CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA
EKOLOGICZNA
T. 10,Nr9
2003
Czeslawa JASIEWICZ* and Jacek ANTONKIEWICZ*
ASSESSMENT O F COMMON F L A X (Linum usitatissimum L . ) U S A B I L I T Y F O R PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED W I T H H E A V Y M E T A L S OCENA PRZYDATNOSCI LNU WLOKNISTEGO {Linum usitatissimum L.) DO FITOREMEDIACJI G L E B Y ZANIECZYSZCZONEJ METALAMI C I ^ Z K I M I
Summary: The results of strict pot experiment concerning the assessment of common flax suitability for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals were presented. A weighted mean contents of the studied elements ranged between: 4.68-34.42 mg Cd, 1.34-16.8 mg Pb, 3.56-109.89 mg Ni, 3.68-12.88 mg Cu and 111.98-1332.95 mg Zn • kg"' d.m. Heavy metal utilisation by the studied plant was diversified. Irrespective of the treatment, a comparison of heavy metal per cent utilisation by flax reveals that it is possible to arrange the elements in the following order beginning from the highest values: Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu and Pb. The order shows that flax utilised Cd to the greatest extent and Pb to the smallest Key words: phytoremediation, common flax, yield, content, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn
Accumulation of toxic substances in arable soils is among the causes of ecosystem disturbances. Heavy metals play a specific role among the kinds of pollution in the industrialised areas [1, 2]. Removal of heavy metals becomes particularly important. The methods, which are implemented nowadays, are time-consuming but they only mildly affect the changes of soil biological activity. Such methods called phytoremediation (phytoextraction, phytostabilisation, rhisofiltration) use green plants to remove or stabilise pollution [3-6]. This investigations aimed to assess the flax suitability for biological phytoextraction.
Material and methods A pot experiment was carried out in a vegetation hall of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow. Mineral soil with granulometric * Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agriculture, A l . A . Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, tel. 0/.../12/662 43 50, tel./fax. 0/.../12/662 43 4 1 , e-mail:
[email protected]
Czestawa Jasiewicz and Jaceic Antonkiewicz
902
composition of clayey silt collected from the arable topsoil was used for the experiment. The soil reaction measured in 1 mol • dm~^ K C l solution was 5.5, cation exchange capacity determined by Kappen's method was 12.0 cmol(+) and hydrolytic acidity 2.3 cmol(+) • kg"' soil. The experimental soil contained 12% sand, 52% silt and 36% clay. The experimental design included 5 treatments (each in 4 replications): control (without heavy metal addition) and 4 treatments with increasing heavy metal doses (tab. 1). Table 1 Heavy metal doses supplied to the soil Treatment
Heavy metal doses [mg • kg ' d.m. soil]
I
Control
II
Cd l , P b 1 5 , N i 5 , C u lO.ZnSO
III
Cd 2, Pb 30, Ni 10, Cu 20, Zn 100
IV
Cd 4, Pb 60, Ni 20, Cu 40, Zn 200
V
Cd 8, Pb 120, Ni 40, Cu 80, Zn 400
The heavy metals were applied as water solutions of the following salts: 3CdS04 • 8H2O, C U S O 4 • 5H2O, NiS04 • 7H2O, Pb(N03)2 and ZnS04 • 7H2O. The vegetation period for flax was 104 days. After the harvest the plants were dried in a dryer at 105 §C and the amount of yield was determined. The samples of the tested soil were dry mineralised in a muffle furnace at 450°C [7]. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn were assessed by ICP-EAS method (inductively coupled plasma emission atomic spectrometry).
Results and discussion Phytoextraction was used at various levels of heavy metal soil contamination. The soil parameters and its Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn content were presented earlier in the methods and in table 1. Common flax suitability for phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils was assessed on the basis of the amount of yield and concentrations, uptake and utilisation of heavy metals from soil. Common flax yield depended considerably on the level of the soil heavy metal contamination and ranged between 4.55 and 87.02 g • pot"' (tab. 2). Toxic effect of heavy metals on the amount of aerial part and root yield was already registered on treatment III, i.e. with 2 mg Cd, 30 mg Pb, 10 mg Ni, 20 mg Cu and 100 mg Zn • kg"' d.m. soil. The content of heavy metals coexisting in soils points to a possible limiting of common flax growth. The toxic effect of heavy metals on Linaceae was also reported by Grzebisz et al. [8]. So, finding plant species and cultivars resistant to heavy metal present in soil is very important for the successful phytoextraction. Jerusalem artichoke, Sida hermaphrodita Rusby and hemp are among such species [9-11]. A decline in common flax yield depending on the treatment ranged between 15% and 88% in comparison with the control (tab. 2).
Assessment of Common Flax (Linum usitatissimum L . ) Usability..
903
Table 2 Common flax yield {Linum usitatissimum) [g d.m. • pot ' ] Treatment
Aerial parts
Roots
Total
I
74.78
12.24
87.02
II
72.12
12.01
84.13
III
64.29
10.09
74.38
IV
55.11
8.32
63.43
V
7.82
2.48
10.30
NRI„-o.o5
4.09
0.82
4.55
Decline in yields I
100
100
100
II
-A
-2
-3
ni
-14
-18
-15
IV
-26
-32
-27
-90
-80
-88
V
Tolerance index (Tj) of common flax yield 1 U
0.96
0.98
0.97
0.86
0.82
0.85
IV
0.74
0.68
0.73
V
0.10
0.20
0.12
III
-
Literature data [12, 13] show that despite determining the nonability interval and significance of differences in yield amounts also so called quantitative contamination effect is determined which is identified as a tolerance index (Tj) defined as a ratio of the amount of yield of a crop cultivated in a contaminated soil to the yield of crop cultivated in soil with natural heavy metal content (control). The value of tolerance index for the tested plant ranged between 0.97 and 0.12 (tab. 2). At the first level of heavy metal soil contamination the tolerance index of common flax yield assumed values approximating one. It testifies that soil heavy metal concentrations at this level did not have any noticeable effect on the yield amount. As the contamination levels were raising a systematic decrease in the yield toleration index was observed. Heavy metal phytoextraction from soil was assessed on the basis of plant concentrations of heavy metals. Mean weighted content of the tested elements in common flax fell within the following ranges: 4.68-34.42 mg Cd, 1.34-16.18 mg Pb, 3.56-109.89 mg Ni, 3.68-12.88 mg Cu, 111.98-1332.95 mg Zn • kg"' d.m. (tab. 3). Heavy metals supplied to the soil caused a systematic increase in the content of studied elements in the tested plant. Analysing element distribution in the indicator parts of common flax it may be noticed that already on the control and then at individual levels of heavy metal soil contamination distinct differences in the tested heavy metal concentrations became apparent (fig. 1). At the highest level of heavy metal soil contamination it was found that Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu accumulated in greatest quantities in the flax aerial parts. On all treatments roots accumulated the biggest amounts of lead, the aerial parts absorbed the most of zinc. The greatest increase in common flax indicator part Ni concentrations was observed as the effect of growing heavy metal doses in soil, whereas Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu were next in line.
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Czeslawa Jasiewicz and Jacek Antonkiewicz
Treatment
Fig. 1. Content of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn in common flax
Treatment
Assessment of Common Flax (Linum usitatissimum L . ) Usability...
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Table 3 Concentrations, uptake and percent utilisation of heavy metals by common flax
TrMtmpnt
Content [mg • kg ' d.m.] Weighted mean
Uptake [mg • pot"']
Utilisation
[%]
Cd I
4.68
0.41
13.56
11 III
8.20
0.69
7.65
10.14
0.75
5.02
IV
17.27
1.10
4.06
V
34.42
0.36
0.70
Pb I
1.34
0.12
0.15
11
1.97
0.17
0.10
III
2.24
0.17
0.06
IV
3.82
0.24
0.06
V
16.18
0.17
0.02
1.89
Ni I 11
3.56
0.31
8.27
0.69
1.50
III
15.75
1.17
IV
35.27
2.24
1.53 1.64
V
109.89
1.13
0.44
Cu I II
3.68
0.32
1.40
9.12
0.77
0.92
III
9.69
0.72
0.50
IV
10.69
0.68
0.26
V
12.88
0.13
0.03
Zn I
111.98
9.76
4.68
11
165.84
13.92
2.74
III
266.88
19.83
2.45
IV
498.29
31.69
2.25
V
1332.95
13.74
0.53
Tlie results of authors' own investigations confirm the reports of Grzebisz et al. [8] who also detected high concentrations of heavy metals in common flax cultivated in soils contaminated with heavy metals. The efficiency of phytoextraction process was assessed also on the basis of the amount of heavy metal uptake by common flax. The heavy metal quantities removed with the tested plant yield ranged, depending on the treatment, between 0.36-1.10 mg Cd, 0.12-0.24 mg Pb, 0.31-2.24 mg Ni, 0.13-0.77 mg Cu and 9.76-31.69 mg Zn • pot'' (tab. 3). As the soil pollution grew a systematic increase in the heavy metal uptake by common flax was noticed. The greatest Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn removal with common flax yield was detected at the third level of heavy metal soil pollution, i.e. on treatment IV at
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Czeslawa Jasiewicz and Jaceic Antonkiewicz
the dose of 4 mg Cd, 60 mg Pb, 20 mg Ni, 40 mg Cu and 200 mg Zn • kg"' d.m. The increases in the studied elements were: 2.70, 2.09, 7.21 and 3.25-fold respectively, in comparison with the control. At a higher soil pollution level (treatment V ) a drastic decrease in Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn uptake was noted. Unlike Cd and Cu no decreased uptake of Pb, Ni and Zn, below the control, was found at the highest level of the soil contamination. Summary decrease in Cd and Cu uptake by common flax in treatment V was: 26.5% and 66.2% respectively, in comparison with the control. The results obtained in the presented experiment showing that with increasing soil heavy metal concentrations their uptake by plants raises, were confirmed by some earlier investigations [4, 8, 11]. Inhibitory effect of heavy metals on the growth and the element uptake by plants is of major importance for reclamation and phytoremediation processes in chemically degraded areas [14]. Percentage utilisation of the analysed heavy metals {i.e. the percent of the element uptake by common flax per pot in relation to its soil content) ranged: 0.70-13.56% Cd, 0. 02.0.15% Pb, 0.44-1.89% Ni, 0.03-1.40% Cu and 0.53-4.68% Zn (tab. 3). Comparing the percentage utilisation of heavy metals by common flax, irrespective of the treatment the following order may be stated: Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu and Pb. The above order shows that Jerusalem artichoke utilised the highest percentage of Cd, whereas the lowest in the case of Pb. Because of high ability for heavy metal accumulation, particularly Zn, Cd and Ni by common flax cultivated on different levels of soil heavy metal contamination, this fibrous plant utilisation for heavy metal extraction in the chemically degrade regions seems purposeful and justified.
Conclusions 1. The biggest reduction of common flax yield was registered at the highest soil contamination with heavy metals. A decline in yield, depending on the treatment ranged between 15% and 88% as compared with the control. 2. With increasing soil heavy metal content a systematic increase in the studied metals was noticed. The weighted mean of the studied elements ranged between 4.68-34.42 mg Cd, 1.34-16.18 mg Pb, 3.56-109.89 mg Ni, 3.68-12.88 mg Cu and 111.98-1332.95 mg Zn • kg"' d.m. 3. The uptake of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn depended on the level of soil pollution with heavy metals. Heavy metal uptake by common flax per pot ranged between 0.36 and 1.10 mg Cd, 0.12-0.24 mg Pb, 0.31-2.24 mg Ni, 0.13-0.77 mg Cu and 9.76-31.69 mg Zn • pot"'. The above results show that common flax took up the most of zinc and the least of lead. 4. Among the analysed elements cadmium was utilised in the greatest proportion (13.5%), then zinc (4.7%), nickel (1.9%), copper (1.4) and lead (0.15%). References [1] Wyzgolik B . and Karweta S.: Arch. Ochr. Srodow., 1998, 24, 2, 43-59.
Assessment of Common Flax (Linum usitatissimum L . ) Usability..
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[2] Terelak H . , Stuczynski T . , Motowicka-Terelak T . and Piotrowska M.: Arch. Ochr. Srodow., 1997, 23, 3-4, 167-180. [3] Kucharski R., Sas-Nowosielska A., Pogrzeba M., Kryhski K . and Malkowski E . : Ochr. Srodow. i Zasob. Natur., 1999, 18, 469-475. [4] Malkowski E . , Sas-Nowosielska A . , Pogrzeba M., Kucharski R., Kuperberg J.M., Dushenkow S. and Gorecki R.: Ochr. Srodow. i Zasob. Natur., 1999, 18, 4 0 3 ^ 1 1 . [5] Sas-Nowosielska A., Kucharski R., Krynski K . , Matachowski E . and Pogrzeba M.: Ochr. Srodow. i Zasob. Natur., 1999, 18, 463-468. [6] Antonkiewicz J . and Jasiewicz Cz.: Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, Series Environmental Development, 2002, Vol. 5, 1, 1-13. Adres intemetowy: http://www.ejpau. media.pl/series/voIume5/issue 1 /environment/art-01 .html [7] Ostrowska A., Gawlinski S. and Szczubialka Z.: Metody analizy i oceny wlasciwosci gleb i roslin. Katalog. Wyd. lOS, Warszawa 1991, 334 p. [8] Grzebisz W., Potarzycki J . and Ciesla L . : Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln., 1998, (460), 697-708. [9] Borkowska H . , Jackowska I . , Piotrowski J . and Styk B . : Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln., 1996, (434), 927-930. [10] Jasiewicz Cz. and Antonkiewicz J . : Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln., 2000, (472), 323-330. [11] Jasiewicz Cz. and Antonkiewicz J . : Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln., 2000, (472), 331-339. [12] Bradshaw A.D.: International Conference of Heavy Metal in the Environment. 1981, vol. 2, part 2, 509-522. [13] Spiak Z.-. Zesz. Nauk. A R Wroclaw, 1993, Rozpr. habil. 121, 88 p. [14] Brej T . and Fabiszewski J . : Mat. pokonferencyjne, (ed.) J . Fabiszewski, P A N Oddzial we Wroclawiu. Komisja Nauk o Ziemi, Wroclaw 1983, p. 223-236.
O C E N A P R Z Y D A T N O S C I L N U W L O K N I S T E G O (Linum usitatissimum L . ) DO F I T O R E M E D I A C J I G L E B Y Z A N I E C Z Y S Z C Z O N E J M E T A L A M I C I l ^ Z K I M I S t r e s z c z e n i e Akumulacja toksycznych substancji w glebach uprawnych stanowi jedn^ z przyczyn zaburzenia systemu ekologicznego. Wsrod zanieczyszczeh szczegoln^ rol? w okr?gach przemystowych odgrywajX metale ci^zkie. Problem usuwania metali ci^zkich nabiera wi?c szczegolnego znaczenia. Wdrazane s\y wymagaj^ce dhizszego czasu, ale wplywajq^ce znacznie lagodniej na zmiany aktywnosci biologicznej gleb. W metodach tych, okreslanych mianem fitoremediacji (fitoekstrakcja, fitostabilizacja, rizofiltracja), wykorzystywane s^ rosliny do usuwania b^dz stabilizowania zanieczyszczeh. Celem podj?tych badan byta ocena przydatnosci Inu wloknistego do fitoekstrakcji biologicznej. Badania przeprowadzono w 2001 r. w warunkach doswiadczenia wazonowego. Schemat doswiadczenia obejmowal 5 obiektow (kazdy w 4 powtorzeniach): obiekt kontrolny (bez dodatku metali ci?zkich) i 4 obiekty zawieraj^^ce wzrastaj^^ce dawki metali ci§zkich. Metale ci?zkie zastosowano w formie wodnych roztworow soli: 3CdS04 • 8H2O, C U S O 4 • 5H2O, NiS04 • 7H2O, Pb(N03)2 i ZnS04 • 7H2O. Do doswiadczenia wykorzystano gleb? mineraln^^ o skladzie granulometrycznym pyhi ilastego. Najwyzszy poziom zanieczyszczenia gleby metalami ci^zkimi wynosil: 8 mg Cd; 120 mg Pb; 40 mg Ni; 80 mg Cu i 400 mg Zn • kg"' s.m. gleby. Okres wegetacji Inu wloknistego wynosil 104 dni. Po zebraniu roslin okreslono ilosc plonu. Nast?pnie probki roslin poddano mineralizacji na sucho w piecu muflowym w temp. 450°C. Zawartosc Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn oznaczono metody I C P - E A S (atomowa spektrometria emisyjna z indukcyjnie wzbudzon^ plazm^. Istotny wplyw na ilosc plonu mial poziom zanieczyszczenia gleby metalami ci?zkimi. Obnizenie plonu w odniesieniu do obiektu kontrolnego w zaleznosci od obiektu miescilo si? w zakresie 15-88%. Stwierdzono istotnq^ zaleznosc mi§dzy zawartosci^ Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu i Zn w glebie a zawartosci^^ tych metali w cz?sciach wskaznikowych testowanej rosliny. Srednia wazona zawartosci badanych pierwiastkow miescila si? w granicach: 4,68-34,42 mg Cd; 1,34-16,18 mg Pb; 3,56-109,89 mg Ni; 3,68-12,88 mg Cu oraz 111,98-1332,95 mg Zn • kg"' s.m. Wykorzystanie metali ci?zkich przez badan^ roslin? bylo zroznicowane. Porownuj^c procentowe wykorzystanie metali ci?zkich przez len, niezaleznie od obiektu, mozna ustalic szereg od wartosci najwi?kszych w nast?puj^cej kolejnosci: Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb. Z powyzszego szeregu wynika, ze Cd byl wykorzystywany przez len wloknisty w najwi?kszym procencie, a Pb w najmniejszym. Slowa kluczowe: fitoremediacja, len wloknisty, plon, zawartosc, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn
