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Chapter 16
Biosynthesized and Bio-Inspired Functional Nanocomposites for Pollution Control Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo Faculty of Engineering, Cyprus Science University, Ozankoy, Girne, TRNC via Mersin 10, Turkey
[email protected]
High-performance bio-inspired functional nanocomposites fuse the benefits of both functionalized nanomaterials and hierarchical structures of bio-based inorganic particles for effective pollution control. These functional bio-inspired nanocomposites possess excellent abilities to decontaminate and degrade a range of pollutants from aqueous solutions and, have attracted concerted interests in academia and industry across the globe. This chapter provides a broad spectrum of recent techniques of preparation of bio-inspired functional nanocomposites, their structural properties and wide coverage in practical pollution control. Representative samples are discussed to illustrate the efficiency of bio-inspired
Nanocomposites for Pollution Control Edited by Ajay Kumar Mishra and Chaudhery M. Hussain Copyright © 2018 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. ISBN 978-981-4774-45-1 (Hardcover), 000-0-000-00000-0 (eBook) www.panstanford.com
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nanocomposites in the field of pollution control. This chapter intends to provide an update on advances in the fabrication of novel bio-inspired functional nanocomposites for environmental remediation applications.
16.1 Introduction
Increasing threat from environmental pollution has become a global issue and received special attention worldwide. Environmental pollutants are the major component of the pollution process and can be referred to as the actual “executing agents” of environmental pollution. The threat of non-biodegradable pollutants is alarming as they persist in the biosphere for acutely long periods of time as compared with the biodegradable pollutants [1]. Dyes, heavy metals, organophosphorus compounds (insecticides and pesticides) and phenolic wastewaters are major non-biodegradable environmental pollutants generated from the peoples’ activities and industries [1–3]. These pollutants cause harm and discomfort to humans and other living organisms and ultimately damage the environment. For instance, it is reported that ionic dyes can accumulate in human bodies if exposed to trace amounts of dye-contaminated wastewater for a long time and can induce cancer-related diseases [2–5]. The organophosphorus-based pesticides exhibit toxic effects on humans and create poisoning which may result in death, indicating that their toxicity threshold is of lethal dose [6]. Long-term exposure to a trace amount of heavy metals can cause serious health effects, including organ damage, reduced growth, and nervous system damage. An exposure to lead and mercury may cause a person’s immune system to attack its cells (autoimmunity). This condition can lead to rheumatoid arthritis and damage of the foetal brain [7, 8]. There are many types of environmental pollution, but this chapter will focus on water pollution. Water pollution is one of the most important types of environmental pollution caused by various factors, including an oil spill, leakage of fertilizers, industrial waste disposal, herbicides, and extraction of fossil fuels, etc. Water pollution has become a serious issue globally; thus, it is highly necessary to control and decontaminate pollutant-laden
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12. Oladipo, A. A., and Gazi, M. (2016). High boron removal by functionalized magnesium ferrite nanopowders, Environ. Chem. Lett., 14, pp. 373–379.
13. Abas, S. N. A., Ismail, M. H. S., Kamal, M. L., and Izhar, S. (2013). Adsorption process of heavy metals by low-cost adsorbent: A review, World Appl. Sci. J., 28, pp. 1518–1530.
14. Oladipo, A. A., and Gazi, M. (2015). Nickel removal from aqueous solutions by alginate-based composite beads: Central composite design and artificial neural network modeling, J. Water Proc. Eng., 8, pp. e81–e91. 15. Coonery, D. O. (1999). Adsorption Design for Wastewater Treatment, Lewis Publishers, USA, p. 182.
16. Oladipo, A. A., Gazi, M., and Yilmaz, E. (2015). Single and binary adsorption of azo and anthraquinone dyes by chitosan-based hydrogel: Selectivity factor and Box-Behnken process design, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 104, pp. 264–279. 17. Oladipo, A. A., and Gazi, M. (2016). Hydroxyl-enhanced magnetic chitosan microbeads for boron adsorption: Parameter optimization and selectivity in saline water, React. Funct. Polym., 109, pp. 23–32. 18. Mu, B., and Wang, A. (2016) Adsorption of dyes onto palygorskite and its composites: A review, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 4, pp. 1274–1294.
19. Antonopoulou, M., Evgenidou, E., Lambropoulou, D., and Konstantinou, I. (2014). A review on advanced oxidation processes for the removal of taste and odor compounds from aqueous media, Water Res., 53, pp. 215–234.
20. Asghar, A., Abdul Raman, A. A., and Daud, W. M. A. W. (2015). Advanced oxidation processes for in-situ production of hydrogen peroxide/hydroxyl radical for textile wastewater treatment: A review, J. Cleaner Prod., 87, pp. 826–838. 21. George, A., and Ravindran, S. (2010). Protein templates in hard tissue engineering, Nano Today, 5, pp. 254–266.
22. Liu, X., and Mallapragada, S. K. (2011). Bioinspired Synthesis of Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposite Materials Mediated by Biomolecules, in Biomimetics, Lilyana Pramatarova (ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/18411.
23. Duan, J., Gong, S., Gao, Y., Xie, X., Jiang, L., and Cheng, Q. (2016). Bioinspired ternary artificial nacre nanocomposites based on reduced graphene oxide and nanofibrillar cellulose, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, pp. 10545–10550.
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