BES 19

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BULLETIN OF THE EGYPTOLOGICAL SEMINAR

The Art and Culture of Ancient Egypt: Studies in Honor of Dorothea Arnold

VOLUME 19 2015

BES 19

BULLETIN OF THE EGYPTOLOGICAL SEMINAR The Art and Culture of Ancient Egypt: Studies in Honor of Dorothea Arnold

VOLUME 19

2015

BES 19 (2015)

Hill, “Bibliography of Dorothea Arnold”

“Vase in the Shape of a Monkey with its Young.” In “Recent Acquisitions, A Selection: 1992– 1993.” Bulletin of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 51, no. 2 (Fall 1993), 6-7. “Egyptian Art.” Annual Report, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 123 (1993), 24-25. 1994 “Block Statue of Ankh-Wennefer.” In “Recent Acquisitions, A Selection: 1993–1994.” Bulletin of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 52, no. 2 (Fall 1994), 10-11. “Egyptian Art.” Annual Report, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 124 (1994), 29-30. 1995 “An Egyptian Bestiary.” Bulletin of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 52, no. 4 (Spring 1995). Reprinted from Bulletin of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York on the occasion of the exhibition at the Museum, Apr. 12–Oct. 15, 1995. New York, 1995. “Canaanite Imports at Lisht, the Middle Kingdom Capital of Egypt” (with Felix Arnold and Susan Allen). Ägypten und Levante V. Vienna, 1995, 13-32. “Fragment of a Head of King Apries.” In “Recent Acquisitions, A Selection: 1994–1995.” Bulletin of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 53, no. 2 (Fall 1995), 6-7. 1996 The Royal Women of Amarna: Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt (with contributions by James P. Allen and L. Green). Catalogue of an exhibition held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Oct. 8, 1996–Feb. 2, 1997. New York, 1996. “Re-installation of the Metropolitan Museum’s Amarna Art & Queen Nefertiti and the Royal Women: Images of Beauty From Ancient Egypt.” KMT 7/4 (1996), 18-31. “The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Work at the Middle Kingdom Sites of Thebes and Lisht.” In The American Discovery of Ancient Egypt: Essays. Edited by Nancy Thomas. Los Angeles, 1996, 57-78. “Egypt, Ancient: Ceramics.” In The Dictionary of Art 10, §XIII. New York, 1996, 21-28. “Statuette of Wepay.” In Ancient Art from the Shumei Family Collection. Catalogue of an exhibition held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, June 20–Sept. 1, 1996, and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Nov. 17, 1996–Feb. 9, 1997. New York, 1996, 1-3.

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BULLETIN 1997 OFbyTHE Preface to Ägypten: Die Welt der Pharaonen. Edited Regine Schulz and Matthias Seidel. Cologne, 1997, 6. EGYPTOLOGICAL

“Torso of a Striding Statue of a General.” Apollo (July 1997), 15. SEMINAR

“Statuette of Wepay.” In Miho Museum, South Wing. Shigaraki, Japan, 1997, 15-16. 1998 “Head of a Hippopotamus.” In “Recent Acquisitions, A Selection: 1997–1998.” Bulletin of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 56, no. 2 (Fall 1998), 6.

The Art and Culture of Ancient Egypt: 1999 Studies in Honor of Dorothea Arnold Editor (with Christiane Ziegler) and author. “Royal Reliefs.” “Stone Vessels: Luxury Items with Manifold

Implications” (with Elena Pischikova). Catalogue entries. “Scenes from a King’s Thirty-Year Jubilee.” “Paste-Filled Reliefs from the Tomb of Itet.” “Fragments of Painting from the Tomb of Itet.” “King Khufu’s Cattle.” “Man with a Sunshade.” “Woodcutter among Trees.” “Head of a Female Personification of an Estate.” “Billy Goat.” “Relief of Hemiunu’s Face.” “Small Head of a King, Probably Khafre, Wearing the White Crown.” “Group of Archers.” “Bowl with Turned-in Sections of Rim.” “Booty Animals and a Vase from the Near East.” “The Hunt in the Desert from the Pyramid Temple of King Sahure.” “Relief Block with Deities and Fecundity Figures.” “Lion-Headed Goddess Suckling King Niuserre.” “Early Summer in the Nile Valley.” “Late Summer in the Nile Valley.” “Scenes from the Thirty-Year Jubilee of King Niuserre.” “The Hunt in the Desert from the Tomb of Pehen-wi-ka.” “Two Young Dogs.” “Bowl.” “Jar.” “Relief Fragment from Coptos.” “Three Jars in the Shape of Mother Monkeys and their Young.” “Brewer’s Vat of Queen Mother Ankh-nes-Pepi (II).” “Fishermen and Herdsmen with their Animals.” “Still Life: Offerings for the Deceased.” “Thirty-two Miniature Vessels and a Table.” In Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. French edition entitled L’art égyptien au temps des pyramides. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, Apr. 6–July 12, 1999, The Edited by: Adela Oppenheim and Ogden Goelet Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Sept. 16, 1999–Jan. With the assistance of: 9, 2000, and the Royal Ontario Dieter Arnold Museum, Toronto, Feb. 13–May Sara Chen 22, 2000. New York, 2000, 83Marsha Hill Anna-Marie Kellen 101, 121-131, 196-204, 222-228, Scott Murphy 232-233, 261-262, 265-267, 310, Pamlyn Smith 333-341, 352-359, 398-400, 402, 420-421, 444-445, 446-447, 454455, 468-473, 492-493. French edition, 72-82, 112-118, 168-172, 186-193, 198, 259, 268, 272-275, 280-287, 307-308, 310-312, 324325, 349-350, 356, 360, 379-380. VOLUME 19 2015

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BES 19 (2015)

Hill, “Bibliography of Dorothea Arnold”

1978 “Warum ägyptische Keramik?” In Meisterwerke altägyptischer Keramik: 5000 Jahre Kunst und und Fayence. Catalogue The EgyptologicalKunsthandwerk Seminar of aus NewTonYork of an exhibition held 16 September to 30 November 1978, Rastal-Haus (Keramik-Museum Westerwald) Hachenburg, 1978, 15-28 and President AdelaHöhr-Grenzhausen. Oppenheim, passim. Museum of Art The Metropolitan 1979 Phyllis Saretta Dieter and Dorothea Arnold, with Andreas Brodbeck. DerDriller Tempel Qasr el-Sagha. Archäologische Treasurer Stewart Veröffentlichungen 27. Mainz am Rhein, 1979. Editors of BES Ogden Goelet, Jr., 1980 University New York “Keramik.” LÄ III, cols. 392-409. Adela Oppenheim, 1981 Museum of Art The Metropolitan Editor and author. “Introduction.” “Eine Tonschüssel als ‘Osirisbett’ in der 11. Dynastie” (with Maria Members of the Board: Hopf). “Ägyptische Mergeltone (‘Wüstentone’) und die Arts, Herkunft Mergeltonware des Mittleren Matthew Adams, Institute of Fine New einer York University Reiches aus der Gegend von Memphis.” In Studien zur Altägyptischen Mainz am Rhein, 1981, Peter Feinman, Institute of History, Archaeology, Keramik. and Education 7-10, 85-87, 167-191. Sameh Iskander, Ramesses Temple in Abydos Project Vice-President

1982 “Keramikbearbeitung in Dahschur 1976–1981.”Manhattan MDAIK 38College (1982), 25-65. David Moyer, Marymount

1989 “Egyptian Art.” Annual Report, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 119 (1989), 24-25.

Contents

1990 “Vessel in the Shape of a Cat.” In “Recent Acquisitions, A Selection: Compiled by Marsha Hill 1989–1990.” Bulletin of The Bibliography Metropolitan of Museum of Art, New York 48, no. Dorothea Arnold���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 2 (Fall 1990), 8-9. James P. Allen “Egyptian Art.” of Annual Report, The Literature��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Metropolitan The Advent Ancient Egyptian 15 Museum of Art, New York 120 (1990), 21-22. Susan J. Allen 1991An Offering to Mentuhotep, Son of Mentuhotep-ankhu, “Amenemhat I and the Early 26.3.316 Twelfth ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ Dynasty at Found at Thebes—MMA 25 Thebes.” Metropolitan Museum of Art Journal 26 (1991), 5-48. Hartwig Altenmüller Tausret als Königin und Pharao in den Abbildungen ihres Königsgrabes������������������������������� 41 “Fragment of a Sculptured Statue Base.” In “Recent Acquisitions, A Selection: 1990–1991.” Bulletin of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 49, no. 2 (Fall 1991), 6. Arnold Dieter Some Thoughts on the Building History of the “Egyptian Annual Report, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 121 (1991), 25-26. TempleArt.” of Mentuhotep Nebhepetre at Deir el-Bahri������������������������������������������������������������������� 59 1992 Felix Arnold “TheThe Model Pottery.” In Dieter The Pyramid of Senwosret I. Publications of The Temple of Ramses II in Arnold. the Precinct of HathorComplex at Memphis Metropolitan Museum of Artand Egyptian Expedition 25. New York, 1992, 83-91. Part I: Reconstruction Meaning��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 69

1988 “The Pottery.” In Dieter Arnold. The Pyramid of Senwosret I. Publications of The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition 22. New York, 1988, 106-146.

“OldestGhaly Pharaonic Site” (with Daniel J. Stanley and Andrew G. Warne). National Geographic Research Holeil and The Exploration (1992), 264-275. Temple 8.3 of Ramses II in the Precinct of Hathor at Memphis Part II: Hathor-Headed Columns�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79 “Relief Slabs from Amarna Temples.” “Head of an Antelope.” “Crocodile.” In “Recent Acquisitions, A Selection: Joan Aruz 1991–1992.” Bulletin of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 50, no. 2 (Fall 1992), 7-9. The Nude Female and the Iconography of Birth�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 85 “Egyptian Art.” Annual Report, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 122 (1992), 30-31. David A. Aston 1993The Faces of the Hyksos: Ceramic Sculpture in the Fifteenth Dynasty���������������������������������� 103 Editor (with Janine Bourriau). An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery. Author (with contributions by Paul Nicholson, Colin Hope, and Pamela Rose). “Fascicle 1: Techniques and Traditions of Manufacture Bettina Bader in the Pottery of Ancient Egypt.” Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. Abteilung Kairo. Sonderschriften Disc-Shaped Ornaments of the Early Middle Kingdom����������������������������������������������������������� 117 17. Mainz am Rhein, 1993. Miroslav Bárta “Face a Pharaoh.” “Statuette Khnumhotep.” Legacy: The Havemeyer Collection. Edited A of Reassembled False Dooroffrom the Time In of Splendid Nyuserra������������������������������������������������������������ 131 by Alice Cooney Frelinghuysen, Gary Tinterow, Susan Alyson Stein, et al. Published in conjunction with the exhibition held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Mar. 27–June 20, 1993. New York, 1993, 114-115.

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“Keramikfunde aus David Qila el-Dabba.” Denkmäler Oase Dachla aus dem Nachlass von Ahmed O’Connor, In Institute of Fineder Arts, New York University Fakhry. Adapted by J. Osing, M. Moursi, Do. Arnold, et al. Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 28. Mainz am Rhein, 1982, 42-56. Copyright © The Egyptological Seminar of New York, 2015 1983 “Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Cairo” (with W. Kaiser). “An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery” (with J. Bourriau). In Papers the Pottery International This volume wasofproduced inWorkshop part with Third the assistance of: Congress of Egyptology, Toronto, September 1982. Edited by A. L. Kelley. SSEA Studies 4. Toronto, 1983, 16-17, 19-20. 1986 “Töpferei, Töpferwerkstatt, Töpferöfen, Töpferscheibe.” LÄ VI, cols. 616-621.



Daphna Ben-Tor Scarabs from Hatshepsut’s Foundation Deposits at Deir el-Bahri: Insight into the Early 18th Dynasty and Hatshepsut’s Reign��������������������������������������������������� 139

Rita E. Freed The “Bersha Procession” in Context Part I: An Art Historical Examination��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 293

Robert Steven Bianchi A Hippopotamus for Hera ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 147

Pamela Hatchfield Compiled by Marsha Hill The “Bersha Procession” in Context Part II: Conservation History and Technical Study������������������������������������������������������������������ 311

Bibliography of Dorothea Arnold

Manfred Bietak and Bettina Bader Canon and Freedom of Fringe Art: à propos the Fish Bowls in the Second Intermediate Period����������������������������������������������������� 157

José M. Galán 11th Dynasty Burials below Djehuty’s Courtyard (TT 11) in Dra Abu el-Naga��������������������� 331

Janine Bourriau and Will Schenck The Last Marl C Potter: Sedment 276A�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 179

Ogden Goelet, Jr. Verse Points, Division Markers, and Copying���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 347

Betsy M. Bryan “Just Say ‘No’”—Iconography, Context, and Meaning of a Gesture��������������������������������������� 187

Zahi Hawass Newly Discovered Scenes of Tutankhamun from Memphis and Rediscovered Fragments from Hermopolis�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 359

Emilia Cortes From “Weft Fringes” to “Supplementary Weft Fringes”: Thoughts and Discussion on Weaving Evolution in Egyptian Textiles������������������������������������ 199 Denise Doxey The Family of Sehetepibra: A Pair of Unpublished Stelae in New York���������������������������������� 219 Marianne Eaton-Krauss The Original Owner of Egyptian Museum, Cairo JE 46600���������������������������������������������������� 225 Biri Fay Ancient Egyptian Art History is Dead: Long Live Ancient Egyptian Art History!��������������� 237 Richard Fazzini and Mary McKercher An Interesting Pottery Vessel from the Temple of Mut at South Karnak������������������������������� 241 Peter Feinman The Tempest in the Tempest: The Natural Historian���������������������������������������������������������������� 253 Marjorie Fisher A Recently Discovered Fragment of Senenmut’s Sarcophagus������������������������������������������������� 263 Laurel Flentye Royal Statuary of the Fourth Dynasty from the Giza Necropolis in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 277

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Marsha Hill A Statuette of Two Men and a Boy from the Amarna Period Part I: Face Facts for Understanding the Sculpture������������������������������������������������������������������ 367 1968 “Keramikbeispiele aus Gräbern der frühen 11. Dynastie von el-Tarif.” MDAIK 23 (1968), 38-67. Ann Heywood A Statuette of Two Men and a Boy from the Amarna Period 1969Part II: Materials Analysis and Imaging������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 379 Die Polykletnachfolge: Untersuchungen zur Kunst von Argos und Sikyon zwischen Polyklet und Lysipp. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Ergänzungshefte 25. Berlin, 1969. Salima Ikram A Torso from the Gayer-Anderson Museum, Cairo������������������������������������������������������������������� 389 1972 “Weiteres zur Keramik von el-Tarif: Saff el-Dawâba 1970/71.” MDAIK 28 (1972), 33-46. Sameh Iskander Building Phases of the Temple of Ramesses II at Abydos��������������������������������������������������������� 393 1973 “Meeting of Archaeologists Concerned with Egyptian Pottery.” NARCE no. 86 (July 1973), 11-20. Peter Jánosi “Bringing the Choicest of Haunches and Fowl…” 1976Some Thoughts on the Tomb of Rehuerdjersen at Lisht-North������������������������������������������������ 403 “Wandbild und Scherbenbefund: Zur Töpfertechnik der alten Ägypter vom Beginn der pharaonischen ZeitRaymond bis zu denJohnson Hyksos.” MDAIK 32 (1976), 1-34. W. Sexual Duality and Goddess Iconography on the 1977Amenhotep IV Sandstone Colossi at Karnak����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 415 “Gefässe, Gefässformen, Gefässdekor.” LÄ II, cols. 483-501. Jack A. Josephson “ZurReevaluating Keramik austhe dem Taltempelbereich der Pyramide Amenemhets III. in Dahschur.” MDAIK423 33 Date of the Abydos Head (MMA 02.4.191)���������������������������������������������������� (1977), 21-26.

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Janice Kamrin The Egyptian Museum Database, Digitizing, and Registrar Training Projects: Update 2012���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 431 Nanette B. Kelekian The Resurrection of Reniseneb���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 441 Peter Lacovara The Menkaure Valley Temple Settlement Revisited������������������������������������������������������������������ 447 David T. Mininberg One Snake or Two: Determining the True Symbol for Medicine��������������������������������������������� 455 Paul T. Nicholson, Phillip Parkes, and Caroline Jackson A Tale of Two Tiles: Preliminary Investigation of Two Faience ‘Bricks’�������������������������������� 463 David O’Connor Who was Merika? A Continuing Debate������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 477 Diana Craig Patch An Exceptional Early Statuette from Abydos���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 491 Elena Pischikova The Second Tomb of the Vizier Nespakashuty��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 501

Deborah Schorsch Bastet Goes Boating���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 571 Gerry Scott An Old Kingdom Monkey Vase in the Collection of the San Antonio Museum of Art��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������585 Friederike Seyfried Ein weiterer Beleg für ein Gebäude- bzw. Tempelteil, namens RwD-anx(.w)-Jtn in Amarna – zur revidierten Lesung eines Blockes in Privatbesitz����������������������������������������� 591 Hourig Sourouzian Lion and Sphinx Varia in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo����������������������������������������������������������� 597 Rainer Stadelmann Ptah who Listens to Prayers in the Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III at Thebes��������������������������������������������������������������� 613 Paul Edmund Stanwick Caracalla and the History of Imperial Sculpture in Egypt������������������������������������������������������ 619 Isabel Stünkel Notes on Khenemet-nefer-hedjet Weret II���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 631

Nicholas Reeves Tutankhamun’s Mask Reconsidered������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 511

Miroslav Verner “Two Vigilant (Pyramids): The Small One and the Large One”— On the First Cult Pyramid in a Queen’s Pyramid Complex����������������������������������������������������� 641

Catharine Roehrig Two Tattooed Women from Thebes��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 527

Malcolm H. Wiener Oh, No—Not Another Chronology!��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 649

Ann Macy Roth Upper Egyptian Heliopolis: Thebes, Archaism, and the Political Ideology of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III������������������������������������������������������������������� 537

Kei Yamamoto Iconography of the Sledge in Ancient Egyptian Funerary Art������������������������������������������������� 665

Wafaa el Saddik A Head for Amenemhat III’s Heb-sed Triad?���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 553 Phyllis Saretta Of Lyres, Lions, Light, and Everything New Under the Sun: An Amarna Relief in The Metropolitan Museum of Art���������������������������������������������������������� 557

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Christiane Ziegler Note sur la peinture « aux vases » (Louvre D 60 bis)����������������������������������������������������������������� 675 Irit Ziffer Pyramid Myths: Israel in Egypt�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 683

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BES 19 (2015)

Bettina Bader

Disc-Shaped Ornaments of the Early Middle Kingdom1 This small contribution is written in honour of Dorothea Arnold, who for many years has been a vigorous and inspiring driving force in the study of the art and the material culture of the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period. She can be truly considered a pioneer in the analysis and historical interpretation of ceramics. As one of the creators of the “Vienna System,” which has become essential for the study of ancient Egyptian ceramics, she moulded, influenced, and inspired a whole generation of younger Egyptologists interested in ceramic studies and the interpretation of this archaeological material. In my particular case, this inspiration led to a “Diplomarbeit” and consequently to a monograph on “sand- und kalkvermischten Mergelton aus der Fayumgegend,” which later acquired the more succinct name “Marl C.” I was particularly indebted to her article on marl clays from the Memphite region for my study.2 Although this paper is not about ceramics, it evolved during research conducted on the archaeological material from the First Intermediate Period/early Middle Kingdom cemeteries at Sedment, and in particular on a disc-shaped object found in one of the tombs. This site and its ceramic material were always of special interest to Dorothea Arnold and it thus seems a good opportunity to revisit it on this very special occasion. A more comprehensive study of these cemeteries is currently in preparation. 1. Introduction The site of Sedment is situated about 120 km south of modern Cairo, close to the entrance to the Fayoum Oasis as well as to Beni Suef and Ehnasya el-Medina. The area belongs to the 20th Upper Egyptian nome. The French explorer Jomard3 first discovered Ehnasya el-Medina and identified it as Herakleopolis Magna or Nn-njswt. In 1891, Édouard Naville was the first to closely investigate Sedment itself,4 demonstrating that the site was occupied in several periods, from the “IXth” Dynasty through the 18th Dynasty to the Graeco-Roman Period. However, he soon abandoned work there because the cemeteries were robbed.5 Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie was drawn to the area three times during his long life. He first visited the site in 1897 to dig a few trial trenches.6 In 1904, while excavating the Herishef Temple in Ehnasya 1



Thanks are due to the British Academy for awarding a Visiting Fellowship in 2006 that allowed me to come to the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge and study the archaeological material from Sedment in British museums. I would like to thank Helen Whitehouse for all her help in studying the finds from Sedment housed in the Ashmolean Museum and particularly for permission to use a photograph I took in 2006 for this article. David Aston read a draft of this paper, edited the English, and provided some literature unobtainable in Cambridge. I would also like to thank Adela Oppenheim and Ogden Goelet for improving the English of this paper.

2



Dorothea Arnold, “Ägyptische Mergeltone (“Wüstentone”) und die Herkunft einer Mergeltonware des Mittleren Reiches aus der Gegend von Memphis,” in Studien zur altägyptischen Keramik, Dorothea Arnold, ed. (Mainz am Rhein, 1981), 167-191.

3



E. Jomard in Description de l’Égypte: Antiquités-Descriptions, vol. IV (Paris, 1821), 403-410.

4



Edouard Naville, Ahnas el Medineh (Heracleopolis Magna), EEF 11 (London, 1894), 4.

5



Naville, Ahnas, 2-14. See also Margaret Serpico, “Sedment,” in Unseen Images: Archive Photographs in the Petrie Museum 1, Gurob, Sedment and Tarkhan, Janet Picton and Ivor Pridden, eds. (London, 2008), 100-101.

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Margaret S. Drower, Flinders Petrie: A Life in Archaeology (London, 1985), 274.

Fig. 5.

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BES 19 (2015)

Bader, “Disc-Shaped Ornaments”

7 el-Medina, North: Several he encouraged bones of a bull C. T. about Currelly one year andold W. (excav. L. S. Loat no. 22/AS37/2007). to make a kind 2of secondary expedition to Sedment, is only aboutwere 7-8 km distant. The results of this effort were mentioned rather cursorily Insidewhich the sarcophagus found the mummified corpse and personal items belonging to the 8 and in effect dismissed. deceased priest, includingIna spite woodofheadrest (excav. no. 43/AS37/2007), a wood walking stick17, about 1.50 the “non-success,” sixteen years later, from December 1920 to m long25, and originally decorated with thin goldofstrips (excav. 44a/AS37/2007), a wood kherep-scepter April 1921, Petrie again answered the call Sedment andno. fully excavated the site. Only this very last 9 (excav. no.considered 44b/AS37/2007), a flat-based vessel (excav. no.autobiography. 45/AS37/2007), dozens of tiny faience visit was memorable enough calcite to be mentioned in his The recent publication beads (excav. nos. 46‑49, 51/AS37/2007), the skeleton a mouse (excav. no. 50/AS37/2007), and a simple of a large number of photographic negatives from theofexpedition, now preserved in the archives of the gold necklace six stoneArchaeology, pendants (excav. no. 52/AS37/2007). Petrie Museumwith of Egyptian London, provides us with an opportunity to learn more about camp life and the circumstances under which the cemeteries of Sedment were explored and recorded.10 Titles In retrospect, it seems that both Naville and Petrie were keen to find the “Herakleopolitans.” What makes thework tombatofSedment Inpunefer unique is in that theand reassembled now completebyfalse door More recent wassoundertaken 1992 1993 westand of the cemeteries the local describes theofcareer of an official who is known not only from his titles or tomb but also Inspectorate Antiquities at Beni Suef, under the direction of A. Galal Abdel Fatah,decoration, because cultivation fromabout his completely burial these equipment. Thus we can200 seetombs, how the titles Inpunefer’s was to destroy preserved the site. During excavations about most of indicating them rectangular pits, 11 12 specific position within society correspond to hiswere “afterlife were recleaned. In 1996, Ptolemaic monuments foundstatus” there. as reflected by his untouched burial equipment and contemporary funerary culture. 2. The Records Theaddition attestedtotitles and volume epithetsexcavation on the falsememoir door ofpublished Inpuneferby can be summarised In the two Petrie and Bruntonasinfollows: 1924, the archives 3 13 jmAxw “well-provided of the Petrie– Museum containone” a large part of the original tomb cards and photographic negatives of the excavation not deemed enough for publication. Also4 preserved are several of Major (j)m(j)-rthat kAtwere nbt wD.t(w) n.f – important “overseer of all works ordered to him” 5 H. G. C. Hynes’s which, as a letter in the Petrie Museum archives states, Petrie himself had (j)r(j) Nxn (n)notebooks, zAb – “keeper of Nekhen of the king” requested. The tomb and notebooks digitised (j)r(j)-(j)xt nzwt –cards “property custodianwere of the king”6 some time ago and made available to the public 14 on awab compact (CD-ROM). nzwt –disc “wab-priest of the king”7 Hm-nTr MAat – “Hm-nTr-priest of Maat”8 Hm-nTr Nfr-jr-kA-Ra – “Hm-nTr-priest Neferirkara”9 3. Description of the Contents of Tombof2108 10 The Hm-nTr disc-shaped ornament discussed hereofwas found in Sedment tomb 2108.15 Only Carol Andrews has @r %t-jb tAwj – “Hm-nTr-priest Horus Setibtawy” 11 devoted a brief this object class, connecting a similar disc from Matmar to the funerary Hm-nTr Ra mparagraph ^sp-jb-Ra –to“Hm-nTr-priest of Ra in Shesepibra” 12 16 maskHr(j)-sStA of Khety– from Asyut (see below). It is the purpose of this paper to collate the finds from Sedment “keeper of secret(s)” 2108,Hm-nTr and to@r take into consideration these objects asin-the-midst-of-his-palace” well as their archaeological13context. Hr(j)-jb aH – “Hm-nTr-priest of Horus Hm-nTr Nj-wsr-Ra – “Hm-nTr-priest of Nyuserra”14 7 At this h(Aj)t point is Herishefcourt” Temple15 is currently being cleaned and resurveyed by a team of smsw (n)seems zAb –noteworthy “elder of that the the (judicial)



2 8 3 9 4 10 5 11



6



7 12 8







9 13

Spanish archaeologists led by Carmen Pérez-Die of the Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, in collaboration with José-Ramón Pérez-Accino. Based on Z. Sůvová’s unpublished report on animal remains from the tomb complex of Inpunefer and his family. W. M. Flinders Petrie, Ehnasya 1904, EEF 26 (London, 1905), 32-35. See also Serpico, “Sedment,” 102. Dilwyn Jones, An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom I (Oxford, 2000), 11, no. 42. W. M. Flinders Petrie, Seventy Years in Archaeology (London, 1931), 242-245. Jones, Index, not listed. Serpico, “Sedment,” 100-180. Compare the reading by Jones, Index II, 808, no. 2953. For the discussion, see also Miroslav Bárta, The Cemeteries at Ahmed Galal Abdel Fatah and Susanne Bickel, “Trois cercueils de Sedment,” BIFAO 100 (2000), 1-36; Ahmed G. Abdel Abusir South I, Abusir V (Prague, 2001), 70‑71 and n. 57. Fatah and David A. Aston, “New Kingdom Anthropoid Pottery Coffins from Kom Abu Rady and Sedment,” JEOL 37 Jones, Index I, 327‑328, no. 1206. (2003), 127-180. Jones, Index I, 373, no. 1382. A. Galal Abd el-Fatah and Guy Wagner, “Épitaphes grecques d’époque ptolémaїque de Sedment el-Gebel (IIe/Ier Jones, I, 516‑517, no.juive 1930.dans la Chôra égyptienne,” CRIPEL 19 (1998), 85-96. siècles):Index une communauté Jones, Index II, 526, no. 1963. They are numbered consecutively, but it seems there are some cards missing within the series. It is not known, however,

Jones, Indexwere II, 559, no. 2071. skipped. if numbers intentionally 11 14 Published Jones, Index no. 2006. byII, the538, Friends of the Petrie Museum, no date. 10

Index Petrie II, 609,and no.Guy 2233. Jones, Sir Flinders Brunton, Sedment II, BSAE 35 (London, 1924), pl. LXXXV. No detailed plan of Cemetery 13 2100 Jones,exists. Index, not listed. 14 16 Index I, 524, no.Jewellery 1954. From the Earliest Times to the Seventeenth Dynasty I, Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities Jones, Carol A. R. Andrews, 15 in the British Museum VI no. (London, Jones, Index II, 902‑903, 3313. 1981), 53, pl. 25.325; Carol Andrews, Ancient Egyptian Jewellery (London, 1990), 107. 12 15

118 134

Sedment 2108 seems to date to a period close to the beginning of the 12th Dynasty.17 In a new seriation, tomb 2108 clusters towards the “later end” of the sequence.18 The finds from this tomb are described by G. Brunton, who excavated Cemetery 2100 with the help of Henri Bach and Montgomerie Neilson, “2108 was a grave, 5 feet deep, with 4 pots of type 89 H, at the north end, and 2 of type 8 N. Only scraps of the coffins and head-rest remained. It was one of the few however where the robbers had left some beads. There were calcite and black stone barrels, and fine carnelian and blue glaze rings, all agreeing with the date of the cemetery. With them was part of a copper pectoral inlaid with segments of blue glaze, black glaze, and carnelian in concentric circles, exactly like that in the Mayana grave 100819 …also of the IXth dynasty. With them also was the rough quartz scarab, pl. lviii, 5.”20 The original tomb card21 for tomb 2108 is available for study in the Petrie Museum. Its contents are given as a chart below with some additional information.22 Tomb Number:

Letter of Cemetery:

Disturbed:

Sum of pots:

2108

21

yes

6

Deceased:

Sex:

Orientation of head:

no entry

no entry

no entry

Direction of face:

Grave type:

Depth of shaft:

Dimensions (ins):

no entry

no entry [shaft]

60 ins

shaft: N 28 E 84

Attitude of body: no entry, nor for clothing Tomb equipment: Coffin:

Dimensions:

scraps

not given

Pottery:

Types:

Mid.col.

At N. end: 89h (x 4) In filling: 8n (x 2)

20°

See Stephan Johannes Seidlmayer, Gräberfelder aus dem Übergang vom Alten zum Mittleren Reich, SAGA 1 (Heidelberg, 1990), 259, 395 and fig. 168.

17



18

Although several seriations have been undertaken by the author, the results must be regarded as preliminary.

19

For tomb 1008, see below.

20

Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, Sedment I, BSAE 34 (London, 1924), 11.

21

For the layout of the original tomb cards see Serpico, “Sedment,” passim.

22

I would like to take this opportunity to thank Stephen Quirke and the staff of the Petrie Museum for their welcoming reception and facilitation of my research visits during the summer of 2006.

119

BES 19 (2015)

Bárta, Bader, “A“Disc-Shaped Reassembled Ornaments” False Door”

Other finds: Htp dj nzwt, Htp (dj) Jnpw, tp(j) Dw.f qrs.t(w).f m Xrt-nTr, Cu Htp Pectoral with blue black gl[azed], and carnelian inlay [=ornament]23 dj Wsjr, xp.f Hr gl[azed], wAwAwt nfrt, Amulet sc. 32, uninscribed, Htp djQuartz, #nt(j)-(j)mntjw, prt-xrw m pl. Hb LVIII.5 nb ra nb[scarab] Beads: barrel bead, calcite n (j)r(j) Nxn (n) zAb, Jnpw-nfr 10 black stone [beads] Fine blue gl[azed] ring beads “A boon which the king gives, a boon which Anubis (gives), who-is-upon-his-mountain, may he be Carnelian ring beads buried the necropolis, Scraps [of]inheadrest a boon which Osiris gives, he walk on21.7, the beautiful Wooden object [perhaps that inmay Sedment I, pl. although ways, tomb no. provided is 2106. However, for a boon which tools Khontamenti gives, invocation offerings (during) every feast, every day, 2106 only model were recorded.] to the keeper of Nekhen of the king, Inpunefer.” Remarks: Described Sedment I, 11. Initially dated to [Dynasty] “IX,” relative age 2-6. False Door in Central Panel Inlays of ornament analysed by A. Kaczmarczyk and R. E. M. Hedges.24 The central panel shows Inpunefer seated in front of an offering table with symmetrically arranged Current museum locations: Sent with to Ashmolean to distribution list. There is a lotus bread loaves. He sits on a chair lion-paw Museum legs and according a small triangular backrest. atInthe back of the seat. Inpunefer sits upright with his left arm bent across the chest and his right arm Ashmolean Museum: outstretched towards table. He wears=a[ornament] tight-fittingE.1921.1411 kilt, a shoulder-length wig, a small ritual beard, Blue green panel set the in bronze pectoral Headrest E.1921.1426 and an elaborate collar. Above his head is his principal title and his name (j)r(j) Nxn (n) zAb, Jnpw-nfr. Beads and scarab made of calcite Heaped above and to the right of theE.1921.1410 table are piles of offerings. In the lower right corner of the panel are two wood racks with libation sets and jars. Flanking the central scene are well-executed palace facade motifs. 4. Description of the Ornament (fig. 1) The round metal object with inlays, identified as a “pectoral” by the excavators, was heavily restored due Below the table the following offerings described: to the poor condition of the metal parts.are Owing to its green corrosion, the metal presumably consists of To the right of the table foot: 1,000;that t(j):the 1,000; 1,000; Ss: 1,000 copper as the main component. It Hnqt: is assumed objectmnxt: was reassembled according to the position in 25 “Beer: bread: 1,000; clothing: calcite vessels: 1,000.” which it was1,000; found, but no sketch exists in1,000; the excavation records. On the other hand, the fact that only thevery left of the table objects foot: Apdw: kAw: Sedment 1,000; xt tombs nb(t) nfrt: two To such distinctive were1,000; found—in 21081,000 and 1008—makes it likely that “Fowl: 1000; 1000; all to beautiful things: 1,000.” by Brunton.26 Some parts of the metal disc the original order cattle: or a state close it was later remembered in which the inlays were set are still preserved and were integrated into the modern restoration. False Door Lower Lintel Two concentric rings of inlays composed of blue and dark brown/black faience27 and carnelian form Themain smalldesign lintel of below the central only horizontal of inscription: the the object. The panel inlayscontains are shaped as one segments. The line colour pattern in both rings seems Htp dj nzwt, (dj) Jnpw, zH-nTr, qrs.t(w).f Xrt-nTr, (j)r(j)brown/black Nxn (n) zAb, faience Jnpw-nfr to alternate one Htp carnelian and xnt(j) one blue faience inlay m with one dark and one blue faience inlay. The pattern of the outer ring from the twelve o’clock position clockwise is as follows: “A boon which blue the king gives, a boon which Anubis (gives), foremost-of-the-divine-booth, may and he carnelian (replica), faience, a gap, blue, black and blue faience, carnelian (replica), gap, black buriedThe in the necropolis, keeper of Nekhencolour of the pattern, king, Inpunefer.” bluebe faience. inner ring shows the following again from the twelve o’clock position clockwise: blue faience, carnelian, gap, black and blue faience, carnelian, blue, black and blue faience, False Doorblue Vertical Inscription carnelian, faience, and a slightly yellowish/greenish faience segment. The outer and inner ring of Below the small lintel are four vertically oriented columns of inscription on each side of the undecorated 23 Textniche. in square brackets was added by the author as explanations or for abbreviations in the original. central 24 Alexander Kaczmarczyk and Robert E. M. Hedges, Ancient Egyptian Faience: An Analytical Survey of Egyptian Faience Left side: from Predynastic to Roman Times (Warminster, 1983), appendix C-15, 90-56-147 and 148; 90-56-156; 90-56-793-795. 1. (j)r(j) Nxn [(n) zAb], Hm-nTr MAat, Hm-nTr @r Hr(j)-jb (m) aH, 25 Helen Whitehouse expressed the opinion that the restoration was accomplished in the Ashmolean Museum fairly soon 2. (j)r(j)-(j)xt Hm-nTr m ^sp-jb-Ra, Hm-nTr Nj-wsr-Ra, after the arrival of nzwt, the object in theRa 1920s (personal communication). 26 Hm-nTr @rmay %t-jb-tAwj, Hr(j)-sStA, 3. While this view be naive,wab it is nzwt, the unusual finds that are best remembered in an excavation. For a very sceptical view smsw see Serpico, 109-113, on reassembling the wood models of daily life. We do not know if Brunton kept 4. h(Aj)t“Sedment,” (n) zAb, nxt xrw (n) zAb, additional notebooks similar to those of Major Hynes. If they did exist, they have not been found in the archival material. (j)r(j) Nxn (n) zAb, (j)r(j)-(j)xt nzwt, Jnpw-nfr.

inlays 1. are “Keeper set at aofdistance Nekhenof [ofabout the king], 0.4 cm. Hm-nTr-priest Not enoughofisMaat, preserved Hm-nTr-priest of the centre of Horus of the (in)-thedisc to allow any midst-of-(his)-palace, idea of its original design. A rosette or single round inlay is possible, as is a solid metal centre like those2. found property at Saqqara custodian (fig.of3), thetomb king,1008 Hm-nTr-priest in Sedment, of Ra and in the Matmar Shesepibra, (see below). Hm-nTr-priest The diameter of Nyuserra, of the reconstructed 3. Hm-nTr-priest disc is ca of7.5 Horus cm and Setibtawy, the thickness wab-priest is about of the 0.7king, cm. keeper of secret(s), 4. eldest of the judging hall of the king, herald of the king, 5. Position keeper andofFind Nekhen Assemblage of the king, from property Tomb 2108 custodian of the king, Inpunefer.” Although the tomb was robbed, other objects were found with the ornament. According to the excavators, onlyRight the pottery side: was found in its “original” position: four vessels of type 89h at the north end of the tomb 28 and 1. two (j)r(j) dishesNxn of type (n) zAb, 8n in Hm-nTr the fill MAat, of the Hm-nTr shaft. Nfr-jr-kA-Ra, The positions in which the other objects were found 2. wab The nzwt,fact Hm-nTr @r tomb %t-jb-tAwj, Hr(j)-sStA, are unclear. that the card does not contain any information about the deceased such as sex, 3. Hm-nTr @rhead Hr(j)-jb Hm-nTr Nj-wsr-Ra, jmAxw, orientation of the and aH, face, attitude of the body, or clothing suggests that no body was found. Thus, 4. smsw h(Aj)t (n) kAt nbt wD.t(w) scattered n.f, it seems very likely thatzAb, the (j)m(j)-r objects were arbitrarily throughout the shallow shaft. (j)r(j) (n) recorded zAb, (j)r(j)-(j)xt The other Nxn objects for thisnzwt, tombJnpw-nfr. can be summarized as follows. One uninscribed “quartz” amulet is presumably equivalent to the uninscribed “calcite” scarab. Although no recognizable 29 1. “Keeper ofare Nekhen king, Hm-nTr-priest Maat, Hm-nTr-priest of Neferirkara, hieroglyphic signs foundofonthethe underside, a fewofscratches forming a chevron pattern are visible, 2. seem wab-priest of the king, Hm-nTr-priest Horus Setibtawy, keeper number of secrets, which too deep to be accidental. Also of found were a considerable (probably around 100Hm-nTr-priest of Horus Hm-nTr-priest of Nyuserra, 150)3. of small faience ring beadswho-is-in-the-midst-of-the-palace, with a diameter not larger that 0.4 mm in greenish and blue colours30 and well-provided, fifty-eight carnelian spheroid beads in various sizes.31 One carnelian barrel bead belongs to the 4. eldest theas judging hall of themade king, from overseer of all works him, assemblage, asofwell one barrel bead calcite andthe two moreordered from a to dark grey/black stone.32 keeper of mentioned Nekhen of on thethe king, property of the king, Inpunefer.” The headrest tomb card iscustodian also housed in the Ashmolean Museum (E 1921.1426). Despite being originally described as “scraps,” the headrest is actually quite well preserved. It consists False Door Lower of three parts made Section from a heavy, reddish brown wood. The base plate is oval with a round plinth and a The bottom the that falseholds door the shows thecolumn standingoftomb owner wearing shoulder length wig, smallwith rituala square tenonofhole round the headrest. The topa part was also oval-shaped 33 beard, and and tenon broadhole collar. oninto the aright sideshape wearsina order tight-fitting kilt the thathead endsofabove his knees, plinth andThe wasfigure carved curved to receive the deceased. while“wooden the figure on thecould left has pointed kilt.identified. Inpunefer leans against a staff held in one hand and grasps The object” notabe securely a piece of cloth in the other. In front of him on either side stands his eldest son Kahesuf, who wears a pointed kilt, a tight-fitting a ritual Masks beard. He grasps hisMiddle father’s Kingdom staff with one hand and holds 6. Disc-shaped Ornamentswig, andand Funerary of the Early a piece of above, cloth ina the other hand. Inscribed above himCairo is his JE title36279) “inspector of thetoscribes of the king.” As stated funerary mask (Egyptian Museum, belonging a certain Khety and 34 found at Asyut (fig. 2) includes a headband with a round ornament on the brow that is exactly like the object Burial Chamber from Sedment described above (fig. 1). It has been dated to the transition from the First Intermediate Period to 35 When Inpunefer’s burial chamber was opened in thefalls fallinto of 2007 it was found chamber the early Middle Kingdom by Aufrère and therefore the same period asundisturbed. the cemeteriesThe of Sedment. is situated at the bottom of a 9.90 m deep shaft and is entered from the west through a 1.10 m wide and 28 Unfortunately I was unable to locate actual exampleschamber of these types for reanalysis extended visits to museums in 0.80 m high entrance. The north-south oriented measures 3.91 xduring 2.26 m and was originally 1.96 Britain. They may well be kept in museums in other countries, see Petrie, Sedment I, page following 21. m high. A major part of the chamber is occupied by a limestone sarcophagus situated along the eastern 29 Petrie, Sedment I, pl. LVIII.5; Ashmolean Museum, Oxford E 1921.1410. The same number was given to the whole wall. The exterior of the sarcophagus measures 2.40 m long, 1.06 m wide, and 0.80 m high; the interior assemblage of beads. See Seidlmayer, Gräberfelder, 302, with parallels for the scarab. Guy Brunton, Mostagedda and is 1.88 long, 0.52 m wide, and 0.52 m high. lidEgypt, is 2.80 mand long, 1.20Years m wide, m thick. the m Tasian Culture, British Museum Expedition to The Middle First Second 1928,and 19290.21 (London, 1937), pl. The following itemssimilar. of burial equipment were placed to the north, south, and west of the sarcophagus: LXIX.2 is particularly 30 SeeA Guy Brunton, Qau and II, BSAE 45 (London, 1928), CII, type 86 K, L, and M. South: beer jar (excav. no.Badari 3/AS37/2007), four canopic jarspl.(excav. nos. 4‑7/AS37/2007), a broken vessel 31 Brunton, Qau and Badari II, pl. CII, type 82. (excav. no. 8/AS37/2007), a broken vessel (excav. no. 9/AS37/2007), and a small stone blade (excav. no. 32 Brunton, Qau and Badari II, pl. CI, type 78 C or G most likely. 20/AS37/2007). 33 The headrest in Petrie, Sedment I, pl. XIV.7 is very similar. West: Nine beer jars filled with Nile mud and sealed with now-broken mud stoppers (excav. nos. 10‑18/ 34 Mask of Khety, see MM. É. Chassinat and C. Palanque, Une campagne de fouilles dans la nécropole d’Assiout, MIFAO AS37/2007), a set of seventy-five miniature limestone vessels (excav. no. 19/AS37/2007, no. 11), and a 24 (Cairo, 1911), pl. XVI. small stoneAufrère, blade (excav. no.dans 21/ AS37/2007). 35 Sydney “L’‘Archer’ l’au-delà à la PPI,” Égypte Afrique et Orient 19 (2000), 37-48.

120 132

133 121

27

For brevity the term faience is used here rather than glazed composition, see Kaczmarczyk and Hedges, Faience, passim.

BES 19 (2015)

Bader, “Disc-Shaped Ornaments”

6a. Funerary Masks from Asyut with Disc-shaped Ornaments The 1903 archaeological work of Chassinat and Palenque at Asyut was rewarded by the discovery of a number of intact tombs.36 Of interest for this paper are three funerary masks, two of them found in two different shafts in tomb 7 and one in tomb 6.37 These masks belonged to two high officials both named Nakhty (hereafter Nakhty I and Nakhty II) and one named Khety. Their male gender is further clarified by the presence of moustaches and beards. All of these masks have a round ornament painted on the brow, which is “attached” to a painted headband that in actuality must have been tied or fastened at the back of the head.38 Each of these discs differs in appearance; the one most similar to the object from Sedment will be described first. The mask that belonged to Khety (tomb 7, shaft III) is currently on display in the Egyptian Museum, Fig. 1. Disc-shaped ornament. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford E 1921.1411. Cairo (JE Photo 36279). Theauthor, disc-shaped ornament consistsofofH.two rings ofAshmolean coloured Museum, segments painted black, by the reproduced here by permission Whitehouse, Oxford green, and red outlined in black, which are separated by white stripes; there are also white circles around the two rings of segments. The colour pattern of the outer ring from the twelve o’clock position clockwise is as follows: black, red, green, black, red, green, red, green, red, and green. That of the inner ring is: green, black, red, green, black, red, green, black, green, and red. It is interesting to note that the colour pattern is irregular in both rings. The same holds true for the disc found in Sedment. A red dot fills the centre of Khety’s disc. The red coloured elements on the mask most probably signify carnelian, while the green and black ones may well correspond to faience inlays similar to those found on the actual object from Sedment. The disc is attached (see below, tomb 1008 and Matmar tomb 306) to a multicoloured band fastened at the back of the head, with one streamer hanging down the wig. A lotus flower is shown on top of the knot at the back of the head. The headband is divided into multicoloured squares sequenced green, yellow, and red. The design closely resembles border patterns on stelae 39 and coffins.40 On the headband it seems unlikely that such a pattern could represent the use of beads, because the square elements of the band do not imply such a technique. Moreover, the beads from Sedment tomb 2108 would appear to be of too many different sizes to form a feasible headband. The fact that the tomb was robbed precludes more precise knowledge. Fig. 2. Detail of the funerary mask of Khety from Asyut. Egyptian Museum, Cairo, JE 36279. The funerary mask of Nakhty I Digitized from tomb 7, shafttaken I includes an ornament on the brow that is similar photograph before 2001 41 but more elaborate than Khety’s. In contrast to the latter, there are five rings of smaller segments with a little rosette in the centre. Due to black and white publication photos and a lack of written description for this mask, the colour pattern must remain unclear. The current location of the mask is unknown. Like Khety’s, the disc-shaped ornament is attached to a headband, but in this case a wider one. A simplified version of the disc-shaped ornament attached to a headband was found in Nakhty II’s tomb (number 6). Here the disc is represented by a green ring filled with yellow to orange colour and crossed diagonally by two white bars. Whilst the ornament on the brow is very much simplified, the 36

Chassinat, Une campagne, 4 and passim.

37

Chassinat, Une campagne, pls. III, XXVI, XXVII.

38

Chassinat, Une campagne, pl. XXVII. I would like to thank C. Jurman for putting at my disposal the excellent photograph shown as fig. 2.

39

For examples, see William C. Hayes, The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pt. I, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom, rev. ed. (New York, 1990), 140; Sue D’Auria, Peter Lacovara, and Catharine Roehrig, Mummies and Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt (exh. cat., Boston, 1988), figs. 52, 104.

40

For examples, see Petrie, Sedment I, pls. XVIII, XIXA.

41

Chassinat, Une campagne, pls. III.2, XXI. Fig. 3. Disc-shaped head ornament from Saqqara. After Firth, Teti Pyramid Cemeteries 2, pl. 37.3

130 122

headband has become more elaborate, with a wider white border with black dots and two lotus flowers curving upwards towards the crown of the head.42 Another funerary mask, said to come from Asyut, can be seen in the Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore.43 Miroslav Bárta It also belongs to a male person, as indicated by its moustache and beard. The layout of headband and ornament on this example differs from the objects above. The ornament is shown as two rings A Reassembled False Doordiscussed from the Time of Nyuserra painted different shades of green with a red dot in the centre. In this instance, the actual band holding the disc seems to have been made from beads, or at least beads sewn onto fabric, because the band consists of a white background with three rows oval, bead-like objects in green colour. Thereign bandofis Nyuserra bordered Several years ago I was privileged to of contribute an article on tombs dated to the 1 on the top Arnold’s and bottom by two green each side of thetoornament a lotus opportunity flower is visible, to Dieter Festschrift. Nowlines. I amOn equally pleased have a similar to doperhaps so for woven intoArnold, the band. Dorothea to whom I owe much, especially for the assistance she has given me during my Very similar tothe theMetropolitan example from Baltimore is glad a funerary the from Roemerund Pelizaeusoccasional visits to Museum. I am to havemask a falseindoor the same period as Museum, though lacking a secure provenance, the mask was also assigned to the site of the subjectHildesheim; of this contribution. Asyut. The sameand kindMarch of ornament is depicted (one yellow oneSouth, green we ring, and atored dot insand the In February 2006, during a brief season in ring, Abusir began remove centre), a different of in headband is shown, seemingly sporting flowers on top of depositsbut several meterstype thick a courtyard measuring 15.00also m (NS) and several 21.80 mlotus (EW). The structure and ornament, along withmastaba two Nekhbet vultures lotus flowers. The headband is composed was beside built inthe front of an anonymous labeled “AS 31”on(originally “KK”; fig. 1). A badly damaged of narrow stripes in green, red, white, and bordered by aside yellow line on top and a row of darkfrom dots tomb was unearthed and documented that black, adjoined the north of the court. Partially preserved 44 at bottom. This was pattern may represent an arrangement thethe superstructure a corridor chapel that belonged to of anbeads. official Another named Inpunefer. Originally, the very similar mask is also tomb was thought to be the court’s northern entrance, an assumption which to be ornament wrong. The housed in Hildesheim (2667), this time belonging to a woman. In this case, theproved disc-shaped is chapel was m with long aand wide with a floor made ofabeaten clay; its maximum preserved designed as 10.46 a rosette dot0.90 in themmiddle, probably signifying lotus flower. The background colour height was The chapel devoid decoration except for the western wall, where four cult is yellow and2.10 the m. “petals” are red,was black, and of yellow. The headband consists of alternating squares of red, niches were Only the second fromofthe to some extentinspared by the yellow, black,originally and greenbuilt. and seems to be tied atniche the back thesouth head, was but due to damage this area 45 tomb robbers. It contained theremains in situ lower part of Inpunefer’s false door (excav. no. 1/AS37/2006), which method of securing the band uncertain. measures 1.16 x 1.16 and to is 0.19 m thick. The lintel of the false was found a few days later, Stylistically verymclose the male mask in upper Hildesheim is one in thedoor Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, lying nearbyininterms the fillofofthethecomposition chapel (excav. no. actual 2/AS37/2006; figs.The 2-3); its dimensions 1.13hand, x 0.37 particularly of the headband. ornament, on the are other is x 0.20elaborate m. A year later, the central, missing part ofinthe doorofwas no. 67/AS37/2007), more and represents a distinct variation thefalse design suchfound items.(excav. A yellow disc has a blue displaced Shaft within Inpunefer’s tomb, approximately 3.50 below thebyfloor levelofoftwo the parallel chapel. ring with ainred dot1B in the middle. The yellow part is divided into sixmsegments six sets It contained the dots panelinwith the offering scene and is was 1.17 xby 1.09 x 0.22 m. and the band is depicted as lines with three the middle. The ornament flanked lotus flowers 46 Thusfrom afterbeads. two years of work we were able to restore the false door to its original state and could if made 47 calculate that the total m wide, 2.62 m high, and about 0.20 m thick.inThe piece is The funerary maskdimensions of Ankhef were in the1.17 British Museum, London, excavated by Hogarth Asyut, one of thedamaged few well-preserved false to the time of Nyuserra that high quality severely in the area of the doors brow, dating but a headband is visible as well as indicates perhaps athe lotus flower. It 48 art produced during the period. decorationactually and inscriptions were executed in raised relief by a remains uncertain whether or not The this specimen had an ornament. craftsman with a sense for detail and fine execution of individual signs. The texts and images can be 42 Chassinat, Une campagne, pl. III.1; now in the Louvre, Paris E.11995. restored as follows: 43

http://art.thewalters.org/viewwoa.aspx?id=29816, reg. nr. 78.4.

44

Arne Eggebrecht, ed., Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim: Die ägyptische Sammlung (Mainz am Rhein, 1993), 45, cat. no.

False Door Upper Lintel 35, inv. no. 6226. Three horizontal lines of inscription conclude with the name and the main title of Inpunefer. The owner 45 Eggebrecht, Pelizaeus-Museum, 44, cat. no. 34, inv. no. 6227. is shown on Mummies the far left a chair lioncolour legs plate and on a small 46 D’Auria, andseated Magic,on 119-120, cat.with no. 46, p.[64].backrest; the front legs of the chair are 47 omitted. The back the seat terminates with a lotus. Inpunefer holds a walking hisUniversity proper left D. P. Ryan, “The of Archaeological Excavations of David George Hogarth at Asyut, Egypt”stick (PhD in diss., of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1988); in the index of objects it was listed as a coffin, see now Marcel Zitman, The Necropolis hand and a piece of cloth in his proper right fist. He wears a pointed kilt, a shoulder-length wig, a broad of Assiut, Case beard. Study ofThe Localassociated Egyptian Funerary Culture fromasthe Old Kingdom to the End of the Middle Kingdom, collar, and a Aritual inscription reads follows:

OLA 180 (Louvain, 2010), text volume 171-173; plate volume 214, 306. He assigns this mask to tomb 9 and dates the coffin found in it from the end of the 11th Dynasty up to the second half of the reign of Senwosret I. 1 Miroslav Bárta, “Architectural Innovations in the Development of the Non-Royal Tomb During the Reign of Nyuserra,” 48 British Museum, London 46631; John H. Taylor, Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt (London, 2001), 81, fig. 47; in Structure and Significance: Thoughts on Ancient Egyptian Architecture, Peter Jánosi, ed. (Vienna, 2005), 105‑110. see also Warren R. Dawson and P. H. K. Gray, Mummies and Human Remains, Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum I (London, 1968), 6, cat. no. 11. 123 131

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specimen It is perhaps from Saqqara conceivable (see above), that thedated degree it toofaelaboration similar period, of the theornament “9th to 10th is chronologically Dynasty”, and suspected sensitive, 81 49 it with hadthe a similar more elaborate purpose.being older. But due to the small number of examples and the vague dating and provenance in some cases, it is hard to be precise.50 8. Summary and Conclusions TheFunerary current state of knowledge of the disc-shaped ornaments can be summarized as follows. Two disc6b. Masks from Sedment without Disc-shaped Ornaments shaped ornaments withstate carnelian and faience inlays were found in robbedPeriod/early tombs, one Middle each in Kingdom 2108 and The preserved records that forty-three tombs in the First Intermediate 1008 in the cemeteries Sedment. Because the bodies weremasks. missing, the gender the tomb cannot cemeteries at Sedmentofcontained burials with funerary Nine of theseofwere onlyowners preserved as be assessed.and In preliminary seriations the author, 2108publication was grouped towards the(from later fragments no descriptions exist. conducted Three are by shown in thetomb original photographs 52 end and536, tomb 1008 the one earlier end respectively, thatmasks the tombs were distributed quite tombs 2114, andtowards 421),51 and of them in a drawing.indicating Two other documented in the archives 53 farthe apart from each other the listpublished. of tombs, soThey that could a wider date range has to be to assumed. Seidlmayer of Petrie Museum wereinrecently perhaps have belonged tomb 1837, because 82 arrived a similar the tombatcard statesresult. that theThus, gravethe goods two masks. dateincluded of these objects ranges from the late First Intermediate Period 54 83 One mask currently housed the Petrie Museum (UC 31377) is from tomb (early 11th Dynasty) to the earlyinMiddle Kingdom (late 11th Dynasty/early 12th2101(?), Dynasty). and This one from date tomb also seems 517 is to now be in confirmed the Manchester by the parallels Museum from (MMSaqqara, 6639). Another Matmar, funerary and Qau. mask Seidlmayer’s from Sedment, work which dated 84 55 could the tombs havefrom comeBadari from tomb and Matmar 1641, 1649, to the or earlier 534, is part now of in the the 11th Musées Dynasty, royaux which d’art etalso d’histoire, Brussels. confirms the date of the The discs. funerary Unfortunately mask from nottomb all of2106 the grave sent togoods the Ny have Carlsberg been located Glyptothek, in museums Copenhagen and/or republished, in the 1920s so hasthat since closer disintegrated, scrutiny ofand the itobjects, is unknown especially whether the amulets, or not a disc-shaped is not possible ornament at the moment. was depicted on it.56 Intriguingly, funerary masks found Asyut offrom roughly themasks same from period as the can metal Unfortunately, thisonly means that only a very smallinsample seven different Sedment be 57 ornaments here, show abut headband disc-shaped adornment on the brow. These discs in considered cruciallywith nonea of these masks shows a disc-shaped ornament on thevary brow,greatly only the design veryWhile elaborate to extremely simplified, but due to the fact considerable proportion hair of from the wig. it is clear that the sample of masks available for that studya is very limited, the lack of the masks lack a secure isprovenance, disc-shaped ornaments striking. a chronological correlation cannot yet be proposed.85 A difference in ornament design between men and women was also noted at least in the case of the 49 female maskperhaps from be Hildesheim whichinhas a flower design, ratheratthan the from segmented or round It should noted that a(6227), diadem found the tomb of Princess Khnumit Dahshur the Amenemhet II pyramid complex includes a central round ornament bordered on four sides by stylized lotus flowers (according to the pattern found on several of the male masks. On the other hand, the ornament from Saqqara, which also points of the compass). For the dating of Khnemet to the late 12th Dynasty see Biri Fay, The Louvre Sphinx and Royal belonged to a women, has a slightly different design. The design of such ornaments found in Qau and Sculpture from the Reign of Amenemhat II (Mainz am Rhein, 1996), 43-44, 98. I would like to thank A. Oppenheim for Matmar in the tombs oftowomen and children discussed were to those painted drawing my attention this book. This smaller version couldabove very well bevery a latersimilar descendent of thisdesigns kind of headgear, see J.masks. de Morgan, Fouilles a Dahchour 1894–1895 (Vienna, 1903), pls. IX, X, XI.to such ornaments. In order to on male This evidence makes en it hard to assign a gender preference 50 See Eva Rogge, “Totenmasken und Mumienförmige Särge: Altägyptische Totenhüllen bis zum Ende des Mittleren gain more information on this point, more unambiguous data would be necessary. Reiches” (PhD diss., University of Vienna, 1986), 138-139: “Alle in Assiut dokumentierten Masken weisen überraschend The masks from Sedment, Saqqara, Abusir, and Beni Hasan lack the particular disc-shaped feature, viele Gemeinsamkeiten auf, die sie deutlich von gleichzeitigen Masken aus anderen Nekropolen unterscheiden. …” although they seem to be contemporary to those with the discs. One must remember that the sample 51 Petrie, Sedment I, pl. XIII.14-16. The mask from tomb 2114 is in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (E 1921.1435). available for examination is not fully representative and thus conclusions are tentative. However, masks 52 Petrie, Sedment I, pl. XVI.23. It is noteworthy that the mask on plate XVI.23 as well as that on plate XIII.15 are captioned 86 with“tomb striped wigs seemthat to the belong topreservation an entirelydeteriorated different class andobject might to aHowever, slightlythe later period. 421.” It seems state of after the wasdate drawn. records of the excavation only assign one mask to in tomb 421. That the bulk of masks cited this paper date to the First Intermediate Period and the very early 53 Serpico, “Sedment,” 129. Middle Kingdom was established by Rogge, who stated that masks with beards, attached chin-beards, E. Rogge stated that this mask belonged to tomb 536 rather than 2101. This would mean that the mask was further damaged since its first publication, because the short beard is missing along with some of the painted bead collar in the 81 Brunton, Qau and Badari I, 8, 41, 66; pls. XXIX.18, XLIX. According to the distribution list, this object is now kept in chest area, see E. Rogge, “Totenmasken,” 85-87, n. 229. Enigmatically, museum locations were not provided for some of the National Museum, Copenhagen. the masks studied by Rogge and apparently seen by her. See also H. M. Stewart, Mummy-Cases and Inscribed Funerary 82 Seidlmayer, Gräberfelder, 259. Cones in the Petrie Museum Collection (Warminster, 1986), pl. 1; Janine Bourriau, ed., “Museum Acquisitions, 1980-1: 83 Seidlmayer, Gräberfelder, 395,infig. 168. by Bettina Bader, in Handbook the Egyptian Middle Egyptian Antiquities Acquired 1980-1 Museums in “Sedment,” the United Kingdom,” JEAof69Pottery (1983), of 146. Kingdom, vol. II, The Regional Volume, Robert Schiestl and Anne Seiler, eds. (Vienna, 2012), 229-233. 55 I would like to thank curator D. Huyge for his support and for sending me photographs of the mask. 84 Seidlmayer, Gräberfelder, 135, 139, Stufe IIIA; see also fig. 168. 56 Rogge, “Totenmasken,” 90; Mogens Jørgensen, Tomb Treasures from Ancient Egypt (Copenhagen, 2002), 122. 85 Rogge, “Totenmasken,” 204-206. 57 The mask in the Petrie Museum with reg. no. UC 45846 is of unknown provenance, but with reservation dated to the 86 Rogge, “Totenmasken,” 206-207. to the Petrie Museum online database. This mask may have come from Sedment tomb early Middle Kingdom, according

and 6c. Funerary moustaches Masks belong without to theDisc-shaped earlier period, Ornaments while from fromthe Other reignSites of Amenemhat II onwards only the 87 58 beard Funerary withmasks the supporting of the early strap Middle is used. Kingdom were found at several other sites; it seems that none of themTentative sports a thoughts disc-shaped ornament or a headband on the brow.buried At Saqqara, a mask discovered in can the on the social position of the individuals with disc-shaped ornaments 59 tomb of Gemni be offered. It seems to think that burial described of tomb 6 as at aSaqqara, withover the silver has feasible a green-coloured wig.the Another, “cartonnage head, disc-shaped wig painted ornament a wide array of jewellery, it even from electrum, belonged to anofindividual green, faceand yellow, eye brows, moustachesome and of beard alsomade green,” was found with the burial Karenni, 60 withnoa relatively high social standing.was Suchpublished. a position is also exemplified her tomb but photograph or drawing/sketch One would assume by thatthe anplacement ornament of would have in thementioned Teti pyramid cemetery. Thehad factbeen that present. the tombs with the holds ornaments from Sedment weretombs robbed been if such a feature The same true for those from the of 61 prevents a clear understanding of the original contents [Karenni]), of these tombs and thus the value the grave Nefermedjedenyt (“cartonnage the same as in Karenn” Ipiemsaf (“blue wig ofofcartonnage goods. The presence metal, beadsremained; of semiprecious a scarab whiskers suggests at a slightly had existed, but only aofshell of paint the facestones, had theand moustache, andleast beard in blue 62 63 elevated withinand theKhenu cemeteries Sedment and thus that horizontal stratification existedand in on white status ground”), (“gilt of face, cartonnage; wigshows dark green”). The tomb of Inepuemhat 64 the cemetery. The evidence Qau also points to the possibility that the tomb owners did Wesermut contained a maskfrom withMatmar a stripedand wig. not belong to the lowest social stratum, as metal considered a precious commodity was often At Abusir several funerary masks were found,was although not all of them are shown inand photographs. reused. Tombdescriptions 5009 at Matmar particular contained several andagain certainly expensive The written do notinrefer to ornaments on the browquite of theluxurious masks, and it seems likely items, suggesting that the tomb owner at leastNeither slightlythe elevated they would have been mentioned had had theyan existed. mask position. of Herishefhotep I (Ägyptisches 65 It is hoped thatInv.-Nr. this treatise on the metal disc from Sedment will lead the consequent Museum, Leipzig 5) nor those of Enemachwet [Enemakhet] or to Enhotep includedidentification an ornament 66 of asimilar objects museum storerooms, so that textually. some of the questions raised here can be answered in or headband; theinlatter two were also described the future. in masks time one be able to determine more variations in design are due to SeveralPerhaps funerary arewill known from Beni Hasan, butclearly only aifvery few were illustrated with 67 68 differences gender, or perhapsdo status. photographs.in region, The written descriptions not mention any ornaments, though in one case a headband is described on a mask that was severely damaged in the area of the brow;69 it is possible that this mask START-Project Politics, project no. V754-G19), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna included a disc-shaped (Beyond ornament. The funerary mask of Wah from Thebes reflects a completely different design concept, because it Abstracta striped wig without ornaments.70 features A disc-shaped ornament from tomb 2108 in Sedment that dates to the late First Intermediate Period/early 58 Middle theofAshmolean Museum, It is made of copper with segment-shaped HereKingdom this means is thekept latterinhalf the 11th and the beginningOxford. of the 12th Dynasty. 59 Cecil Firth andand Battiscombe Excavations at faience. Saqqara: ItTeti Pyramid Cemeteries pl. 27A; inlays of M. carnelian blue and Gunn, dark brown/black was identified as the(Cairo, main 1926), element of a Jørgensen, Tomb Treasures, 94-95 (AEIN 1625). headband by means of comparison with the contemporary funerary mask of Khety from Asyut, which 60 J. E. Quibell, Excavations at Saqqara (1906–1907) (Cairo, 1908), 13. has the same arrangement of segmented inlays. An overview and discussion of existing masks in Egypt 61 Quibell, Excavations at Saqqara, 14. is included in the article. Only funerary masks from Asyut seem to possess this feature, although the 62 Quibell, Excavations at Saqqara, 15. sample is relatively small. 63 Quibell, Excavations at Saqqara, 17. 64 87

54

1512 or 1542, as the contents of these tombs were kept by Petrie for University College.

124 128

J. E. Quibell and A. G. K. Hayter, Excavations at Saqqara: Teti Pyramid, North Side (Cairo, 1927), 12, pl. XXI.3. Note that Eva in Rogge, “Die Maske eines Königs, Puschkin-Museum 1athe 4686, die Königlichen desArnold, Alten this instance the existence of the striped wig is not notedI in text,und but only visible on theBestattungen plate. Dorothea und Mittleren Reichs,” in Zwischen den beiden and Ewigkeiten: Festschrift Manfred in Bietak, Johanna “The Architecture of Meketre’s Slaughterhouse Other Early TwelfthGertrud DynastyThausing, Wooden Models,” Structure and Holaubek, Hans Mukarovsky, and Helmut Satzinger, eds. (Vienna, 1994),ed. 179. Significance: Thoughts on Ancient Egyptian Architecture, Peter Jánosi, (Vienna, 2005), 36-43, dates the tombs of Karenni, Gemni, and Inpuemhat to the beginning of the 12th Dynasty, early in the reign of Amenemhet I.

65

Heinrich Schäfer, Priestergräber und andere Grabfunde vom Ende des Alten Reiches bis zur griechischen Zeit vom Totentempel des Ne-user-Rê (Leipzig, 1908), 60-62; see also Renate Krauspe, Das Ägyptische Museum der Universität Leipzig (Mainz am Rhein, 1997), 60-61.

66

Schäfer, Priestergräber, 24-25, 36-37.

67

J. Garstang, The Burial Customs of Ancient Egypt (London, 1907), 171-173, with figs. 176, 178, 179. See also Janine Bourriau with a contribution by Stephen Quirke, Pharaohs and Mortals: Egyptian Art in the Middle Kingdom (exh. cat., Cambridge, 1989), 89, cat. no. 89 (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge E.198.1903).

68

Garstang, Burial Customs, 57, 67-68, 88-89.

69

Garstang, Burial Customs, 68, fig. 55. H. E. Winlock, Excavations at Deir el Bahri 1911–1931 (New York, 1942), pl. 31.

70

129 125

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7. Other Disc-Shaped Objects 7a. Parallel from Sedment Cemetery N, Tomb 1008 In tomb 1008, located in Cemetery N, a metal disc similar to that from tomb 2108 was found. The textual description is as follows: “The only scrap of jewellery remaining was found in 1008. It consisted of a copper disc, of about two inches in diameter, with two loops at the back for suspension. The front was inlaid with carnelian and black and blue glaze, forming alternating segments of two concentric circles. Each circle contained nine segments. The centre was plain copper.”71 Unfortunately, neither a photograph of this ornament has been published nor has it been located in any of the museums thus far visited.72 It seems almost identical to the one shown here in figure 1, albeit slightly smaller at ca. 5 cm in diameter. The tomb card gives no indication of the presence of a body, thus it was robbed as well. Two pottery vessels were present (types 36q, 63k), as well as a collar of blue-glazed faience beads and the fragment of a model; the objects are not further described. Renewed experiments in the seriation of the tomb contents by means of computer programs suggest a grouping of the Cemetery N tombs towards the “earlier” end of the seriation sequence.73 The description of the loops at the back of the disc hints at the method used to fasten the ornament to the actual headband, which was made either only from cloth or from a textile band with beads sewn onto it, as suggested by some of the funerary masks from Asyut. Unfortunately, the beads from the bead collar were also not located in any museum, so it remains uncertain if they could have formed a beaded headband rather than a collar. 7b. Parallel from Teti cemetery, Tomb 6 In the Teti cemetery, excavated by the Egyptian Antiquities Service in the 1920s, an object very similar in shape and concept to the artefact from Sedment came to light in tomb 6 (fig. 3).74 This object was identified as a “head ornament” in the original publication,75 although the sketch of the find position of the objects does not seem to include it. Perhaps it is represented by one of the objects shown around the head of the deceased in the sketch, but other than being named as find no. 11, it is not described in any detail. A remark by Brunton sheds more light on the position of that object: “Mr. Firth tells me that the Saqqara specimen, when found, lay against the skull of the woman and seemed to have been sown on to a headband of linen.”76 The excavation report also stated that a cartonnage mask covered the head. As no description was given, it might have been very fragmentary and disintegrated. The metal disc is described as being made of silver and is currently displayed in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo (JE 47920). According to the excavators, one ring of segment-shaped inlays made of stone and faience was set into the silver disc. The inlays alternated in light and dark colour. The centre of the ornament was left blank, but four additional silver rosettes were welded to the edge of the object. One was badly corroded. This ornament was dated to the “Herakleopolitan Middle Kingdom” by the excavators, which might be

equated with the later First Intermediate Period or perhaps the latter half of the 11th Dynasty after the reunification of Egypt by Nebhepetre-Mentuhotep II. The other objects in the coffin in tomb 6 included a bead collar, two copper mirrors, a gilt wood hes-vase, anklets and bracelets composed of cylinder beads, a bracelet made from very small carnelian and lapis lazuli beads, an amethyst scarab on silver wire, a string of spheroid carnelian, small green faience and gold beads, a string of hollow ball beads made of electrum, long cylindrical carnelian beads, a lapis lazuli scarab, and a carnelian scaraboid. Only a large number of amulets77 and the head ornament were illustrated with photographs. Although not expressly stated in the publication, Brunton’s remark indicates that this burial belonged to a woman. 7c. Parallel from Matmar, Tomb 306 The tomb of a child “of three years” at Matmar yielded a very similar disc-shaped object. The description of the find circumstances is as follows: “On the head, outside linen wrappings were two strings of amulets (no beads); these were of fourteen different types and numbered…294 in all. Round the neck were two strings of beads of blue faience, one of rings with a steatite cylinder, the other of spheroids. Behind the neck, wrapped in cloth were an ivory goat-sucker with inlaid bead eyes, two ivory pendants (and part of a third) and a circular copper ornament inlaid with carnelian and blue and black faience, damaged when buried.”78 The design corresponds quite closely to the object from Sedment, but only the inner segmented ring is completely preserved. The arrangement of the segmented inlays can be described from the twelve o’clock position clockwise as: carnelian, blue, black and blue faience, carnelian, blue, black and blue faience, carnelian, blue, black and blue faience. The centre consists of solid, raised metal. The date of the burial falls into the same period as the other burials with discs, the “9th to 11th Dynasty.” An array of amulets and one jar (37d) were also found with the burial.79 The tomb register does not specify whether or not this tomb was disturbed. 7d. Parallel from Badari, Tomb 5009 Tomb 5009 was undisturbed and contained a woman and a child. Beside a ceramic vessel of type 28k, a casket was deposited to the north of the woman’s head. It contained “four stone vessels, a metal disc, a blue glazed vase, an elaborate ivory spoon [with twisted handle], two bone spatulae, strings of blue faience beads, a man [sic] amulet. A mirror was laid down in front of her face, another stone vessel on her chest. Necklaces with carnelian and black glaze rings with various other odd beads, one lion amulet and one scarab.”80 One stone vessel was thought to be an heirloom, because of its shape and material. The child was adorned with four strings of blue and black faience ring beads of various sizes. The metal disc was originally probably also inlaid with either faience and/or semiprecious stones, but it had lost its inlays. Furthermore, it had four loops for attachment on the back. Brunton compared this object to the

71

Petrie, Sedment I, 15.

77

Firth, Teti Pyramid Cemeteries 2, pl. 36.

72

According to the published distribution list, the object should be in the Petrie Museum, but no object there fits the description. The accuracy of the distribution list also varies.

78

Guy Brunton, Matmar, British Museum Expedition to the Middle East 1929–31 (London, 1948), 38, pl. XLI.9. The ornament is now in the British Museum, London (EA 63438). For a colour photo see Andrews, Ancient Egyptian Jewellery, fig. 87.

73

It must be repeated that the seriations so far conducted are only preliminary.

74

Firth, Teti Pyramid Cemeteries, vol. 1, 49-50; vol. 2, pl. 37c.

79

Brunton, Matmar, 38, pl. XLI.9.

75

It is possible that Firth as an antiquities inspector knew the mask of Khety from Asyut, since it arrived in 1903 or 1904 in the museum in Cairo. It is, however, unknown if that mask was on display during this time.

80

76

Guy Brunton, Qau and Badari I, BSAE 44 (London, 1927), 66.

Brunton, Qau and Badari I, 41, pls. XXVI.31, .32; XXVII.40; XXVII.131, .149; XXIX.12, .18; XXXIII.159; XXXIX.23; XL.10-12; XLIX; for a photograph see Brunton, Qau and Badari II, pl. LXVIII, tomb register; XCIII.1C6; XCV.15B18. The jar is in the corpus of the 6th-8th Dynasties; Brunton, Qau and Badari II, pl. LXXXIII.28.

126

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Bader, “Disc-Shaped Ornaments”

specimen from Saqqara (see above), dated it to a similar period, the “9th to 10th Dynasty”, and suspected it had a similar purpose.81 8. Summary and Conclusions The current state of knowledge of the disc-shaped ornaments can be summarized as follows. Two discshaped ornaments with carnelian and faience inlays were found in robbed tombs, one each in 2108 and 1008 in the cemeteries of Sedment. Because the bodies were missing, the gender of the tomb owners cannot be assessed. In preliminary seriations conducted by the author, tomb 2108 was grouped towards the later end and tomb 1008 towards the earlier end respectively, indicating that the tombs were distributed quite far apart from each other in the list of tombs, so that a wider date range has to be assumed. Seidlmayer arrived at a similar result.82 Thus, the date of these objects ranges from the late First Intermediate Period (early 11th Dynasty) to the early Middle Kingdom (late 11th Dynasty/early 12th Dynasty).83 This date also seems to be confirmed by the parallels from Saqqara, Matmar, and Qau. Seidlmayer’s work dated the tombs from Badari and Matmar to the earlier part of the 11th Dynasty,84 which also confirms the date of the discs. Unfortunately not all of the grave goods have been located in museums and/or republished, so that closer scrutiny of the objects, especially the amulets, is not possible at the moment. Intriguingly, only funerary masks found in Asyut from roughly the same period as the metal ornaments show a headband with a disc-shaped adornment on the brow. These discs vary greatly in design from very elaborate to extremely simplified, but due to the fact that a considerable proportion of the masks lack a secure provenance, a chronological correlation cannot yet be proposed.85 A difference in ornament design between men and women was also noted at least in the case of the female mask from Hildesheim (6227), which has a flower design, rather than the segmented or round pattern found on several of the male masks. On the other hand, the ornament from Saqqara, which also belonged to a women, has a slightly different design. The design of such ornaments found in Qau and Matmar in the tombs of women and children discussed above were very similar to those designs painted on male masks. This evidence makes it hard to assign a gender preference to such ornaments. In order to gain more information on this point, more unambiguous data would be necessary. The masks from Sedment, Saqqara, Abusir, and Beni Hasan lack the particular disc-shaped feature, although they seem to be contemporary to those with the discs. One must remember that the sample available for examination is not fully representative and thus conclusions are tentative. However, masks with striped wigs seem to belong to an entirely different class and might date to a slightly later period.86 That the bulk of masks cited in this paper date to the First Intermediate Period and the very early Middle Kingdom was established by Rogge, who stated that masks with beards, attached chin-beards, 81

START-Project (Beyond Politics, project no. V754-G19), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Abstract A disc-shaped ornament from tomb 2108 in Sedment that dates to the late First Intermediate Period/early Middle Kingdom is kept in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. It is made of copper with segment-shaped inlays of carnelian and blue and dark brown/black faience. It was identified as the main element of a headband by means of comparison with the contemporary funerary mask of Khety from Asyut, which has the same arrangement of segmented inlays. An overview and discussion of existing masks in Egypt is included in the article. Only funerary masks from Asyut seem to possess this feature, although the sample is relatively small. 87

Eva Rogge, “Die Maske eines Königs, Puschkin-Museum I 1a 4686, und die Königlichen Bestattungen des Alten und Mittleren Reichs,” in Zwischen den beiden Ewigkeiten: Festschrift Gertrud Thausing, Manfred Bietak, Johanna Holaubek, Hans Mukarovsky, and Helmut Satzinger, eds. (Vienna, 1994), 179.

Brunton, Qau and Badari I, 8, 41, 66; pls. XXIX.18, XLIX. According to the distribution list, this object is now kept in the National Museum, Copenhagen.

82

Seidlmayer, Gräberfelder, 259.

83

Seidlmayer, Gräberfelder, 395, fig. 168. Bettina Bader, “Sedment,” in Handbook of Pottery of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, vol. II, The Regional Volume, Robert Schiestl and Anne Seiler, eds. (Vienna, 2012), 229-233.

84

Seidlmayer, Gräberfelder, 135, 139, Stufe IIIA; see also fig. 168.

85

Rogge, “Totenmasken,” 204-206. Rogge, “Totenmasken,” 206-207.

86

and moustaches belong to the earlier period, while from the reign of Amenemhat II onwards only the beard with the supporting strap is used.87 Tentative thoughts on the social position of the individuals buried with disc-shaped ornaments can be offered. It seems feasible to think that the burial of tomb 6 at Saqqara, with the silver disc-shaped ornament and a wide array of jewellery, some of it even made from electrum, belonged to an individual with a relatively high social standing. Such a position is also exemplified by the placement of her tomb in the Teti pyramid cemetery. The fact that the tombs with the ornaments from Sedment were robbed prevents a clear understanding of the original contents of these tombs and thus the value of the grave goods. The presence of metal, beads of semiprecious stones, and a scarab suggests at least a slightly elevated status within the cemeteries of Sedment and thus shows that horizontal stratification existed in the cemetery. The evidence from Matmar and Qau also points to the possibility that the tomb owners did not belong to the lowest social stratum, as metal was considered a precious commodity and was often reused. Tomb 5009 at Matmar in particular contained several quite luxurious and certainly expensive items, suggesting that the tomb owner had an at least slightly elevated position. It is hoped that this treatise on the metal disc from Sedment will lead to the consequent identification of similar objects in museum storerooms, so that some of the questions raised here can be answered in the future. Perhaps in time one will be able to determine more clearly if variations in design are due to differences in region, gender, or perhaps status.

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BES 19 (2015)

Miroslav Bárta

A Reassembled False Door from the Time of Nyuserra

Fig. 1. Disc-shaped ornament. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford E 1921.1411. Photo by the author, reproduced here by permission of H. Whitehouse, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

Fig. 2. Detail of the funerary mask of Khety from Asyut. Egyptian Museum, Cairo, JE 36279. Digitized photograph taken before 2001

Several years ago I was privileged to contribute an article on tombs dated to the reign of Nyuserra to Dieter Arnold’s Festschrift.1 Now I am equally pleased to have a similar opportunity to do so for Dorothea Arnold, to whom I owe much, especially for the assistance she has given me during my occasional visits to the Metropolitan Museum. I am glad to have a false door from the same period as the subject of this contribution. In February and March 2006, during a brief season in Abusir South, we began to remove sand deposits several meters thick in a courtyard measuring 15.00 m (NS) and 21.80 m (EW). The structure was built in front of an anonymous mastaba labeled “AS 31” (originally “KK”; fig. 1). A badly damaged tomb was unearthed and documented that adjoined the north side of the court. Partially preserved from the superstructure was a corridor chapel that belonged to an official named Inpunefer. Originally, the tomb was thought to be the court’s northern entrance, an assumption which proved to be wrong. The chapel was 10.46 m long and 0.90 m wide with a floor made of beaten clay; its maximum preserved height was 2.10 m. The chapel was devoid of decoration except for the western wall, where four cult niches were originally built. Only the second niche from the south was to some extent spared by the tomb robbers. It contained the in situ lower part of Inpunefer’s false door (excav. no. 1/AS37/2006), which measures 1.16 x 1.16 m and is 0.19 m thick. The upper lintel of the false door was found a few days later, lying nearby in the fill of the chapel (excav. no. 2/AS37/2006; figs. 2-3); its dimensions are 1.13 x 0.37 x 0.20 m. A year later, the central, missing part of the false door was found (excav. no. 67/AS37/2007), displaced in Shaft 1B within Inpunefer’s tomb, approximately 3.50 m below the floor level of the chapel. It contained the panel with the offering scene and was 1.17 x 1.09 x 0.22 m. Thus after two years of work we were able to restore the false door to its original state and could calculate that the total dimensions were 1.17 m wide, 2.62 m high, and about 0.20 m thick. The piece is one of the few well-preserved false doors dating to the time of Nyuserra that indicates the high quality art produced during the period. The decoration and inscriptions were executed in raised relief by a craftsman with a sense for detail and fine execution of individual signs. The texts and images can be restored as follows: False Door Upper Lintel Three horizontal lines of inscription conclude with the name and the main title of Inpunefer. The owner is shown on the far left seated on a chair with lion legs and a small backrest; the front legs of the chair are omitted. The back of the seat terminates with a lotus. Inpunefer holds a walking stick in his proper left hand and a piece of cloth in his proper right fist. He wears a pointed kilt, a shoulder-length wig, a broad collar, and a ritual beard. The associated inscription reads as follows: 1

Fig. 3. Disc-shaped head ornament from Saqqara. After Firth, Teti Pyramid Cemeteries 2, pl. 37.3

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Miroslav Bárta, “Architectural Innovations in the Development of the Non-Royal Tomb During the Reign of Nyuserra,” in Structure and Significance: Thoughts on Ancient Egyptian Architecture, Peter Jánosi, ed. (Vienna, 2005), 105‑110.

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