Parasitol Res (2012) 111:997–1006 DOI 10.1007/s00436-012-2924-8
ORIGINAL PAPER
Biolarvicidal and pupicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Euphorbia hirta against Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) Karthikeyan Agalya Priyadarshini & Kadarkarai Murugan & Chellasamy Panneerselvam & Sekar Ponarulselvam & Jiang-Shiou Hwang & Marcello Nicoletti
Received: 11 March 2012 / Accepted: 10 April 2012 / Published online: 6 May 2012 # Springer-Verlag 2012
Abstract Vector control is a critical requirement in epidemic disease situations, as is an urgent need to develop new and improved mosquito control methods that are economical and effective yet safe for nontarget organisms and the environment. Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. Use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects in addition to high operational cost. Insecticides of synthesized natural products for vector control have been a priority in this area. In the present study, activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Euphorbia hirta (E. hirta) plant leaf extract against malarial vector Anopheles stephensi (A. stephensi) was determined. Range of concentrations of synthesized AgNPs (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 ppm) and
K. Agalya Priyadarshini : K. Murugan : S. Ponarulselvam Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India C. Panneerselvam (*) DRDO-BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India e-mail:
[email protected] J.-S. Hwang Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung – 20224, Taiwan M. Nicoletti Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
methanol crude extract (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ppm) were tested against larvae of A. stephensi. The synthesized AgNPs from E. hirta were highly toxic than methanolic crude extract against malarial vector, A. stephensi. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction. SEM analyses of the synthesized showed that AgNPs, measuring 30–60 nm in size, were clearly distinguishable. The synthesized AgNPs showed larvicidal effects after 24 h of exposure; however, the highest larval mortality was found in the synthesized AgNPs against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae of values LC50 (10.14, 16.82, 21.51, and 27.89 ppm, respectively), LC90 (31.98, 50.38, 60.09, and 69.94 ppm, respectively), and the LC50 and LC90 values of pupae of 34.52 and 79.76 ppm, respectively. Methanol extract exhibited the larval toxicity against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae of values LC50 (121.51, 145.40, 169.11, and 197.40 ppm, respectively), LC90 (236.44, 293.75, 331.42, and 371.34 ppm, respectively), and the LC50 and LC90 values of pupae of 219.15 and 396.70 ppm, respectively. No mortality was observed in the control. These results suggest that synthesized silver nanoparticles are a rapid, eco-friendly, and single-step approach; the AgNPs formed can be potential mosquito larvicidal agents.
Introduction Mosquitoes constitute a major public health problem as vectors of serious human diseases like malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, chikunkunya, and yellow fever that cause substantial mortality and morbidity among people living in tropical and subtropical zones (Jang
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