Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticle based Hybrid ...

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REVIEW ARTICLE

Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticle based Hybrid Materials S.C.G. Kiruba Daniel1,#*, Printo Joseph1 and M. Sivakumar1 1

Division of Nanoscience and Technology, BIT Campus, Anna University: Chennai, Tiruchirappalli – 624 024, India

ARTICLE HISTORY Received: July 30, 2015 Revised: July 21, 2016 Accepted: March 27, 2017 DOI: 10.2174/2210681207666170421114719

Abstract: Silver nanoparticles are being explored for their attractive properties which enable them to be used for the development of different hybrid products. Metal nanoparticles are being synthesized through biogenic routes to synthesize nanoparticles which can be more biocompatible and synthesis process is ecofriendly. In previous studies, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles using plant based extract as reducing agent and have developed a number of products utilizing such biosynthesized nanoparticles. Leaf extracts were extracted from weed plants instead of cash crops or beneficial plants. Some of the prominent products which are going to be discussed in this review are antimicrobial membranes (Cellulose acetate and Poly Vinyl Alcohol), hybrid tissue paper, antimicrobial ice, Photo – Enhanced Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (PE-DSSC), bactericidal cold cream.

Keywords: Biosynthesis, metal nanoparticles, hybrid materials, antimicrobial CA and PVA membrane, antimicrobial nano ice, bactericidal cold cream. 1. INTRODUCTION Nanoproducts based on metal and polymeric nanoparticles have started entering world market in a faster pace. Metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles are being used widely in the manufacture of a number of cosmetics and electronic devices. Silver nanoparticles synthesized using potentially harmful chemical reducing agent like sodium borohydride are reported to have cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in rat and mammalian cells [1]. Hence research has been started to focus more on green chemistry principles and green nanotechnology. Green chemistry approaches for the synthesis of nanoparticles may lead to lesser toxicity and better environmental effects. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a part of green synthetic approach utilizing parts of a plant or animal for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Such biosynthesized metal nanoparticles may be utilized for development of hybrid products using the inherent/intrinsic properties of the chemical constituents present in the leaf extract or animal extract. Among metallic nanoparticles, silver and silver based compounds are known to have deleterious activity against more than 750 pathogens [2]. Similarly iron and copper nanoparticles are also having microbicidal activity though not equal to silver [3]. Iron nanoparticles are found to have the ability to degrade a number of organic compounds, halogens, pesticides, heavy metals like cadmium, mercury [4]. Such unique properties of microbicidal activity and reme-

*Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560 012, India; Tel: +91 080 22933529; E-mail: [email protected] 2210-6812/17 $58.00+.00

diating activities of nanoparticles coupled with polymers or other materials can be developed into a number of products for different applications. 2. BIOSYNTHESIS OF METAL NANOPARTICLES Huge number of papers have been reported in the field of biosynthesis of nanoparticles using leaf, seed, flower, bark, fruit peel extracts and also fabrication of virus templated nanowires for battery application are described in Table 1. Most of the literatures on biosynthesis of nanoparticles have reported on the antimicrobial activity against different pathogens. Very few publications are found to report the development of products/materials utilizing the biosynthesized metal nanoparticles when compared to chemically synthesized nanoparticles and other physical methods. This may be due to the fact that control in size and shape of the nanoparticles is better achieved by chemical synthesis rather in biosynthesis. Now it has become possible to synthesize metal nanoparticles at room temperature using aqueous extract prepared from plant parts as depicted in the Scheme 1. Leaves having more phenolic groups tend to reduce the metal salts at room temperature with very less volume than leaves having lesser phenolic content. Weaker reducing agents like leaf extract of Water Hyacinth / Eichornia crassipes require elevated temperature along with the reducing agent for effective synthesis of nanoparticles rather than stronger reducing agents like leaf extract of Ipomea carnea [5, 6]. Some of the common plants being used for biosynthesis of nanoparticles are Hibiscus, Tansy fruit, Aloe vera, Geranium, Eucalyptus and animal sources like spider web, silk, honey from bees, chitosan from crabs, etc. [7-14]. © 2017 Bentham Science Publishers

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Daniel et al.

Scheme 1. Schematic representation of metal nanoparticles synthesized using plant extract.

3. DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID PRODUCTS 3.1. Antimicrobial Membranes Recently antimicrobial Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) and Cellulose acetate (CA) membrane were developed using silver nanoparticles derived from Amaranthus tristis and Ipomea carnea respectively [15, 6]. Ag – PVA membrane was tested against air borne pathogens and Ag – CA against Mycobacterium smegmatis which is a model organism for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Ag-PVA nanocomposite membrane wrapped LB agar was also assessed for antimicrobial activity by exposing to a microbe-prone environment. The pure PVA membrane was found to let in more microbes easily whereas the biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles impregnated on the PVA membrane prevented the microbes to get deposited or pass through the membrane by killing it (Fig. 1 a & b). 3.2. Solar Cell and Sensors Photo Enhanced Dye Sensitized Solar cell (PE – DSSC) has been developed using Lawsonia inermis leaf extract reduced silver nanoparticles acting as sensitizers along with lawsone dye molecules present in the extract [21]. Photoabsorption of the Dye Sensitized Solar cell has increased due to the LSPR of silver nanoparticle leading to increased photocurrent of PE – DSSC when compared to normal DSSC (Fig. 2). Synthesis of Gold nanotriangles using lemongrass extract (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and tamarind leaf extract has been used to prepare a conductive surface for sensing of polar molecules like methanol and chloroform and also has absorption in Near Infra-Red (NIR) region leading to an optical sensing system [18, 23, 45]. Similarly green synthesized silver nanoparticles were found to detect ammonia visibly [46]. Cyamopsis tetragonaloba (Guar gum) based synthesis of gold nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles has been able to detect ammonia at parts per billion level at the minimum [31, 32]. Flexible ultrasensitive chemiresistor sensor based on Guar gum/Ag nanocomposite for ammonia detection has also been developed by Pandey et al. 2013 [47]. Interestingly, M13 virus templated synthesis of Co3O4 nanowires has been utilized in the fabrication of lithium ion storage batteries as anodic electrodes [24]. Further studies done by the same group resulted in the fabrication of high power lith-

ium ion battery using genetically engineered viruses for templated synthesis of FePO4 nanowires [25]. Biosynthesized gold nanoparticles were modified on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for enhanced electronic transmission 3.3. Antimicrobial Nano Ice, Film and Other Antimicrobial Products Antimicrobial ice has been made by utilizing biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using banana rib extract [22]. The antimicrobial ice has been verified for its application as a preservative for both freshwater and marine fish (Fig. 3). Release studies done after exposing the fish to antimicrobial ice declined the presence of nanoparticles in fish. Similarly biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were used to prepare microbicidal tissue paper exhibiting inhibition towards microorganisms (Fig. 3) [49]. Potato starch synthesized silver nanoparticles were found to decrease and cure the white spot disease of gold fish when the infected gold fish has been exposed to silver nanoparticles [30]. Chitosan, a polymer obtained from molluscan shells has been utilized to form films with nanoparticles to have superior properties. Chitosan, heparin layer by layer formation and in situ silver nanoparticle synthesis has been obtained leading to antimicrobial chitosan film [50]. Same group has also reported earlier the fabrication of antimicrobial multilayer film of chitosan and heparin using silver nanoparticles [33]. Similarly porous chitosan films with in-situ synthesized silver nanoparticles were found to have more mechanical strength and antimicrobial activity than normal chitosan – silver nanoparticle film [51]. Silver nanoparticles synthesized in situ in wool fabric using lecithin have been reported to have increased diffusion of nanoparticles leading to better antimicrobial activity and less cytoxicity [34]. Antimicrobial cotton was prepared by utilizing green synthesized silver nanoparticles using hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) as reducing and stabilizing agent [52]. In situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles in cotton using dopamine biomolecule as reducing agent has been reported to have been used in antimicrobial cotton fabrics [53]. 3.4. Bactericidal Cold Cream In our previous report bactericidal cold cream was formulated using Cassia auriculata flower extract synthesized

Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticle based Hybrid Materials

Table 1.


Showing the plant / animal source, synthesized nanoparticles, application and their references. Plant / Virus

Nanoparticle

Application

Ref.

Amaranthus tristis

Ag

Antimicrobial PVA membrane

15

Azadirachta indica

Ag, Au, Ag/Au bimetallic

Antimicrobial activity

16

Emblica officinalis

Ag, Au

-

17

Eichornia crassipes

Ag


5

Cymbopogon flexuosus

Au triangles

Vapour sensing

18

Cinnamomum camphora

Ag, Au

-

19

Dodonea viscosa

Ag, Cu, ZVI


3

Ipomea carnea

Ag

Antimicrobial CA membrane

6

Lawsonia inermis

Ag

Solar cell

20

Lawsonia inermis

Ag

Lousicidal activity

21

Musa paradiasca midrib

Ag

Antimicrobial ice

22

Tamarindus indica

Au nanotriangles

Vapour sensing

23

M13 virus

Co3O4 nanowires

Lithium Ion battery electrodes

24

M13 virus

FePO4 nanowires

High power lithium Ion battery

25

Coriandrum sativum

Ag nanoparticles

Nonlinear optics

26

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Silica anode

Lithium battery

27

Potato starch

FePd

Degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons

28

Camelia sinensis

ZVI

Degradation of thymol blue

29

Potato starch

Ag

Treatment of white spot disease in gold fish

30

Cyamopsis tetragonaloba

Ag, Au

Ammonia sensing

31, 32

Chitosan

Ag

Antimicrobial film

33

Wool and lecithin

Ag

Antimicrobial wool fabric

34

Herb leaves

Ag, Cu, ZVI

Effluent treatment

35

Saccharomyces cerevisae

Au – Ag alloy

Vanillin biosensor

36

Medicago sativa

Ag


37

Eucalyptus citriodora

Ag

Antimicrobial cotton

38

Ficus bengalensis

Ag

Antimicrobial cotton

38

Camelia sinensis

Au

Dye degradation

39

Curcuma longa

Ag

Antimicrobial cotton cloth

40

Scutellaria barbata

Au

Electrochemistry

41

Cinnamon zeylanicum

Ag

Antibacterial activity

42

Mentha piperita

Ag, Au

Antibacterial activity against clinically isolated pathogens

43

Acalypha indica

Ag

Antibacterial activity against water pathogens

44

Spider web and silk

Au

Vapour sensing

12

3

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Daniel et al.

Fig. (1). A) Depicting the morphological difference in PVA membrane, Ag np: PVA nanocomposite membrane at a ratio 1:9 and Ag np: PVA nanocomposite membrane at a ratio 2:8. B) Exposure of pure PVA membrane and Ag nanoparticles doped PVA membrane at a volume ratio 1:9 and 2:8 to microbial environment (Reproduced from Anitha et al. 2012) [15], C) Color variation between control cellulose acetate (CA) membrane and Ag nanoparticle impregnated CA membrane. D) Zone of Inhibition seen around biosynthesized silver nanoparticles present CA membrane in a Mycobacterium smegmatis inoculated plate and it is absent around CA membrane (Reproduced from Daniel et al. 2012) [6].

Fig. (2). Fabricated PE-DSSC using silver nanoparticles with lawsone as sensitizer produced increasing voltage of 150 mV and I-V characteristics of PE-DSSC and DSSC [20].

silver nanoparticles [54]. The cold cream exhibited antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Zone of inhibition for bactericidal cream was found to be 14 mm, 11 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis respectively [54].

3.5. Silver Nanoparticle based Hydrogels Peptide based hydrogels were developed encompassing silver nanoparticles which were synthesized by sunlight exposure leading to fluorescent behavior [55]. Silver nanoparticles synthesized using sodium citrate as reducing agent has been encapsulated by methacrylate hydrogels for potential bone graft applications [56]. Recently photo-catalytic hydro-



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Fig. (3). A) Color difference between control ice and antimicrobial ice with Ag nanoparticles. B) Freshwater fish kept with control and C) antimicrobial ice (reddish brown), D) Mueller Hinton agar plates swabbed with surface layer of the fish kept in control ice and antimicrobial ice (AM) exhibiting lesser colonies compared to control ice (Reproduced from Daniel et al. 2016) [22]. E) Color variation between control tissue paper and antimicrobial tissue paper with Ag nanoparticles (Reproduced from Daniel et al. 2013) [49].

Fig. (4). Bactericidal cream formulated, A-Control cream, B-Antimicrobial cream formulated by adding biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Reproduced from Sahana et al. 2014).

gel formed by in-situ green synthesized silver nanoparticles along with graphene oxide has been used for dye degradation [57]. Similarly reduced graphene oxide based silver nanoparticles containing natural hydrogel are used as highly efficient catalysts for nitrile wastewater treatment [58]. Multifunctional metal nanoparticles (Ag, ZVI & Cu) synthesized using leaf extract of herbs have been used for textile effluent treatment where the nanoparticles eliminate the microorganisms, degrade harmful dyes present and reduce the total dissolved solids present [35]. Also Zero Valent Iron nanoparticles synthesized using leaf extract of green tea

Camelia sinensis has been used for the degradation of thymol blue as a model dye [29]. Starch stabilized bimetallic nanoparticles of Pd-Fe has been used to degrade chlorinated hydrocarbons [28]. Similarly ascorbic acid based Pd-Fe nanoparticles in a silica platform are used for the degradation of trichloroethanes (TCE) [59]. CONCLUSION Thus silver nanoparticles synthesized by biogenic route are being put to use for different varied applications. Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles may be a better op-

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tion when compared to chemical synthesis due its ease of synthesis, widely available natural resources which lead to natural reducing agent and ecofriendly synthesis procedure. They may be a safe alternative for developing nanoparticle based products instead of using nanoparticles synthesized by hazardous chemicals as reducing agents. In this review we have described the development of a number of innovative products like antimicrobial nano ice, lithium ion batteries, antimicrobial tissue paper, bactericidal cold cream to name a few. Further research is being carried out worldwide, including in our own lab to develop many more products using bio and green synthesized silver nanoparticles. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Daniel et al. [11]

[12] [13]

[14] [15]

[16]

Not applicable. CONFLICT OF INTEREST

[17]

The author (editor) declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

[18]

The authors would like to thank Anna University, Chennai for the infrastructure developed in the Division of Nanoscience and Technology, BIT campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli.

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