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% # 1. Santiago CD, Kaltman S, Miranda J. Poverty and Mental Health: How Do Low‐Income Adults and Children Fare in Psychotherapy? Journal of Clinical Psychology 2013;69(2):115‐26. 2. The Goverment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Hong Kong Poverty Situation Report 2013. 2013:169. 3. Evans GW, Kim P. Childhood poverty, chronic stress, self‐regulation, and coping. Child Development Perspectives 2013;7(1):43‐48. 4. Neece CL, Green SA, Baker BL. Parenting stress and child behavior problems: A transactional relationship across time. American Journal on Intellectual and

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Developmental Disabilities 2012;117(1):48‐66. 5. Stone LL, Mares SH, Otten R, et al. The Co‐Development of Parenting Stress and Childhood Internalizing and Externalizing Problems. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2015:1‐11. 6. Wong RSM, Guo VY, Ip P, et al. Mothers’ health‐related quality of life: its relationship with

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children’s health‐related quality of life and behavior in low income families. Family Medicine and Community Health 2016 4(4):4‐12. 7. Cronin S, Becher E, Christians KS, et al. Parents and stress: Understanding experiences,

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context, and responses. 2015 8. Belsky J. The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child development 1984:83‐96. 9. Juster R‐P, McEwen BS, Lupien SJ. Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2010;35(1):2‐16.

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10. McEwen BS. Allostasis and allostatic load: implications for neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;22(2):108‐24. 11. National Research Council. Children's health, the Nation's wealth: assessing and

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improving child health. National Academic Press 2004 12. UNICEF. Child poverty in perspective: An overview of child well‐being in rich countries. Innocenti Report Card 7. Florence, Italy: UNICEF Inncenti Research Centre, 2007. 13. Luecken LJ, Lemery KS. Early caregiving and physiological stress responses. Clinical psychology review 2004;24(2):171‐91. 14. Drury SS, Theall K, Gleason MM, et al. Telomere length and early severe social deprivation: linking early adversity and cellular aging. Molecular psychiatry 2012;17(7):719‐27. 15. Ip P, Chung BHY, Ho FKW, et al. Prenatal tobacco exposure shortens telomere length in children. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2016:ntw139. 16. Asok A, Bernard K, Roth T, et al. Parental responsiveness moderates the association between early‐life stress and reduced telomere length. Development and psychopathology 2013;25(03):577‐85. 14


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17. Gotlib I, LeMoult J, Colich N, et al. Telomere length and cortisol reactivity in children of depressed mothers. Molecular psychiatry 2015;20(5):615‐20. 18. Theall KP, Brett ZH, Shirtcliff EA, et al. Neighborhood disorder and telomeres: Connecting children's exposure to community level stress and cellular response. Social Science & Medicine 2013;85:50‐58. 19. Bowers ME, Yehuda R. Intergenerational Transmission of Stress in Humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016;41(1):232‐44. 20. Guo VY, Yu EYT, Wong RSM, et al. Maternal mental quality of life mediates the associations between intimate partner abuse against mothers and their children's behaviours and quality of life in low‐income Chinese families. Quality of Life Research 2017

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21. Evans GW, Kim P, Ting AH, et al. Cumulative risk, maternal responsiveness, and allostatic load among young adolescents. Developmental psychology 2007;43(2):341. 22. Fung CSC, Yu EYT, Guo VY, et al. Development of a Health Empowerment Programme to improve the health of working poor families: protocol for a prospective cohort study

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in Hong Kong. BMJ open 2016;6(2):e010015. 23. Lam CLK, Guo VY, Wong CKH, et al. Poverty and health‐related quality of life of people living in Hong Kong: comparison of individuals from low‐income families and the general population. J Public Health (Oxf) 2017;39(2):258‐65. doi:

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25. Harris RJ. A primer of multivariate statistics: Psychology Press 2001. 26. Green SB. How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis. Multivariate behavioral research 1991;26(3):499‐510.

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27. Lee S, Cheung Y, Wong H, et al. Chronic health problems and health‐related quality of life in Chinese children and adolescents: a population‐based study in Hong Kong. BMJ open 2013;3(1):e001183. 28. Lai KY, Luk ES, Leung PW, et al. Validation of the Chinese version of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in Hong Kong. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 2010;45(12):1179‐86. 29. Cawthon RM. Telomere measurement by quantitative PCR. Nucleic acids research 2002;30(10):e47‐e47. 30. Dinsdale H, Ridler C, Ells L. A simple guide to classifying body mass index in children. National Obesity Observatory, Oxford 2011 31. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy 1995;33(3):335‐43.

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32. Wang K, Shi H‐S, Geng F‐L, et al. Cross‐cultural validation of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale–21 in China. Psychological assessment 2016;28(5):e88. 33. Lam ET, Lam CL, Fong DY, et al. Is the SF‐12 version 2 Health Survey a valid and equivalent substitute for the SF‐36 version 2 Health Survey for the Chinese? Journal of evaluation in clinical practice 2013;19(1):200‐08. 34. Lam C, Wong C, Lam E, et al. Population norm of Chinese (HK) SF‐12 health survey‐version 2 of Chinese adults in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Practitioner 2010;32(2):77‐86. 35. Kavikondala S, Stewart SM, Ni MY, et al. Structure and Validity of Family Harmony Scale: An Instrument for Measuring Harmony. Psychological assessment 2016;28(3):307. 36. Chan KL, Brownridge DA, Fong DY, et al. Violence against pregnant women can increase

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the risk of child abuse: a longitudinal study. Child abuse & neglect 2012;36(4):275‐84. 37. Wu P, Robinson CC, Yang C, et al. Similarities and differences in mothers' parenting of preschoolers in China and the United States. International Journal of Behavioral Development 2002;26(6):481‐91.

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38. Chou K‐L. Perceived discrimination and depression among new migrants to Hong Kong: The moderating role of social support and neighborhood collective efficacy. Journal of affective disorders 2012;138(1):63‐70. 39. Stone LL, Mares SH, Otten R, et al. The Co‐Development of Parenting Stress and

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Childhood Internalizing and Externalizing Problems. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2015;38(1):76‐86.

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STROBE 2007 (v4) Statement—Checklist of items that should be included in reports of cohort studies

Section/Topic Title and abstract

Item # 1

Recommendation

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(a) Indicate the study’s design with a commonly used term in the title or the abstract

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Background/rationale

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Explain the scientific background and rationale for the investigation being reported

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State specific objectives, including any prespecified hypotheses

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Study design

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Present key elements of study design early in the paper

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Setting

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Describe the setting, locations, and relevant dates, including periods of recruitment, exposure, follow-up, and data collection

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Study size

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Explain how the study size was arrived at

Quantitative variables

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(c) Explain how missing data were addressed

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(d) If applicable, explain how loss to follow-up was addressed

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(e) Describe any sensitivity analyses

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Results


Page 21 of 21

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(a) Report numbers of individuals at each stage of study—eg numbers potentially eligible, examined for eligibility, confirmed

NA

eligible, included in the study, completing follow-up, and analysed

Descriptive data

14*

(b) Give reasons for non-participation at each stage

NA

(c) Consider use of a flow diagram

NA

(a) Give characteristics of study participants (eg demographic, clinical, social) and information on exposures and potential confounders

NA

(b) Indicate number of participants with missing data for each variable of interest

NA

Fo

rp

(c) Summarise follow-up time (eg, average and total amount)

NA

Outcome data

15*

Report numbers of outcome events or summary measures over time

NA

Main results

16

(a) Give unadjusted estimates and, if applicable, confounder-adjusted estimates and their precision (eg, 95% confidence

NA

ee

interval). Make clear which confounders were adjusted for and why they were included

Other analyses

NA

(c) If relevant, consider translating estimates of relative risk into absolute risk for a meaningful time period

NA

Report other analyses done—eg analyses of subgroups and interactions, and sensitivity analyses

18

Summarise key results with reference to study objectives

20

Give a cautious overall interpretation of results considering objectives, limitations, multiplicity of analyses, results from

Limitations Interpretation

similar studies, and other relevant evidence Generalisability

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Discuss the generalisability (external validity) of the study results

22

Give the source of funding and the role of the funders for the present study and, if applicable, for the original study on which the present article is based

11-12

12-13

21

Other information Funding

ev

17

Discussion Key results

rr

(b) Report category boundaries when continuous variables were categorized

12-13 12-13

ly

17

*Give information separately for cases and controls in case-control studies and, if applicable, for exposed and unexposed groups in cohort and cross-sectional studies. Note: An Explanation and Elaboration article discusses each checklist item and gives methodological background and published examples of transparent reporting. The STROBE checklist is best used in conjunction with this article (freely available on the Web sites of PLoS Medicine at http://www.plosmedicine.org/, Annals of Internal Medicine at http://www.annals.org/, and Epidemiology at http://www.epidem.com/). Information on the STROBE Initiative is available at www.strobe-statement.org.


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