Learning Objecgves. Successful complegon of this module will enable students
to. • Link the basic model of an atom to the flow of electricity. • Apply the ...
Basic Electricity EAS 199A Lecture Notes
Learning Objec:ves Successful comple:on of this module will enable students to • Link the basic model of an atom to the flow of electricity • Apply the defini:ons of Amp, Volt, Coulomb, Joule, WaJ to unit conversions and basic problems involving current and voltage • Apply Ohm’s Law to simple DC circuits
Defini:on Electricity is a form of energy resul2ng from the existence of charged par2cles (such as electrons or protons), either sta2cally as an accumula2on of charge or dynamically as a current. Concise Oxford English Dic:onary, revised 10th edi:on
Defini:on Electricity is a form of energy resul2ng from the existence of charged par2cles (such as electrons or protons), either sta2cally as an accumula2on of charge or dynamically as a current. Concise Oxford English Dic:onary, revised 10th edi:on
Defini:on Conductor: A conductor is a material that readily allows the flow of electricity. A good conductor has a high numerical value of a conduc2vity, and a low numerical value of resistance.
Defini:on Conduc+vity: All materials have a measurable property called electrical conduc:vity that indicates the ability of the material to either allow or impede the flow of electrons. Materials that easily conduct electricity have a high conduc:vity.
Defini:on Insulator: An insulator is a material that tends to impede the flow of electricity. A resistor has a low numerical value of conduc:vity and high numerical value of resistance.
Defini:on Semiconductor: A semiconductor is a material with conduc:vity between that of a conductor and insulator. The conduc:vity of a semiconductor can be changed by exposing it to an electrical field, light, mechanical pressure, or heat.
Simplified Func:onal Differences
Semiconductors can be used in devices that act like a switch.
Elements • Pure substances are made of elements. • An element consists of atoms • Atoms have a nucleus consis:ng of protons and neutrons • Electrons move in shells around the nucleus
Elements • Number of protons determines the element • Number of electrons varies – State of electrical charge – Is the element in a chemical bond?
• Number of neutrons varies with isotope
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
PERIOD
GROUP IA
1 1
1
H HYDROGEN
3
6.941
2
3
Be BERYLLIUM
Mg MAGNESIUM
39.098
40.078
IVB 5 47.867 23
IIIB 4 44.956 22
VB 6 50.942 24
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
CALCIUM
SCANDIUM
TITANIUM
VANADIUM
85.468
38
87.62
39
88.906
40
91.224
41
92.906
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
RUBIDIUM
STRONTIUM
YTTRIUM
ZIRCONIUM
NIOBIUM
55
132.91
56
137.33
Cs
Ba
CAESIUM
BARIUM
87
(223)
88
(226)
Fr
Ra
FRANCIUM
RADIUM
10.811
57-71
La-Lu Lanthanide
72
Actinide
73
180.95
VIB 7 VIIB 8 51.996 25 54.938 26
Cr
Mn
95.96
43
Mo
(98)
Tc
183.84
75
186.21
B
C
N
O
F
CARBON
NITROGEN
OXYGEN
FLUORINE
IB 12 63.546 30
IIB 65.38
26.982
14
28.086
15
30.974
16
32.065
35.453
10
20.180
Ne NEON
18
39.948
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
ALUMINIUM
SILICON
PHOSPHORUS
SULPHUR
CHLORINE
ARGON
31
69.723
32
72.64
33
74.922
34
78.96
35
79.904
36
83.798
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
COBALT
NICKEL
COPPER
ZINC
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
ARSENIC
SELENIUM
BROMINE
KRYPTON
44
101.07
Ru 76
190.23
45
102.91
46
106.42
47
107.87
48
112.41
49
114.82
50
118.71
51
121.76
52
127.60
53
126.90
54
131.29
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
RHODIUM
PALLADIUM
SILVER
CADMIUM
INDIUM
TIN
ANTIMONY
TELLURIUM
IODINE
XENON
83
84
77
192.22
78
195.08
79
196.97
80
200.59
81
204.38
82
207.2
208.98
(209)
85
(210)
86
(222)
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
TANTALUM
TUNGSTEN
RHENIUM
OSMIUM
IRIDIUM
PLATINUM
GOLD
MERCURY
THALLIUM
LEAD
BISMUTH
POLONIUM
ASTATINE
RADON
(267)
105
(268)
106
(271)
107
(272)
108
(277)
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
RUTHERFORDIUM
DUBNIUM
SEABORGIUM
BOHRIUM
HASSIUM
109
(276)
Mt
110
(281)
Ds
111
(280)
Rg
112
(285)
Cn
MEITNERIUM DARMSTADTIUM ROENTGENIUM COPERNICIUM
LANTHANIDE
57 (1) Pure Appl. Chem., 81, No. 11, 2131-2156 (2009)
17
HELIUM
IRON
MOLYBDENUM TECHNETIUM RUTHENIUM
74
58.693
11 29
18.998
VIIA
Fe
CHROMIUM MANGANESE
42
55.845
VIIIB 9 10 27 58.933 28
VIA 17 15.999 9
BORON
13
ELEMENT NAME
VA 16 14.007 8
HAFNIUM
89-103 104
Ac-Lr
178.49
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (1)
B
IVA 15 12.011 7
IIIA 14 10.811 6
13 5
IIIA
13 5
BORON
3 21
He
GROUP NUMBERS CHEMICAL ABSTRACT SERVICE (1986)
SYMBOL
POTASSIUM
37
7
20
ATOMIC NUMBER
24.305
Na 19
6
12
SODIUM
4
5
9.0122
Li 22.990
GROUP NUMBERS IUPAC RECOMMENDATION (1985)
IIA
2 4
LITHIUM
11
18 VIIIA 2 4.0026
http://www.periodni.com
1.0079
138.91
La
Relative atomic mass is shown with five significant figures. For elements have no LANTHANUM stable nuclides, the value enclosed in brackets indicates the mass number of the longest-lived ACTINIDE isotope of the element. However three such elements (Th, Pa, and U) do have a 89 (227) characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, and for these an atomic weight is tabulated.
Copyright © 2010 Eni Generalic
58
140.12
59
Pr
Ce CERIUM
90
232.04
140.91
60
144.24
Nd
61
(145)
Pm
62
150.36
Sm
PRASEODYMIUM NEODYMIUM PROMETHIUM SAMARIUM
91
231.04
92
238.03
Ac
Th
Pa
U
ACTINIUM
THORIUM
PROTACTINIUM
URANIUM
93
(237)
Np
94
(244)
Pu
NEPTUNIUM PLUTONIUM
63
151.96
Eu
64
157.25
Gd
EUROPIUM GADOLINIUM
95
(243)
96
(247)
Am
Cm
AMERICIUM
CURIUM
65
158.93
66
162.50
67
164.93
68
167.26
69
168.93
70
173.05
71
174.97
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
TERBIUM
DYSPROSIUM
HOLMIUM
ERBIUM
THULIUM
YTTERBIUM
LUTETIUM
97
(247)
Bk
98
(251)
Cf
99
(252)
Es
BERKELIUM CALIFORNIUM EINSTEINIUM
100
(257)
101
(258)
Fm
Md
FERMIUM
MENDELEVIUM
102
(259)
No
103
(262)
Lr
NOBELIUM LAWRENCIUM
Periodic Table: Copper
Bohr Model of the atom (Cu)
Electrical current in a trivial circuit Conductor
+ Battery –
Electrical current: atomic model
+ Battery –
Electrical Current: electron flow
+ Battery –
Electrical Current: electron flow
Electron flow: negative to positive + Battery –
Electrical Current: current conven:on
Current flow: positive to negative
Electron flow: negative to positive
+ Battery –
How many electrons?
How many electrons?
Electrical current: poten:al
Electrical current: electron flow
Electrical current: conven:on
Defini:on: Charge Elementary charge 1 electron = 1.602 × 10–19 coulomb Coulomb 1 coulomb= 6.24 × 1018 electrons
Defini:on: Current
C 1A = 1 s 18 1 C = 6.24 "10 electrons
!
Defini:on: Voltage
J 1V = 1 coulomb
!
Voltage and electrical work
A
e–
B
If the voltage between A and B is one volt, then one Joule of work is done when 6.28 × 1018 electrons move from A to B.
Ohm’s Law V R I
V = IR
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law
Example: Current through a light bulb A 1.5 volt AA baJery is wired to a light bulb with a resistance of 30 Ω. a. Sketch the components. b. Draw the circuit. c. Find the current flowing through the light bulb.
Example: Current through a light bulb A 1.5 volt AA baJery is wired to a light bulb with a resistance of 30 Ω. a. Sketch the components.
Example: Current through a light bulb A 1.5 volt AA baJery is wired to a light bulb with a resistance of 30 Ω. a. Sketch the components. b. Draw the circuit.
Example: Current through a light bulb c. Find the current flowing through the bulb Apply Ohm’s Law to the loop V = I R
V and R and known, so solve for I I = V/R Subs:tute the known values and compute the value of I I = 1.5V = 0.05 A = 50 mA 30 ! where 1 A = 1000 mA.