 2.45 5.45 5.25 3.31 3.41

0.707610 0.707521 0.707640 0.707660

BCH Suppl. 51

0.707533

0.707537

0.707615

0.707652

0.707719

733

54_BCHSuppl_51 6/1/09 5:20 AM Page 734

734


Table 2: A brief summary of archaeological artefacts from Troy, Turkey included in this study. More details on these samples can be found in ZÖLDFÖLDI and SATIR (2003). Sample

Monument

Abbreviation

Part of the monument

Archaeological dating

PBA6

Athena Temple

AT

Ceiling coffer (A226)

280 B.C.

PBA18

Sanctuary

SAN

North building threshold

2nd century B.C.

PBA19

Bouleuterion

BOU

Seats

2nd century B.C.

PBA21

Bouleuterion

BOU

Seats

2nd century B.C.

PBA24

Odeion

ODE

Architectural element

early 2nd century A.D.

PBA30

Bath

BM

Nymphaeum base molding

late 2nd century A.D.

PBA31

Bath

BM

Nymphaeum base molding


PBA32

Bath

BM

Molding


BCH Suppl. 51

BCH suppl_51couverture 7/9/09 5:11 PM Page 1

BCH Supplément

51

41.

Les Italiens dans le monde grec (IIe siècle av. J.-C.-Ier siècle ap. J.-C.). Circulation, dénomination, intégration. Actes de la Table ronde organisée à l’École Normale Supérieure, Paris, 14-16 mai 1998, édités par Claire HASENOHR et Christel MÜLLER (2002).

42.

Recherches franco-albanaise I. L’Albanie dans l’Europe préhistorique, Actes du colloque de Lorient organisé par l’École française d’Athènes et l’Université de Bretagne-Sud, Lorient 8-10 juin 2000, édités par Gilles TOUCHAIS et Josette RENARD (2002).

43.

Le Néolithique de Chypre, Actes du colloque international organisé par le Département des Antiquités de Chypre et l’École française d’Athènes, Nicosie 17-19 mai 2001, édités par Jean GUILAINE et Alain LE BRUN, avec la collaboration d’Odile DAUNE-LE BRUN (2003).

44.

Les Messéniens de 370/369 au Ier siècle de notre ère. Monnayage et histoire, par Catherine GRANDJEAN (2002).

45.

La sculpture architecturale byzantine dans le thème de Nikopolis du Xe au début du XIIIe siècle (Épire et Étolie-Acarnanie et Sud de l’Albanie), par Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2005).

46.

Mythos. La préhistoire égéenne du XIXe au XXIe siècle après J.-C. Actes de la table ronde internationale d’Athènes (21-23 novembre 2002), édités par Pascal DARCQUE, Michael FOTIADIS et Olga POLYCHRONOPOULOU (2006).

47.

Études d’archéologie délienne, par Philippe BRUNEAU, Recueil d’articles rassemblés et indexés par Jean-Charles MORETTI (2006).

48.

La sculpture des Cyclades à l’époque archaïque. Histoire des ateliers, rayonnement des styles, Actes du colloque international, organisé par l’Éphorie des Antiquités préhistoriques et classiques des Cyclades et l’École française d’Athènes (7-9 septembre 1998), édités par Y. KOURAYOS et Fr. PROST (2008).

49.

La Sculpture Byzantine VIIe – XIIe siècle, Actes du colloque international, organisé par la 2e Éphorie des Antiquités byzantines et l’École française d’Athènes (6-8 septembre 2000), édités par Charalambos PENNAS et Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2008).

50.

La gigantomachie de Pergame ou l’image du monde, par Françoise-Hélène MASSA-PAIRAULT (2007).

51

Supplément

Ce volume comprend les textes des communications d’ASMOSIA VII, 7 cone

férence internationale de l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et des autres pierres dans l’Antiquité (Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity), qui s’est tenue dans l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Les thèmes abordés dans ces communications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoignent la science, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de la recherche sur les pierres, depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré dans son état final. Les sujets plus particulièrement abordés sont les suivants : (1) Considérations archéologiques et emploi du marbre ; (2) Carrières, techniques d’extraction, géologie et propriétés de la pierre ; (3) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : le marbre ; (4) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : autres pierres ; (5) Techniques et développements ; (6) Bases de données ; (7) Propriétés de la pierre – Vieillissement –Restauration et (8) Pigments et peintures sur marbre.

This book contains the papers submitted to ASMOSIA VII, which is the 7th In-

ternational Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity. The conference was held in the island of Thassos, Greece. The subjects of the papers represent the state-of-the-art in the interdisciplinary field of Science and Archaeology and Art-History and reflect a very broad range of research and applications on stone, from the quarry to the final decorated object. In particular, the subjects cover: (1) Archaeological considerations and use of marble, (2) Quarries, Quarrying Techniques, Geology and Stone properties, (3) Provenance Identification and Characterisation: Marble, (4) Provenance Identification and Characterisation: Other stones, (5) Techniques and Developments, (6) Databases, (7) Stone Properties – Weathering – Restoration and (8) Pigments and paintings on marble.

ASMOSIA VII

BULLETIN DE CORRESPONDANCE HELLÉNIQUE, SUPPLÉMENTS

BCH ASMOSIA VII Actes du VII e colloque international de l’ASMOSIA Thasos 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity Thassos 15-20 september, 2003 Études réunies par Yannis MANIATIS É C O L E

F R A N Ç A I S E

D

´

A T H È N E S

B U L L E T I N

D E

C O R R E S P O N D A N C E

H E L L É N I Q U E