Biology Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide. • The exam will consist of 90
questions and will be worth ten percent of your semester grade. • To study for this
final ...
Biology Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide
• •
•
The exam will consist of 90 questions and will be worth ten percent of your semester grade. To study for this final write down the answers to the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. To find them, review your notes first and use the textbook. There will be no surprises on the final; all the necessary information is provided on this study guide. The more you challenge yourself while studying, the more you will ultimately learn. Quiz yourself frequently with the questions on this study guide.
Chapter 1: The Science of Biology (3 questions) 1. Before Redi carried out his experiment on spontaneous generation, he made a(n) ________ that maggots came from eggs laid by flies. 2. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? 3. What is a manipulated (independent) variable? What is a responding (dependent) variable? Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life (9 questions) 4. What are the monomers that combine to form proteins? nucleic acids? polysaccharides (carbohydrates)? 5. What is glycogen? What type of macromolecule is it? 6. Which organic compound is the main source of energy for living things? 7. What are some functions of proteins? 8. What determines a protein’s function? What makes a protein unique? 9. Identify the reactant(s) and products in the chemical reaction, CO2 + H2O à H2CO3. 10. What are some functions of enzymes? What type of macromolecule are they? What 3 letters do they usually end in? 11. Is an enzyme specific to a chemical reaction or able to catalyze a variety of them? 12. Which three conditions regulate enzyme activity? Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function (23 questions) 13. What is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things (smallest possible unit of life)? 14. How are eukaryotes different than prokaryotes? 15. What is an example of a prokaryotic organism? 16. What are the functions of the nucleus? What does it contain? 17. Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into a form the cell can use (ATP)? 18. Which green organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells? 19. What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton? 20. What type of organisms does NOT have a cell wall surrounding its cells? 21. What are the functions of the cell membrane? 22. What is diffusion? 23. When equilibrium is reached, do molecules stop moving across the cell membrane? 24. Which means of membrane transport requires an input of energy (ATP) from the cell? 25. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called… 26. What will happen to a red blood cell that is surrounded by a hypotonic solution? a hypertonic solution? 27. What are some examples of specialized cells in multicellular organisms? 28. What are the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level? 29. Trace the path of a protein in a eukaryotic cell from its synthesis (production) to its release from the cell. 30. Which 2 organelles help provide cells with energy? 31. What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (both smooth and rough)? 32. What do ribosomes do? Where are they located in the cell? 33. Because the cell membrane allows some substances through but blocks others, it is referred to as being… 34. Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for storage or export from the cell? Chapters 8-‐9: Metabolism (17 questions) 35. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis? What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? 36. What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? 37. What is the green pigment in chloroplasts responsible for absorbing light? 38. What is the first stage of photosynthesis? What is the second stage?
What happens during the Calvin cycle? The electron transport chain produces ATP by pumping H+ ions through ATP synthase in a process called… What is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration (3 stages)? What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? Is energy captured and stored, or is it released? Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down? Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? Where do the Krebs cycle and ETC take place? During glycolysis, ________ is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Which process carried out by yeast is used to produce beer and wine? What is an anaerobic process that regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue? What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic processes? Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place? Where does cellular respiration primarily take place? Which types of organisms carry out cellular respiration? How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis almost opposite processes?
Chapter 10: Mitosis (11 questions) 52. What occurs during interphase of the cell cycle? Is it a phase of mitosis? 53. When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible? 54. In multicellular organisms, cell division via mitosis is a source of new cells for… 55. What are structures A and B called in the figure to the right? 56. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell? 57. The division of the cytoplasm that produces new cells is called… 58. What is the proper sequence of stages in mitosis? 59. What forms in plant cells during cytokinesis that does not form in animal cells? 60. During mitotic cell division, a cell having 4 chromosomes will produce _____ cells with _____ chromosomes. 61. What is cancer? 62. When cancer spreads from a tumor in one part of the body to distant tissues and organs it is called… Chapters 11 & 14: Meiosis, Genetics, and Inheritance (27 questions) 63. What does diploid mean? Why is the diploid number always an even number? 64. What are homologous chromosomes? 65. Which letter is used to represent the number of chromosomes in a gamete? 66. If an organism’s diploid number is 40, its haploid number is? 67. Gametes are produced through the process of… 68. How many cells does meiosis produce? Are they identical or genetically different? Are they haploid or diploid? 69. What happens during anaphase I of meiosis that reduces the number of chromosomes? 70. During prophase of meiosis I, what event creates new combinations of alleles in homologous chromosomes? 71. What is the equation that shows what happens when a sperm fertilizes an egg to produce a zygote? (use N/2N) 72. Specific sequences of DNA that determine traits are called… 73. What is the principle of dominance? 74. What are traits? What do homozygous and heterozygous mean? 75. What principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits segregate independently without influencing each other’s inheritance? 76. ____________ segregate independently during gamete formation. 77. What is a polygenic trait? 78. Are environmental effects on phenotype acquired over a person’s lifetime passed on to his/her offspring? 79. How many chromosomes are present in a woman’s somatic cells? 80. Which sex chromosomes do males and females have? 81. What percentage of human sperm cells carry an X chromosome? 82. In cystic fibrosis a mutation in the CFTR gene results in… 83. Most sex-‐linked genes are located on which chromosome? 84. Why is colorblindness more common in males than in females? 85. Gametes may receive an extra or missing copy of a chromosome if _________ occurs during meiosis. 86. Human females produce egg cells that have how many of which sex chromosome(s)?
