Nigerian
ISSN 0794-1056
Biomedical Science Journal
Contents
Nigeria Foremost Journal of Biomedical Practice. April - June, 2016 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Prof. E. Osaro DEPUTY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Dr. C. Emuchay FOREIGN EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Mr. Brain Nation (Editor IBMS Pubs. UK) CHIEF CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Dr. C. K. Wachukwu Dr. F. I. Buseri Dr. A. A. Ngokere G. O. Mba (Navy Capt.) C. D. Blankson (Mrs) Dr. Ezeiruaku F.C. EXECUTIVE CONSULTANT EDITORS Dr. P.O. Uyigue Prof. O. A. Ejele Sam Ureme Henry N. Igiebor CONSULTANT EDITORS Prof. Osaro Erhabor Prof. Teddy Adias Dr. H. B Osadolor Dr. Chuma Okafor Dr. Okechi O.O.O Dr. Zaccheaus A. Jeremiah Dr. Wankasi Miebi M. Dr. Adebayo Adegoke Bamigbowu E. Olugbenga R. E. Okosun SPECIAL PROJECTS Lucky Okolie
Effect of Aqueous Extract of Garcinia Kola Seed on Isolated Rabbit Ileum
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Joseph Emberga Toryila, Angela Danborno, Confidence Christopher, James Timbuak, David Paul
Haematological profile of African Straw Coloured Fruit Bats (Eidolon Helvum) Experimentally infected with Rabies Virus
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Bauchi ZM, Alawa JN, Akpulu SP, Musa SA, Hambolu JO, Umoh JU.
Relationship Between Serum Liver Enzyme Activities And Glycated Heamoglobin In Diabetic Nigerians
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Lawal N; Akuyam S A; Anaja PO, Akpulu SP, Bakari AG
Characteristics of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Senegal
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Seynabou Fall, Claire Mathiot, Sophie Reynaud, Martine Raphaël
An unusual occurrence: a case of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy associated with heterotaxy syndrome
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Narendranath Epperla, Patrick Foy, Erika Peterson
Anemia in prospective blood donors deferred by the copper sulphate technique of hemoglobin estimation
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Samuel Antwi-Baffour, David Kwasie Annor, Jonathan Kofi Adjei, Ransford Kyeremeh, George Kpentey, Foster Kyei
ADVERT/MARKETING EXECUTIVE Fidelis Olie BUSINESS MANAGER Mr. John Nwaojei MARKETING EXECUTIVE Mr. Awe O. Ben GRAPHICS : Obilonu Tony
39 Lipid Profile and Atherogenic indices of Commercial Automobile Battery Recyclers (Battery Chargers), Automobile Mechanics and Spray Painters in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria Adejumo B. I., Osagie I., Dimkpa U., Emmanuel A. M.
Biomedical Science Journal News
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Adejumo B. I., Osagie I. Medical Laboratory Science Department, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
Dimkpa U. Physiology Department, Nnewi Campus, NnamdiAzikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Emmanuel A. M. Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria. Correspondences to: Adejumo B.I., Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Email:
[email protected],
[email protected]
ABSTRACT Background: Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities play a major role in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Aim: This study is aimed at determining the lipid profile and atherogenic indices in automotive battery recyclers, automobile mechanics and spray painters in Benin City. Methods: A total of 150 males within the ages of 18-60 years participated in the study, (100 test subjects and 50 control subjects). The test subjects were recruited from various battery recycling, automobile mechanics and spray painting workshops in Benin City. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were determined using spectrophotometric method while low density lipoprotein (LDL) was calculated using Friedewald equation. Cardiac risk ratio (CRR), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and atherogenic coefficient (AC) were calculated from values of HDL, TG, TC and LDL. Result: Significant differences (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001) were observed in HDL, LDL, AIP, AC, CRR-1 and CRR-2 between each of the test groups -car mechanics, automotive battery recyclers, spray painters and the non-exposed controls. Conclusion: The present study indicates that lipid profiles and atherogenic indices are altered in automobile workers and suggests that continuous occupational exposure to environmental pollutants from automobile works induces dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular risks in these workers. INTRODUCTION t has been documented in both humans and animals that lipid metabolism is altered in chronic lead exposure (1 - 6) . Studies have also shown that lipids and lipoprotein abnormalities play a major role in pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (7 - 11). In African populations, dyslipidemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and increasing incidents of death due to cardiovascular disease in both urbanised and underdeveloped rural countries have been documented(12). Automobile servicing and repair shops provide employment for technicians in different technical works which include automobile mechanics, spray painters, automotive battery recyclers among others and have been noted to be the largest small quantity generators of hazardous wastes and petroleum products. The automobile mechanics are therefore exposed to these toxic substances (13).
I
are known toxic metals. In the same manner, a group of pigments including lead carbonate, cadmium red, chrome green and yellow do represent critical exposure both during spray application and surface preparation on cars (14). Reports have suggested that exposure to some of these toxic metals may result in dyslipidaemia; cadmium for example has been reported to induce dyslipidaemia. In a study reported by(15) the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), free fatty acids (FFA), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDLc) were significantly increased and the level of HDL was significantly decreased in the serum of Cadmium-treated rats. Studies have also shown that lead mediates the elevation of serum lipids and lipid peroxide through the mechanism of enzyme inhibition resulting in the accumulation of lipids in blood vessel walls (4, 16) . Lipid profile has also been found to be altered in automobile battery recyclers (17).
Automotive battery contains metals such as Lead, Nickel, Cadmium, Lithium, Zinc, Iron, and Sodium some of which
There is limited information on the effects of exposure to environmental pollutants in such jobs as automotive
Nigerian Biomedical Science Journal Vol. 12 No 2 2016
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Lipid Profile and Atherogenic indices of... battery recycling, automobile mechanics and car spray painting on the lipid profiles and atherogenic indices in Nigeria and Africa. These groups of skilled workers are daily exposed to environmental pollutants and unfortunately, majority of them are not aware of such occupational exposure to these environmental pollutants. More disturbing is the fact that these workers are hardly protected from these environmental hazards. Furthermore, the risk of development of cardiac problems among these artisans due to chronic exposure to occupational pollutants is not known. The present study therefore was aimed at determining the possible effects of job exposure on lipid profile and atherogenic indices and cardiac risk among automotive battery recyclers, automobile mechanics and spray painters in Benin City, Nigeria.
METHODS: Subjects One hundred and fifty (150) apparently healthy male residents in Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria, aged between 18 – 60 years participated in the study. Of this population, 100 were artisans (59 automotive battery recyclers, 20 automobile mechanics, and 21 car spray painters) recruited from automobile workshops distributed in Benin City, while 50 were controls. Participants who were unhealthy or have history of cardiovascular diseases were excluded from the study. The subjects' consents were sought after explaining the purpose of the research. The study was approved by the ethical committee of Ministry of Health, Edo State. Blood Sample Collection and Analysis Five millilitres of blood was collected and dispensed into a plain container. The non anticoagulated blood was spun at 1500rpm for 10minutes and the supernatant serum was separated into a separate tubes. The serum was stored at 200C for up to 2 weeks prior to analysis for serum lipid profile (Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, and HDL-c). Triglycerides, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL - c) were determined using enzyme catalyzed colorimetric technique (Randox
Laboratories, UK). Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL – c) was calculated using Friedewald equation (18). The cardiac risk ratio, atherogenic coefficient and atherogenic index of plasma were calculated as previously described by (19 - 21). Data Analysis Data was expressed as mean and standard deviation. Comparative analysis was done using independent sample t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. All statistics were done using IBM/SPSS software (version 20.0). RESULTS Plasma Lipid Profiles Table 1 shows the lipid profile of car mechanics compared to the controls. Data indicated significantly (p
