Book of Abstracts

[In association with] Federation of Sri Lankan Local Government Authorities, Sri Lanka United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Advancing Skill Creation to Enhance Transformation (ASCENT), an EU Erasmus+ project partners

7th International Conference on Building Resilience

[Organised by] Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK Naresuan University, Thailand Chiang Mai University University, Thailand Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, Thailand

Using scientific knowledge to inform policy and practice in disaster risk reduction

This book brings together the abstracts of papers presented at the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience, held in Bangkok, Thailand from 27-29 November 2017. It includes over 200 abstracts by scholars and practitioners from around the world. The full scientific papers are available in an issue of Procedia Engineering.


Using scientific knowledge to inform policy and practice in disaster risk reduction Bangkok, Thailand, 27-29 November 2017

Book of Abstracts Editors

Professor Richard Haigh Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga Associate Professor Dr Sarintip Tantanee Dr Champika Liyanage Assistant Professor Dr Liwa Pardthaisong Dr Ezri Hayat

7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUILDING RESILIENCE

Using scientific knowledge to inform policy and practice in disaster risk reduction

Book of Abstracts

Edited by

Professor Richard Haigh, Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga, Associate Professor Dr Sarintip Tantanee, Dr Champika Liyanage, Assistant Professor Dr Liwa Pardthaisong, Dr Ezri Hayat

November 2017

Professor Richard Haigh, Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga, Associate Professor Dr Sarintip Tantanee, Dr Champika Liyanage, Assistant Professor Dr Liwa Pardthaisong, Dr Ezri Hayat (edited by) 7th International Conference on Building Resilience Using scientific knowledge to inform policy and practice in disaster risk reduction Book of Abstracts ISBN 9781862181533 © 2017 University of Huddersfield, UK All rights received. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored and transmitted in any form, or by any means without prior written permission from the editors. The views expressed in the papers are of the individual authors. The editors are not liable to anyone for any loss or damage caused by any error or omission in the papers, whether such error or omission is the result of negligence or any other cause. All and such liability is disclaimed. The reader should verify the applicability of the information to particular situations and check the references prior to any reliance thereupon. Since the information contained in the book is multidisciplinary, international and professional in nature, the reader is urged to consult with an appropriate licensed professional prior to taking any action or making any interpretation that is within the realm of a licensed professional practice. Copies may be ordered by contacting Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga: [email protected]

Contents


Foreword

ii

About the Editors

vii

Preface

iii

About the International Conference on Building Resilience Series Acknowledgements

Conference Organisation

ix

xiv xvi

Organising Committee International Steering Committee Partners

xvi xvii xix

ASCENT (Advancing Skill Creation to ENhance Transformation)

xxvii

International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment

xlii

Keynote Speakers

Associated Programmes and Projects Specialist Workshops and Events

Climate models, weather risks, critical infrastructure and cities Special themed discussion on Resilience of businesses and economies in the face of natural hazards Connecting the Dots: Ensuring Sustained Resilience Efforts at the National and Regional Levels ESPRESSO Challenge: Workshop on Enhancing disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation Synergies for Disaster Prevention MoU Signing Ceremony of DTI and Strategic Partners on the project ‘Simulation of Military Assistance during Emergency and Communication Blackout’ Development of Sendai Framework “Words into Action” Implementation Guide for Construction Policy and Practice Development of Sendai Framework “Words into Action” Implementation Guide for Disaster Risk Reduction Governance at the Local Level

Doctoral students’ forum

lxi

lxi lxiii lxv lxix lxx lxxi lxiii

lxxvi

Awards

lxxviii

Procedia Engineering

lxxix

General Information

lxxx

Social Programme Book of Abstracts

Introduction Theme 1: Understanding disaster risk Theme 2: Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk Theme 3: Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience Theme 4: Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction Side event: Climate Models, Weather Risks, Critical Infrastructure and Cities

Index

xliv

lxxv

Student Media Arts Competition

xxx

i

lxxxii 1

2 3 51 89 121 204

213


Foreword

The 7th International Conference on Building Resilience, “Using scientific knowledge to inform policy and practice in disaster risk reduction”, is jointly organized by the Global Disaster Resilience Centre at the University of Huddersfield, UK, Chiang Mai University and Naresuan University in Thailand, and the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) in Thailand, and in association with Federation of Sri Lankan Local Government Authorities of Sri Lanka, United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Build Environment, and Advancing Skill Creation to Enhance Transformation (ASCENT), an EU Erasmus+ project partners.

As we all know, reducing disaster risk is an issue cutting across different sectors. It requires knowledges and approaches in both science and social sciences as well as applied fields such as health, agriculture, economics, environment, engineering and technology. Therefore, I am pleased to learn that this conference has brought together the diversity of the science community, policy makers, practitioners and researchers from many countries around the world, to share their research findings and experiences in reducing risk and building the resilience to disasters at local, national, regional and international levels. The outcome of the conference will support the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.

My best wishes to you all for a fruitful discussion and successful conference.

Prof. Dr. Krasae Chanawongse Chairman, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) Head Office, Thailand

ii

Preface


This book brings together the abstracts of papers presented, and details of side events and activities, at the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience, held in Bangkok, Thailand from 27th – 29th November 2017. It includes over 200 abstracts by scholars and practitioners from around the world. Selected scientific papers are available in an issue of Procedia Engineering. The conference is organised by: Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK; Naresuan University, Thailand; Chiang Mai University University; Thailand; and, the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand.

The conference is organised in association with: Advancing Skill Creation to Enhance Transformation (ASCENT), an EU Erasmus+ project; United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR); and International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment; and,

Partners of the conference include: University of Central Lancashire, UK; Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania; Mid Sweden University, Sweden; Lund University, Sweden; University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka; University of Colombo, Sri Lanka; University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka; University of Dhaka, Bangladesh; BRAC University, Bangladesh; Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh; Western Sydney University, Australia; the International Institute of Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction; and University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. The conference is entitled Using scientific knowledge to inform policy and practice in disaster risk reduction. Why did we choose this theme?

The Third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR) was attended by over 6,500 participants, including 2,800 government representatives from 187 governments. The public forum had 143,000 visitors over the five days of the conference, making it one of the largest United Nations (UN) gatherings ever held in Japan. The host city, Sendai, had experienced a vibrant recovery following the massive 2011 earthquake and tsunami that triggered a nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The city appeared to offer an ideal location for a conference devoted to updating the landmark disaster resilience agreement reached in 2005 in Hyogo, Japan.

The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) was itself crafted in the wake of the devastation of the Indian Ocean tsunami, which claimed 227,000 lives. The HFA has since produced some important successes, including a contribution to the reduction in the number of people directly affected by natural disasters in Asia – where most such disasters occur – by almost one billion. Nevertheless, its shortcomings were also well-documented and speakers in Sendai acknowledged that over the past decade, disasters had continued to take a heavy toll, killing more than 700,000 people, injuring 1.4 million and leaving some 23 million homeless as a result. Since 2005, more than 1.5 billion people were in some way touched by disaster and worldwide economic losses topped $1.3 trillion. The overriding objective of the week was to finalise a post-2015 framework that the UN Member States would adopt by the time the conference concluded. The final plenary and closing of the WCDRR had to be postponed several times, as the lengthy negotiation continued, but just before midnight on 18th March, delegates at the WCDRR adopted a new framework.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction charts the global course over the next 15 years. During the consultations and negotiations that led to its finalisation, strong calls were made to develop practical, evidence based guidance to support implementation, ensure engagement and ownership of action by all stakeholders, and strengthen accountability in disaster risk reduction.

iii


As members of the scientific community, among those objectives and priorities, we had hoped that there would be strong recognition of science and also identification of a need to strengthen the relevance and use of science for DRR from the global to local scales. Reducing disaster risk is an issue cutting across different sectors, which requires trans-disciplinary and trans-boundary approaches with the support of the natural and social sciences, including for natural hazards and applied fields such as health, agriculture, economics, environment, engineering and technology. Science can and should play an important role in reducing risk and building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters.

In the HFA, science was called for only in general terms: “Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels”. But the SFDRR has an enhanced role for science and knowledge, including explicit mention of coproduction. Science is called to action repeatedly in the text, be it in DRR education and training, post-disaster reviews, research into disaster scenarios or early warning systems. Modelling and early warning are especially emphasised, but there is also recognition of wider social processes, including culture. There is also renewed emphasis on training and, within this, on integrated approaches. The increased prominence of science within the SFDRR is, at least in part, due to the unswerving efforts of the Science and Technology Major Group, which has been developing an international partnership to mobilise science for action on DRR and resilience building, working with the UNISDR Science and Technical Advisory Group (STAG). The Science and Technology Major Group brought together in Sendai nearly 400 delegates from a wide range of organisations and networks active across all disciplines and sectors.

Within the SFDRR, the role of academia, scientific and research entities and networks is specifically recognised, and they are encouraged to:

[…] focus on the disaster risk factors and scenarios, including emerging disaster risks, in the medium and long term; increase research for regional, national and local application; support action by local communities and authorities; and support the interface between policy and science for decision-making.

This conference brings together the full diversity of the science community, policy makers, practitioners and researchers from all geographical regions, at local, national, regional and international levels to share state of the art research, and discuss how the science community will best support the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.

The conference also considers ways to support integration of Sendai with the Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Sustainable Development Goals). The themes of the conference include, but are not limited to the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 – 2030: Understanding disaster risk

Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience

Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction

Many of the submissions also focus on one or more of the many cross-cutting themes in the Sendai Framework, such as: Accountability, Multi-stakeholder approach, inclusion and empowerment of stakeholders, Peer review among countries, Land use and urban planning, Ecosystems-based disaster risk reduction, National and local platforms for DRR, Health systems and DRR, Finance, Insurance and risk transfer, Standards, Social protection, Cultural heritage, and Tourism.

iv


The Conference is being held in Bangkok, Thailand. Although Thailand is rarely impacted by typhoon winds, the remnants of storms crossing Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos from the east generate heavy precipitation in Thailand on a near-annual basis. Thailand is a flood-prone country. Because flooding is a regular occurrence and the population and number of exposed properties continue to grow, losses will continue to rise unless effective resilience building can be enacted. Business is concentrated around the Chao Phraya River, which runs through the country's central plains to the capital, Bangkok, before emptying into the sea. The river's basin is home to 40% of Thailand's citizens, employs 78% of its workforce, and generates 66% of its GDP. Flooding in this area in 2011 was some of the most severe in modern history; its impact not only devastated a major city, but propagated through manufacturing supply chains around the world. The interconnected and global nature of disaster risk was clearly exposed by this disaster. It is our hope that Thailand will benefit greatly from the research and activities associated with the Conference, and that the country provides an appropriate backdrop for tackling challenging questions about how to build disaster resilient communities around the world.

Alongside the many excellent scientific, policy and practice orientated papers, the Conference organisers are delighted to welcome five keynote addresses by leading academics and practitioners: The conference incorporated keynote addresses by: Professor Sujeeva Setunge, Deputy Dean, research and innovation, School of Engineering, RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia; Professor Mo Hamza; Professor of Risk Management and Societal Safety, Lund University, Sweden; Professor Virginia Murray; Public Health Consultant in Global Disaster Risk Reduction, Public Health England; Dr. Harkunti P. Rahayu, Chair of IABI, Association of Disaster Expert Indonesia & School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development, Institute of Technology Bandung, and Research Center for Disaster Mitigation, Indonesia, and Dr. Peeranan Towashiraporn, Director, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center.

The conference also incorporates a meeting of the ASCENT project, as well as ASCENT training to build research capacity in disaster resilience. ASCENT aims to strengthen research and innovation capacity for the development of societal resilience to disasters. The project is supporting training, skills, leadership development, international collaboration and university-industry partnerships. It is strengthening the ability of higher education to respond to research needs in disaster resilience. It is also empowering individuals and organisations with the skills, competencies and credentials needed to continue to pursue research, and to lead research at institutions, aimed at reducing the impact of disasters.

ASCENT is co-funded by an EU Erasmus+ programme grant, is running for three years and is led by the University of Huddersfield’s Global Disaster Resilience Centre, based in the UK. They are joined by a consortium of 13 European and Asian higher education institutions from the Bangladesh, Estonia, Lithuania, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Thailand and the UK. Further information about ASCENT can be found at: www.ascent.disaster-resilience.net.

The conference also includes a workshop on climate models, weather risks, critical infrastructure and cities, a special themed discussion on resilience of businesses and economies in the face of natural hazards, a workshop on connecting the dots: ensuring sustained resilience efforts at the national and regional levels, a workshop of the ESPREssO project on enhancing disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation synergies for disaster prevention and a MoU signing ceremony of DTI and strategic partners on the project Simulation of Military Assistance during Emergency and Communication Blackout. There are also dedicated meetings of the Sendai Framework Words into Action Implementation Guide for Construction Policy and Practice, and Disaster Risk Reduction Governance at the Local Level. We recognise the importance of developing early career researchers through events such as this. The conference programme includes a postgraduate research media art competition, and a special doctoral students’ forum, both aimed at developing the skills and knowledge of those in the early stages of their research career. v


A number of awards will also be offered during the conference, recognising the quality of the papers and contributions to the conference. We have awards for both experienced and postgraduate researchers.

As with previous building resilience conferences, the 2017 conference has strong links with the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) "Making Cities Resilient: My City is Ready" campaign. We greatly value this relationship, which provides a means to bring together and promote exchange between research, policy and practice. We very much hope you enjoy the conference.

Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga & Professor Richard Haigh Conference Chairs, 7th International Conference on Building Resilience

vi


About the Editors

Dilanthi Amaratunga is a Professor of Disaster Risk Management at the University of Huddersfield, UK. She is a leading expert in disaster resilience with an international reputation. She is the Editorin-chief of the International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, a key journal to promote research and scholarly activity that examines the role of building and construction to anticipate and respond to unexpected events that damage or destroy the built environment. She led the international peer review panel of the UN Global Assessment Report input papers in 2015. Dilanthi also has lead and chaired a large number of international conferences, demonstrating her role as a leader and as a conduit for international collaboration and engagement. To date, Dilanthi has published over 250 peer reviewed articles and delivered over 60 invited presentations around the world. She is regularly invited to provide expert advice on disaster resilience by national and local governments and international agencies. She is also a UNISDR "Making Cities Resilient" Camoaig and one of the 2 formally appointed advocates Campaign Advocate. She has also been appointed by the UNISDR as the Working Group Leader of the Words into action on Accountability and Governance. Further details on her activities can be viewed at: www.dilanthiamaratunga.net

Richard Haigh is Professor of Disaster Resilience and Co-Director of the Global Disaster Resilience Centre at the University of Huddersfield, UK. His research interests are in field of disaster resilience in the built environment, with a focus on disaster risk governance and accountability, multi-hazard early warning and the last mile, convergence of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaption, and post-conflict reconstruction. He is the Co-Founding Editor-In-Chief of the Scopus indexed International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, Founder and Co-Chair of the Co-Chair of the International Conference on Building Resilience series, and Working Group Leader and Editor for two United Nations Words into Action Guides on ‘Governance and Accountability’ and ‘Construction Policy and Practice’, to be distributed to all 187 member states who are signatories to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-30. Richard has secured twenty-one research grants since 2005, delivered over 60 invited speeches and keynote presentations for audiences in over twenty countries across the World. He has published an edited book with Wiley Blackwell, seven book chapters in three edited books, and over forty peer reviewed journal articles, the majority in ISI or SCOPUS indexed journals. For further information, see https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard_Haigh2.

Dr Champika Liyanage is currently working as a Reader in Facilities Management in the School of Engineering in University of Central Lancashire, UK. She is also the Research Degree Tutor within the Civil Engineering and Construction unit of the school. She has a PhD in Facilities Management from Glasgow Caledonian University, UK. Champika has published over 100 journal and conferences papers to-date. She has also won several awards for her research and publications. Her research interests include PPPs (Public Private Partnerships), economics and investments in disaster risk management, sustainable built environment, and facilities and infrastructure management. Champika has a lot of experiences in organising successful conferences and training events; and also has the experience in supervising research students working in related research interests. Champika has worked in many national, EU and international research projects. Some of the projects she was involved in include, an EU COST Networking Grant on ‘Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in EU Transport: Trends and Theory’; FP7 INCO-NET Action project on ‘Collaborative Action towards Societal Challenges through Awareness, Development, and Education (CASCADE)’; Horizon 2020 Project on titled 'Business models for enhancing funding and enabling financing for infrastructure in transport - BENEFIT'; and one of the ERASMUS+ projects on ‘Advancing Skill Creation to ENhance Transformation (ASCENT)’.

vii


Associate Professor Sarintip Tantanee had worked as engineer in Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) for 10 years and has been working as the lecturer in the university more than 20 years. Her work experiences are in Water Resources Management, Hydropower project and application of remote sensing information for rainfall prediction including the climate change adaptation for Thai society. She currently works as the Dean of Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Thailand. She has been conducting on both in local and oversea research. During 20002014, she had participated as Joint Coordinating Committee (JCC) in Japan-Thai cooperation 5-year project of Integrated Study on Hydro-Meteorological Prediction and Adaptation to Climate Change in Thailand (IMPAC-T project). She continues working on the 2nd phase of the project which is Advancing Co-design of Integrated Strategies with Adaptation to Climate Change in Thailand (ADAP-T project) (2016-2020). She has presented at several international conferences, and has regularly arranged trainings and workshops on water management, urban drainage and application of space information for flood prediction. Co-working with ITC, University of Twente, Netherlands and Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), she had designed and facilitated the international workshops relevant to disaster and resilience for the officers from Southeast and South Asia countries.

Assistant Professor Liwa Pardthaisong holds the Master of Philosophy in Applied Population Analysis, and a Ph.D. in Geography from the University of Dundee, UK. She is now an Associate Dean in Research and International Relations at the Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University where she is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Geography. Her research focuses on the issues of population and health: the demographic interactions among low fertility, migration, and HIV/AIDS; labour immigrants from Myanmar into Thailand, and their access to healthcare; HIV/AIDS risk among road construction workers in Yunnan Province of PDR China, the quality of life of the rural ageing in Fujisawa, Japan; and the social care and support of the elderly in the Special Nursing Homes in Sendai, Japan. She also received the “Disaster Resilience Leadership Fellow” certificate from the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) and the Disaster Resilience Leadership Academy (DRLA), Tulane University, USA. She has worked in a 2years-project in strengthening leadership in disaster resilience, supported by ADPC and DRLA. Currently, she is working on a 3-years-project called ASCENT (Advancing Skill Creation to ENhance Transformation), co-funded by the European Union Erasmus+ Programme grant, led by the University of Huddersfield’s Global Disaster Resilience Centre, UK.

Ezri Hayat is a currently a Post-Doctoral Researcher at the Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK. He completed his PhD in Disaster Management and Infrastructure Reconstruction at the University of Salford in 2015. His PHD research was focused on evaluating the Local Government Capacity in the Maintenance of Post-disaster Road Reconstruction Assets, which highlights the need to incorporate maintenance needs in a post-disaster reconstruction plan. His work was cited in the UNISDR handbook for the local governments. Prior to his academic and research career, Ezri spent his time working with various international companies and donor organisations including UN WFP, GTZ, GHD, and UN-HABITAT in a number of post-disaster reconstruction projects. He also holds a masters degree in Construction Management from the University of New South Wales, Australia, and a Bachelors degree in Civil Engineering from Trisakti University, Indonesia. His research interests are in the area of post disaster infrastructure reconstruction, local governance and capacity building, disaster risk resilience, as well as international development. He seeks the opportunity to have a joint collaboration with other researchers and professional from both the academia and the industry. He has published eight articles and one book chapter, and has been organising a number of international conferences and workshops.

viii


About the International Conference on Building Resilience Series

The 2017 event is the seventh in a series of conferences aimed at increasing societal resilience to disasters. The following provides a brief history of the series, as well as further details on some of the follow-on activities that have resulted from the various conferences. The vibrant annual international Building Resilience Conference series brings together researchers, educators and industry practitioners involved in natural hazards and disaster resilience across the globe, providing participants with a strong platform for knowledge sharing, collaboration, disciplinary reflections, institutional exchange and collective growth.

2008 International Conference on Building Resilience, Kandalama, Sri Lanka The International Conference on Building Resilience series began in 2008 with an event held in Sri Lanka from 11th – 15th February at the Heritance Kandalama Hotel near Dambulla. The conference was a landmark gathering for international academics, practitioners, professionals and policy makers concerned with the future of built environment education and research.

The 2008 conference specifically targeted the promotion of built environment related education and research towards a more expansive view of the life cycle of infrastructure projects, one that extends beyond the traditional cycle of feasibility analysis, planning, design, construction, operation, maintenance and divestiture. This revised life cycle should encompass the construction professional’s ability to anticipate and respond to unexpected events that damage or destroy an infrastructure project. 168 papers were published in the conference proceedings and over 170 delegates participated. The conference gained the support and endorsement of a wide range of organisations: CEBE, Centre for Education in the Built Environment; RICS, Royal Institution of Charted Surveyors; AIQS, Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors; ISR, Institute of Sustainable Resources; SLIA, Sri Lanka Institute of Architects; IESL, Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka; UGC, University Grants Commission, Sri Lanka; Ministry of Education, Sri Lanka; ICTAD, Institute of Construction Training and Development, Sri Lanka; HFH, Habitat for Humanity Habitat for Humanity; World Bank; Sri Lanka Convention Bureau. Key events during the conference included:

Five keynote addresses by leading academics and practitioners on different challenges across the disaster management lifecycle A themed discussion on the role of the construction industry in disaster preparedness, response and reconstruction, with contributions from a range of CIB working commission and task group coordinators Meetings of five major CIB working commissions and task groups A special issue of the Journal of Education in the Built Environment A special session of student papers from the University of Moratuwa and the University of Ruhuna A CIB student chapter annual general meeting and research skills workshops Prizes by CIOB, Emerald Publishing and Taylor & Francis publishing

2011 International Conference on Building Resilience, Kandalama, Sri Lanka Heritance Kandalama near Dambulla was again the setting for a major international conference on the development of societal resilience to natural and human induced disasters. The International Conference on Building Resilience welcomed over 65 international and 45 Sri Lankan academics, practitioners, professionals and policy makers concerned with interdisciplinary approaches to disaster risk reduction, and the development of sustainable communities and cities. The conference had a particular focus on the challenges associated with reconstruction of communities in a post-war environment. ix


The conference programme incorporated keynote addresses by respected government officials, leading industrialists and implementers, and distinguished local and international academics. The Chief Guest, Minister of External Affairs, Hon Professor G L Peries, and Guest of Honour, Mrs Marina Mohamed, Secretary, Ministry of Disaster Management Sri Lanka, welcomed delegates and provided an important policy context for the subsequent debate, highlighting national priorities and action plans. They also established an expectation that the conference will serve as an impetus for further action in helping Sri Lanka to tackle the challenge of disaster risk.

The conference programme featured five keynote addresses by leading industrialists and academics: Dakshitha Thalgodapitiya, CEO Chamber of Construction Industry Sri Lanka; Dr Ananda Mallawatantri, Environment, Energy and Disaster Risk Management, United Nations Development Programme, Sri Lanka; Professor Peter Barrett, Professor of Management in Property and Construction at University of Salford, UK; Professor John Fein, Professor of Sustainability in the Innovation Leadership programme of RMIT University, Australia; and, Professor Terrence Fernando, Director of the Future Workspaces Research Centre, University of Salford, UK. These keynote addresses provided a local and global perspective and vision for disaster resilience research and practice. The conference also included the publication and presentation of 109 research articles and practice notes that had been subject to double blind peer review by a distinguished international scientific committee. All accepted papers were published in the conference proceedings. Selected papers were also published in a special issue of the International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, by Emerald Publishing. The conference was organised by the Centre for Disaster Resilience, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK and RMIT University, Australia, in association with UNDP Sri Lanka and the Disaster Management Center, Ministry of Disaster Management, the Central Environmental Authority, and the Ministry of Environment. The local organisers and hosts were Chamber of Construction Industry Sri Lanka, University of Moratuwa, University of Peradeniya, and University of Colombo. The Conference was chaired by Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga and Dr Richard Haigh, from the Centre for Disaster Resilience, University of Salford, UK.

The conference outcomes were used to support the 2010-2011 United Nations World Disaster Reduction campaign ‘Making Cities Resilient’, which addresses issues of local governance and urban risk while drawing upon previous ISDR Campaigns on safer schools and hospitals, as well as on the sustainable urbanisations principles developed in the UN-Habitat World Urban campaign 2009-2013. The Centre for Disaster Resilience, University of Salford, UK continued to offer its support to the Ministry of Disaster Management with a view to incorporating the conference outcomes in the local government joint action plan to tackle hazard risk in Sri Lanka, which was launched in July 2011. The plan identified key priority activities that follow the 'Ten Essentials' of the ‘Making Cities Resilient’ campaign. The action plan was later implemented in coordination with the Ministry of Disaster Management and the Ministry of Local Government & Provincial Council.

2013 International Conference on Building Resilience, Ahungalla, Sri Lanka

Heritance Ahungalla, near the Southern city of Galle, Sri Lanka, was the setting for the third international conference on the development of societal resilience to disasters. The conference welcomed 142 delegates, including 87 academics, practitioners, professionals and policy makers, and 55 technical officers from the Southern Provincial Council. Alongside local delegates, the conference attracted 40 leading scientists from Europe, Asia, North America and Australasia. The conference also incorporated the National Launch of the United Nations Global Assessment Report and a Capacity Building Workshop for the Sri Lankan Southern Provincial Council. This event built upon the successful 2011 event that was held in association with the launch of the United Nations Making Cities Resilient: 'My City is getting ready!' campaign, which addresses issues of local x


governance and urban risk. The 2013 Conference further supported the campaign focus areas up to 2015, including city-to-city learning and capacity building, and an emphasis on partnerships.

The conference encouraged debate on individual, institutional and societal coping strategies to address the challenges associated with disaster risk. As a country subject to several large-scale disasters in recent years, including the 2004 Tsunami and a civil war spanning several decades, Sri Lanka provided an ideal setting to explore the challenge of creating resilient communities and cities. The conference programme incorporated keynote addresses by respected government officials, leading industrialists and implementers, and distinguished local and international academics.

Mrs Marina Mohamed, Secretary at the Ministry of Disaster Management Sri Lanka, and Hemanthi Goonasekera, Chief Executive Officer of the Federation of Sri Lankan Local Government Authorities welcomed delegates and provided an important policy context for the subsequent debate, highlighting national and local priorities and action plans. They also established an expectation that the conference will serve as an impetus for further action in helping Sri Lanka to tackle the challenge of disaster risk. The conference programme featured five keynote addresses by distinguished practitioners and academics: Professor Martin Hall, Vice Chancellor, University of Salford, UK; Vinod Thomas, Director General of Independent Evaluation, Asian Development Bank; Professor Sarath Abayakoon, Former Vice Chancellor, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Dan Lewis, Chief of Urban Risk Reduction, UN-Habitat, Kenya; Dr Samantha Hettierachichi, Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka and Chairman, Working Group on Risk Assessment, UNESCO/IOC/ICG/IOTWS; and, N.M.S.I. Arambepola, Deputy Executive Director, Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC), Bangkok, Thailand. These keynote addresses provided a local and global perspective and vision for disaster resilience research and practice.

The conference included the publication and presentation of 87 research articles and practice notes that had been subject to double blind peer review by a distinguished international scientific committee. All accepted papers were published in the conference proceedings. Selected papers will also be published in a special issue of the International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, by Emerald Publishing. The conference was organised by the Centre for Disaster Resilience, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Australia and Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia, in conjunction with local hosts the University of Colombo, the University of Moratuwa, and the University of Peradeniya. The conference was also held in association with the ANDROID Disaster Resilience Network, a major EU funded global network of 67 organisations across 31 countries that promotes collaboration among Higher Education Institutes to address disaster risk (www.disasterresilience.net). The Conference was chaired by Professors Martin Hall, Dilanthi Amaratunga and Richard Haigh, from the University of Salford, UK.

The conference outcomes are being used to support the United Nations World Disaster Reduction campaign ‘Making Cities Resilient’, which addresses issues of local governance and urban risk while drawing upon previous ISDR Campaigns on safer schools and hospitals, as well as on the sustainable urbanisations principles developed in the UN-Habitat World Urban campaign 20092013.

xi


2014 International Conference on Building Resilience, Salford, United Kingdom

The 4th International Conference on Building Resilience, Incorporating the 3rd Annual Conference of the ANDROID Disaster Resilience Network, held in MediaCity, Salford, United Kingdom from 8th – 11th September 2014. It included over 150 abstracts by scholars and practitioners from around the world. The full papers were available in an issue of Procedia Economics and Finance.

The Conference was organised by: Centre for Disaster Resilience, University of Salford, United Kingdom; Huddersfield Centre for Disaster Resilience, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom; and the ANDROID Disaster Resilience Network. The conference is held in association with United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) Making Cities Resilient campaign; Greater Manchester Combined Authority (GMCA); the International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment; the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC); the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office; the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO; and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT); the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS); Community Engagement for Disaster Risk Management (CEREBELLA); Collaborative Action towards Societal Challenges through Awareness, Development, and Education (CASCADE); Collaborative reformation of curricula on resilience management with intelligent systems in open source and augmented reality (RESINT); and Collaborative Action towards Disaster Resilience Education (CADRE).

The conference was entitled Exploring the concept of resilience as a useful framework of analysis for how society can cope with the threat of natural and human induced hazards. The conference explored the concept of resilience as a useful framework of analysis for how society can cope with the threat of hazards, helping to understand the attributes that enable physical, socio-cultural, politico-economic and natural systems to adapt, by resistance or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning. The conference themes included: Resilience, Built environment, Communication, Disaster risk, Healthcare facilities, infrastructure and system resilience planning, Social resilience, Governance, and Education.

The Conference organisers welcomed four keynote addresses by leading academics and practitioners: Jerry Velasquez, Chief of the Advocacy and Communications Section and Head of the Making Cities Resilient Campaign of the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR); Dan Lewis, Chief of Urban Risk Reduction, UN-Habitat, Kenya; Professor Siri Hettige, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka; and, Adjunct Professor, RMIT University, Australia; Professor Janaka Ruwanpura, Vice-Provost (International), University of Calgary, Canada. These keynote addresses provide a global perspective and vision for disaster resilience research. The 2014 conference had strong links with the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) "Making Cities Resilient: My City is Ready" campaign. It provided a means to bring together and promote exchange between research, policy and practice. In addition, to mark the start of the conference, representatives from each of the 10 authorities which form Greater Manchester attended the official signing ceremony to lend their support to the Making Cities Resilient campaign.

2015 International Conference on Building Resilience, Newcastle, Australia

The 5th International Building Resilience Conference was held from 15th – 17th July 2015 at Newcastle City Hall, Newcastle, Australia. The conference was held in Newcastle, a metropolitan area is the second most populated area in the Australian state of New South Wales and includes most of the Newcastle and Lake Macquarie local government areas. It is the hub of the Greater Newcastle area which includes most parts of the local government areas of City of Newcastle, City of Lake Macquarie, City of Cessnock, City of Maitland and Port Stephens Council. 162 kilometres xii


NNE of Sydney, at the mouth of the Hunter River, it is the predominant city within the Hunter Region. Famous for its coal, Newcastle is the largest coal exporting harbour in the world, exporting over 97 Mt of coal in 2009–10 with plans to expand annual capacity to 180 Mt by 2013. Beyond the city, the Hunter Region possesses large coal deposits. Geologically, the area is located in the central-eastern part of the Sydney basin. The Conference was organised by: the School of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment at the University of Newcastle; the Global Centre for Disaster Resilience, Huddersfield University, UK. The Conference was organised in support of the UNISDR 'Making Cities Resilient' campaign and in association with our partners: the ANDROID Disaster Resilience Network; the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR); the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC); the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) UK, Disaster Management Commission; and the International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, Emerald Publishing. The 2015 International Conference on Building Resilience encouraged debate on individual, institutional and societal coping strategies to address the challenges associated with disaster risk.

The Conference organisers welcomed three keynote addresses by leading academics and practitioners: Professor Kevin Hall, Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research and Innovation), University of Newcastle, Australia; Dr. Louise Brooke-Smith immediate past Global President of the RICS; Professor Makarand (Mark) Hastak, Professor and Head of Construction Engineering and Management Purdue University USA. These keynote addresses provided a local and global perspective and vision for disaster resilience research.

2016 International Conference on Building Resilience, Auckland, New Zealand

The 6th International Building Resilience Conference 2016, with the theme “Building Resilience to Address the Unexpected” was organised jointly by the University of Auckland’s Centre for Disaster Resilience, Recovery and Reconstruction, and the Construction Management Groups at Massey University and the University of Auckland, and was held from 7-9th of September, 2016.

The conference programme contained over 150 papers, 7 workshops and plenty of opportunities to network with old friends, and to make new ones. There were so many overseas delegates, and offered a special welcome to those people from countries recently affected by disasters such as the Philippines, Italy, United States, Indonesia, Vanuatu, Sri Lanka, Japan, Nepal and Fiji. There were also delegates travelling from neighbouring Pacific Islands, Australia and the Asia-Pacific aiming at future regional and international collaborations arise from this conference.

xiii


Acknowledgements

As Chairs of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience, we are delighted to have the opportunity to hold this conference.

The Conference organising committee including the Steering Committee members of the ASCENT project met regularly and together we made an array of, hopefully better, key decisions! All involved have provided a willing source of on-going support and guidance that is very much appreciated. Our thanks go to the International Scientific Committee members who made extensive efforts in reviewing papers to tight time scales in ensuring the high quality of the conference.

We would like to thank Elsevier for agreeing to publish our conference proceedings within their Engineering Procedia volume. This has provided us with an e-only platform for our conference papers, published in a dedicated online issue on www.ScienceDirect.com and be made freely accessible (open access) in perpetuity to a worldwide audience. Sciencedirect.com is accessed by over 17 million unique scientists and professionals on a monthly basis. This has provided many advantages to our authors: high visibility through an online publication on ScienceDirect.com, Elsevier’s premier online platform, with free access (open access) for millions of researchers worldwide, fast dissemination; and, online publication and free online access worldwide.

We thank the keynote speakers for their willingness to stimulate invaluable discussions and debate around the conference theme. We also thank session chairs for agreeing to ensure the conference is as challenging, exciting and rewarding as possible, and the judging panel of the Student Media Arts Competition. Selecting the winners is not an easy task due to the number of high quality submissions we have received.

We are grateful for the exceptional help and support from a number of people, organisations and bodies in the work for this conference. We would particularly like to acknowledge the support from our Thailand based colleagues: Mr Sisira Kumara, Director, Preparedness for Response and Recovery Department, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Bangkok, Thailand; Ms Thanyaphat Sirasakpureekul, Ms Nattayaporn Cocconi, and Ms Vidya Rana, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Bangkok, Thailand; Associate Professor Dr. Sarintip Tantanee, Naresuan University, Thailand, and Assistant Professor Dr. Liwa Pardthaisong, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.

The 7th International Conference on Building Resilience: Using scientific knowledge to inform policy and practice in disaster risk reduction and management incorporates the third training programme of the ASCENT Project. ASCENT aims to address R&I capacity strengthening for the development of societal resilience to disasters - supporting training, skills, leadership development, international collaboration and university-industry partnerships. It will strengthen the ability of partner HEIs to respond to their research needs in disaster resilience. ASCENT will be empowering individuals and organisations with the skills, competencies and credentials needed to continue to pursue research, and to lead research at institutions in partner countries, aimed at reducing the impact of disasters. It will enhance the capacities of the partner HEIs in Asia to meet (match) the challenges and specific needs that characterise with R&I within the context of disaster resilience. Accordingly, we acknowledge the financial support of the European Commission and the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union in facilitating the dissemination and exploitation of the research outcomes through various means including keynotes, presentations, publications, marketing and workshops in conjunction with the conference activities.

Organisations that have acted as conference partners are especially thanked. The efforts involved with a conference of this scale are significant and it would not have been possible to organise this conference without assistance. We particularly thank: International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment and Emerald Publishing; Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand; UNISDR (UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction); and all the ASCENT project partners. Most of all, we want to thank our colleagues who worked very hard for the professional undertaking of the work involved in the tasks that are so often unseen and unrewarded for a xiv


conference of this scale. We thank Dr Ezri Hayat for his unconditional efforts towards the conference, Dr Kaushal Keraminiyage for all his expertise on the development and management of the conference database, and Professor Bingu Ingirige, Dr Nuwan Dias, Dr Chamindi Malalgoda, Ms Georgina Clegg, and Ms Kinkini Hemachandra for being there whenever we needed help. We would like also to give special thanks to Duwani Amaratunga for helping us with ESLEVIER Procedia. The role our PhD researchers play cannot be ignored and they provided their input whenever we needed it. We would like to extend our thank to: Oshienemen Albert, Chathuranganee Jayakody, Maheshika Sakalasuriya, Pournima Sridarran and Dandi Prasetia.

Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga & Professor Richard Haigh Conference Chairs, 7th International Conference on Building Resilience Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK

xv


Conference Organisation Organised by

Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK Naresuan University, Thailand Chiang Mai University, Thailand Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, Thailand

In association with

Federation of Sri Lankan Local Government Authorities, Sri Lanka United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Advancing Skill Creation to Enhance Transformation (ASCENT), an EU Erasmus+ project partners

Conference Chairs

Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga, Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK Professor Richard Haigh, Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK

Conference Co-chairs

Associate Professor Dr Sarintip Tantanee, Naresuan University, Thailand Assistant Professor Dr Liwa Pardthaisong, Chiang Mai University, Thailand

Publication and technical directors

Dr. Ezri Hayat, Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK Dr. Kaushal Keraminiyage, Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK

Theme Leaders

Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction - Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga, Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk - Professor Richard Haigh, Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK Understanding disaster risk, Dr. Ezri Hayat, Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience, Dr. Champika L Liyanage, University of Central Lancashire, UK

Organising Committee

Professor Marcus Abrahamsson, Lund University, Sweden Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga, University of Huddersfield, UK Ms Georgina Clegg, University of Huddersfield, UK Dr. Nuwan Dias, University of Huddersfield, UK Dr. Nishara Fernando, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka Professor Richard Haigh, University of Huddersfield, UK Professor Mo Hamza, Lund University, Sweden Dr. Ezri Hayat, University of Huddersfield, UK Professor Samantha Hethiararchi, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka Professor Siri Hettige, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka xvi


Professor Bingunath Ingirige, University of Huddersfield, UK Professor Artūras Kaklauskas, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania Professor Maksud Kamal, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Dr. Kaushal Keraminiyage, University of Huddersfield, UK Mr. Sisira Kumara, Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre Professor Irene Lill, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia Dr. Champika Liyanage, University of Central Lancashire, UK Dr. Chamindi Malalgoda, University of Huddersfield, UK Professor Champa M. Navaratne, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka Asst. Prof. Dr. Liwa Pardthaisong, Chiang Mai University, Thailand Thanyaphat Sirasakpureekul, Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, Thailand Dr. Jörgen Sparf, Mid Sweden University, Sweden Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sarintip Tantanee, Naresuan University, Thailand Professor K.D.N. Weerasinghe, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka Professor A.K.M. Mostafa Zaman, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh

International Scientific Committee

Professor Marcus Abrahamsson, Lund University, Sweden Dr. Nebil Achour, Anglia Ruskin University, UK Dr. Iftekhar Ahmed, University of Newscastle, Australia Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga, University of Huddersfield, UK Dr. Jennifer Duyne Barenstein, SUPSI, Switzerland Dr. Senaka Basnayake, Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, Thailand Dr. Chakrit Chotamonsak Chiang Mai University, Thailand Dr. Nuwan Dias, University of Huddersfield, UK Professor Ranjith Dissanayake, University of Peradeninya, Sri Lanka Dr. Nishara Fernando, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka Dr. Thayaparan Gajendran, University of Newcastle, Australia Dr. Kanchana Ginige, Northumbria University, UK Professor Richard Haigh, University of Huddersfield, UK Professor Samantha Hettiarachchi, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka Professor Mo Hamza, Lund University, Sweden Professor Mark Hastak, Purdue University, USA Dr. Ezri Hayat, University of Huddersfield, UK Professor Siri Hettige, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka Dr. Yanin Chivakidakarn Huyakorn, Chiang Mai University, Thailand Professor Bingunath Ingirige, University of Huddersfield, UK Dr. Yamuna Kaluarachchi, London South Bank University, UK Professor Maksud Kamal, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Professor Artūras Kaklauskas, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania Dr. Harshini Karunaratne, Swansea University, UK Dr. Kaushal Keraminiyage, University of Huddersfield, UK Professor Irene Lill, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia Dr. Champika Liyanage, University of Central Lancashire, UK Dr. Andrew Lees, Frederick University, Cyprus Dr. Jamine Mackee, University of Newcastle, Australia Dr. Chamindi Malalgoda, University of Huddersfield, UK Professor Champa M. Navaratne, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka Professor Niru Nirupama, York University, Canada Dr. Roshani Palliyaguru, Deakin University, Australia Mr. Abhilash Panda, United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Switzerland Asst. Prof. Dr. Liwa Pardthaisong, Chiang Mai University, Thailand Professor Srinath Perera, University of Western Sydney, Australia Professor Michael Pitt, UCL, UK xvii


Professor Regan Potangaroa, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Dr. Harkunti Rahayu, Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia Dr. Francesco Romagnoli, Riga Technical University, Latvia Professor Janaka Ruvanpura, University of Calgary, Canada Professor Aguinaldo dos Santos, Federal University of Parana, Brazil Professor Sujeeva Setunga, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia Dr. Jörgen Sparf, Mid Sweden University, Sweden Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sarintip Tantanee, Naresuan University, Thailand Dr. Menaha Thayaparan, South Bank University, UK Dr. Nirooja Thurairajah, Coventry University, UK Professor Christine Wamsler, Lund University, Sweden Professor Clive Warren, University of Queensland, Australia Dr Gayan Wedawatte, Ashton University, UK Professor K.D.N.Weerasinghe, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka Professor Suzanne Wilkinson, University of Auckland, New Zealand Dr. Emlyn Witt, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia Professor A.K.M Mostafa Zaman, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh

xviii

Partners


Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK

A leader in inter-disciplinary research, education and advocacy to improve the resilience of nations and communities What would it be like to live in a world in which government authorities, businesses, communities and individuals work together to create a society that is able to withstand the effects of unforeseen events and threats? At the Global Centre for Disaster Resilience we are working with stakeholders at the global, national and local level to make this happen. The Global Centre for Disaster Resilience is committed to excellence in research, education and advocacy to improve the resilience of nations and communities to disasters.

With growing population and infrastructures, the world’s exposure to hazards is increasing. When disaster strikes, communities may need to be rebuilt physically economically and socially. At the same time, it is vital that any reconstruction activity pro-actively considers how to protect people and their environment, and reduce a community’s vulnerability. At the Global Centre for Disaster Resilience, our vision is for a society that has the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and to continue functioning physically, economically and socially when subjected to a hazard event. We seek to achieve our vision by undertaking work that crosses the traditional boundaries between academic disciplines and schools of thought. We provide strategic advice and practical guidance based on rigorous, stakeholder informed research. We are also supported by a worldwide network of partners from policy, government, industry and academia.

The Global Centre for Disaster Resilience is part of the School of Art, Design and Architecture at the University of Huddersfield in the UK. In November 2013, the University of Huddersfield was awarded the Times Higher Education University of the Year. The University excels in enterprise and innovation and in 2012, was named the Times Higher Education Entrepreneurial University of the Year.

For more information about our research, teaching and advocacy, please contact: Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga & Professor Richard Haigh, Global Centre for Disaster Resilience, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom. w: www.hud.ac.uk/gdrc. e: [email protected] / [email protected].

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC)

The Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) is an independent regional non-profit organization that works to build the resilience of people and institutions to disasters and climate change impacts in Asia-Pacific.

ADPC’s strategy to build safer communities and sustainable development is informed by the post2015 development agenda. The areas of strategic focus to 2020 support the implementation of global frameworks including the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Sustainable Development Goals, and commitments under the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and World Humanitarian Summit.

Established in 1986 as a technical capacity building facility, ADPC has grown and diversified its expertise across social and physical sciences to support sustainable solutions for risk reduction and risk management across a broad range of specialist areas. The Bangkok headquarters and country offices in Myanmar, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka host experts in risk assessment and decision-support systems including utilizing state-of-the-art climate and geospatial science; policy and planning professionals, and experts in private sector, health, community resilience and social xix


science, who work towards inclusive development goals across these thematic areas. The ADPC Academy designs and delivers specialist capacity-building and training courses at all levels, as well as enhancing the capabilities of national training centers.

Through its focus on gender and diversity, poverty and livelihoods, ADPC’s approach champions the use of disaggregated data, empowerment of marginalized groups and a focus on equality impacts to ensure there is a fair distribution of benefits and that inherent or new risks to vulnerable populations are not increased.

In view of the trans-boundary nature of disasters and the importance of regional cooperation for an enhanced management of disaster and climate risks, 26 countries of Asia and the Pacific established the RCC in 2000. Since then, ADPC has been supporting the RCC as its secretariat. It is a unique forum that brings NDMOs of member courtiers together every year and focuses on the implementation of disaster and climate risk management initiatives. RCC facilitates the implementation of the global and regional frameworks at national and regional level. Website: www.adpc.net.

BRAC University, Bangladesh

Postgraduate Programs in Disaster Management (PPDM) comprising of certificate, diploma and master's degree programs runs as a semi-autonomous program within BRAC University with a link under the Department of Architecture. The certificate is a 1-semester course; on completion of another semester a diploma is obtained. There is also the option of obtaining a master's degree by completing a dissertation in additional 1-2 semesters. Students are currently doing their master degree programs instead of certificate or diplomas. BRAC University is one of the very few academic institutions around the world and the first in the region to offer formal academic programs in disaster management. The Postgraduate Programs in Disaster Management (PPDM) was initiated in Fall 2005 with a view to creating qualified professionals in this nationally and internationally significant field. This is a modular program (diploma and master’s degree) with a progressively higher level of academic aptitude. Nearly 100 students have been awarded the Master in Disaster Management degree while more than one hundred students completed Postgraduate Certificate and Diploma courses. The participants in the certificate program are mostly government and NGO officials involved in disaster management related activities while students pursuing Master degrees include other professionals and fresh graduates as well. Graduates from PPDM are well-placed mostly in various national and international development organizations where, in many instances, they have secured their placements before their graduation.

University of Central Lancashire , UK

UCLan is recognised as a world-class institution, by its inclusion in the 2010 QS World Rankings - the first Modern University in the UK to gain this status. Amongst its programme portfolio of some 500 undergraduate and 200+ postgraduate courses, UCLan is at the forefront of developing degrees in emerging disciplines. The University aims to create the perfect blend of knowledge and practical experience to equip its graduates with the confidence and skills they need to get ahead in the world of work. Not only are employability skills embedded into every degree course, but the sector-defining ‘futures’ careers and employability service offers help and advice, courses and work experience opportunities to help UCLan graduates’ CVs stand out from the pack. UCLan’s partnership network extends to 125 countries in North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australasia; it runs 100+ student exchange programmes. UCLan currently employs over 2,300 permanent members of staff. UCLan has the global recognition of its peers, with a focus on applied research, including the identification of human remains in mass disasters, the development of new sign languages, and a variety of health-related research initiatives that are helping to change lives around the world. The University encourages xx


and nurtures originality, from its ground-breaking energy management partnership with British Aerospace Marconi Electronic Systems (BAE Systems) to its launch of the world’s first International Fashion Institute and the UK’s first MBA in Fashion, to its proud record of student business start-ups – a sector-leading 60% of which are still thriving after three years. Research in innovation and performance is at the heart of this research within UCLan. As a result of this, it has been rated Top Modern University in the North West for the 6th year running by the ‘Good University Guide’ due to its encouragement and engagement with research relating creativity and entrepreneurial thinking and innovation.

Department of Disaster Science and Management, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

The department of Disaster Science & Management at The University of Dhaka was established in 2012 with an aim to promote symbiosis of scientific knowledge & indigenous practices to materialize the paradigm shift of international disaster management in Bangladesh. University of Dhaka, one of the top 100 universities in Asia, is the oldest and largest university in Bangladesh. It has nearly 33,000 students and 1800 faculty members. The main purpose of the University is to create new areas of knowledge and disseminate this knowledge for the grater welfare of society. The Department of Disaster Science and Management under the faculty of Earth & Environmental Sciences is one of the emerging departments of this university. Bangladesh is one of the disaster prone countries of the world and it faces several types of hazards every year. Despite the relentless progress in poverty reduction and balanced economic growth for a decade, development of the country remains in face of severe threats from natural disasters. According to conservative estimations of UNISDR, annually 14 percent of GDP of Bangladesh gets exposed to disasters. The country has suffered an annual loss of 1.8% of the GDP due to natural disasters. The economic loss from disasters, as the research findings of Asian Development Bank (ADB) has demonstrated, will rise to 2% of GDP by 2050 and 9% by the end of this century. Therefore it is a matter of utmost concern of adopting and applying science and technology based programs for disaster management of Bangladesh.

Federation of Sri Lankan Local Government Authorities, Sri Lanka

FSLGA is an affiliated body of the Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF), the International City & County Managers Association (ICMA) and the United Cities and Local Government (UCLG). The president of FSLGA is currently the board director of the CLGF for the Asia region and Commonwealth Asia Pacific (ASPAC) region of the UCLG. Driven by the passion of serving the people, the three independent associations constituted by the leaders of Local Authorities in Sri Lanka National Chapter of Mayors, United Urban Council Associations and All Island Pradeshiya Sabha Chairmen's association established the Federation of Sri Lankan Local Government Authorities as the umbrella organization for the three associations on 27 May 2007.

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (IIIRR)

The International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (IIIRR) is a multiuniversity international consortium which provides overall leadership in research, education, planning, design and implementation for natural disaster related mitigation, resilience enhancement, and reconstruction projects.

The IIIRR group of interdisciplinary experts includes those who serve as the facilitators for social development, industrial and economic growth as well as environmental preservation through infrastructure development. Innovative and socially responsible projects inspired via internal synergies of the IIIRR will lead to rapid development and improved quality of life. By providing stewardship in infrastructural rebuilding efforts, the IIIRR also creates a common platform for xxi


discussion and collaboration among diverse entities such as government, the corporate sector, NGOs and universities, each having specific but diverse goals and priorities. Website: www.iiirr.ucalgary.ca


International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment (IJDRBE) is the only journal to promote research and scholarly activity that examines the role of building and construction to anticipate and respond to unexpected events that damage or destroy the built environment. IJDRBE is a CIB-encouraged journal.

Website: www.emeraldinsight.com/products/journals/journals.htm?id=IJDRBEn

Lund University, Sweden

The Division of Risk Management and Societal Safety was established 1 January 2014 prior to when it was part of the Department of Fire Safety Engineering and System Safety. The Division plays an important role for several educational programmes at Lund University, on bachelor, master and PhD level, by being responsible for several key courses in the programmes. More specifically, the division manages three programmes on master level, i.e. the MSc in Risk Management and Systems Engineering, the MSc in Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation, and the MSc in Human Factors and Systems Safety. In addition, the division also offers learning laboratories and short courses for practitioners.

Research at the Division of Risk Management and Societal Safety is focused on how people, organisations and societies deal with events that might threaten something of value. We study both how such events themselves are managed (during an emergency/crisis) and how risk is managed (before the events). Even though the contexts in which the research is conducted are diverse, and the problems studied might vary considerably, a key aspect that characterises them all is the presence, and importance, of uncertainty. Uncertainty, in the present context, stems from the fact that we cannot fully know what will happen in the future. However, a key assumption in risk management is that our actions today may influence future outcomes in a positive way. Thus, despite considerable uncertainty we may do actions today that result in a better outcome tomorrow.

Studying how various stakeholders deal with aspects relevant for risk management and societal safety provides important knowledge on how systems (including social systems) work. However, the ultimate goal for the research conducted at the division is for it to contribute to solving practical problems. Therefore, a considerable part of the research conducted can also be classified as normative, or design research. The main difference compared to more traditional descriptive research is that it explicitly includes suggestions on how one should deal with various practical problems in the area of risk management and societal safety. International co-operation with other universities and organisations is central to the work at the division.

Mid Sweden University, Sweden

The Risk and Crisis Research Centre (RCR) at Mid Sweden University is committed to conducting top quality research on risk, crisis, safety and security from a social and societal perspective. Since 2004 we have pursued excellence in research and education. Additionally, we have co-produced cutting edge knowledge and innovations with external partners. In 2017 we are launching the first Nordic simulation centre for crisis management, the RCR Crisis Lab. RCR comprises about 20 researchers and 10 doctoral students from a wide range of disciplines including sociology, political science, computer science, engineering and law. Our extensive international network includes hundreds of partners and colleagues.

xxii


Learn more about the centre, the crisis lab and our bi-annual conference, the Åre Risk Event, at www.miun.se/rcr.

Mid Sweden University (MIUN) is a Swedish state university located in the geographical middle of the country with campuses in the cities of Östersund and Sundsvall. We create opportunities through openness, personal attention to our students, and diversity. Education has close connections to high quality research, the community of prospective employers, and community outreach. MIUN employs about 1.000 people and educates more than 13.000 students annually. The university has many strategic international partnerships, both in general terms and in specific fields of research and education. Mobility and exchanges for teachers, researchers, administrative staff and students are important and the university welcomes visiting academic staff and the contribution they make to the degree programs and curriculum development.

University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

The University of Moratuwa Sri Lanka is an independent state university located at Katubedda, Moratuwa overlooking the picturesque Bolgoda Lake. It was established as the University of Moratuwa (UoM), Sri Lanka on 22 December 1978 under the Universities Act No.16 of 1978 and operates under the general direction of the University Grants Commission. However, its origin can be traced back to the Government Technical School (GTS) which was established in Maradana, Colombo in 1893. Academic Staff (Permanent) 317 Academic Staff (Contract) 51 Academic Support Staff (Permanent) 30 Academic Support Staff (Contract) 6 Administrative Staff 28

University of Moratuwa, consists of three Faculties namely, Architecture, Engineering and Information Technology with nineteen (19) academic departments offering eleven (11) Bachelors degree programs to students selected by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and fifty six (56) postgraduate programs together with MSc, Phil & PhD research-based postgraduate degrees. The University has an undergraduate student population of 7687, and 1050 NDT Diploma students of the Institute of Technology of University of Moratuwa the ITUM. These student numbers encompass 1517 undergraduate students admitted in February 2014 and another batch of 1609 students was admitted in October 2014 from 2013 A/L batch catching up with some time despite severe space constraints. It must be highlighted that the University has been increasing the annual intake of students over 75% overall and 200% in the IT Faculty during the last ten years to meet the increasing demand for our degree programs and thereby catering the human resource development of our nation.

Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh

The university is situated at the south-western part of Bangladesh. Commencing from the Patuakhali Agricultural College, PSTU was inaugurated by Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister, Government of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh on 8 July 2000, and started its academic activities on February 26, 2002. PSTU has given affiliation to the Barisal Government Veterinary College as its constituent faculty. This is the only science and technological university in Barisal division. The PSTU campus is at Dumki Upazila under Patuakhali district. It is about 15 kilometers north from Patuakhali district town. Being the only university in the Barisal division, PSTU was established primarily to facilitate easy access to quality higher education to a populace who had been deprived of this precious right for a very long time since the independence of Bangladesh. xxiii


In addition to producing graduates who are highly regarded in the job market, its focus is, therefore, also directed towards creating new knowledge and innovative minds. We are striving to instill the sense of right interests, attitude, morale and intellect in our students so that they are equipped with the best knowledge, skills, competence and attitude that they can utilize for their individual betterment and the prosperity of the society in general.  Nevertheless, it is gradually advancing towards its goal to transform PSTU into a universally recognized Centre of Excellence.

University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

The University of Peradeniya is a state university in Sri Lanka, funded by the University Grants Commission. It was established as the University of Ceylon in 1942. The University of Peradeniya hosts nine faculties (including the newly added Management faculty), two postgraduate institutes, 10 centres, 73 departments, and teaches about 11,000 students in the fields of Medicine, Agriculture, Arts, Science, Engineering, Dental Sciences, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Management and Allied Health Science. University of Peradeniya strives to offer globally recognized knowledge and education to knowledge seekers at undergraduate, postgraduate and non-graduate levels and deliver education, training and research programs by conducting professional and curriculum-based teaching and learning and conduct high quality research for national, regional and global needs whilst maintaining highest levels of efficiency, effectiveness, integrity and transparency in contributing to the development of a knowledge-based society. website: www.pdn.ac.lk

University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka

University of Ruhuna is one of the leading Universities in Sri Lanka functioning since 1978. It’s vision to be the prime intellectual thrust of the nation. It is a multi-campus University with 8 faculties scattered in Southern provincial Cities of Matara (Faculties of Science, Humanities and Social sciences, Marine Resources) Galle ( Faculties of Medicine and Engineering ) and in Mapalana, Kambutupitiya ( faculty of Agriculture ). During the 38 years of the existence, university has expanded its horizons to be an entrepreneurial University, by developing and upgrading teaching, research and extension programs through international collaboration with many higher educational institutions around the world and linking with reputed industries.

Social Policy Analysis and Research Centre (SPARC), University of Colombo, Sri Lanka

The Social Policy Analysis and Research Centre (SPARC) of the Faculty of Arts, University of Colombo, provides a focal point within the Sri Lankan University system to integrate research, teaching, training, policy analysis and advocacy on critical areas of social and economic development. The centre facilitates close collaboration between academics and institutions outside of the University system, including governmental as well as non-governmental agencies that are dealing with issues related to social policy.

The establishment of SPARC culminates through a process that was set in motion at the University of Colombo several years back with the launching of the “Improving Capacities for Poverty and Social Policy Research” (IMCAP) in late 2000; a staff and student development programme to strengthen skills of young academics from social science backgrounds on poverty and social policy analysis and research.

The programme has also implemented various research activities with active involvement of younger staff members from different departments within the Faculty of Arts. Significant studies have been undertaken on poverty, alienation of youth, urban housing, education, social and economic security and conflict impact assessment.

xxiv


Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia

Tallinn University of Technology (TUT) was established in 1918 and is the only university which focuses on engineering and technology in Estonia. As the principle provider of engineering- and technology-related graduates, it enjoys a unique connection with Estonian industry and an extensive network of alumni. It has a well-established engineering education tradition and has considerable experience, systems and facilities in place to support research cooperation with foreign universities and international student exchanges.

There are 13050 students at the university (among these 30% Masters’ and 6% PhD students). The total number of academic staff is 1147 and 13% of these are professors. The University implements many international projects under different funding programs. More information about TUT may be found on the university website: http://www.ttu.ee/en/

The Department of Building Production of TUT is the department directly responsible for the implementation of the ASCENT project. Its main organisational functions include the fulfilment of part of the civil engineering curricula and carrying out construction-related research. It is a leading provider of higher education and research services to the Estonian construction industry not only in terms of full-time graduate courses but also through distance learning, lifelong learning and continuous professional development courses.

The Department has established long-term partnerships with construction and property organizations in Estonia and is an active partner in international universities’ networks. This ensures that research and education programs maintain close alignment to the current needs of the construction industry, and promotes improvements in industry practice through innovation. Department research field: simulation modelling of management strategies in construction, impact of climate change, disaster resilience, big data analytics, smart buildings, nearly-zero energy solutions, etc. For more information about the Department of Building Production, please visit the departmental website: http://www.ttu.ee/en/?id=50018

UNISDR

The UN General Assembly adopted the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction in December 1999 and established UNISDR, the secretariat to ensure its implementation. UNISDR, the UN office for disaster risk reduction, is also the focal point in the UN system for the coordination of disaster risk reduction and the implementation of the international blueprint for disaster risk reduction - The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 Website: http://www.unisdr.org

Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania

Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) is one of the biggest universities in Lithuania. VGTU is a member of over 50 international organisations and has over 200 partners consolidated by international projects. VGTU implements many international projects under different funding programmes, such as COST, EUREKA, FP-5, FP-6, FP-7, INTERREG IIIB, and PHARE. Curricula adjustments to meet labour market requirements and the quality assurance in studies are the main priorities in the development plan of VGTU. VGTU is a participant in the EU-Korea, EU-ALFA3 and the EU-Asia link projects. It was awarded the ECTS label in 2006 and the E-Quality Label of European National Agencies in 2007. The Department of Construction Economics and Property Management (CEPM) is committed to developing web-based intelligent, biometric and computer learning systems for real-world applications in construction and real estate. The department focuses its research on multi-variant decision support systems in construction, health and safe house, energy efficiency, climate change, online artificial intelligence technologies, e-city, and big data analytics. The department is active in R&D projects and is currently involved in 10 different projects in the EU, Africa, Asia and at home (COST, FP-5, FP-6, FP-7, TEMPUS, LLP, Intelligent Energy Europe programme). The department is a TEMPUS project coordinator. In the course of xxv


these projects, the department has contributed to the scientific community in the last three years 20 articles published in ISI Web of Science journals.

Western Sydney University, Australia

UWS is a vibrant, modern university, located in one of the fastest growing regions in Australia – Greater Western Sydney, which is home to over 2 million people. UWS has over 43,000 students and 3,000 staff across nine campuses. The University has been named one of the world's best 100 universities under the age of 50, ranking 56th in the influential Times Higher Education rankings. The 100 Under 50 list is a complement to the annual Times Higher Education World University rankings, where the University of Western Sydney was named in the top two per cent of the world's best universities in October 2014. Seventy per cent of the University's research in the last Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) assessment was named as "world standard" or above. Website: www.uws.edu.au

xxvi


ASCENT (Advancing Skill Creation to ENhance Transformation)

The 7th International Conference on Building Resilience is being held in association with the ASCENT (Advancing Skill Creation to ENhance Transformation) project, which aims to strengthen research and innovation capacity for the development of societal resilience to disasters.

ASCENT (Advancing Skill Creation to ENhance Transformation), a project funded by the European Union which aims to strengthen research and innovation capacity for the development of societal resilience to disasters, has direct links and is held in association with with the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience: Using scientific knowledge to inform policy and practice in disaster risk reduction and management (http://www.buildresilience.org/2017/ ) to be held from 27-29 November 2017, in Bangkok, Thailand.

ASCENT is co-funded by an EU Erasmus+ programme grant, will run for three years commencing from 1st February 2016 and is led by Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga and Richard Haigh from the University of Huddersfield’s Global Disaster Resilience Centre, based in the UK. They are joined by a consortium of 13 European and Asian higher education institutions from the Bangladesh, Estonia, Lithuania, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Thailand and the UK.

ASCENT aims to address R&I capacity strengthening for the development of societal resilience to disasters - supporting training, skills, leadership development, international collaboration and university-industry partnerships. It will strengthen the ability of partner HEIs to respond to their research needs in disaster resilience. ASCENT will be empowering individuals and organisations with the skills, competencies and credentials needed to continue to pursue research, and to lead research at institutions in partner countries, aimed at reducing the impact of disasters. It will enhance the capacities of the partner HEIs in Asia to meet (match) the challenges and specific needs that characterize with R&I within the context of disaster resilience.

ASCENT will achieve this aim by: Identifying research and innovative capacity needs across partner country HEIs to tackle the development of societal resilience to disasters; Developing research infrastructure to support implementation of the project and provide sustainable capacity development within the partner HEIs ; Preparing researchers in the identified Asian countries to undertake advanced, world-class and innovative, multi- and inter-disciplinary research that will contribute to increased societal resilience to disasters; Increasing international cooperation by partners HEIs on research programmes that tackle ways to increase societal resilience to disasters; Exploring, promoting and initiating opportunities for fruitful university / industry partnerships to increase societal resilience to disasters; and Publicising the project progress, successes and outcomes as far as possible, and raising awareness across the field of HE about capacity building for disaster resilience research.

In this context, over the three years, the ASCENT consortium will identify research and innovative capacity needs across Asian higher education institutions in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Thailand to tackle the development of societal resilience to disasters. It will develop research infrastructure, prepare researchers to undertake advanced, world-class and innovative, multi- and interxxvii


disciplinary research, and increase international cooperation among higher education. It will also explore, promote and initiate opportunities for fruitful university / industry partnerships. In doing so, ASCENT will provide the link between the research and the public, helping to reinforce the connection between education and society.

Planned outcomes and impact: In doing so, the project will increase the research and innovative capacity of partner HEIs to tackle the challenges associated with developing societal resilience to disasters. There will be greater internationalisation across each HEI’s research and innovation activity, including improved intra regional cooperation and inter regional cooperation. The project will also strengthen the relationship between HEI activity in the region, and the wider social and economic environment. With the emergence of a knowledge economy, investment in knowledge production has become a highly rewarding activity, and hence it has become an important corporate concern.   Enhancing research capacity in HEIs is becoming increasingly needed so that they can adequately play their role as incubators of knowledge and ideas. Making HEIs the center for innovation and generation of ideas is critical for development. In ASCENT, we argue that the knowledge divide is deep and our target countries and suffer from a lack of human resources in R&D. They need to improve their capacity to produce knowledge domestically and absorb knowledge produced elsewhere.

The project was inspired by the Sendai Framework for Action 2015-2030, signed by 187 UN member states in March 2015, as a 15-year, voluntary, non-binding agreement which recognises that the State has the primary role to reduce disaster risk but that responsibility should be shared with other stakeholders including local government, the private sector and other stakeholders. The Framework identifies that international, regional, sub-regional and transboundary cooperation remains pivotal in supporting the efforts of States, their national and local authorities, as well as communities and businesses, to reduce disaster risk.

The first phase of ASCENT involved a detailed analysis of existing capacity for disaster resilience among higher education in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Thailand. This will provide the basis for future capacity development activities.

Our partners: 1. Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK (Lead) 2. University of Central Lancashire, UK 3. Lund University, Sweden 4. Mid Sweden University, Sweden  5. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania   6. Tallinn Institute of Technology, Estonia 7. University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka 8. University of Colombo , Sri Lanka 9. University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka 10. University of Naresuan, Thailand 11. Chiang Mai UniversityUniversity, Thailand 12. Dhaka University, Bangladesh 13. PSTU University, Bangladesh 14. BRAC University, Bangladesh 15. Federation of Sri Lankan Local Government Authorities, Sri Lanka (associate partner - industry) 16. Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, Thailand (associate partner – industry)

xxviii


For further information on the ASCENT project, contact Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga ([email protected]) and Professor Richard Haigh ([email protected]) or visit the website at www.ascent.disaster-resilience.net/

The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

xxix


Keynote Speakers

Professor Sujeeva Setunge

Deputy Dean, research and innovation, School of Engineering, RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia Sujeeva Setunge is a professor in Civil Engineering and the Deputy Dean Research and Innovation for the school of Engineering at RMIT University in Melbourne Australia. In her current role she is leading the research portfolio of seven Engineering disciplines at RMIT University. Previously she was the professor and head of Civil Engineering at RMIT. Sujeeva has completed her Ph.D at Monash University in structural Engineering where she has also served as a lecturer and senior lecturer prior to joining RMIT University. Sujeeva’s current research interests focus on disaster resilience and optimised asset management of infrastructure including buildings, bridges, drainage and seaport infrastructure and development of sustainable construction materials using nano-science based technologies. She is currently leading seven industry funded projects in these areas. Sujeeva is a fellow of Engineers Australia and a chartered professional Engineer.

Enhancing disaster preparedness by building resilience of critical infrastructure

Critical infrastructure provides life line services to the community before, during and after a disaster. Well managed resilient critical infrastructure plays a vital role in reducing the impact of disasters on the community. The decision making process for ensuring resilience of infrastructure requires vulnerability modelling of the aging systems under variable hazard intensities and interfacing the outcomes with the level of service required by the infrastructure at a given point in time. The paper presents the vulnerability modelling of critical road structures under different hazard intensities and an integrated decision making model for prioritising structures for hardening to enhance resilience.

Fragility analysis considering the variability of intensities of hazards and the variability of structural capacity is used for predicting the probability of failure of bridge structures. A damage index defined as the ratio of the load induced design action and the calculated capacity is used as the measure for presenting the level of vulnerability of girder bridges. It is observed that under flood loading, the probability of failure of girder bridges can be as high as 30% compared to the 5% allowed at the design stage. Under bush fire exposure, the probability of failure of bridges is observed to be low due to the short duration of the bush fire front. However, the damages induced during a fire exposure may affect the long term performance of the bridge structures. Under xxx


earthquake loading, recurrence of lower magnitude earthquakes experienced in Australia is observed to impact on the structures considerably.

Another aspect considered in the study is the degraded condition of road structures at the time of a disaster event which impacts significantly on the resilience of the structures. In order to account for this, a stochastic deterioration model for bridge structures is developed using the level 2 inspection data collected by road authorities. The predicted condition of the bridge components is considered during vulnerability modelling of the structures. In prioritisation of the structures for strengthening, direct, indirect and tangible and intangible impacts are considered. Factors contributing to each of the four quadrants are identified. Further, the factors are further explored under social, environmental and economic aspects. The methodology presented can be implemented for other types of critical infrastructure as well.

xxxi


Peeranan Towashiraporn Ph.D.

Director of Geospatial Information, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) Peeranan works as a Director of the Geospatial Information department at Asian Disaster Preparedness Center. His main area of focus is using science to address challenges related to disaster risk management, including scientific quantification and mapping of disaster risk, effective risk communication, and linking geospatial technology to disaster preparedness and response. In recent years, he has taken parts in projects to identify and map disaster risk in various countries in Asia. He is now leading a project SERVIR-Mekong, which is supported by USAID and NASA, promoting uses of geospatial information and analyses to address various challenges, including hydro-meteorological disasters, in the Lower Mekong region.

Peeranan has published several technical papers on earthquake engineering and vulnerability assessment. He was also recognized by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) as an expert to take part on their Ask-an-Expert forum on disaster risk assessment and its applications in February 2015 and continues to advocate for evidence-based risk management decision-making to date. Peeranan holds Ph.D. Degree in civil engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

Bridging the gap between science and policies for disaster risk management and resilient development: a perspective from Asia and the Pacific

Asia and the Pacific face with recurring disaster events affecting not only its people, but also resulting in cascading effects that spread throughout the region and sometimes globally. One of the prime examples was the Thailand flood in 2011 that costed US$ 40 billion in total economic losses in the country but its impact was felt in many other countries when chains of supplies and services were interrupted due to inoperability of several flooded industrial factories. The severity of disaster impact is going to be exacerbated by the rapid, but mostly unplanned, economic growth in the region as well as the effect from climate change. A major challenge that exists in the region is the lack of understanding on these disasters and the inability to accurately forecast hydrometeorological events that could potentially lead to a disaster. Science and technology can provide tools and services that will help the governments and disaster management practitioners in these countries handle disasters more effectively. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction Priority 1 states that “policies and practices for disaster risk management should be based on an understanding of disaster risk in all its dimensions of vulnerability, capacity, exposure of persons and assets, hazard characteristics and the environment….” Quantitatively understanding disaster risk – and its components of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability – often requires scientific approaches to mimic natural phenomenon xxxii


and their consequences to the society, assets, people, and the environment. Mathematical models that forecast the likelihood and characteristics of storms and floods as well as the climatic patterns overall will help disaster managers in preparing for and mitigate the impact of these events before they take place. Satellite data are basic information sources for assessing the underlying conditions on the ground as well as for assisting in assessing the potential impact of a disaster event. Geographic Information System and remote sensing techniques are often used in the calculation and mapping of hazard frequency and severity. Applications of science and technology offer strong potential in making disaster risk management more effective. The main challenge, however, is on making sure that policy makers buy into the use of scientific approaches for practical disaster risk management. This requires that the messages on science and technology are conveyed appropriately to policy makers. More importantly, linking science and technology with policies goes beyond just producing credible scientific evidence and extends into continuous engagement with leaders and users to raise awareness and build capacity sustainably at the same time. There are great examples from other regions as well as from Asia and the Pacific that need to be demonstrated widely. This conference is a platform for sharing success stories and discussing potential replication and scaling out.

xxxiii


Harkunti Pertiwi Rahayu

City and Regional Planning, School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development, Institute of Technology Bandung, and Research Center for Disaster Mitigation, Indonesia Harkunti Pertiwi Rahayu, PhD graduated from Kochi University of Technology Japan and is affiliated as Faculty Member of Institute of Technology Bandung. She is currently active as Chair of Indonesian Disaster Expert Association (IABI) 2017-2020, and as the Chair of Working Group 1 of Intergovernmental Coordination Group on Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWMS) 2012 - 2019, focusing on Tsunami Risk, Community Awareness and Preparedness, with 24 active Member States. She experienced over twenty years in teaching, conducting researches, trainings, workshops, national guideline and policy development in the Disaster Mitigation and Management especially on tsunami, Disaster Risk Assessment, Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Policy Planning, and Behavioural Science in Disaster Risk Reduction field. In these past five years, she has been as Principal Investigator of several international collaborative researches with University of Huddersfield through Newton Institutional Linkages focussing on coastal hazards and its development planning as well as through Cabaret funded by Erasmus focused on Multi-hazard Early Warning System. Beside that she has been also Principal Investigator of several international collaborative researches with University of Pittsburgh through NSF funds for Hazard SEES and NAS fund for PEER Science. At the national level she has lead on the development of several National Technical Guidelines for tsunami evacuation planning, tsunami vertical evacuation building planning and design and many others guidelines or manual for tsunami and earthquake preparedness.

From science to tsunami early warning policy improvement: experience of Padang City, Indonesia

Padang City is located in the west coast of Sumatra Island, Indonesia, and has high level of threat against tsunami. Based on previous research, the travel time of a potential tsunami from Mentawai Subduction Zone is around 35 minutes, until the first wave reach the coast of Padang City. Thus, an improvement of tsunami early warning chain in Padang City is highly urgent. In terms of national tsunami risk reduction, Indonesian Government has developed the Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTEWS), and fully operationalized since 2012. However, the downstream side of tsunami early warning chain in the current InaTEWS only regulates transmission until city level, and not the general public. The city also has developed a Mayor Regulation 14/2010 on tsunami early warning system, however it requires assessment on its conformity with the InaTEWS guidelines and address experience of the March 2016 earthquake. Therefore, this research asks the following questions: 1) What is the tsunami early warning chain according to the existing legal documents? 2) What is the tsunami early warning chain according to the existing field data and xxxiv


condition? 3) Who are the potential actors to be involved in the early warning chain, in order to strengthen the downstream tsunami warning system and reach last mile population as many as possible? The analytical methods in this research include literature review, content analysis and social network analysis (SNA). The data used in the research include published official government documents, result of two Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) in February and August 2016 and semistructured interviews in the city, particularly on reaction and response of the people and other stakeholder to the events before and after the earthquake on 2 March 2016.

The research shows that multiple nodes who are critical in the local tsunami early warning chain, such as schools and mosques, are not yet included in the document as well as from the local government authorities. The community-based Disaster Preparedness Group(s) (Kelompok Siaga Bencana/KSBs) formed by Padang City BPBD (Local Disaster Management Office) are also not yet optimum and have low capacity in delivering the tsunami early warning at local level. Accordingly, the research main recommendation is to include those organizations in the city-level policy on tsunami early warning and enhance their capacities to deliver warning information. To date, the research output has been tested during the 2016 Indian Ocean Wave Tsunami Exercise and has been accepted by the local government of Padang city as input to revise the Mayor Regulation 14/2010.

xxxv


Professor Mo Hamza Lund University, Sweden

Mo Hamza is Professor of Risk Management at Lund University, Sweden. In his career spanning 30 years so far, he has worked with international development organisations including: World Bank, ADB, UNDP, UNISDR, USAID, DfID, IFRC, IUCN, Swedish Red Cross, and the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB). His primary areas of professional expertise and research work are: Disaster risk and vulnerability reduction, post-disaster recovery, climate change impact and adaptation in fragile and failed states, and capacity development. Previously he was Chair of Social Vulnerability Studies at the United Nations University, Bonn, Germany; a Senior Research Fellow at the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Sweden and an advisor to the MIT Climate CoLab. Mo Hamza is an internationally recognised figure indisaster risk management, and climate change adaptation. He was also the lead author and editor of the World Disasters Report (2015) “Focus on local actors, the key to humanitarian effectiveness”.

Environmentally induced migration making sense of multiple complexities

The exact number of people affected by climate change to the extent that they would move or be displaced is unknown and the estimates vary greatly. In one reference it is one out of 19 persons in developing countries as opposed to one out of 1,500 in OECD countries (Leighton, 2012). The most quoted figure is Myers’ (2002) 200 million by 2050, then used by Stern (2007) in his review, and subsequently cited by IOM. The range goes from 25 million to 1 billion (Baird and Christian Aid, 2007). While there is more credibility in the estimates of people displaced by natural hazardsinduced disasters, in IDMC and NRC (2012) annual reports for example, there is still a substantial gap in data on displacement due to slow-onset or extensive risk, which includes climate variability and climate change. If anything these wide ranging estimates show the complexity of the ‘environmental stress – human mobility nexus’ and to what extent this phenomena is underresearched.

Disagreement on numbers is matched by a disagreement on terminology, definitions typologies and categorization where a myriad of terms has been used, interchangeably and in undifferentiated ways (e.g. environmental refugee, environmental migrant, forced environmental migrant, environmentally motivated migrant, climate refugee, climate change refugee, environmentally displaced person (EDP), disaster refugee, environmental displacee, eco-refugee, ecological displaced person and environmental refugee-to-be (ERTB)). None of these labels has any standing in international law and a clear-cut separation of these categories is difficult, because it is impossible to determine to what extent the movement is only attributed to environmental stress, or more specifically to climate change (Black et al., 2011). The spectrum of ‘voluntary to forced’ is also problematic. Voluntariness in this context is not understood as a complete freedom of choice, but as the existence of realistic and viable alternatives (AGCCHM, 2014, Kälin, 2013). xxxvi


Where there is disagreement on numbers and definitions, there is consensus that there is no empirical evidence to support any linear or direct causality between climate change and human mobility, nor that the effect is always positive. Several studies show that international migration tends to decline in times of environmental stress (Findlay 2011, Gray 2011, Massey et all 2010). The interplay between climate induced environmental changes and the equally complex decision to migrate is mediated through shaping risk drivers which are highly local, contextual and depend on: local climate risks, the extent or potential of resource scarcity, whether migration is economically viable or not, and socio-economic and political stabilizing and destabilizing factors (Burrows and Kinney, 2016). The likely trends in climate that will influence these drivers is still not fully understood either and whether climate change will have a multiplier, synergistic or additive effect in as far as human mobility is concerned is also debatable.

Most of the literature and methodologies dealing with environmental migration is based on traditional migration theory where drivers of migration are classified into five categories: outmigration (conflict, instability, lack of opportunities and environmental factors), in-migration (political stability, demand for resources and economic opportunities), networks (family and kinship ties, access by transportation means, and legality of movement and settling), national policies, and personal motivation of migrants (Black, et al., 2011 and Tacoli, 2009). And in migration studies climate change is seen as an accelerator of other factors, which induce people to migrate in the first place. In other words, it is not considered an additional factor but one that compounds existing ones.

The article on which this presentation is based is an attempt to explore the notion that climate has a ‘modifier effect’ to risk especially when it comes to population movement rather than the widely advanced views on it having a multiplier, synergistic or additive effect. The article argues that environmentally induced migration is rooted in the concept of “Feedback and Forcings”. Climate feedback, according to the IPCC Glossary, is “an interaction mechanism between processes in the climate system that results when an initial process triggers changes in a second process that in turn influences the initial one”, thus closing the loop. Forcings are agents causing a change in a given system. A positive feedback (e.g. decreasing albedo) intensifies the original process (i.e. global warming), and a negative feedback reduces it. A positive feedback in social systems is reduced access to water that triggers human migration, which in turn depletes water or forest resources in another location. In a coupled natural human (CNH) system, forcings and feedbacks can stay within one sub-system or cross the line between the two (Morinière et al., 2010).

The article explores the consequences of climate change namely access to resources, food security, conflict and equality, and mobility along with the dynamics and drivers of environmentally induced migration. Consequential environmental change resulting from climate impact ‘alters’ these factors in unpredictable and erratic ways and in highly contextual settings, which vary from one eco-system to another (low lying deltas vs. arid or semi-arid lands, for example). There is reasonable scientific consensus that as the climate changes pattern, magnitude, frequency and intensity of some natural hazards may be altered. When frequency or intensity increases, events could become more extreme and thresholds may be crossed that trigger positive feedback loops.

Forcings and feedback loops in coupled natural and human systems (CNH) manifest in a series of trends that accumulate and reach a tipping point (Miller et al., 2008) or abrupt changes in the physical world as we know it today (Lenton et al., 2008) resulting in an ecological ‘regime change’ with no return to the previous state. Singular events or slow-onset processes may not be catastrophic and a CNH could adapt. It is the cumulative impact of repeated events or long-term feedback loops that may push a system past a threshold that undermines communities’ capacity, legitimacy of governments, or jeopardizes human security (Dupont and Pearman, 2006). The article looks at migration patterns as a consequence of intensive risk (sudden-onset) vs. extensive risk (slow-onset) impact of climate change. It also reviews two alternative methodologies to study the phenomena: Black et al. (2011) Integrated Assessment and Morinière et al. (2009) and Hamza et al (2010) Global Footprint and Q-Methodology in Morinière and Hamza xxxvii


(2012), both provide further evidence and indication that climate change does not add to existing factors of migration but acts as a multiplier through altering the consequences. References:

Advisory Group on Climate Change and Human Mobility (AGCCHM) (2014) Recommendations from Advisory Group on Climate Change and Human Mobility COP 20, Lima, Peru Baird, R. and Christian Aid (2007) Human tide: the real migration crisis: a Christian Aid report, London: Christian Aid

Black, R., Kniveton, D., and Schmidt-Verkerk, K. (2011) ‘Migration and climate change: towards an integrated assessment of sensitivity’, Environment and Planning, 43, 431-450

Burrows, K. and Kinney, P. (2016) ‘Exploring the Climate Change, Migration and Conflict Nexus’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13:443 Dupont, A. and G. Pearman (2006) Heating up the planet: Climate Change and Security, in Lowy Institute Paper 12 Findlay, A.M. (2011) ‘Migrant Destinations in an Era of Environmental Change’. Global Environmental Change, 21:1, S50-S58

Gray, C. (2011) ‘Soil quality and human migration in Kenya and Uganda’, Global Environmental Change, 21:2, 421–430

Hamza, M, Morinière, L., Taylor, R., Matin, N., and Ali, B. (2010) ‘Emerging Issues: Forced Migration by Climate Change’ in Fujikura, R. and Kawanishi, M. (eds) Climate Change Adaptation and International Development: Making Development Cooperation More Effective, JICA Research Institute, Earthscan Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) and Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) (2012) Global estimates 2011: People displaced by natural hazard-induced disasters, Geneva.

Kälin, W. (2013) Changing climates, moving people: Distinguishing voluntary and forced movements of people. In: Changing climates, moving people: Framing migration, displacement and planned relocation. UNU-EHS Publication Series, Policy Brief No. 8/2013 Leighton, M. (2012) ‘Population Displacement, Relocation, and Migration’, in Gerrard, M.B. and Fischer Kuh, K. (eds) The Law of Adaptation to Climate Change: US and International Aspects. The American Bar Association

Lenton, T. M., et al. (2008) ‘Tipping elements in the Earth’s climate system’, PNAS, 105:106, 17861793

Massey, D., Axinn, W. and Ghimire, D. (2010) ‘Environmental change and out-migration: evidence from Nepal’, Population and Environment, 32:2, 109–136

Miller, F., Larsen, R., and Thomalla, F. (2008) Hybrids, Bifocals, Tipping Points and Speed Dating: Report from the Resilience-vulnerability Colloquium - From Theory to Practice, From Disconnect to Synergy in Support of Sustainable Development, Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)

Morinière, L. and Hamza, M. (2012) ‘Environment and Mobility: A View From Four Discourses’, AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, Springer, DOI 10.1007/s13280-012-0333-y

Morinière, L., Hamza, M., and Taylor, R. (2009) ‘Global Footprint Mapping & Micro-Simulation: A Tool for Risk Management’, Earthzine - Earthzine Global Footprint Mapping

Morinière, L., Hamza, M., Taylor, R., and Downing, T. (2010) Climate Change and its Humanitarian Impacts, Feinstein International Centre (FIC), Humanitarian Horizons Project, Tufts University, USA xxxviii


Myers, N. (2002) ‘Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 357:1420, 609-613 Stern, N. (2007) The economics of climate change: the Stern review, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Tacoli, C. (2009) ‘Crisis or adaptation? Migration and climate change in the context of high mobility’, Environment and Urbanization, 21:2, 513–525

xxxix


Professor Virginia Murray

Public Health Consultant in Global Disaster Risk Reduction, Public Health England Professor Virginia Murray is the Public Health Consultant in Global Disaster Risk Reduction for Public Health England which has supported her role as co-chair of the recently developed WHO Thematic Platform Health and Disaster Risk Management Research Group, member of the Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) scientific committee, co-sponsored by the International Council for Science (ICSU), the International Social Science Council (ISSC), and the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR).and Co-Chair of IRDR’s Disaster Loss Data (DATA). She is also Co-Chair of CODATA’s Linked Open Data for Global Disaster Risk Research and a member the UNSDSN Data for Sustainable Development, and she has been a member and then vice-chair of the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) Scientific and Technical Advisory Group from 2008-2017.

Virginia qualified in medicine and in 1980 joined Guy and St Thomas’s Hospital Poisons Unit and was appointed consultant medical toxicologist. In 1989 she started the Chemical Incident Research Programme and was Director of the Chemical Incident Response Service from 1995 and developed evidence informed guidance for acute and chronic chemical incident preparedness and response and joined the Health Protection Agency (now Public Health England) in 2003 as Head of Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, London. In 2011 she was appointed as Head of Extreme Events and Health Protection, Public Health England and developed evidence based information and advice on flooding, heat, cold, volcanic ash, and other extreme weather and natural hazards events. She is a Visiting/Honorary Professor at several universities including University College London (2013), MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College and King’s College, London (2004) and at the United Nations University International Institute for Global Health (2017) and has published widely.

Public Health resilience - where does it fit in the Sendai Framework Actions?

The recent synchronous adoption of landmark UN agreements the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), COP21’s Paris Climate Conference, World Humanitarian Summit and Habitat III has created a rare but significant opportunity to build coherence across different but overlapping policy areas which will ultimately improve public health resilience. For example, taken together these frameworks make for a more complete resilience agenda as building resilience requires action spanning development, humanitarian, climate and disaster risk reduction areas. This coherence will serve to strengthen existing risk fragility and resilience frameworks for multi hazard assessments, and aim to develop a dynamic, local, preventive, and adaptive urban governance system at the global, national, and local levels. xl


The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-20103 states as its outcome that: It is urgent and critical to anticipate, plan for and reduce disaster risk in order to more effectively protect persons, communities and countries, their livelihoods, health, cultural heritage, socioeconomic assets and ecosystems, and thus strengthen their resilience. Although many definitions for resilience exist in February 2017 the UN General Assembly adopted the following definition: The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions through risk management.

Via the implementation of the Sendai Framework, governments have volunteered to enhance their disaster risk reduction capacities, by ensuring a role for multi-hazard management of disaster risk in all countries, at all scales and across all sectors. It covers an all hazards approach and recommends that disaster scenarios such as: small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset, caused by natural or man-made hazards as well as related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks and is committed to building resilience .Indeed health resilience is strongly promoted throughout. The 2030 targets of the Sendai Framework call for substantial global reductions in disaster-related mortality, number of affected people, direct economic loss, and damage to critical infrastructure – even that related to health care facilities and heir functioning. The framework identifies strategies that might alleviate the impact of disasters, including reduction and management of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability and capacity building for prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. Health resilience is also promoted throughout the Sendai Framework. . The targets and indicators now require biannual reporting by governments

Following a final meeting on 5-6 November, 2017the G7 Milan Health Ministers’ Communiqué states that they acknowledge that some environmental-related factors contribute to health risks, such as those associated with changing patterns of infectious diseases, extreme weather events, sea level rise, ocean acidification, air, water, biodiversity, soil pollution, water scarcity, food insecurity and malnutrition, food safety issues and increased migration. They reported that they recognize the importance of improving emergency preparedness, as well as crisis management and response, in cases of weather-related and other disasters, epidemics and other health emergencies. They went on to state that the need to provide science-based considerations to support informed decisions is required and that they are determined to coordinate efforts, foster innovation, and share knowledge, information, and monitoring and foresight tools, to support the resilience of health systems and to protect the health of our populations. They agreed that the resilience of health systems and communities while, being particularly mindful of the needs of vulnerable and marginalized groups, in light of the impact of environmental-related factors

This presentation, by reflecting on the Sendia Framework and related calls for action, will discuss developments for resilience of health, health care systems and services, communities and practitioners for disaster risk reduction and disaster risk management.

xli



www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/ijdrbe.htm Review process: Double blind peer review Frequency: 5 issues per year ISSN: 1759-5908 Current Volume: 8, 2017

Editors

Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga & Professor Richard Haigh, Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK

Scope

This Scopus-listed title focuses on research and scholarly activity that examine the role of building and construction to anticipate and respond to unexpected events that damage or destroy the built environment.

This is the only journal in the field to promote research and scholarly activity that examines the role of building and construction to anticipate and respond to disasters that damage or destroy the built environment. Although the origins and causes of disasters are varied, the consequences to human society are frequently similar: extensive loss of life, particularly among vulnerable members of a community; economic losses, hindering development goals; destruction of the built and natural environment, increasing vulnerability; and, widespread disruption to local institutions and livelihoods, disempowering the local community. In particular, it aims at developing the skills and knowledge of the built environment professions and will strengthen their capacity in strategic and practical aspects of disaster prevention, mitigation, response and reconstruction to mitigate the effects of disasters nationally and internationally. The journal publishes original and refereed material that contributes to the advancement of the research and practice, and provides contributing authors with an opportunity to disseminate their research and experience to a broad audience. The coverage of the journal includes, but is not limited to: Disaster mitigation, response and reconstruction; Disaster risk reduction; Physical, social and economic resilience in the built environment; Reconstruction and sustainable development; Participatory approaches to reconstruction; Empowerment of women and vulnerable groups; Project management for postdisaster reconstruction; Waste management; Business continuity management; Knowledge management; Governance and transparency; Corporate social responsibility; Law and regulatory frameworks; Conflict sensitive reconstruction; and, Social impact of reconstruction. Further details on coverage details of the journal is available at: www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/products/journals/author_guidelines.htm?id=ijdrbe.

The Journal is Indexed in: British Library, Construction and Building Abstracts, ICONDA - The International Construction Database, Business Source Premier (EBSCO), ABI INFORM Global (ProQuest), Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (ProQuest), INSPEC and SCOPUS.

To submit your paper online you must first create an author account at http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ijdrbe then follow the on-screen guidance which takes you through the submission process. If you do not have an author account on the International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment then you will need to create yourself an account, even if you have an account on a different journal. Please see the instructions below explaining how to register. Scholar One Manuscripts is an intuitive and author-friendly interface for submitting articles to Emerald journals over the Internet. Online submission facilitates a fast and xlii


efficient publication service and provides the author with the ability to track their paper through the review process. If you have any ideas for a paper which falls within the scope of the journal, editors are happy to discuss the ideas further with you.

Submit your research now!

Contributions are welcomed relating to a range of aspects of disasters in the built environment. Submit your contribution now via: www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/products/journals/author_guidelines.htm?id=ijdrbe Set up your Emerald profile to receive table of contents alerts for this journal and more www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/ijdrbe.htm To contact us, find out more on the scope of the journal and more, please visit: www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/ijdrbe.htm

xliii


Associated Programmes and Projects

Making Cities Resilient: My City is Getting Ready

7th International Conference on Building Resilience is being held, as in the previous years, in association with the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)’s facilitated Making Cities Resilient Campaign. What is the Making Cities Resilient Campaign? Launched in May 2010, the Making Cities Resilient: 'My City is getting ready!' Campaign addresses issues of local governance and urban risk, aiming to support local governments to reduce risk and build urban resilience through the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Actions (HFA) and now the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.

The Campaign is led by United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) but is selfmotivating, partnership and city-driven with an aim to raise the profile of resilience and disaster risk reduction among local governments and urban communities worldwide. Supporting the local works towards sustainable urbanization by taking proactive actions, the Campaign offers solutions and tools for local governments and actors to identify gaps in their resilience and to increase financial, technical and knowledge-based capacity for development planning and risk management. Joining the Campaign, cities become a part of a broad alliance of resilient cities worldwide.

Why Cities? Mayors and local governments are both key targets and key drivers in building urban resilient. First, local governments benefit from urban risk reduction, as they are responsible for developing effective policies and tools in helping cities to get ready to meet future risks and to ensure development goals. Urban risk reduction therefore offers opportunities for attracting capital investments, creating fresh business possibilities, delivering greater social equality and providing more balanced ecosystems. Second, local governments hold key positions in successfully integrating disaster resilient into urban development planning processes and daily city operations, as they provide leadership for the well-being of their constituencies. They are also the closest institutional level to citizens and communities. Thus, their participation and leadership are vital to any commitments to implement disaster risk reduction. xliv


The objectives of the Making Cities Resilient Campaign Know More: Raise awareness of citizens and governments at all levels of the benefits of reducing urban risks. Invest Wisely: Identify budget allocations within local government funding plans to invest in disaster risk reduction activities.

Build more safely: Include disaster risk reduction on participatory urban development planning processes and protect critical infrastructure.

2010-2015: What has been achieved? The first phase of the Campaign focused on raising awareness and advocacy. Since being launched, the Campaign has strengthened local level leadership and increased political will for disaster risk reduction.

“The Resilient Cities Campaign has helped us and other Cities in sharing our views towards the HFA2, which we believe will be the most significant international instrument for accelerating local resilience.” (Baltazar S. Tribunalo Jr., Head - Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office, Cebu Province, Philippines).

The Campaign produced several tools to help local leaders assess, monitor, document and improve their disaster risk reduction activities: namely, the “Ten Essentials” for Making Cities Resilient Checklist, the HFA Local Government Self-Assessment Tool (LG-SAT) and the Handbook for Local Government Leaders on How to Make Cities More Resilient”. At least 650 local governments have conducted self-assessments using the LG-SAT, with 334 cities having used these as the basis for creating or adapting urban development plans and taking decisions.

The Campaign has also engaged in a wide range of meetings and technical support activities with city leaders, both internationally and regionally. In 2014 alone, 800 local officials from participating cities of the Campaign and disaster managers from 36 countries were trained by the UNISDR’s Global Education Training Institute (GETI) to support efforts to put into practice the Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient.

2016-2020: From awareness to implementation and beyond With the support and recommendations of many partners and participants, the Campaign has continued beyond 2015 as has also been assured through two documents adopted by government and international stakeholders: the Local and Sub-National Governments Declaration at the 2015 UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan, and the “The Florence Way Forward” adopted at the High-Level Forum on Implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction at the Local Level in Florence, Italy in June 2016.

Serving as a means for realizing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the New Urban Agenda and other 2030 Development Agenda, the Making Cities Resilient Campaign has shifted its focus in this second phase towards more implementation support, partner engagement, investment-cooperation opportunities, cityto-city learning and cooperation, local action planning and monitoring of progress. The Campaign will also continue its mission to advocate for widespread local government commitment to build resilience against disasters as well as consistent national government support to cities to further strengthen capacities while implementing the Sendai Framework at the local level.

In 2015, UNISDR along with a group of over 100 distinguished city and expert partners has updated the “Ten Essentials” in alignment of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Building upon the previous set, the new “Ten Essentials” cover the many issues that cities need to address in order to become more resilient. Since then, many tools were developed and updated to support cities in DRR implementation: the “Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities – A tool for disaster resilience planning”, “How to Make Cities More Resilient: A Handbook for Local Government Leaders”, and the newly launched “Quick Risk Estimation (QRE) Tool”.

xlv


By 2020, the Campaign aims to reach 5,000 city-local government participants. In addition to this aim, the Campaign has a goal of supporting 500 cities to create their local disaster risk reduction and resilience strategies. The Campaign will continue to engage multi-stakeholder partnerships in this mission from local, regional and national governments, international agencies, donors, private sector, CSOs, networks, academic institutions, technical organizations, media and youth. As of October 2017, the Campaign works with over 3707 cities globally, ranging from major cities such as Mumbai and Cape Town to small towns in Austria, Chile, Pakistan and beyond.

Making cities more resilient: everyone has a role to play What makes a city resilient to disasters can be seen as a combination of resilience accumulated through the process of urbanization and planning on one hand, and the result of specific actions to reduce disaster risk by various actors on the other. National governments, local government associations, international/regional/non-governmental organizations, community associations, donors, private sector, academia and citizens all can be engaged in the process of urban disaster risk reduction, where specific actions are taken to identify, manage and lessen the influences of natural and human-induced hazards.

xlvi


The Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient

The Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient are the guiding principles of the Making Cities Resilient Campaign which were developed to accelerate the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) at local level. The ten Essentials map directly against the Sendai Framework Priorities of Action and its indicators for monitoring actions on disaster risk reduction. They are the critical and independent steps that need to be undertaken to build and maintain resilience. This document provides the rationale for each Essential, pointing out strategic areas of intervention and identifying key actions. The actions identified under each Essential should be part of the overall disaster risk reduction planning process and influence urban development planning and design. For further details, please visit: www.unisdr.org/campaign/ resilientcities/home/toolkitblkitem/?id=1

xlvii


A Handbook for Local Government Leaders [2017 Edition] - A contribution to the Global Campaign 2010-2020. Making Cities Resilient – “My City is Getting Ready!”

Since the first edition of this Handbook, local governments all over the world have come up with concrete ways to reduce disaster risk and boost resilience. With the adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction in 2015, the campaign Making Cities Resilient: "My City is Getting Ready!" has entered a new phase and has shifted its focus towards more implementation support, city-to-city learning and cooperation, local action planning and the monitoring of progress in cities. Align to that, this second edition of the Handbook responds to the call for better access to information, knowledge resources, and tools to effectively deal with the impacts of natural hazards and climate change. It provides an overview of key strategies and actions as part of an overall sustainable urban development strategy. This Handbook contains: an introductory part; the main body elaborating on the rationale for investing in disaster risk reduction (DRR) and resilience; the New Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient; the five steps to develop a process called the Resilience Building Cycle; and annexes containing useful resources for Handbook users, besides of several practical examples that illustrate how local governments, together with stakeholders and partners, are able to achieve resilience. The handbook can be downloaded from: www.unisdr.org/campaign/resilientcities/home/toolkitblkitem/?id=2

xlviii


Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities - A tool for disaster resilience planning

UNISDR with the support of European Commission, IBM, AECOM and other partners and cities participating in the Making Cities Resilient Campaign have updated the Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities.

The Scorecard provides a set of assessments that allow local governments to monitor and review progress and challenges in the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: 2015-2030, and assess their disaster resilience. It is structured around UNISDR’s Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient. It offers the potential for scoring at two levels:

Level 1: Preliminary level, responding to key Sendai Framework targets and indicators, and with some critical sub-questions. This approach is suggested for use in a 1 to 2-day city multistakeholder workshop. In total there are 47 questions indicators, each with a 0–3 score; Level 2: Detailed assessment. This approach is a multi-stakeholder exercise that may take 1–4 months and can be a basis for a detailed city resilience action plan. The detailed assessment includes 117 indicator criteria, each with a score of 0–5.

While the Scorecard can be used as a standalone tool, it does require you to consider your city’s hazards and risks. Specifically, the Scorecard prompts you to identify “most probable” and “most severe” risk scenarios for each of your identified city hazards, or for a potential multi-hazard event. In considering risk, you may find the Quick Risk Estimation tool (QRE) helpful. The Scorecard can be downloaded from: http://www.unisdr.org/campaign/resilientcities/home/toolkitblkitem/?id=4

xlix


Quick Risk Estimation (QRE)

A tool to identifying and understanding current and future risks / stress / shocks and exposure threats to both human and physical assets.

Developed by UNISDR and Deloitte, the Quick Risk Estimation (QRE) tool has been designed for the purposes of identifying and understanding current and future risks / stress / shocks and exposure threats to both human and physical assets. The QRE Tool is not a full-scale risk assessment, rather a multi-stakeholder engagement process to establish a common understanding. Taking into account the actions or corrective measures already undertaken, the QRE will produce a dashboardstyle risk assessment advising the risks and hazards to human and physical assets, impacts of identified main risks and associated perils on the specified location and/or particular asset.

The QRE tool uses the hazards classification outlined by UNISDR. The hazard indicators included in the QRE tool are aligned to the Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient Scorecard in the context of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 - 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals. Further details on this is available at: http://www.unisdr.org/campaign/resilientcities/home/toolkitblkitem/?id=3

l


CABARET (Capacity Building in Asia for Resilience EducaTion)

7th International Conference on Building Resilience: Using scientific knowledge to inform policy and practice in disaster risk reduction and management, is being held in association with CABARET (Capacity Building in Asia for Resilience EducaTion).

A new project funded by the European Union aims to strengthen research and innovation capacity for the development of societal resilience to disasters. The project, called CABARET (Capacity Building in Asia for Resilience EducaTion), will provide support to build capacity for international and regional cooperation between Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) in Asia (Region 6) and Europe, and among Asian HEIs themselves, to improve multi-hazard early warning (MHEW) and increase disaster resilience among coastal communities. In doing so, CABARET focuses on a subject area and a world region not sufficiently addressed by projects already being funded under previous scheme. CABARET will run for three years and is led by the University of Huddersfield’s Global Disaster Resilience Centre, based in the UK. They are joined by a consortium of 15 European and Asian higher education institutions from Bulgaria, Indonesia, Latvia, Maldives, Malta, Myanmar, Philippines, Spain, Sri Lanka and the UK. Further the project works with 3 associate partners of Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC), IOC/UNESCO and the Federation of the Local Governments Association in Sri Lanka. Following the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, countries from within and outside the region quickly worked together to build the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (IOTWS). There remains the significant challenge of building capacity to sustain the achievements to date and continue to enhance the systems now in place, including detection and warning systems, community awareness and preparedness. There is also a need to built capacity to broaden early warning to provide a comprehensive, multi-hazard framework.

Researchers and educators must work at the regional level, and with policy-makers and practitioners to co-design and co-produce research that can be used effectively. Higher education must also play a vital role in translating that research into action through its educational programmes. Capacity should be developed through scientific research and development of knowledge bases as well as through education and training.

Over three years, the CABARET consortium will identify research and innovative capacity needs across Asian higher education institutions in Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Philippine and Sri Lanka to built capacity to broaden early warning to provide a comprehensive, multi-hazard framework. The new UN Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, agreed by member states in 2015, includes a strong call for higher education to support the understanding of disaster risk and promote risk-informed decisions and risk sensitive planning from the local to the global levels.

For further information on the CABARET project, contact Professor Richard Haigh ([email protected]) and Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga ([email protected]) or visit the website at www.disaster-resilience.net/cabaret.

The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. li


ESPREssO (Enhancing Synergies for Disaster Prevention in the European Union)

Global demographic trends imply that more people are living in areas vulnerable to sudden-onset natural disasters. Scientists forecast that the frequency and intensity of these disasters are likely to increase as a result of the effects of climate change (Ferris and Petz, 2013). Since climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) share similar objectives such as reducing vulnerability, there is much discussion surrounding the topic of integration, but, very little research exists on how this can be achieved (Gero et al., 2010; Hay, 2012). At the same time, scientific capabilities and institutional capacities to approach disaster management have not proceeded at the same speed up to now. Science has developed innovative concepts and tools that institutional capacities can hardly use under the current legislative framework. In addition, frequently disasters have crossboundary impacts. Experience shows that although there is a general tendency to cooperate, as the number of stakeholders increases so does the competition among them, while different regulations can hinder the organisation of an effective response. Within in this context, ESPREssO (Enhancing Synergies for Disaster Prevention in the European Union) aims at contributing to a new strategic vision on how we can approach risk reduction and climate change adaptation, thereby opening new frontiers for research and policy making. To achieve this goal, the project is addressing three main challenges:

1. To propose ways to create more coherent national and European approaches on disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, and resilience strengthening; 2. To enhance risk management capabilities by bridging the gap between science and legal/policy issues at local and national levels in six European countries;

3. To address the issue of efficient management of trans-boundary crises.

The main final products of ESPREssO will be guidelines on risk management capability and a vision paper on future research strategies in order to better define the research priorities following the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.

This is a thirty months project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 700342.

ESPREssO project has five work packages in order to address the three key ESPREssO challenges mentioned above and to support to the final product of the project. The project consortium is as follows, AMRA (Analysis and Monitoring of Environmental Risk), Italy GFZ (German Research Centre for Geosciences), Germany

BRGM (The French Geological Survey), France

DKKV (German Committee for Disaster Reduction), Germany ETHZ (ETH University Zurich), Switzerland HUD (University of Huddersfield), UK

UCPH (Copenhagen University), Denmark

AMRA is the project coordinator and the University of Huddersfield leads the WP2 of the project which provides a synthesis of existing legal, policy and science knowledge base. Currently, at the end of the first half of the project, the project has already delivered some of its work packages. Project details are accessible via the official project website- www.espressoproject.eu. lii


For more information on the project please contact:

Prof. Giulio ZUCCARO Coordinator ESPREssO Project, Department of Structural Engineering & Architecture, University of Naples, Direttore del Centro Studi PLINIVS via Toledo, 402 80134 Napoli Email: [email protected] This project is supported under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 700342

liii


A study of the upstream-downstream interface in end-to-end tsunami early warning and mitigation systems

Investigators Professor Dilanthi Amartunga, University of Huddersfield, UK Professor Richard Haigh, University of Huddersfield, UK Dr Harkunti Rahayu, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia Professor Siri Hettige, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka

Consortium University of Huddersfield, UK Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia University of Colombo, Sri Lanka IOC – UNESCO ICG/IOTWMS National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) The Federation of Sri Lankan Local Government Authorities (FSLGA) Disaster Management Centre, Sri Lanka Ministry of Disaster Management, Sri Lanka Department of Meteorology, Sri Lanka Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC), Thailand

Background to the problem This collaborative research project involves a detailed study of the technical, legal and sociocultural complexities involved in communicating the rapid detection of a tsunami wave to jurisdictional agencies and response partners. These actors can ensure a well prepared community that is capable of responding appropriately to a tsunami warning. For all the progress and improvement at the detection end of the tsunami early warning system that has been developed since 2004, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, the coordinating body for the Indian Ocean warning system, has recognised that much remains to be done to ensure dissemination of effective warnings and improve the preparedness of communities to respond to such warnings.

Recent studies and practical experiences from the Indian Ocean region suggest that more attention needs to be paid to the cognitive and normative challenges in positioning the tsunami early warning systems and preparedness in the wider context of social change in the coastal societies and communities at risk, and for critical reflection of 'on-the-ground' experiences and lessons learnt. Although the ICG of IOTWMS has been largely successful in promoting regional cooperation to develop the technical hazard detection infrastructure, progress at the national and sub-national level has been far more variable. A review of national reports, recent earthquake and tsunami threat responses, and practice evacuation exercises suggests uneven progress across the region, with some high-risk, low-capacity countries falling behind.

The interface between upstream and downstream activities is vital, as it involves a wide array of jurisdictional agencies and response partners, including RTSPs, tsunami national contact points, and a range of sub-national emergency operational centres and related actors. The problem has technical, legal and socio-cultural complexities. There is a lack of understanding into the approaches of different countries, or their effectiveness. This project seeks to provide a much clearer insight into what is happening at the national and sub-national levels, and the options available to member states if they wish to improve their standard operating procedures.

liv


Research to solve the problem This study will focus on the interface between upstream detection of the earthquake and tsunami threat, to the downstream response, including potential evacuation of the exposed communities. This interface involves a wide array of jurisdictional agencies and response partners, including regional tsunami service providers, tsunami national contact points, and a range of sub-national emergency operational centres and related actors. Although the detection infrastructure and warnings are shared between countries, protocols and standard operating procedures for processing and issuing warnings vary greatly at the national and sub-national levels. This is due to the wide variation of technical capacities, legal frameworks, and socio-cultural factors across the 28 states that surround the Indian Ocean. The planned activity will involve an initial detailed study and comparison of two member states, Indonesia and Sri Lanka.

Activities of the project Develop an inter-disciplinary analytical framework and survey instruments that encompass the technical, legal and socio-cultural challenges faced at the critical interface between upstream and downstream activities of the IOTWMS. This will be achieved through a series of expert focus groups that draw upon different academic disciplines and actors involved in IOTWMS. The analytical framework and instruments will be used in subsequent field studies. Undertake two field studies in coastal regions of Indonesia and Sri Lanka, focusing on the interface of end-to-end warning system at the national and sub-national level. The studies will specifically focus on the decision-making processes that determine whether to evacuate. Prepare a briefing paper for presentation at the next meeting of the ICG for the IOTWMS, laying the groundwork for informing future policy development within IOTWMS. This will provide an important basis for significant impact, with a potential for reach across the Indian Ocean states. A minimum of two public engagement activities that will seek to engage communities in the data collection and to raise awareness on tsunami preparedness within high risk communities. A capacity building event with representatives of the 28 member states of the IOTWMS, to be held alongside an ICG IOTWMS event in Hyderabad, India during mid-2018. Develop a proposal to extend the study across 28 member states of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (IOTWMS) Benefits we hope to achieve The proposed activities directly address some of the challenges set out by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, which stresses the importance of a regional approach and a need to compare and share national practices. There is a lack of understanding on how jurisdictional agencies and response partners for the IOTWMS, including their practices, vary across member states at the national and sub-national levels. It also directly addresses the needs and requirements of the following global frameworks:

Sustainable Development Goals(SDG): addresses the challenges of economic development and well-being faced by countries in the DAC List of ODA recipients. It also addresses the need to keep cities safe and resilient (SDG 11), and develop global partnerships for sustainable development (SDG 17). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR): one of the seven priorities is the availability of early warning systems.

lv


ECADOS-TM (Research Capacity Development for Staff - Training Mobility)

Principal Investigator: Dr Kaushal Keraminiyage, University of Huddersfield, Co-investigators: Prof Dilanthi Amaratunga, Prof Richard Haigh, University of Huddersfield Partner institutions: University of Colombo, University of Moratuwa, University of Ruhuna, University of Peradeniya and South-Eastern University, Sri Lanka. Funding value: EUR 103,000.00 Duration: 26 Months from June 2017 This project is Co-funded by the European Union under the Erasmus+ International Credit Mobility Programme. The geographical distribution of recent natural disasters has been unequal, leaving some regions being more vulnerable to disaster than others. In the last three decades, EM-DAT (2013) records show that Asia experiences the most disasters with nearly 3,400 disaster events, more than US$ 1,084 billion worth of damage, and more than 1.1 million fatalities. In addition to loss of life, disasters greatly hamper the social-economic capacity of these countries. Within this context, improving the research capacities of these countries to deal with disaster events is more important than ever before. Being one of the worst disaster effected countries in the world in the recent years, research capacity development is one of the most critical challenges faced by the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Sri Lanka today. In the past, allocation of resources and the attention given for research capacity development has been less than satisfactory in these HEIs. In this context, University of Huddersfield in the United Kingdom and five Higher Education Institutions in Sri Lanka have partnered to initiate a staff research training mobility programme with the financial help from the European Union Erasmus Plus International Credit Mobility Programme. The five Sri Lankan HEIs are University of Colombo, University of Ruhuna, University of Moratuwa, University of Peradeniya and the South-Eastern University Sri Lanka. The project focuses on developing research capacities of academic staff members of the participating institutions, in the field of Disaster Resilience. Within the next 20 months, 25 staff members from five higher education institutions in Sri Lanka and University of Huddersfield will embark on a staff mobility programme focusing on Disaster Resilience staff training. In total, the mobility programme will account for almost 500 training days, both in Sri Lanka and UK. It is expected that the outcomes of these staff research training activities will lead to joint research publications and collaborative funded research activities in the future.

lvi


Mainstreaming integrated DRR and CCA strategies into coastal urban agglomeration policy

Investigators Professor Richard Haigh, University of Huddersfield, UK Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga, University of Huddersfield, UK Dr Harkunti Rahayu, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia Consortium University of Huddersfield, UK Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia IOC – UNESCO ICG/IOTWMS National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysical Agency (BMKG)

Funding The project is jointly funded by the British Council Institutional Links Newton Fund and Indonesia’s Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia (Ristekdikti).

The Newton Fund is part of the UK’s official development assistance programme. The fund is £75 million each year from 2014 for five years. Through the Newton Fund, the UK will use its strength in research and innovation to promote economic development and social welfare of partner countries. By working together on research and innovation projects, the UK will build strong and sustainable relationships with partner countries. This will support the continued excellence of UK research and innovation to unlock opportunities for wider collaboration and trade.

Background to the problem Indonesia has both the fastest urbanisation growth rate and the largest share of urban population globally, rising to 67% by 2025. Urban agglomerations also emit significant and growing amounts of greenhouse gases and Short-lived Climate Pollutants, that contribute to global warming, but also impact public health, food, water.

Coastal urban agglomerations are especially exposed to the impacts of climate change and disaster risks. In the coming decades, climate- induced extreme events are expected to increase. These changes will continue to affect natural and human systems independently or in combination with other determinants to alter the productivity, diversity and functions of many ecosystems and livelihoods. Climate change impacts and variability threaten to exacerbate existing vulnerabilities and further entrench development disparities. 2015 was identified as a pivotal year, as most of the world’s nations, including the UK and Indonesia, came together to sign landmark agreements on disaster risk reduction (Sendai), climate change (COP21) and sustainable development (SDGs). They all emphasised the need to accelerate national governments’ efforts in building more sustainable, disaster resilient urban communities.

There is also increasing recognition that disaster risk reduction should include climate change adaptation. These two perspectives have been developed by different communities, but the aim of both is to reduce vulnerability and hazard exposure in order to increase resilience to the potential adverse impacts of climate extremes. The integration of the two fields provides opportunities to strengthen the common parts and improve the management of present and future hazards and risks. Despite such potential benefits there remains some significant challenges. They remain distinct fields and collaboration has proven difficult. There are separate communities of working in the two lvii


areas, with limited overlap in networks, fora and methods. In Indonesia environmental authorities have the responsibility for climate change adapation and its mainstreaming in the planning of line ministries, while disaster risk reduction is a truly cross-sectoral approach because of the vast array of possible disasters.

Research to solve the problem This collaboration and research project will develop researcher capacity and novel, integrated DDR and CCA strategies that can protect centres of economic growth and development outcomes in coastal urban agglomerations. Through documented Indonesia case studies and international good practices, and a stakeholder map of disaster risk and climate change actors at the city level, the project will develop a multi stakeholder transition pathway and a clear policy statement on mainstreaming disaster risk reduction and climate change in Indonesia’s coastal urban agglomeration development plan. The project will reduce disaster risk, including human and economic losses, and create more resilient, connected communities. It will foster multi-stakeholder involvement in development processes and equal participation of groups who are often excluded, such as women, children and youth, and people with disabilities. It will directly contribute to Indonesia’s efforts in working towards the targets set out in the global agreements on disaster risk reduction (Sendai Framework), Climate Change (COP21) and Sustainable Development Goals.

Planned outputs of the project A synthesis of existing DRR and CCA strategies in urban development processes Documented Indonesia case studies and international good practices, lessons learned, methodologies and tools can be used to enhance the integration of DRR and CCA in development processes in coastal cities A stakeholder map of DRR and CCA actors at the city level, including communication and collaboration channels Coastal hazard risk profiles from two agglomeration metropolitan cities A multi-stakeholder transition pathway for integrated DRR and CCA in urban development planning for two case study cities Policy statement on mainstreaming DRR and CCA in the coastal urban agglomeration development plan for two case study cities Jointly authored, peer reviewed journal papers A joint research proposal Research training workshops A special issue of the Scopus indexed international Journal of disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Benefits we hope to achieve This collaboration and research project addresses the Climate Change and Urban Development thematic priority areas of the UK – Indonesia Science Technology Fund. The collaboration will develop novel, integrated risk reduction strategies that can protect centres of economic growth and development outcomes in coastal urban agglomerations within Indonesia and elsewhere. Coastal urban agglomerations are especially exposed to the impacts of climate change and disaster risks. Yet these impacts are not distributed or felt uniformly, as those with the least resources have the least capacity to adapt and are the most vulnerable.

This research plan has been developed through gaps that emerged from the Researcher Links workshop held in October 2015, consultations with IOC/UNESCO working groups, and discussions with the Ministry of Land and Spatial Planning.

Through documented Indonesia case studies and international good practices, and a stakeholder map of DRR and CCA actors at the city level, the project will develop a multi stakeholder transition pathway and a clear policy statement on mainstreaming DRR and CCA in Indonesia’s coastal urban lviii


agglomeration development plan. The pathway will provide a framework to support the Ministry of Agrarian and Spatial Planning and DRR and CCA actors at the city level, including communication and collaboration channels between these communities, action plans and capacity building that can be adapted locally. The project will reduce disaster risk, including human and economic losses, and create more resilient, connected communities. It will foster multi-stakeholder involvement in development processes and equal participation of groups who are often excluded, such as women, children and youth, and people with disabilities. It will directly contribute to Indonesia’s efforts in working towards the targets set out in the 2015 DRR (Sendai Framework), Climate Change and Sustainable Development agreements.

lix


Towards successful post-disaster resettlements - factors affecting the harmony between host and displaced communities

Principal Investigator: Dr Kaushal Keraminiyage, Global Disaster Resilience Research Centre (GDRC), University of Huddersfield, UK Partners: Dr Nishara Fernando, Social Policy Analysis and Research Centre (SPARC) of the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Researcher: Ms Pournima Siridarran

Lately, a growing trend of reluctance to host refugees and displaced communities has been shown by the international communities. Among factors influence this hesitation, one of the key reasons is the ignorance of the governments, humanitarian agencies and researchers to include the host community as a stakeholder in the process of resettlement. In cases where repatriation is not feasible for the displaced community, local integration remains as the significant expected outcome. Therefore, the acceptance of the host community is an essential element in shaping the society and for the success of any post-disaster resettlements. However, no studies express any patterns reflecting the reasons for acceptance/rejection between the host and the displaced communities within a resettlement setting. Recognising the overarching reasons for an unpleasant host-displaced relationship is necessary to identify the latent variables for the acceptance/rejection of a new community.

As an attempt to determine the influences of acceptance between the displaced and the host communities for the success of a post disaster resettlement, a study is carried out by a research team from the Global Disaster Resilience Centre (GDRC), University of Huddersfield, UK, in collaboration with Social Policy Analysis and Research Centre (SPARC) of the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Firstly, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify the critical parameters that influence the acceptance. Successively, the empirical study has been held in Sri Lanka, which has decades of experience in displacements and resettlements arising from both armed conflicts and natural disasters. The study was conducted in Galle and Batticaloa districts, which were two of the most tsunami-affected districts of Sri Lanka. This study followed a questionnaire survey to identify the latent factors affecting acceptance of a new community based on the determined parameters. The survey used a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire as a tool for data collection, and 201 responses were collected. The collected questionnaires are analysed using factor analysis, MannWhitney test, Relative Importance Index (RII), and descriptive statistical methods. The outcome of the study shows that the acceptance factors can be correctly fitted within social, economic, and cultural spectrums. Economic factors play a significant role in acceptance soon after resettlement, whereas, social and cultural factors influence the acceptance in the long term. Further, the tendency of recognition increases in long-term if the resettlement is farther from host’s neighbourhood. The data is expected to be analysed further to identify how each factor influence the acceptance to host a displaced community. Outcomes of this research will be disseminated through 2 joint journal publications, and through a final policy report to inform disaster management policy makers.

lx


Specialist Workshops and Events

For special events and workshops, please refer to the conference programme for timing and venue information.

Climate models, weather risks, critical infrastructure and cities

Organiser: Prof. Bingunath Ingirige, Global Disaster Resilience Centre (GDRC), University of Huddersfield, UK ([email protected])

Session Brief As part of the EU Horizon 2020 funded EU-CIRCLE project titled “A pan-European framework for strengthening Critical Infrastructure resilience to climate change” (www.eu-circle.eu), a group of partners have put together an exciting themed discussion where two of its case studies are showcased. In addition, the project team encouraged other participants of the International Conference on Building Resilience 2017 to join the session whereby fruitful discussions and knowledge exchanges can be facilitated for mutual benefits in the areas of weather and climate modelling, critical infrastructure damage curves, stakeholder engagement and climate risk management in cities. The team encouraged several international players and multidisciplinary experts to present, participate and contribute into the discussions of the session. The special session particularly showcases two of EU-CIRCLE project’s case studies. First in the UK the impact of urban coastal flooding in Torbay is investigated. Then the impact of cyclonic stresses and their effects on critical infrastructure within the Khulna city in Bangladesh is discussed. The EU-CIRCLE team have organised the following presentations within this special themed discussion as follows. The Presentations in the session are as follows: Prof. Bingunath Ingirige, as the special session theme leader, will give the opening address to the session with its aims and objectives and introduce the speakers in the session. Prof. Ingirige has the Chair in Project Management & Resilience at the Global Disaster Resilience Centre (GDRC), University of Huddersfield. He was a contributor to the UK Government’s Climate Change Risk Assessment 2016 (https://goo.gl/TaEos8) report which provided advice on strategic measures to overcome future vulnerability to climate change. He has led international research into post flood recovery and reconstruction in Sri Lanka and Malaysia. He is a key investigator of the EU-CIRCLE project responsible for the delivery of the case study in Khulna city, Bangladesh.

Dr. Athanasis Sfetsos, the coordinator of the EU-CIRCLE project, will give an introduction to project and its current developments. Dr. Athanasios Sfetsos, received a B.Sc. in Physics from University of Patras in 1995 and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Imperial College, University of London (1999). He is a Researcher at the Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences, Technology Energy and Safety at NCSR Demokritos and research collaborator with the Centre for Security Studies. His research interests are related to the impacts of climate change and Critical Infrastructure protection. He has co-authored more than 150 papers in refereed journals and conference proceedings. He has participated in more than 20 EU and nationally funded projects and currently is the coordinator of EU-CIRCLE.

Dr. Rasmus Benestead, will present “The use of information from climate models to get a better picture of future weather-related risks: The context of Bangladesh”. Dr. Benestead is a senior scientist at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute working on climate change and climate analysis. He has published scientific papers on empirical-statistical downscaling, statistical methods, and on weather extremes, and has a D.Phil from Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Planetary Physics at University of Oxford, UK. Prof. Terrence Fernando, will present “the role of advanced technologies for supporting multi agency collaboration for resilient communities”. Prof. Terrence Fernando is the Director of the THINKlab, University of Salford, UK. He has several years of experience in developing collaborative platforms for range of application areas such as urban planning, aerospace, space and built lxi


environment. He is also the Principal Investigator of the recently funded EPSRC Global Challenge project titled “A Collaborative Multi-agency Platform for Building Resilient Communities” which aims to develop an advanced digital platform that can be used in low-/middle-income countries to strengthen their resilience capacities against natural disasters.

Prof. Slobodan Djordjevic, will present “3D visualisation tool for improving the resilience to urban and coastal flooding in Torbay, UK”. Prof. Slobodan Djordjevic joined the Centre for Water Systems at the University of Exeter, UK in 2002 and was promoted to Professor of Hydraulic Engineering in 2012. He obtained degrees in Civil Engineering from the University of Belgrade. His work focuses on development and application of advanced tools for urban drainage and floods modelling, analysis and impact assessment and other areas of water and infrastructure management. Over the past decade Slobodan has been awarded research grants worth £7.5m, majority of those as the principal investigator. He led EU FP7 CORFU reserach consortium and in that capacity organised and co-chaired the International Conference of Flood Resilience: Experiences in Asia and Europe, held in Exeter (ICFR2013). Dr. Fuad Ali, will present “Assembling and (Re)Assembling Critical Infrastructure Resilience in Khulna City, Bangladesh”. Dr. Fuad Ali is a Research Fellow working at the Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK. He is currently working on the delivery of the Khulna City, Bangladesh case study as part of the EU-CIRCLE Project. Dr. Ali received his PhD from the Department of Geography at Kings College London in 2014 and both his BSc and MSc from Imperial College, London. Dr. Barry Evans will present “Mapping urban infrastructure interdependencies and fuzzy risks”. Dr. Barry Evans is a research fellow in the Centre for Water Systems at the University of Exeter. His background is varied with a BSs(Hons) in Physics with Space Science and Technology, MSc in Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and a PhD in Engineering (specifically in the flood modelling area) from University of Exeter. After working in research for a while Barry went on to work in London in the catastrophe modelling sector for AIR Worldwide Ltd utilising his skills to aid in understanding risks associated with natural disasters and also carrying out risk analyses on a variety of portfolios before returning to academia. His recent works was in the field of Citizen Science as part of the Citizen Observatory Web (COBWEB) project at Aberystwyth University, developing smart phone technology within a novel framework to collect and process data for use in supporting flood risk management.

lxii


Special themed discussion on Resilience of businesses and economies in the face of natural hazards

Organiser(s): Dr. Senaka Basnayake, Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, Bangkok, Thailand. Email: [email protected].

Session Brief Disaster resilience of businesses in many countries is challenged by higher intensity and frequency of natural hazards, especially in the recent decades. Cities have become more vulnerable due to concentration of physical assets of high value, businesses, unplanned infrastructure and dense populations. Flooding, which affects many countries for instance, can have a crippling effect on local economies in extreme situations. Whilst both the physical and the human costs of flooding tend to be well documented in literature, the broader economic effects and the disruption and damage to businesses tend to be often overlooked and under researched. Of businesses, SMEs tend to be more vulnerable to flooding and other natural hazards than their larger counterparts. But on the other hand SMEs play a greater role in energising the local economies by providing employment and maintaining vibrancy and appeal as a community hub. Their positive engagement can improve the uptake of resilience and improve disaster risk reduction measures. Although flooding is primarily a problem faced in many countries, other hazards such as droughts, landslides and heavy storms can also impact on businesses and the economies. The overall benefit of engaging business has recently received a resurgence of interest at an international level with UNISDR’s Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) calling for businesses to integrate disaster risk into their management practices. The session included keynote speeches and a panel discussion as follows: the role of SMEs in contributing to local economies and what resilience means to them and important lessons to policy making Global Initiatives on resilience of businesses and Disaster Risk Management Monitoring and measuring resilience in businesses and Integrating DRR and CCA for improved business management practices Case studies on how businesses recovered after the 2011 flood event in Bangkok. the success of Resilient SME Champion Program for effective Bussiness Continuty Planing (BCP) the role that professionals who work with SMEs have to play in developing SME resilience

The Session Coordinators’ Profiles: Mr. Aslam Perwaiz is the Deputy Executive Director (DED) of Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC). Mr. Aslam has been working with ADPC for 12 years on multiple programs and projects on disaster risk reduction. Mr. Aslam brings with him extensive experience of networking and partnership building with countries and development partners. He has represented ADPC at national, regional and international platforms on disaster and climate risk management. Among other notable initiatives, he initiated the ADPC’s privates sector engagement “iPrepare Business” facility and post-disaster needs assessment initiative “Ready4Recovery”.

Dr. Senaka Basnayake works as the Director of Climate Resilience Department of Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) in Bangkok, Thailand. He has been involved in implementing projects and programs on climate risk management (including early warning systems) and climate change adaptation in Asia. He has experience in conducting research on severe weather events, executing numerical models to simulate them, and analyzing observed meteorological and climatological data for assessing impacts of climate change, variability, and extreme weather events. He has also experience in developing geospatial tools and datasets for understanding risks posed by hydrometeorological extremes in a changing climate in addition to numerical weather prediction, climate modeling and impacts and vulnerability assessments to climate change.

Before joining ADPC in 2010, he has served as a Scientist at Theoretical Division of SAARC Meteorological Research Centre (SMRC) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Previously he has worked as a lxiii


Meteorologist-In-Charge of Centre for Climate Change Studies (CCCS) and Deputy Director of Department of Meteorology in Colombo, Sri Lanka. He holds B.Sc. (special) Degree in Physics and a Postgraduate Diploma and Ph.D. Degree in Meteorology. Prof. Ingirige has the Chair in Project Management & Resilience at the Global Disaster Resilience Centre (GDRC), University of Huddersfield. He was a contributor to the UK Government’s Climate Change Risk Assessment 2016 (https://goo.gl/TaEos8) report where his contribution came specifically in the area of impact of climate change on business and industry (chapter 6) which provided advice on strategic measures to overcome future vulnerability to climate change. He has led international research into post flood recovery and reconstruction in Sri Lanka and Malaysia. He is a key investigator of the EU-CIRCLE project responsible for the delivery of the case study in Khulna city, Bangladesh.

lxiv


Connecting the Dots: Ensuring Sustained Resilience Efforts at the National and Regional Levels Session Organiser: Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC), Thailand

Partner contribution: The session will be a collaborative effort between ADPC, Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, ODI, Myanmar Alliance and Anukulan-BRACED and each partner will nominate their own speakers to attend.

Session Moderator: Ms Donna Mitzi Lagdameo, Senior Policy Adviser and Asia Pacific Regional Focal Point, Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre The Red Cross Red Crescent is the global technical reference centre of the Red Cross Red Crescent system with an overarching mission to help the Movement and its partners reduce the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events on vulnerable people. In Asia, aside from providing strategically important advice, the Climate Centre is also part of global initiatives like BRACED wherein it leads the learning and uptake work of the Knowledge Management team. Donna is based in Manila and provides technical support to the Climate Centre partners on the ground and in the Asia Pacific region, ensuring that science, policy, practice and innovation are linked with the work from communities to global policy discussions. Objectives and expected outcomes This session will focus on how resilience building initiatives that are effecting lasting changes in the lives of the people are being (or can be) scaled-up to national policies in and contributed to regional development targets in Asia.

This session will present experiences that show how communities and governments are already doing ways to strengthen disaster risk governance at different levels in order to manage, address and reduce risks. Aligned with the aims of the 2nd priority area of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFRDRR), this session will likewise present specific initiatives that contribute to the targets at the national and regional levels, particularly those that help strengthen multi-stakeholder engagement and partnerships and the roles of non-state actors vis-à-vis institutional mechanisms – from risk assessment to mainstreaming in planning processes to really empowering the vulnerable communities and allowing them to take part in the whole risk governance discourse. The session will focus on 3 key questions:

What are good practices on the ground that are leading to strengthened resilience for Asian communities? How are local level interventions contributing to the implementation of national and regional strategies and plans for resilience How can good practice be replicated and scaled up across the region?

Since 2015, BRACED projects have been implemented in Nepal and Myanmar adopting participatory solutions to enhance safety and strengthen resilience of communities and improve government’s engagement and accountability to resilience building. Over the project period, contributions to community’s resilience including improved community preparedness for disasters and climate change, resilience of livelihoods and improved access and use of risk information in planning have been measured. To ensure that these initiatives contribute to the national policy targets of the country and be institutionalized in the long run, BRACED implementing partners worked closely with government at various levels. Through a panel discussion, our partners will share how they were able to broaden the enabling environment towards sustained community resilience through innovative solutions at the local level.

While contributing to national level resilience and development policy processes, BRACED initiatives are also able to help in the realization of the Asia-wide targets on the implementation of the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. In 2016, during the 6th Asian lxv


Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (AMCDRR) held in New Delhi, India, the Asia Regional Plan on the Implementation of SFDRR was adopted. While the plan seeks to guide and support the national implementation of the Sendai Framework, it is not a replacement of national plans. It does so by identifying priorities and regional activities to support national and local actions, enhance the exchange of good practices, knowledge and information among governments and stakeholders, in addition to strengthening regional cooperation to support the implementation of the Sendai Framework. The regional plan aims to provide a (a) broad policy direction to guide the implementation of the Sendai Framework in the context of the 2030 sustainable development agendas in the region; (b) long-term road map, spanning the 15-year horizon of the Sendai Framework outlining a chronological pathway for implementation of priorities to achieve seven global targets; and (c) two-year action plan with specific activities that are prioritized based on the long-term road map and in line with the policy direction. Progress on the implementation of the Asia Regional Plan will be shared in the 7th AMCDRR in Mongolia in 2018.

This session will focus on how we are connecting (and we can connect) the dots – from local community-resilience building efforts being contributed to national policy discussions and further to the regional targets on risk reduction and resilience building. It is expected to steer discussions with the panel and participants by sharing success stories and case studies from BRACED projects in Asia as well as other projects in the region. The panel will look into the various aspects of BRACED evidence and learning and share their experiences from BRACED activities in Myanmar and Nepal as a guide towards strengthening resilience at the national and regional levels. Through the interactive discussion, the audience will take away concrete approaches for sustained resilience actions and specific contributions to the said regional plan. Lessons, challenges and successes to be shared with an opportunity for the audience to participate and interact with the conversation on building resilience of vulnerable communities. It will also promote:

The need of policy coherence in building risk-informed communities, and its ways and means to expand further across Asia as a joint collaborative initiative enabling partners to work at scale; Focus on sharing BRACED experiences in the region towards addressing the issues of community resilience; and How the evidence gathered through this programme would strengthen community resilience by building partnerships.

Target Audience: Primarily, the session will target government officials from the region, international organizations, disaster risk managers and practitioners engaged in working on resilience building in the region towards programming and planning. Secondary audiences will include practitioners and researchers who are engaged in climate change adaptation into development planning, local government planning, sector-based adaptation at the national and regional levels.

About Session speakers: The four speakers (bios below) will each discuss a particular topic on evaluating adaptation and resilience. Dr. Emily Wilkinson, ODI Dr. Luke A. Colavito / Dr. Madan Pariyar, Anukulan Mr. Jeremy Stone, Myanmar Alliance Dr Senaka Basnayake, ADPC

lxvi

Speaker profiles:


Dr Emily Wilkinson, Overseas Development Institute (ODI) Dr. Emily Wilkinson is a Senior Research Fellow in the ODI Risk and Resilience Programme. Emily has a PhD in Geography from University College London and over 15 years of research and teaching experience in disaster and climate risk management. She is an expert in risk governance and has worked with stakeholders in Latin America and the Caribbean, East Africa, South Asia and the Pacific to identify critical entry points and opportunities for overcoming hazardous geographies and managing risk in line with development priorities. Emily is Head of Research for the DFID Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters Programme (BRACED), and leads research on disaster risk management and resilience for the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN). She is Principal Investigator for two major research projects focussed on building resilience to natural hazards, funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council. Emily is a Coordinating Lead Author of the European Commission report ‘Science for DRM 2017’ and has published over 40 articles, reports and book chapters on disasters and climate change.

Dr. Luke A. Colavito, Country Director at International Development Enterprises Dr. Luke A. Colavito is iDE Nepal Country Director and an Agricultural Economist. He has over 20 years of development experience and has worked extensively in Nepal and South Asia. He has strong experience in value-chain approaches, enterprise development, market development, project management, developing public private partnerships, building the capacity of government agencies, and policy analysis and reform. Dr Colavito has also taken a leading role in developing public private partnership approaches for climate change adaptation, climate finance, and to develop last mile supply chains for climate smart agriculture technologies. He leads a number of iDE-implemented projects/programmes including the DFID supported Anukulan/BRACED.

Dr. Madan Pariyar, Programme Development and M&E Director at International Development Enterprises Dr. Madan Pariyar leads the climate change related initiatives of iDE Nepal, and is currently the Deputy Team Leader and Monitoring/Evaluation Lead for Anukulan – BRACED programme being funded by DFID in Nepal. Dr. Pariyar is also the lead person responsible for monitoring and evaluation of projects and programmes implemented by iDE in Nepal. He has over 20 years of experience in designing, implementing and supervising the Monitoring and Evaluation Strategies and Systems. He has worked extensively with several national and international government and non-government organizations in Nepal and abroad at different capacities providing services related to monitoring and evaluation.

Jeremy Stone: Coordinator, BRACED Myanmar Alliance (Plan International) Jeremy Stone is the BRACED Myanmar Alliance Coordinator. He provides steering and technical backstopping for an Alliance of international NGOs, national implementing agencies, and research agencies focused on furthering the resilience agenda in Myanmar. Prior to this he has worked on climate change, renewable energy and environment projects across South/ South East Asia including Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan and Nepal, exploring how to better link theory and community practice. He has carried out a variety of advisory, management, and research roles for organisations including Action Aid, DFID, Plan International, Practical Action Consulting, and SNV.

Dr. Senaka Basnayake, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) Dr. Basnayake is the Director of Climate Resilience Department, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand. Before joining ADPC in 2010, Dr. Senaka served as scientist at the theoretical division of SAARC Meteorological Research Centre (SMRC) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Previously he has worked as meteorologist at the Department of Meteorology in Colombo, Sri Lanka, and as senior meteorologist and meteorologist-in-charge at Centre for Climate Change Studies (CCCS). In 2005 - 2006, he has also served as thematic consultant of climate change for the UNDP funded National Capacity Self-Assessment (NCSA) of Sri Lanka. lxvii


Approach to deliver session: The session will follow the highly engaging ‘talk-show’ format. This means that session presenters will be discouraged from making presentations using PowerPoint slides. Instead, the chair of the session will act as the host of a talk show who will present each speaker with a question, after which the speakers will have 5 minutes to answer. This is to keep the session dynamic and engaged with the aim to hold the attention of the audience, whilst also providing them with the opportunity to participate in the questions and answers (Q&A) session.

lxviii


ESPRESSO Challenge: Workshop on Enhancing disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation Synergies for Disaster Prevention

Organiser(s): PLINIVS Study Centre, University of Naples Federico II for AMRA Scarl, IT (Lead); Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK; Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, Københavns Universitet, DK. The ESPREssO project, funded by the European Commission’s H2020 Research and Innovation Programme aims at contributing to a new strategic vision to approach disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation, thereby opening new frontiers for research and policy making. To achieve this goal, the project structure is built upon the central role of three main challenges to be addressed in order to propose ways to identify relevant gaps and overcome the boundaries among different topics: Integrating Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Integrating Science and Legal/Policy issues in DRR and CCA Improving national regulations to prepare for trans-boundary crises

Having in mind the Sendai Framework 2015-2030 and the EU Action Plan, ESPREssO aims at contributing to a new strategic vision on natural risk reduction in Europe and promoting new ideas on what should be a future roadmap and agenda for natural hazard research in the next 10 years.

ESPREssO is currently starting the preparation of the Vision Paper on future research priorities in the EU within the context of above mentioned three challenges, gathering inputs from the scientific community and relevant stakeholders and networks in the field of DRR and CCA (such as UNISDR EU and national platforms, IPCC, Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre - DRMKC, Community of Users - CoU, but also representatives from the civil protection, civil society etc.) through a series of networking initiatives. Within this context, this workshop is aimed at gathering inputs from DRR and CCA scientific community and policy makers, tackling the following key questions through interactive exchange sessions:

What are the various opportunities in framing research, actions, plans and projects for an integrated approach within the domain of DRR and CCA? What are the main obstacles that stakeholders and relevant actors identify for bridging the gap between science and policy for DRR and CCA? What are the main barriers for an efficient and transparent management of crises and emergencies across borders between EU states and beyond? The format of the workshop is as follows: Introductory presentations from ESPREssO team (30 mins.) Interactive post-it session (30 mins.) Discussion (30 mins.)

ESPRESSO project partners include: AMRA Scarl, Italy (coordinator) Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches Geoforschungszentrum, Germany Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, France Deutsches Komitee für Katastrophenvorsorge e.V., Germany Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Switzerland University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom Københavns Universitet, Denmark

For more details, please visit the ESPRESSO web site: http://www.espressoproject.eu/ lxix


MoU Signing Ceremony of DTI and Strategic Partners on the project ‘Simulation of Military Assistance during Emergency and Communication Blackout’

The military simulation and training technologies need to provide common operation picture (COP) of an emergency and disaster management for almost real-time situation awareness to make critical decision. The project will provide the realization of the situation where current information, i.e., rescuer position, geo-location, in situ photos and live videos, is simultaneously updated to keep pace with real world situation. The data is transmitted live from the rescuers to the command and control via the UAV broadband network. Game Engine plays as a theater that all data interact in a common view. Objectives: To apply COP concept using 3D mapping from UAV image acquisition To simultaneously model on-site military operations during emergency and communication blackout To simulate the emergency within the realm of C4ISR

Outputs: 3D COP from UAV image acquisition Communication system for military assistance during emergency and communication Blackout, and Real-time incident simulation within C4ISR

Outcome: Complete military simulation and training either non-combatant or combatant missions

Impact: Security – complete chain of command and common understanding of strategic, operational and tactical levels of situation Economic - In support of defense purposes and other non-combatant missions that involve military operations such as disaster prevention and mitigation, civil-military operations in response to natural disasters to avoid multilateral loss and casualties.

lxx


Development of Sendai Framework “Words into Action” Implementation Guide for Construction Policy and Practice Organiser: Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK

Proposed Target stakeholder: Clients, consultants and contractors associated with land, property and construction professions Professional institutions including national and international bodies of construction Local Government Leaders, Mayors, City Managers and other practitioners Schools of property and construction

Priority Focus: Recognise that disaster risk reduction practices need to be multi-hazard and multisectoral, inclusive and accessible in order to be efficient and effective A need for the private sector, including the construction industry, to work more closely with other stakeholders and to create opportunities for collaboration, and for businesses to integrate disaster risk into their management practices A need to promote the incorporation of disaster risk knowledge, including disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery and rehabilitation, in formal and professional education and training

To answer this call by the Sendai Framework and to serve the needs of countries and stakeholders more directly, this guide will elaborate on the following: Capturing labour market requirements for disaster resilience and its interface with the construction industry and its professionals. Identifying stakeholder requirements helping to mainstream disaster resilience within the construction process Identifying how to integrate disaster risk reduction in construction practices Sharing case studies on best practices for mainstreaming DRR within construction Identifying legislative frameworks and regional protocols to facilitate capacities, and facilitation and regulation of international construction practice Promoting international mechanisms for sharing knowledge and expertise in recovery. Incorporating key DRR elements from Sendai in “Assessment of Professional Competence” (APC) Incorporating key DRR elements within the continuous professional development (CPD) programmes that are formally recognised by key professional institutions Ensuring capacities are in place for example, on the job training + structured training for city /local government officials incorporating Sendai DRR related key pointes related to property and construction

Rationale: The construction and property sector must work with governments, non-governmental organisations and the public to improve policy and drive the development of more resilient and sustainable cities. There have been growing calls for greater engagement of the construction and property sector in disaster resilience building efforts, and a need for greater integration of disaster resilience concepts into the education of construction and property professionals. Supporting this view, one of the construction and property sector’s key professional bodies, the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (2015), called recently for, “a massive rethink around how we build up skills across our sector to meet the challenges we’re facing and how we ensure economic viability for land and real estate firms while delivering on social needs and managing finite resources.” The scope of this contribution to resilience building efforts is considerable, with there being many and varied disaster resilience roles of construction and property professionals across the disaster management cycle. The vital role of property and construction in serving human endeavors means that when elements of the built environment are damaged or destroyed, the ability of society to function – economically and socially – is severely disrupted. The protective characteristics of the built environment offer an important means by which humanity can reduce the risk posed by hazards, lxxi


thereby preventing a disaster. Conversely, post-disaster, the loss of critical buildings and infrastructure can greatly increase a community’s vulnerability to hazards in the future. Finally, the individual and local nature of the built environment, shaped by context, restricts our ability to apply generic solutions.

The economic scale, size and impact of the construction and property sector is significant. For example, it generates about 9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in the European Union and provides 18 million direct jobs (Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs Directorate, 2016). As a major consumer of services and intermediate products such as raw materials, chemicals or electrical equipment, construction and property impacts many other economic sectors. It is also resource intensive and a major consumer of scarce natural resources such as land, water, minerals and energy.

Professional bodies’ future standards work could start to include factors such as long-term value and common risk frameworks that might apply at a city scale, rather than at that of a single building. The construction and property sector can play an important role in advising governments, promoting progressive investments, and sharing knowledge and technology to help cities prepare for potential risks. Working Group Leads: Dilanthi Amaratunga ([email protected]) & Richard Haigh ([email protected]), Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK UNISDR Facilitator: Dave Zervaas ([email protected])

lxxii


Development of Sendai Framework “Words into Action” Implementation Guide for Disaster Risk Reduction Governance at the Local Level

Organiser: Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK

Target stakeholders: Disaster Risk Reduction Focal Points, Local Government Chief Executives, Mayors, Civil Defence and Protection.

Priority Focus: To answer this call by the Sendai Framework and to serve the needs of countries and stakeholders more directly, in supporting implementation of the Sendai Framework’s Priorities for Action 2, and support a better understanding of the priorities for improving the effectiveness of DRR at local level, this guide will focus on the following: A better understanding of the role of governance in a local government context in contributing to the Sendai Framework for DRR. To elaborate on some of the complex and challenging issues of risk governance at local level in addressing the need for and how to improve understanding of risk governance at the local level to facilitate the DRR agenda. To understand how local governments can be empowered, and governance can be reformed to ensure successful implementation of DRR initiatives at the local level. To explore experiences, best practices and real actions addressing the challenge of the implementation and achievement of those targets for local authorities with a focus on governance

Rationale: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 outlines seven clear targets and four priorities for action to prevent new and reduce existing disaster risks, one of them being strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk. It also emphasizes the need for strengthening disaster risk governance at the local level for prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery and rehabilitation. Good governance has to be at the very heart of DRR means and outcomes. A shift towards governing risks with a proactive and forward-looking perspective will be the key. This requires decentralised structures with strong frameworks to support policy implementation, with a clear understanding of responsibilities, and clear incentives towards action, as well as mechanisms to monitor progress, facilitate implementation and promote accountability. Accordingly, disaster risk management at the local level has to be a key element in any viable national DRR strategy.

It is the local government that is the first responder and the one responsible for community development and sustainable DRR. The empowerment of local governments should be a key priority in order to encourage democratic decision-making that involves the citizens and all key stakeholders at the local level. There is a need to identify mechanisms of implementation for the key elements of disaster risk reduction governance at the local level. It is also important to share examples and good practice, in particular related to multi-stakeholder participation, compliance and enforcement of DRR policies, transparency and accountability, responsiveness to stakeholders, consensus orientation, equity, effectiveness and efficiency, accountability, and strategic vision for reducing disaster risks. Achieving local ownership for disaster risk governance depends on many factors, including interactions between communities and local actors in charge of implementing DRR policies. There are strong indications that many failings exist in attempts to practice decentralised disaster risk management at local government and community levels. Accordingly, there needs to be context specific risk governance arrangements in place to promote DRR at the local level. It is important to identify the challenges faced by local governments in implementing DRR The empowerment of local governments should be a key priority in order to encourage democratic decision-making in DRR that involves the citizens and all key stakeholders at the local level. A full understanding of disaster risk governance at the local level will need a thorough knowledge of the lxxiii


role of the various actors, and how they operate and invest in governance. In this context, this session will focus on the need and how to improve our understanding of risk governance at the local level.

Working Group Leads: Dilanthi Amaratunga ([email protected]) & Richard Haigh ([email protected]), Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK UNISDR Facilitator: Dave Zervaas ([email protected])

lxxiv


Doctoral students’ forum

The doctoral student community is the lifeblood of our future research. The doctoral students’ forum is a special feature within the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience organised to celebrate their contribution to the research community. This is a dedicated forum and provides a platform for doctoral students discuss their research work and receive constructive feedback.

There will be dedicated session embedded within the conference programme for the doctoral students’ forum. Some of the activities that will take place within this session include:

A speech by Dr Kaushal Keraminiyage on “The dream PhD journey – supervisor perspective”, presenting the supervisor’s perspective about the ideal PhD journey that a supervisor envisages from a doctoral candidate. A speech by Ms Pournima Siridarran on “The dream PhD journey – the candidate’s view” presenting the PhD candidate’s perspective about the ideal PhD supervision process.

A panel (with both PhD students and supervisors) running a Q&A session, answering questions that a typical doctoral candidate may have about their research work and / or the PhD process. For more details and to register your participation, please contact the curators: Dr Kaushal Keraminiyage ([email protected]) Prof Srinath Perera ([email protected])

lxxv



The World in 2030: What it means for the future of humanity if we ignore disaster risk

The University of Huddersfield’s Global Disaster Resilience Centre, Naresuan University & Chiang Mai University, Thailand and the ASCENT project launched a Media Arts competition for students as a way to look into the future: Where will humanity be by the year 2030 if we fail to tackle disaster risk?

This Media Arts competition is being held in association with the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience : Using scientific knowledge to inform policy and practice in disaster risk reduction, to be held from 27-29 November 2017 in Bangkok Thailand. Winners will receive certificates and cash prizes. Winning entries will also be showcased at various events.

Background

The frequency, scale and distribution of disasters in recent years demonstrates that disasters are a global problem, threatening to disrupt communities in developed, newly industrialised and developing countries. Between 2002 and 2011 there were 4,130 disasters. Over 1.1 million people perished and a minimum of US$1,195 billion was recorded in losses. In the year 2011 alone, 302 disasters claimed 30,000 lives, affected over 200 million people and inflicted damages worth an estimated US$366 billion.

Ominously, global demographic trends suggest that more people are living in areas vulnerable to sudden-onset natural disasters. This is happening even as scientists predict that the frequency and intensity of these disasters are likely to increase as a result of the effects of climate change. More people and assets are located in areas of high risk.

For example, the proportion of world population living in flood-prone river basins has increased by 114%, while those living on cyclone-exposed coastlines have grown by 192% over the past 30 years. Over half of the world’s large cities, with populations ranging from 2 to 15 million, are currently located in areas highly vulnerable to seismic activity. Rapid urbaniation will further increase exposure to disaster risk. These trends, coupled with recent high-profile disasters like Haiyan, or Yolanda, as the Philippines named the typhoon, are raising global awareness of the need to build the capacity of national governments, civil society organizations and international actors to prevent, respond to and recover from natural disasters. Despite these escalating losses, more than 95% of humanitarian finance is still spent on responding to disasters and their aftermath, with less than 5% spent on reducing the risk of disasters. Without a major increase in investment to reduce current and future risks, spending on relief and reconstruction is likely to become unsustainable. The challenge for humanity is to ensure that risk management is prioritised in policy frameworks and fully integrated in practice to help save lives, protect livelihoods and reduce economic losses.

But what will happen if we fail to tackle disaster risk? What is the future for humanity?

Competition

This media arts competition will showcase, champion and promote the works of student filmmakers, broadcasters, designers, animators, performers and provide a springboard for creative media that exemplifies excellence in its potential to inspire change. lxxvi

Brief


Develop content in any media to raise awareness around disaster risk. You will be asked to work in a cross-disciplinary team, to produce a series of outcomes which could be branded as a campaign or as a stand-alone work in the form of a film- fiction or documentary, public artwork, animation, website, interactive installation, app, poster, projection, ambient work etc. Design for impact and to effectively communicate the disaster risk to a targeted public. We are looking for original, wise, brave, eye-opening and creative outcomes that will increase the awareness of viewers to the dangers of ignoring disaster risk, to the resilience of humans facing, to the politics of international development, and to efforts and agents of change locally and worldwide.

Eligibility

Registered postgraduate students are invited to submit their media, which must be completed between by 15th October 2017 to be eligible for entry.

Prize

The Judges consist of esteemed media and disaster professionals. Prize winners receive prizes worth $250 and certificates at the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience. There will be a first prize and two highly commended prizes. Winning entries will also be showcased at various events including that of the UN.

Contact

Dr Ezri Hayat, Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK Dr Sarintip Tantanee, Naresuan University, Thailand Associate Professor Dr Liwa Pardthaisong, Chiang Mai University Thailand

lxxvii


Awards

Best Paper Awards

Awards for the Conference are donated by Emerald Publishing Limited. There will be two best paper awards and several highly commended awards, as follows:

Best Paper Award – Disasters and Built Environment; sponsored by The International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 2 Highly Commended Awards - Disasters and Built Environment; sponsored by The International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Best Paper Award Written by a Postgraduate Researcher; sponsored by The International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 2 Highly Commended Awards Written by a Postgraduate Researcher; sponsored by The International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment


The World in 2030: What it means for the future of humanity if we ignore disaster risk

Prizes worth $250 and certificates for best posters and two highly commended entries

lxxviii


Procedia Engineering

Selected scientific papers submitted to the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience have been published in an issue of Procedia Engineering. These papers were subjected to double blind peer review by members of the international scientific committee. Procedia Engineering, published by Elsevier, is an open access collection of conference proceedings published between 2012 and 2017. Proceedings featured are relevant to an international audience, with a focused theme and cover timely topics. The journal is indexed in Scopus, the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature. The papers will be published in December 2017.

They will be accessible from: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/procedia-engineering.

lxxix


General Information Host country

The conference is being held in Bangkok, Thailand.

Thailand lies between latitude 6-12 north and longitude 98-108 east. Its area is 513,115 sq.km. and its population is over 60 million. Thailand’s topography is naturally divided into four regions. The North is a mountainous region comprising natural forests, ridges and deep, narrow alluvial valleys. The northern region is subject to floods, landslides, earthquakes and forest fires. The Central Thailand, the basin of the Chao Praya river, is a lush and fertile valley. The central region is subject to floods and earthquakes. The Northeast or the Korat Plateau is an arid region, characterized by a rolling surface and undulating hills. The northeastern region is subject to floods and droughts. The South which is peninsular Thailand is hilly to mountainous, with thick virgin forests. Besides, there are several offshore islands in the region. Thailand is the only country in south-east Asia to have escaped colonial rule. Buddhist religion, the monarchy and the military have helped to shape its society and politics. The military has ruled for most of the period since 1947, with a few interludes in which the country had a democratically elected government.

Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. Maha Vajiralongkorn, the 10th Thai monarch of the Chakri dynasty, was proclaimed king in December 2016. He succeeded former King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the world's longest reigning monarch, who died on 13 October 2016.

Over the last four decades, Thailand has made remarkable progress in social and economic development, moving from a low-income country to an upper-income country in less than a generation. As such, Thailand has been one of the widely cited development success stories, with sustained strong growth and impressive poverty reduction, particularly in the 1980s.

Capital: Bangkok Population: 69.9 million Area: 513,115 sq km (198,115 sq miles) Major language: Thai Major religion: Buddhism Life expectancy: Life expectancy: 71 years (men), 78 years (women) Currency: baht

Natural disasters in Thailand

Many disasters have occurred in Thailand, leading to loss of life and economic damages. Most natural disasters that have happened in the country are storm- and flood-related, while man-made disasters have also caused great losses. This page lists by date accidents and disasters which have caused significant losses or been the focus of national public attention, grouped into natural and man-made disasters.

Natural disasters that frequently occur in Thailand include floods, droughts, tropical storms and forest fires. Whereas earthquakes and landslides occur occasionally. Generally, the sudden onset natural disasters cause the most damage to live and property. The rural area is the most vulnerable to disasters because of infrastructure underdevelopment. Moreover, the rural people that are mostly poor agriculturists are unable to invest in resources for reducing their vulnerability to disasters. Flood, the most frequent occurrence disaster in Thailand, occurs during monsoon season of JuneSeptember, causing damage to property more than any other kind of disaster. During 1975-1 990, floods caused property damage over US $1,216 million. In 1983, flood occurred in the whole southern region, suffering 14 provinces. This event caused property damage at the estimated cost lxxx


of US $360 million. Over 400 persons lost their lives, approximately 11,422 families or 72,814 individuals were homeless, 17,063 houses were demolished, about 1,499,892 livestock died and lost, and around 265,991 hectares of agricultural area were affected. Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is sometimes called ‘wet city’ because prolonged inundation caused by overflowing of the Chao Praya river usually occurs in the rainy season. The most prolonged flood in Bangkok occurred in 1995 for 2 months, causing property damage over US $400 million.

In 2004, the Indian Ocean earthquake off the Java coast in Indonesia generated a tsunami which impacted six of Thailand’s Andaman coastal provinces in the south. Although tsunamis are rare in Thailand, this incident shows they are capable of landfall and causing damage to the country. The country experienced severe flooding in 2011 due to the monsoon season with rainfall over 140 percent of its normal levels. Floodwater inundated parts of the capital city of Bangkok, 65 of Thailand’s 77 provinces were declared flood disaster zones. This flooding was considered the worst in terms of the amount of water and people affected. The increased severity of hazards is being attributed to climate change and the government is addressing this issue through plans and policies. References https://reliefweb.int/report/thailand/disaster-management-reference-handbook-2015-thailand

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15581957

Conference venue

The conference is being held at Swissotel Le Concorde, Bangkok 204 Rachadapisek Road, Huay Kwang, Bangkok 10320, Thailand.

Tel: +66 2694 2222 Fax: +66 2694 2218 Email: [email protected] Website: www.swissotel.com/hotels/bangkok-concorde/

The luxurious Swissotel Le Concorde, Bangkok is a five-star hotel located on Rachadapisek Road, Bangkok’s new thriving central business and entertainment district, and is approximately 40 minutes away from the Suvarnabhumi International Airport. The Huai Kwang train station is a two-minute walk from the hotel with Bangkok’s prime tourist attractions, central business district and convention centre just a few train stations away.

The 22-storey hotel offers travellers affordable luxury with 407 elegantly spacious rooms and suites and impeccable Swiss hospitality. The top four floors of the hotel are devoted to the Executive Club rooms, which offer complimentary access to the lounge with an exclusive breakfast buffet, evening cocktails, private meeting space and an Executive fitness centre. Featuring truly amazing meeting and convention facilities, Swissotel Le Concorde Bangkok offers 3,411 m² of meeting space. Whether you are looking for a formal dinner, a light snack or simply a comfortable place to relax and enjoy a quiet drink, you will find what you’re craving at any time of the day – there are four restaurants serving innovative Cantonese, Thai and Japanese cuisine, as well as a deli with delectable cakes and pastries.

The luxurious Spa De Concorde is the perfect place to unwind and revitalise, offering a wide range of modern and traditional spa treatments in a relaxing, contemporary Thai environment. The spa includes a beautiful outdoor swimming pool with sweeping views and a large, state-of-the-art fitness centre with steam rooms. Secure hotel parking is also available for your vehicle during your stay.

lxxxi


Social Programme Welcoming reception

A welcoming reception will be held on the 5th floor, alongside the swimming pool at the conference venue, Swissotel Le Concorde, on 27th November 2017. Please refer to the programme for timing information.

Gala Dinner

The Gala dinner for conference participants will be held on November 28th in Siam Niramit, a multi-award winner venue which serves buffet dinner and also Thailand traditional shows. The traditional shows are dubbed as 'A Journey to the Enchanted Kingdom of Siam'. More detailed information about Siam Niramit is available in their website at www.siamniramit.com/show.php. The visit to the venue, to and from transport and, entertainment and meal costs are included within the delegate registration fees.

Site visit - Historic City of Ayutthaya

As part of the social activity programme, the conference will organise a visit to Ayutthaya historical city. Founded c. 1350, Ayutthaya became the second Siamese capital after Sukhothai. It was destroyed by the Burmese in the 18th century. Its remains, characterized by the prang (reliquary towers) and gigantic monasteries, give an idea of its past splendour. In 1991, part of Ayutthaya Historical Park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site under criteria III as an excellent witness to the period of development of a true national Thai art. The inscribed area covered only 289 ha of the central and southwestern parts of Ayutthaya Island. For conference delegates, cost of this visit is included in the registration fees. Coaches will be provided for conference participants. Further information on this historic site can be found at http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/576.

lxxxii


lxxxiii


lxxxiv

2017 International Conference on Building Resilience

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

1

Introduction

Introduction

The themes of the conference include, but are not limited to the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 – 2030: • • • •

Understanding disaster risk Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction

Many of the submissions also focus on one or more of the many cross-cutting themes in the Sendai Framework, such as: Accountability, Multi-stakeholder approach, inclusion and empowerment of stakeholders, Peer review among countries, Land use and urban planning, Ecosystems-based disaster risk reduction, National and local platforms for DRR, Health systems and DRR, Finance, Insurance and risk transfer, Standards, Social protection, Cultural heritage, and Tourism.

Research papers, policy and practice notes, and posters

This book contains the abstracts of papers submitted to, double blind peer refereed (by our International Scientific Committee) and accepted for the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience.

In addition to welcoming the more traditional peer reviewed research paper, we also invited the submission of abstracts for policy and practice notes, and posters. Authors of accepted policy and practice notes and posters were invited to present the detail of their abstracts at the Conference, or in the dedicated poster session.

This book includes over 200 abstracts by scholars, policy makers and practitioners around the world. A paper ID number (e.g., ID: 601) is identified under each abstract. This ID number was assigned at the start of the abstract and paper submission process. Papers are listed according to the four conference themes identified above, and then sequentially according to their ID number. The detailed conference programme, which details the timing of paper presentations, identifies the associated abstract/paper ID number and can be used to locate the abstract/paper being presented. The abstracts associated with the Special session on Climate models, weather risks, critical infrastructure and cities, are listed separately.

The full research papers are available in an issue of Procedia Engineering, which offers a single, highly recognized platform where conference papers can be hosted and accessed by millions of researchers. Accepted manuscripts are governed by CC BY-NC-ND. Papers can be accessed from the Procedia homepage: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/procedia-engineering

An index of authors is provided towards the end of this book.

2


THEME 1: UNDERSTANDING DISASTER RISK

3

Understanding disaster risk

Study on housing units located in very high and high landslide hazard prone areas of Hali-Ela Divisional Secretariat Division, Sri Lanka Lloyd, J., National Building Research Organization, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Landslide is one of the major natural disasters occurs in Sri Lanka resulting loss of lives and severe damages to livelihoods and property. Identification of most vulnerable communities and properties could help in undertaking appropriate activities to minimize the risk. National Building Research Organization (NBRO) is the mandated agency for landslide risk management in Sri Lanka. It is a government agency functioning under the Ministry of Disaster Management and responsible for conducting activities for mapping the hazard prone areas, assessing the associated vulnerabilities, delineating risk potential in order for building the community resilience. NBRO is carrying out a landslide hazard mapping program covering 10 landslide prone districts in Sri Lanka to identify most vulnerable areas. The identified high hazard prone settlements are being mapped in detail. In addition it is expected to develop a database with information on vulnerable buildings and infrastructure for undertaking appropriate risk management activities in the subsequent phase. This paper presents the challenges, difficulties as well as lessons learnt in conducting the households, religious places, schools, and commercial/institution building surveys in Badulla District, which is the pilot district selected for conducting the survey.In this study, spatial distribution of vulnerable buildings located in very high, high and moderate landslide hazard area are being identified using the Landslide Hazard Zonation maps prepared by NBRO. Through the survey, maps are being prepared for the settlements located within the lowest administrative units called Grama Niladari Divisions (GNDs), demarcating spatial distribution of most vulnerable buildings with the use of ArcGIS software. The purpose of the survey is to collect information like characteristics and use of the buildings and the characteristics of the inhabitants etc. in order to delineate the risk potential and to identify risk reduction options. The survey will be conducted by the Grama Niladhari (GN) -officer in charge of the respective GND, using a questionnaire survey. The said officers are provided with a special training for conducting the survey. In addition, for creating general awareness on the causative factors of landslides and options for risk reduction, orientation session is also delivered to them prior to conducting the household level surveys. As an additional benefit, the program is designed to provide an opportunity for such government official to get acquainted with the hazard potential, type of vulnerabilities and level at community level. The final products of the survey such as hazard maps for the vulnerable settlements, the database with physical characteristics of buildings, socioeconomic data of households etc. will be kept with the GN so that they will be able to review and revise the same regularly. In addition they will be made an active participants of the program designed for landslide risk minimization in respective communities. Challenges and difficulties faced in preparation of maps, conducting the survey and some actions taken by NBRO in addressing such challenges have been discussed in the paper. Keywords: landslide, vulnerable locations, building survey, housing units ID: 695

4


Flood hazard zoning of Tarlac City: Towards the development of flood overlay zones and provisions Mohammed, M., Tarlac State University, Philippines, [email protected]

The province of Tarlac in the Philippines is one of the commonly flooded areas due to its geographical characteristics. The province is surrounded by high mountains along its eastern and western outskirts but predominantly the province is a vast flat area.

The present study focuses on the development of flood model for the urban areas of Tarlac City wherein a flood overlay zone is developed based on the flood hazard model. Specifically, the study focuses on attaining the following objectives: to develop a flood inundation model; to determine the hazards on the existing land use as well as determine the susceptibility to flood hazard and determine the risks on the urban barangays; and to look into the implications of land use policies towards risk management.

Historical, analytical and qualitative methods were employed to attain the objectives of the study. Stakeholders in the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (CDRRMC) were involved in the formulation of policies and strategies which may lessen the flood hazards as well as the risks towards the urban communities. The outcome of the workshop will be incorporated to the updated comprehensive land use plan (CLUP) of Tarlac City.

Keywords: flood hazard zoning, flood overlay zones, risk management ID: 763

5


Understanding disaster risk and mitigation: Special reference to Ratnapura District Edirisooriya, D., Sabaragamuwa University of Sri lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Vithanage, S., Disaster Management Center, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Uluwaduge, P., Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Senevirathna, T., Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Ratnapura district has an area of 3,275 square kilometers and a population of 1,082. The study area is prone to natural and manmade disasters and most of them are originated from metrological events. The main objective of this study was to understand disaster risks of the study area. The other objectives were to examining risk drivers and mitigation process of the Ratnapura district. The identification of extreme rainfall, flood gage level, disaster related deaths and damages was done based on the data collected from the Departments of Meteorology, Irrigation and Disaster Management of Sri Lanka. Disaster inventory map, disaster vulnerability map and disaster risk map were produced to understand the disaster and the risk associated with GIS technology. Gumbal and SINMAP model developed only for RMC and Elaphatha DSD. 56 present families were recorded flood affected from Ratnapura DSD during 1974 and 2017 years. Inventory map shows Elapatha, Ratnapura and Nivithigala as highly risk areas by flood. Gumbal model shows Ratnapura Municipality is 64.3 %, and it comes under the high flood hazard zone. During the years 1974 and 2010, 45% recorded deaths by landslide in the Elapatha DSD. 5.62 % areas are unstable in the Elaphatha DSD. Vulnerability map and even more risk map will help priorities to the socioeconomic planning, and mitigation process in the Ratnapura District. Keywords: Ratnapura and Nivithigala as highly risk areas by flood. Gumbal model shows Ratnapura Municipality is 64.3 percent ID: 781

6


Landslide susceptibility mapping using logistical regression model: a case study in Badulla District, Sri Lanka Hemasinghe, H., National Building Research Organisation, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Rankoth Siyambalagasthannage, R., Survey Department of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Deshapriya, L., Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, [email protected] Samarakoon, L., Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, [email protected]

The landslide is a universal term covering a wide variety of mass movements and processes involved in downward movement of masses of rock, earth or debris under the influence of gravity. The phenomena described as landslide is not limited either to the land or to sliding, but commonly addresses almost all varieties of mass movements on the slopes, including debris falls, rock falls, topples and debris flows that involve little or no true sliding.Landslides are among the natural disasters that are often experienced in Sri Lanka. Approximately 20,000 km2 (30.7%) of the land area of the country is highly susceptible to landslides. With the increasing demand for development and expansion of human settlements, landslides have become a major concern in the mountainous regions of the country. Therefore, Identification of landslide potential associated with the terrain is important for ensuring the sustainability of developments while minimizing the possible disasters due to landslides. The study was focused on landslide susceptibility mapping in Badulla District using logistic regression model. The district covers about 2871 sq. km of land area with altitude varying from 50 to 2530 m above sea level. Most of the areas in the district are densely populated residential area and consists mostly of mountainous terrain with deep valleys. The mountain has experienced several landslides and huge human and social, economic losses in the past.Slope, aspect, lithology, land cover, distance from the rivers and roads were selected as the causative factors for the analysis. Management and processing of data related to each factor were carried out in the ArcGIS environment. The correlation of each factor was tested using the Arc SDM after exporting data into suitable exchange formats. Land use and slope factor show high correlation with the occurrence of landslides. According to the study, 20.5% area of the district is highly and extremely highly susceptible to the occurrence of landslides, 39.3% area is moderately susceptible to landslide occurrences and 40.2% area is low susceptible to the occurrence of landslides.

Keywords: landslide, landslide susceptibility mapping, logistic regression model, high and extremely high susceptibility, moderately susceptibility, low susceptible ID: 814

7


Analysis of causes and effects of coastal erosion and environmental degradation in Southern coastal belt of Sri Lanka, with special reference to Unawatuna coastal area Senevirathna, T., Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Edirisooriya, D., Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Uluwaduge, P., Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Wijerathna, A., Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Sri Lanka is an island with a coastline approximately 1600 km in length and it is the boundary between the land and the sea to protect the land mass of the country. Today coastal erosion and environmental degradation are accelerating along many coastal areas of the country due to the natural and anthropogenic activities. The prime objectives of this study are to identify the natural and anthropogenic activities to coastal erosion, problems associated with the instability of coastline, analysis of the intensity of erosion and identify possible management strategies against coastal erosion in southern coastal belt of Sri Lanka specially in the Unawatuna coastal area. Quick bird satellite images from Google Earth used to assess the behaviour of the coastline and to identify the land use patterns around the study area. Randomly selected 100 residents were subjected to collect primary data through questionnaire survey to assess the livelihood activities against coastal erosion. Chi square, used as statistical analysis tools while image processing, digitizing, geometrical calculations in GIS and Remote Sensing used as descriptive analysis tools to achieve the prime objectives of this study.

The study found that both natural and anthropogenic factors are subjected to coastal erosion in the area. Natural sea waves became more destructive and its incentive increased due to the artificial rock dam (water break) constructed in the area. At present tourism and related human activities have been a stimulus for the coastal erosion. Erosion along the beach in 2007 was at natural level, and it represented 19408.87 m long. In 2011, erosion gradually increased and the length of beach represented as 10081.99 m, and in 2013, sand was pumped into the coast along the beach, thus expanding up to 13389.38 m. The sand pumped into the shore to stop the erosion deposited on coral reefs, and had made bad effects on the bottom dwellers of the sea. Also erosion has made a breakdown of tourist industry indirectly and the economy of the country. Removing the rock dam along the belt was a major suggestion, and several minor strategies are possible to be implemented to minimize this problem. Keywords: coastal erosion, environmental degradation, anthropogenic factors, coastal belt, tourism ID: 816

8


Identify the risk for Leptospirosis disease during flooding periods (2004-2016), with special reference to Polonnaruwa District Wijerathna, A., Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Senevirathna, T., Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Natural disasters have been entangled with life of human directly or indirectly. Flooding after heavy rainfall is one of the terrific and most common hazards which can have serious influences on human health by creating suitable environments to form water borne diseases. Leptospirosis is one of the major diseases caused by flooding in Sri Lanka. Thus, this study identifies the effects of floods especially on the spread of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka.

Three distinct data sets were used for this study: the first was the records retrieved from Disaster Management Centre and Disaster Management Unit of Medirigiriya DS office regarding the retrospective rainfall and flooding incidents recorded during 2004-2016; the second was derived from the Regional Director Office of Health Service (RDHS) to recognize the number of leptospirosis cases recorded during the selected period; and the third data set was collected using a questionnaire survey administered to people affected by leptospirosis disease in Medirigiriya. A chi-square test was used for statistical analysis and Arc GIS 10.3 was used for map analysis.

The study could identify a clear relationship between floods and leptospirosis outbreaks in Medirigiriya as majority of victims could be identified in areas subjected to floods during the past years. According to the risk map, Atambaoya, Tissapura, Viharagama, Medirigiriya and Diulankadawala Grama Niladgari divisions were identified as more vulnerable areas for the disease than the other areas. In addition to floods, muddy paddy farming and livestock rearing practices are also reasons for the spread of the disease among people. Farmers who engage in muddy paddy fields were identified as the most vulnerable group to leptospirosis as they use contaminated paddy water to wash their faces and hands, drink and fulfill sanitary requirements. Direct ways of exposure to flood water including walking through contaminated water, doing water sports without wearing protective costumes also let the bacteria to sketch human body. Keywords: Leptospirosis, flood, outbreaks, diseases, hazard ID: 820

9


Changing built form and implications on urban resilience: loss of climate responsive and socially interactive spaces Ray, B., Sivanath Sastri College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India, [email protected] Shaw, R., Keio University, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Shonan Fujisawa Campus, Fujisawa, Japan, [email protected]

A resilient city is a sustainable network of physical systems, constructed urban form, and human communities. Traditional or vernacular built form evolves to achieve higher human comfort by using locally available building materials and construction technology and is more responsive to the geographic conditions. In contrast to the highly bureaucratized building process in modern built form, vernacular architecture is more climate responsive. A typical traditional building of earth emits fewer greenhouse gases, consumes less energy, and maintains a high level of internal thermal comfort. Resilient urban systems must also have resilient communities. Traditional built form results in the creation of social spaces, promotes adherence to socio-cultural value systems and imbibes a feeling of social cohesion. Modern construction techniques, greater energy consumption and the loss of diversity of architectural forms would have significant implications on urban resilience. The paper aims to trace the changing built form in a small settlement of West Bengal and the resultant loss of climate responsive and socially interactive spaces. Based on primary data sources and field observations, the paper also looks into the implications of the loss of such spaces on urban resilience and assesses the perception of the locals who prefer modernization of built form. Keywords: vernacular, space, resilience, sustainable, implication ID: 834

10


Localizing disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in planners’ and decision makers’ agenda: a technical comprehensive model, Quezon City, Philippines Raza, T., Disaster Risk Management Unit, Graduate School of Business, Philippine School of Business Administration, Manila, Philippines, [email protected]

Super Typhoon Haiyan devastated portions of Southeast Asia, particularly the Philippines on November 8, 2013. It caused unprecedented destruction but it also brought about new awareness for urgent and immediate action, not only on integrating Disaster Risk Management in our daily functions but also on addressing Climate Change variation impacts. In response, various stakeholders have made numerous efforts in reducing the country’s risk through crafting laws, statutes and government issuances. However, adaptive and coping capacities of Local Government Units remain very weak, and information on how to assess expected risk and incorporate it in developing local risk sensitive physical and development plans are still not part of the planners' and decision makers' agenda. The main objective of this study is to develop a technical Risk Sensitive Comprehensive Land Use and Development Planning Model to mainstream scientificbased risk assessment into the Quezon City Government (the pilot urban area) planners' and decision makers' agenda. The Model also comes with a toolkit with eight (8) Guideposts in operationalizing the Model. It is an effective tool and is a foundation to support in achieving imminent 2020 targets of the Sendai Framework, Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals up to 2030. Keywords: disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, development planning, urban planning, risk sensitive, coping capacity, adaptive capacity ID: 837

11


Spatial and temporal variations of satellite-derived PM10 of Chiang Mai: an exploratory analysis Suwanprasit, C., Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, [email protected] Charoenpanyanet, A., Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, [email protected] Pardthaisong, L., Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, [email protected] Sin-ampol, P., Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, [email protected]

Haze pollution is a crisis disaster in Northern Thailand during the last decade. It has been found increasing in dry season from February to May annually and affects to environmental, health, socio and economic dimensions. Criteria air pollutant of this disaster is Particulate Matter less than 10 micron (PM10). It was found associated with biomass burning incidents. From these events, related organization, especially Pollution Control Department (PCD), has revised PM10 Air Quality Index (AQI) breakpoints and enforced since January 1, 2017. This study aimed to extract PM10 concentration in Chiang Mai province based on satellite imageries and visual comparison for the old and new standard AQI grades in Thailand. Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) from weekly MOD04 product of MODIS data was used and converted to PM10 concentration in dry season from 2007 - 2016. The calculated PM10 from MODIS data was calibrated from 10 air quality monitoring stations. The results found that the most affected areas from PM10 (more than 120 g/m3: unhealthy for sensitive groups and very unhealthy) were in San Pa Tong, Doi Lo, Chom Thong, and Hot districts. Affected areas for the new standard AQI grades are larger than the old standard AQI grades. The highest PM10 value was in February and continuously decreased in March, April, and May, respectively. The results in this study could help related organizations to haze pollution risk management for resilience. Keywords: haze pollution, MODIS, PM10, air quality index (AQI), aerosol optical thickness (AOT), Chiang Mai ID: 842

12


Community perception on adverse effects of natural phenomenon on livelihood and enhancing livelihood resiliency: a case study at Patharghata Upazila, Barguna

Rahim, M., Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Siddiqua, A., Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Nur, M., Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Zaman, A., Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Shamsuzzoha, M., Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected]

Due to the geographical location, coastal regions of Bangladesh suffer from frequent natural hazards as a consequence of rapid change in climate. Patharghata Upazila under Barguna District is one of the most vulnerable coastal area in Bangladesh. Living with natural hazards is an everyday issue for the people of Patharghata because changing season brings different kinds of unpredictable hazards on livelihood. The study reveals the community perception of natural hazards and its adverse effect on livelihood. The natural hazards such as flood, cyclone, storm surge, salinity intrusion, excessive fog, temperature changing, river bank erosion, heavy rainfall, late rainy season, waterlogging impacting the livelihood of Patharghata community. To conduct this research both primary (Household Questionnaire Survey, Focus Group Discussion, Key Informants Interview) and secondary (Books, Newspapers, Journals, Online articles, Website and NGOs achieves) data were collected to fulfil the objectives. From the survey it observed that salinity frequency and intensity is the most effecting hazards but damage is much higher for cyclonic impact in the study area. The study results demonstrate that the natural hazards affected the livelihood including losses and damages of crops cultivation, loss of boats and nets, scarcity of pure drinking water, loss of economy, increase of poverty, damage in crop cultivation, fisheries, livestock, vegetable gardens and also creates a state of unemployment among the people though some of them are enhancing their livelihood resiliency through implementing indigenous practices. The study also identifies that the community people are getting limited facilities for the forecasting and early warning mainly through the NGO’s, announcement by radio, miking and television for their daily livelihood. In the research area some initiatives have taken by the government and NGO’s to reduce the losses on livelihood but some of those are not properly monitored. The research recommends that the role of local government, non-government organizations, civil society organizations and communities to reduce the adverse effects of different hazards on livelihood should be addressed and enhanced accordingly through proper initiatives for enhancing livelihood resiliency. Keywords: adverse effect, early warning, livelihood, natural phenomenon, salinity intrusion. ID: 845

13


A conceptual frame using ‘knowledge’ as a lens for deconstructing the Sendai priority 1: understanding disaster risks Owi, T., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] Gajendran, T., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] Mackee, J., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected]

Following increases in the frequency and magnitude of disasters over the past decades, continuous knowledge production and dissemination has become a crucial pathway for understanding disaster risks. The Sendai Framework provides guidance for various levels of governance and well lays emphasis on managing ‘disaster risks’. While a great deal of existing scholarship has contributed immensely to proactive participation of key players in the public and private sectors, the interpretation of knowledge produced by academia and professional organizations that aids in better understanding for ease of planning and implementation becomes a challenging and rigorous task. The aim of this paper is to present a conceptual framework that simplifies the interpretation of ‘knowledge creation’ and ‘knowledge dissemination’ connecting the Sendai priority one focus and requisite actions for disaster risk reduction at local, national, global and regional levels. The intended outcome is to better enhance understanding using ‘knowledge’ as a lens for key players and stakeholders involved in disaster risk reduction activities. This is achieved through the review of the role of knowledge and knowledge management literature for understanding disaster risks and utilizes an exploratory approach to further create a theoretical linkage with the focus of the Sendai Framework. The paper suggests that appropriate and continuous interpretation of knowledge created and disseminated has the propensity to stimulate and assist in achieving improved disaster risk reduction outcomes and judicious harnessing of resources required for achieving such tasks. The limitation of this paper is that it utilizes a knowledge lens to achieve its aim while acknowledging that other lenses can be used to provide better understanding and clarity of the subject matter. Keywords: Sendai framework, knowledge, disaster risk reduction, interpretation, knowledge creation, knowledge dissemination ID: 860

14


Involuntary disaster relocation and its impact on children: in Galle, Sri Lanka De Silva, M., Social Policy Analysis And Research Center, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami prompted a relocation process of an unprecedented scale in Sri Lanka, relocating thousands beyond the government imposed coastal buffer zone. Amidst the relocates were thousands of children whom were exposed to multiple risks and stresses. These impacts caused by relocation remain largely unexplored. This paper investigates the impact of involuntary relocation, experienced by children relocated to Cinnamon Garden settlement and Tea Garden settlement of Galle district, Sri Lake. The paper focuses on (a) what are the impacts children experienced due to forced relocation?, (b) What is the nature of those impacts?, (c) What is the possibility of using a risk model to identify these impacts? Case studies were conducted with a purposively selected sample of individuals whom were relocated as children. The findings suggests that children suffered from social impacts such as disruption of social relationships failing to develop new social networks, decline in education levels and victimized to bullying and discrimination. The study successfully employed the Michael Cernea’s (2000) impoverishment risks and reconstruction to identify key negative and positive impacts of forced relocation, initiating the development of a risk model that can specifically identify the impact of relocation on children. Keywords: children, involuntary disaster relocation, risks and stresses ID: 862

15


Grant for global sustainability project: enhancing the urban disaster resilience of Kathmandu and Yangon through local participatory platform activities

Fernandez, G., Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan, [email protected] Okazaki, K., Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan, [email protected]

Catastrophic natural disasters have been occurring frequently all over the world in recent years, killing hundreds of thousands of people. Urban disaster risk is also on the rise due to rapid urban growth and due to vulnerable buildings and infrastructure. Hence, the enhancement of urban resilience against natural disasters is one of the urgent and important global issues. A Grant for Global Sustainability (GGS) Project is being implemented by the Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies (GSGES) of Kyoto University in the pilot cities of Kathmandu, Nepal, and Yangon, Myanmar, aiming to enhance the resilience of the two cities against natural disasters through capacity building of local stakeholders. Kathmandu tackles earthquake risk while Yangon tackles earthquake, cyclone, and fire risks. The two cities have established a local platform where stakeholders can work together to understand and assess the disaster risk of the city, estimate probable disaster damages, propose policies, and make action plans. In order to facilitate these activities, local counterpart organizations have been selected from local governments, universities, and NGOs. The local governments manage the participatory platform while the university and NGO give technical advice to the platform. The local counterpart organizations receive technical support from GSGES as well as financial assistance to cover part of actual expenses as seed money. In addition, the local universities and NGOs and GSGES conduct several joint research to support the enhancement of urban disaster resilience. The goals of this project are to contribute to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, to attain effective and robust science-policy interfaces at the local level, and to contribute to the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. This project is being conducted from September 2015 to March 2018 with funding from the United Nations University, Tokyo and the Government of Japan. The pilot cities are expected to transfer their experiences to other cities in their country and in neighboring countries. In order to disseminate the findings of the project and exchange information, international conferences will be held twice, one at the beginning and another at the end of the three-year project.

Keywords: urban disaster resilience, grant for global sustainability, local participatory platform ID: 870

16


Earthquake vulnerability assessment for RCC buildings of Guwahati city using rapid visual screening Sarmah, T., Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India, [email protected] Das, S., Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India, [email protected]

The city of Guwahati in north-east India falls under seismic zone V and is located in Assam gap of Himalaya. It has historically witnessed devastating earthquakes up to 8.7 on the Richter scale in 1897 and 1950. Unplanned rapid urbanization has increased its seismic vulnerability of life and property. This paper attempts to develop a ward-level hazard map of the city through systematic vulnerability analyses of the hazard by overlapping the ward map and the earthquake hazard microzonation map. Out of total 31 wards, five wards with highest density of population and taller buildings were taken as the most vulnerable areas and were selected for this study. These buildings have reinforced cement concrete framed structure but with various options of roof. A structured survey was carried out with Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) for existing building stock. Total 100 buildings were randomly selected from the sample of residential, commercial, industrial, religious and mixed use buildings from municipal tax record. The buildings were categorized in terms of nine major vulnerability parameters based on Indian references. They were customized and graded as per US FEMA guideline which is more comprehensive in dealing with other building structures such as masonry or lightweight timber structures. Buildings under survey were scored and ranked based on their seismic vulnerability. Though the preliminary scoring passed (score>0.3) all buildings, but further refinement is needed to infer precisely. The result is helpful in formulating local level policy making to prioritize the building stock for appropriate remedial measures. The study also complements the earthquake resistant building codes and guidelines of India developed for the new building construction. Keywords: disaster, earthquake, Guwahati, rapid visual screening, seismic vulnerability ID: 876

17


Mitigating the human-crocodile conflict in Sri Lanka: a study based on the Nilwala River Area in Matara District

Uluwaduge, P., Department of Social Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Menike, K., Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Pathirana, G., Department of Social Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Senevirathna, E., Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Human and crocodile have been coexisting for many years in Sri Lanka, particularly close to the Nilwala river area in Matara District, but fatalities were rarely reported. However, during the last decade the threats from crocodiles to humans have enhanced in the Nilwala river area, mainly during the years of 2005, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Some 26 attacks, killing 18 humans by saltwater crocodiles were recorded since 2000 in this area. In retaliation to these attacks, people in this area killed several crocodiles, and recorded the saltwater crocodile under the threatened category in Sri Lanka. Therefore, it is a worth to form a dialogue to mitigate humancrocodile conflict in the Nilwala river area in Sri Lanka. The Study was mainly based on primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected from semi-structured interviews. Sample size was consisted of forty-five (45) respondents. Secondary data was collected through published books, research reports, symposia proceedings, journal articles and web sites etc. Collected data from different sources, as mentioned above was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods, and it was presented using maps, texts, tables and figures. The study found that sand mining, population rise, using the river for daily needs such as drinking, bathing, washing clothes and fishing, unauthorized buildings in the river bank, scrub jungles, slow flowing of river are the major causes of the human-crocodile conflict in Nilwala river area. The study further found that Piladuwa, Fort and Thihagoda are the most vulnerable areas for human-crocodile conflict. "Kimbulkotuwa" or Crocodile Excluding Enclosure (CEEs) is a main method used to mitigate the human-crocodile conflict in this area.

Keywords: human-crocodile conflict, mitigation, Nilwala river, poverty ID: 894

18


Profiling informal settlements for disaster risks

Abunyewah, M., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] Gajendran, T., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] Maund, K., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected]

Informal settlements, where mostly the urban poor reside, tend to be located in hotspots of natural hazards such as floods, fire, earthquakes and tsunamis. The devastating impacts of these natural hazards on such settlements can be attributed to the higher levels of physical, economic, social and environmental vulnerability in conjunction with inadequate and poor level of disaster preparedness. Conceptualizing a detailed risk profile, in the context of informal settlement characteristics presents a starting point to which the impacts posed by environmental hazards can be addressed effectively. This paper develops a theoretical framework through literature review coupling the concepts of ‘disaster hazards’, ‘vulnerability’ and ‘informal settlements’. The findings suggest that the policy environment (environmental/land use planning and communication) impacting the informal settlement characteristics (demographic, financial, social/poetical and locational/environmental) is key to managing disaster risk profile in informal settlements. The paper concludes by identifying five theoretical propositions that can assist in disaster preparedness. Keywords: informal settlement, vulnerability, disaster risk reduction, resilience, policy environment ID: 907

19


Resilient rurality - individual's perspectives on space and place in the Scandinavian Inland Sparf, J., Risk and Crisis Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Sweden, [email protected] Samor, L., Free lance artist, Sweden, [email protected]

With an average of 2.5 inhabitants/km2 the Scandinavian inland is one of Europe’s most sparsely populated regions. In a world where more than half the population live in metropolitan areas its very opposite, extreme rurality, raises interesting questions about resilience and the conditions of everyday life in a modern welfare state. The purpose of this study is to understand how people in rural areas relate to space and place from an everyday perspective. The aim is to study how resilience is rooted in the local nature, history, people, objects and artifacts and how these shape the individuals’ understanding of the local conditions, culture and community. In June 2015 the authors travelled by car from the city of Õstersund in the middle of Sweden (lat. 63Â°N) to Malmberget in the north (lat. 67Â°N). Throughout the route photos were shot and interviews conducted in ten households. A camera installed inside the car filmed the whole ride. The empirical materials were first analysed with qualitative text methods and artistic interpretative methods respectively. The analytical framework included: demographic change; the resistance and complexity of nature; the personification of objects; individuality and collectiveness; power and resistance; solidarity and trust vs. conflicts and distrust, and inspiration, hope and despair. The separate analyses were then merged and developed into an art exhibition including paintings, 3Dprinted objects, graphical text boards and a video projection. Three themes emerged from the analysis: embodied representations, socio-physical-digital interactions, and politico-cultural reconstructions. These themes explain how individuals perceive and enact their relationship with space and place. This knowledge, from a micro perspective of everyday life in rural regions, can inform socio-political programmes and policies on resilience and welfare issues on both national and supranational levels. Keywords: resilience, welfare, rurality, space, place ID: 976

20


Ten years later: economic resilience of small scale enterprise following earthquake in Bantul Yogyakarta Yumarni, T., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Small scale enterprises have been considered as the engine of economic growth in many disaster affected countries. Its economic resilience, therefore, is vital for building back better local economic development in these countries. Using gender analysis, this study assesses determinants of economic resilience of small scale enterprise after ten years earthquake in Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia. We conducted a qualitative study of six small scale enterprises (three small scale enterprises owned by women and three small scale enterprises belonging to men over the 20072016 period from their position as a bankrupt enterprise to well-established enterprises. We found different factors of economic resilience between women and men owned small scale enterprises. We found families background of entrepreneur and adequate technical assistance are main factors of economic resilience of women owned small scale enterprises, while an ability to make a decision and the amount of money invested in the business are main factors of economic resilience of men owned small scale enterprises following the earthquake. The findings suggest the need of gender mainstreaming in promoting economic resilience of small scale enterprises in post disaster reconstruction contexts. Keywords: small scale enterprise, qualitative study, economic resilience ID: 985

21


Development of damage functions for flood risk assessment in the City of Colombo, Sri Lanka Dias, P., University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Arambepola, N., Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, Thailand, [email protected] Weerasinghe, K., Central Engineeeing Consultancy Bureau, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Weerasinghe, K., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Wagenaar, D., Deltares, Netherlands, [email protected] Bouwer, L., Deltares, Netherlands, [email protected] Gehrels, H., Deltares, Netherlands, [email protected]

Depth vs. damage curves were developed for a flood risk assessment carried out in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The major elements of the damage assessment comprised building fabrics, building contents, distributed infrastructure and vehicles. Current approaches to damage function development were improved on by separating damage to building fabric and contents; using actual building footprints rather than assigning building functions to city zones; assessing infrastructure damage accurately; and incorporating damage to vehicles. Information sources included infrastructure agencies, bills of quantities for buildings, expert consultations, household surveys and insurance agencies. The building fabric was assigned three categories, namely semipermanent, single storey and two storey. The building contents were classified into 7 types based on function as warehouse/storage, industrial, shops, offices, residential, educational and health. The proportion of contents asset values to tha t of the fa bric ra nged from 1.67 for warehouse/storage to 0.20 for educational. Both a what-if analyses and historic data were used to generate the curves. Data were obtained as losses per unit area or unit length; or as point losses. For the 140 square km urban area, the generated flood damages ranged from USD 37 to 549 million for return periods from 5 to 100 years, with average inundation depths ranging from 0.48 m to 1.28 m (and outliers up to 5.8 m). The total non-residential to residential building damage increased with return period (and together accounted for 75-85% of damage). The residential contents to fabric damage ratio was generally around 1.5. The percentage damage to infrastructure was not very significant, although that to vehicles was, especially at lower return periods.

Keywords: flood risk assessment, depth-damage curves, building fabric, building contents, building function, return period ID: 994

22


Assessment of flood hazard areas using Analytical Hierarchy Process over the Lower Yom Basin, Sukhothai Province Mahavik, N., Naresuan University, Thailand, [email protected] Seejata, K., Naresuan University, Thailand, [email protected] Yodying, A., Naresuan University, Thailand, [email protected] Wongthadam, T., Naresuan University, Thailand, [email protected] Tantanee, S., Naresuan University, Thailand, [email protected]

Flood hazard map is essential tool to assess susceptibility of flood prone area. The present study focuses on an assessment of flood hazard areas in Sukhothai province of Thailand where it has suffered from flood in every year with different extents. Spatial analysis in GIS environment has been applied for the estimation of flood risk zones in which six relevant physical factors have been selected namely, rainfall amount, slope, elevation, river density, land use and soil permeability. The relative importance of physical factors has been compared in pairwise matrix to gain the weight values during the process of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The flood hazard zones have been mapped according to their weights. It has been found that Muang, Kongkrailat, Khirimat and Sisamrong districts are identified as the high risk zones of flood.

Keywords: flood, analytical hierarchy process, GIS ID: 1007

23


Mainstreaming social transformation into recovery and development projects in Sri Lanka Hettige, S., University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Weerasena, N., University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

There have been several key programmes for recovery and development in Sri Lanka which provided integrated support to returnees, host communities and other vulnerable groups with different needs, capacities and aspirations in the conflict affected areas. These projects and programmes have significant social transformational potential, but how to design and implement recovery and development interventions in order to bring about sustainable social transformation is a question that has not been fully answered yet. In this context, this research paper analyses series of projects which were designed to promote social transformation through its recovery and development interventions and suggests an analytical framework to mainstream the social transformation interventions into recovery and development. The methods involved the evaluation of ten selected recovery and development projects in northern and eastern region in Sri Lanka using qualitative data collection techniques including focus group discussions, key informant interviews and direct observation. Finally, the analysis presents a path to follow when mainstreaming social transformation into recovery and development projects through the exploration of strategies, approaches, practices, experiences and lessons learned.

Keywords: social transformation, recovery and development, social change, participatory process ID: 1047

24


Identification of the “Pathogenic” effects of disruptions to supply chain resilience in construction Zainal Abidin, N., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Ingirige, B., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

In today’s interconnected world, disruptions arising from one party in a supply chain network could cause disruptions to other parties in the chain. Indeed, recent evidence suggests that supply chain disruptions had caused a wide-scale impact to the construction industry in various developing countries including the Malaysian construction industry, with increasing report on project performance deficiencies such as cost and time overruns of severe magnitudes. Although risk management is widely practiced in construction, the challenge now is to make systems and construction supply chains sufficiently resilient so that the project organisations can bounce back and thrive from catastrophes and disruptive events. Past studies of supply chain resilience however tend to overlook the underlying latent conditions that reside in the system that made an organisation vulnerable to such disruptions in the first place. The “Pathogenic” metaphor is used in this study to reflect these inherent hidden vulnerabilities that remain dormant in a system until a critical failure occurs. Although these pathogens are hidden and may not be causing any problem at the moment, they might trigger a later onset problem causing cascading impacts to the supply chain and its operations. While disruptions in construction are often difficult to foresee and is hard to eliminate entirely, these pathogens, however, can be identified and mitigated before a disruptive event occurs, which this paper aims to discuss. This paper therefore presents the identification of key pathogenic effects in the Malaysian construction industry through preliminary interviews with four experts in the field. Overall, the identification of the pathogens in the study will help the researcher to assess how vulnerable the project organisations are to making significant errors in a systematic way, thus providing the foundation to build appropriate strategies for their prevention and build the resilience of the construction supply chain to disruptions. Keywords: supply chain, resilience, Malaysian construction industry, supply chain disruptions, public projects, risk management ID: 1080

25


Improving water systems resilience: assessing vulnerability to floods in Tanzania Sweya, L., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Wilkinson, S., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Chang-Richards, A., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected]

The world’s biggest devastation is currently due to disasters; their consequences range from deaths and physical damages of infrastructures to environmental, ecological and economic losses. Water systems are critical infrastructures and are recurrently affected by the impacts of disasters. In Tanzania, these events play a part in infrastructures failures; the country has experienced 266 different disasters contributing to 13,288 deaths, 57,556 injuries, and damages valued at 465.79 million USD for the period from 1900 to 2016. Water systems, in particular, are a subject of exposure to disasters, their resilience has been tested and has shown different responses. Of concern is the El Nino episodes of 1992-1993 and 1997-1998 which had significant impacts nationwide regarding economic losses, power blackout and rationing, widespread water-related diseases, infrastructure destructions and others. As such, different studies have investigated water-related issues, but little is known about their resilience to disasters. This paper uses literature to examine the problems and improvement measures of water systems resilience at a global scale and the case of Tanzania. The findings show that aging infrastructures, systems interdependency, unbalanced investment, limited community involvement, rapid population growth and urbanization, regular changes of the water ministry and others affect the resilience of water systems. On the other hand, acceleration of assets replacement, preparedness, installation of alternative power supply, community involvement, policies and plans enforcement, and balanced investment and others would improve their resilience. However, further studies are required to measure the resilience across all dimensions systematically. Keywords: water systems, resilience, vulnerability, floods ID: 1093

26


Affective-cognitive constructs and validity of a dual-process model for flood risk perception Al Tarawneh, L., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] Mackee, J., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] Gajendran, T., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected]

The current paper investigates the application of the dual-process (psychological) model of risk perception to the prediction of flood preparedness intentions at the household level in Southeast Queensland (SEQ), Australia. In particular, the paper aims to explore the mechanisms by which cognitive and affective appraisals are related and integrated in risk judgments. Covariance-based Structural equation modelling (SEM) techniques were used for data analysis. The findings indicate that both cognitive and affective appraisals of risk are significant predictors of individuals’ willingness to undertake private precautionary measures against floods. At the end, it was concluded that the dual-process model provides an adequate fit to the data and has potential to inform more tailored approaches to flood preparedness efforts and advance risk communication strategies. Keywords: risk perception, cognition, affect, dual-processes, protective behavioral intentions, flood, SEM ID: 1099

27


Qualitative flood risk assessment for the Western Province of Sri Lanka Weerasinghe, K., Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Gehrels, H., Deltares, Netherlands, [email protected] Arambepola, N., Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand, [email protected] Vajja, H., Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand, [email protected] Herath, J., Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Atapattu, K., Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

The Western Province of Sri Lanka, is comprised of the 03 most densely populated districts, and is home to the administrative and business capital of the country. The Province contributes the highest share, around 41.2%, to the GDP. The mega scale development projects implemented in this province are often challenged by urban flooding, which is caused by heavy rainfall coupled up with urban expansion, deficiencies in the drainage systems, insufficient retention capacity etc., and there is a prioritized need to reduce the impact of floods. This paper presents the results of a qualitative flood risk assessment at the scale of Grama Niladhari (GN) Division, which is the lowest administrative unit in the country. The essence of the method applied for delineating the combined flood risk levels is a statistical expression of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Three types of vulnerabilities, namely, social, economic, and physical (housing), have been considered. The results influence to conclude that the flood risk of population is more sensitive to economic vulnerability than to social vulnerability; also that the type of housing units is a reasonable indicator for assessing the risk of housing. The application of risk information in the decision making process reduces the future flood risk as it allows integration of flood mitigation options during development planning, reduce the vulnerability of population and allocate sufficient funding for relief and rehabilitation. Keywords: qualitative risk assessment, flood risk, urban flooding, risk sensitive development ID: 1116

28


Integration of indigenous and scientific knowledge to understand disaster risks: building the livelihood resilience of a marginalized sampaguita growing community in the Philippines Bacud, S., University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Philippines, [email protected] Cardenas, V., University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Philippines, [email protected] Velasco, L., University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Philippines, [email protected]

A constructivist research methodology elucidated the evolved layers of risks in a sampaguita growing community in the Philippines. Integration of indigenous and scientific knowledge was a crucial process in livelihood disaster risk reduction and resilience building. Resilience processes empowered the marginalized community to escape chronic poverty and collectively act on other constraints including climate change-related risks. The resilience process of collective adaptation was a capability manifestation of making a choice to develop livelihood capitals in the face of disaster risks in a manner that does not degrade the natural resource base of the valued sampaguita livelihood. Keywords: indigenous knowledge, scientific knowledge, disaster risks, livelihood resilience, marginalized community, sampaguita, Philippines ID: 1121

29


Coastal tourism and climate-related disasters in an archipelago country of Indonesia: Tourists’ perspective Wijaya, N., Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, [email protected] Furqan Tahir, A., Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia, [email protected]

The tourism sector, one of the largest economy contributors in urban and regional development, is depended much on climate, sunlight, sea water, and natural landscape. Climate condition may influence the tourism activity. However, there is less study on the relationship between tourism and climate change in Indonesia, where many coastal areas are located. They are obviously really sensitive and vulnerable to the direct and indirect impacts of climate-related disasters. The objective of this preliminary study is to identify the tourists’ perception regarding their understanding on the issue of climate-related disaster risks and its influence on the coastal tourism activity. An online questionnaire survey with domestic tourists’ respondents was conducted, including their socioeconomic characteristics, and perception of climate-related disasters to coastal tourism activity. The finding revealed that the majority of respondents are understood about the issue and impacts of climate change. They responded that some of the climate-related disasters have influenced to coastal tourism activity; the high level is affected by storm and flood. By understanding the tourists’ perspective, it will give valuable inputs especially for local government, policy decision makers, and related tourism stakeholders to improve their approaches and strategies in order to achieve sustainable coastal tourism development. Keywords: coastal tourism, climate change, Indonesia, tourists’ perspective, disaster risk ID: 1143

30


Livelihood strategies after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Banda Aceh, Indonesia Ismail, N., Kyoto University, Japan, [email protected] Okazaki, K., Kyoto University, Japan, [email protected] Ochiai, C., Kyoto University, Japan, [email protected] Fernandez, G., Kyoto University, Japan, [email protected]

The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster which affected Indonesia, particularly the Aceh Province, left devastating impacts to the people and their livelihoods. The tsunami waves wiped out 800 kilometres of coastline and 3,000 hectares of land, killing many and caused permanent land losses including aquaculture ponds. This resulted in disruption of the households’ livelihood that relies on aquaculture activities as well as on the natural resources such as the mangroves found in the aquaculture farms along the coastal areas. This study aims to understand the impacts of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster on the households’ livelihood, and the interventions from the government and non-government organisations (NGOs) to help rebuild household’s livelihood. The study also identifies the livelihood strategies households had taken to adapt to their current livelihood. Information from 77 households was collected for analysis. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected between September 2015 to March 2017 through questionnaire surveys, semistructured interviews, observations, and group discussion to understand the livelihood recovery experience of disaster-affected households. Household who previously were involved in aquaculture farming, traditional cigarette making and fishing had taken up livelihood strategies such as agricultural intensification and livelihood diversification to attain income security and better well-being of education opportunities for their children and better housing condition to live and conduct their home-based businesses.

Keywords: tsunami, livelihood, changes, Banda Aceh ID: 1155

31


The barriers to research and innovation in higher education institutions in Asia Mustapha, A., University of Central Lancashire, UK, [email protected] Liyanage, C., University of Central Lancashire, UK, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Central Lancashire, UK, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Central Lancashire, UK, [email protected] Thakore, R., University of Central Lancashire, UK, [email protected]

This paper reports the findings of a research study investigating the barriers to Research and Innovation (R&I) in Disaster Resilience (DR) in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Asia. The scope of the study is limited to three Asian countries, i.e. Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Thailand, due to their role in the international collaboration entitled ASCENT (Advancing Skills Creation to Enhance Transformation), which contributes to the development of research capacity building in disaster resilience ensuring sustainable and inclusive socio-economic growth in these Partner Country HEIs. Responses received from 213 semi-structured interviews and 530 survey questionnaires are used to examine and prioritize the aforementioned barriers in R&I in HEIs in Asia. Findings reveal, amongst others, that there is a crucial need for R&I skills enhancement through implementation of clear and adequate policies. Having a strong policy support, in turn, could play an important role in providing incentives to staff (academic and research staff), increasing awareness on R&I initiatives, and motivation to carry out R&I activities. Lack of training and development on R&I was surprisingly one of the lowest ranked barriers from the survey analysis, although it was the most frequently mentioned barrier during the interviews. Although this is a mixed result, training and development should be considered a priority for promoting and improving R&I in HEIs as such initiatives could help overcome many other barriers such as lack of staff R&I skills, motivation, awareness, and lack of research related performance Keywords: barriers, higher education institutions, innovation, policy, research ID: 1202

32


Examining the role of urban form in supporting rapid and safe tsunami evacuations: a multi-scalar analysis in Viña del Mar, Chile León, J., CIGIDEN, Chile, [email protected] Mokrani, C., CIGIDEN, Chile, [email protected] Catalán, P., Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile, [email protected] Cienfuegos, R., Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile, [email protected] Femenías, C., Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile, [email protected]

Cities are increasingly becoming hot-spots for nature-originated disasters. While the role of the urban built environment in fostering disaster resilience has been recognized for some time, it has been difficult to translate this potential into practice. This is especially challenging in the case of rapid onset crises such as near-field tsunamis, when appropriate urban forms have to support the populations’ ability to autonomously carry out safe and timely responses. In this respect, much of current research remains focused on large-scale elements of urban configuration (streets, squares, parks, etc.) through which people move during an emergency. In contrast, the critical micro-scale of evacuees’ experiences within the built environment is not commonly examined. This paper addresses this shortfall through a macro- and micro-scale analysis of a near-field tsunami scenario affecting the city of Viña del Mar, Chile, including a mixed-methods approach that combines computer-based models and fieldwork. The results show significant macro-scale tsunami vulnerability throughout major areas of the city, which nonetheless could be mitigated by existing nearby high ground and an urban form that allows short evacuation times. However, micro-scale outcomes show comparatively deficient spatial conditions that during an emergency might lead to dangerous outcomes including bottlenecks, falls and panic. Vertical evacuation, in turn, is confirmed as a suitable option for reducing vulnerability, but further examination of each shelter’s characteristics is required. Keywords: tsunami, evacuation, urban form ID: 1220

33


Coastal community resilience level of tsunami prone area :a case study in Sri Lanka. Sooriyaarachchi, P., Faculty of Agriculture University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

In the history of Sri Lanka, the Indian Ocean Tsunami which occurred on 26th December 2004 could be considered a major natural disaster with catastrophic consequences. The damage from Tsunami in Sri Lanka was so widespread unlike for many other countries. The main objective of the study is to investigate the current Tsunami resilience level and address the resilience gap by providing feasible recommendations thus building a resilient community to Tsunami. The study was carried out among hundred Tsunami affected families across five highly affected Grama Niladhari divisions in Panadura Divisional Secretariat division. These were selected based on convenience sampling technique. Data was collected from both primary and secondary information sources using a questionnaire survey with a scale of 0-5 where five represents "excellent" and zero is "condition absent". The data was quantitatively analyzed under a framework which combines eight significant resilience elements; governance, society and economy, resource management, land use and structural design, risk knowledge, warning and evacuation, emergency response and disaster recovery. The results highlighted that coastal community resilience to Tsunami was around medium level (2.5) in most dimensions. The highest (2.4) and lowest (1.3) scores were recorded by risk knowledge and society and economy respectively, out of all resilience elements. Further the current resilience level of the community was recognized as 40% and there exists a 60% gap to achieve the ideal condition. Therefore, this should be taken into consideration to improve resilience for all dimensions of the resilience framework by the relevant authorities of the government. Keywords: resilience, resilience elements, resilience gap, tsunami ID: 1302

34


Risk of seawater intrusion on coastal community of Bentota river basin, Sri Lanka Mylange Dona, N., Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Ranasinghe, G., University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Piyadasa, R., University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Jayasinghe, G., Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Land degradation in coastal area is one of the major critical problems affecting the future economic development of Sri Lanka. Eighty percent of land in Bentota river basin has been abandoned and 25km distance along the Bentota river has already been affected by the seawater intrusion. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of seawater intrusion on coastal community and its economy. Temporal and spatial variation of physicochemical parameters of selected dug wells, all surface water bodies and soil parameters were measured during August 2016 to March 2017 by using a systematic sampling method. Salinity levels of surface water, groundwater and soil were comparatively high in the river basin with respect to the WHO standards. The land extend with highly saline, moderately saline, slightly saline and non-saline were 10.16%, 19.47%, 40.18% and 29.79% respectively according to the developed GIS salinity risk assessment weighted overlay model. The highest economic loss was reported due to the reduction of agricultural productions in the area (2279ha abandoned) and it was about 3,624,000 USD per year. It was revealed that, 52% from the total population was economically not active with the reduction of agricultural sector in the area. The total annual economic loss in the coastal community was 7,529,698.50 USD per year and it was directly happened due to the seawater intrusion. Keywords: coastal community; regional economy; salinity risk; seawater intrusion; water resources ID: 1307

35


Establishing the possible reason of contaminating Dupi Tila aquifer and Hazaribag tannery waste(Cr) in Dhaka, Bangladesh Hossain, B., University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, [email protected]

Dhaka is one the most pollutant city ranked fifth amongst ten most pollutant city in the world. Tannery waste is one of the major polluting source in Dhaka city which is located in the Hazaribagh area near the Buriganga River. Tanneries in Hazaribagh are operated without any regulated waste management system. All the tannery waste are two types, suspended organic residuals i.e. fat, flesh, hair etc., leather waste i.e. leather trimming and shavings, leather dust etc., and dissolved chromium sulfate salt which dumped into the nearby canals or drains. Some of these wastes deposits in the nearby ditches and rest of them ultimately flows to the river Buriganga without being treated. The ditches serves to retain waste water for prolonged period and accumulates at higher concentration. These wastes heavily contaminating surface water and groundwater in the study area. Chromium has been measured in several shallow and deep tube well in Hazaribagh area and found detectable cromium concentration in every well. The major source of contamination is chromium salt which is used in tannery for hide processing purposes. Higher concentration of Cr is observed in top soil in the study area which may ultimately leaches through the ground with time and mixes with the groundwater. Several soil samples of different depth from four bore holes have been chemically tested by sequential extraction method to understand how they transports Cr underground by water, exchangable form, sulphate bounded, iron and manganese oxide bounded, carbonate bounded and organic bounded etc. forms.A relation is established through this study why the high concentration of cromium is found near the ground but not at greater depth. Several samples from two different boreholes were sieved to see the grain size distribution at different depth nearby the study area. From the grain size distribution curve, hydraulic conductivity were measured following the Hazen equaton K= C (D10)2. It was found that a very fine silty clay layer coverd the whole study area at a depth of 3-10m in the study are with very low hydraulic conductivity. This may hinders the further movement of cromium into the ground. Keywords: chromium contamination, Dupi Tila Aquifer, tannery waste, Hazaribag Dhaka ID: 1313

36


Carbon footprint of an organization: a tool for monitoring impacts on global warming Mahanama Geegana Gamage, A., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Madumathi Navaratne, C., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Recently, global warming has become one of the major topics to be paid more attention by the world community. Considerable evidence exists to prove that the highest portion of this warming is caused by anthropogenic activities. Calculating Carbon Footprint (CFP) is the valuable first step towards making quantifiable emission reduction because it denotes how human react on global warming as a person, organization, country and world. Different types of organizations such as universities, fire brigades, rescue services, food manufacturers, hotels, hospitals have estimated their CFP nowadays. Among these organizations, Divisional secretariat offices play a major role for the general public as the main government organizations in the country. Therefore, main objectives of this study were to assess the CFP of a divisional secretariat office in Thihagoda in southern Sri Lanka and suggest suitable methods for reducing their CFP. After defining the organizational and operational boundaries according to Green House Gas (GHG) protocol using three scopes 1, 2 and 3, CFP of each emission sources and activities were calculated in tCO2e/year by multiplying activity data with emission factors (EF). Emission factors were developed according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Activity data were collected from bills, data sheets, personal communication and questionnaire for transportation by company own vehicle, food waste disposal, usage of liquid petroleum gas (LPG), backup generator (scope 1), for purchased electricity (scope 2) and for employee commuting and usage of water (scope 3). The results show that total CFP of this organization is 36.09 tCO2-e/year, which is comparatively less than other organizations in Sri Lanka. The CFP under scope 1, 2, and 3 are 25.3%, 17.7% and 57.1% of the total respectively. Since the highest percentage of CFP depicts under scope 3 and it is due to employee commuting (56.73%), employees should be encouraged to use public transportation rather than private transportation. Keywords: carbon footprint, global warming, green house gas, organization ID: 1333

37


Mapping challenges and opportunities to aggregate information on systemic risks from multiple stakeholders Mánsson, P., Lund University, Division of Risk Management and Societal Safety, Sweden, [email protected]

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction highlights the importance of all-hazard and multi-stakeholder approaches. This requires exchange and integration of risk information across sectorial and administrative borders. This paper focuses on challenges and prerequisites for aggregating risk information from multiple stakeholders in disaster risk management systems. Aggregation is here understood as comprising the sub processes of identifying one’s information needs as well as retrieving the information and making sense of the assembled material. Using Sweden as a case, this study is based on participatory workshops with risk management officials at all 21 Swedish County Administrative Boards. Being positioned at the regional level, these officials are central to the quest of aggregation as they are tasked to relay risk management directives from national to local authorities, whilst conveying reports on societal risks to national authorities based on municipal risk and vulnerability assessments. Drawing on their collective experiences from aggregating risk information, the study reveals challenges in all sub processes involved where impediments relate to both structural and behavioral factors (e.g. lack of or conflicting regulations as well as motivation, trust, prestige, and accountability). Ideas on how to overcome some of these challenges are presented as well. Keywords: risk assessment, societal safety, aggregation, holistic, risk governance, logical framework approach (LFA) ID: 1334

38


Building resilience on water quality management through grey water footprint approach: a case study in Mid-Canal, Kandy, Sri Lanka Wickramasinghe, S., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Navaratne, C., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Dias, S., National Building Research Organization, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Surface water pollution has become a catastrophic environmental issue. Most densely populated urban areas, especially those of South Asian countries, lack proper waste disposal and management systems. As a result, many urban dwellers in the developing world dispose their waste directly in to natural water ways flowing through municipalities, jeopardizing the in-built resilience of natural water bodies as well as risking the health and well-being of the nearby communities. In this context, proper quantification of water pollution has become a critical requirement in order to restore the lost resilience of urban natural waterways. This study proposes the development of calibration models to predict the Grey Water Footprints (GWF) of pollutant loads i.e. the amount of fresh water required to dilute the pollutants up to the ambient water quality standards. The study was conducted based on water quality and discharge data of the Mid Canal, Kandy which is considered the most polluted tributary of River Mahaweli; the longest river in Sri Lanka. Calibration curves were developed for eight pollutant parameters viz. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Ammonia, Nitrates, Nitrites, Total Phosphates, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Chlorides. Based on the study, the GWFs of any BOD5 level of the canal, varying between a minimum of 12 mg/l and a maximum of 111 mg/l can be predicted using the calibration models y = 292.71x + 0.6 at the average flow rate of 0.26 m3/s, y = 1902.6x + 0.6 at minimum flow rate of 0.04 m3/s and y = 165.44x + 0.6 at maximum flow rate of 0.46 m3/s. Similarly, calibration curves were developed for the other seven parameters and the R squared values of all calibration curves were above 0.9. The study also concludes that for any given pollutant concentration, higher flow rates result in higher GWF values. Therefore, this study paves the way for further research on novel and more tangible approaches of water pollution quantification in place of the conventional methods of expressing pollution in terms of pollutant concentrations. Keywords: grey water footprint, water quality, surface water pollution, urban waterways, mid canal, Sri Lanka. ID: 1339

39


Pathways to raising disaster risk reduction awareness among the informal construction stakeholders: a case of Nepal Chmutina, K., Loughborough University, UK, [email protected] Rose, J., University of York, UK, [email protected] Dhun Shrestha, S., Kathmandu University, Nepal, [email protected] Raj Bhatta, D., Kathmandu University, Nepal, [email protected]

Nepal is a low-income country where the majority of people live in chronic poverty, with vulnerabilities exacerbated by various natural hazards (in particular earthquakes). Whilst Nepal has implemented comprehensive building codes and a Building Act, a major challenge exists as both the existing building stock is refurbished and the new stock is continuously added by the informal construction sector, without adherence to any building standards and codes. Such informal construction leaves urban areas highly vulnerable and with little resilience to any disaster. This situation is not unique to Nepal’s urban areas, as rapid urbanisation in many developing countries has similarly led to a boom in informal construction sectors and construction that has little regard for building codes and regulations. Based on a case study of Banepa’s 11 wards, this paper will discuss the informal construction stakeholders’ awareness of disaster risk reduction measures, and provide an overview of existing initiatives to engage the informal construction sector in appreciating the importance of hazard-resilient buildings.

Keywords: Nepal, informal construction, resilience, building regulations ID: 1358

40


Mapping urban infrastructure interdependencies and fuzzy risks Evans, B., University of Exeter, United Kingdom, [email protected] Chen, A., University of Exeter, United Kingdom, [email protected] Prior, A., University of Exeter, United Kingdom, [email protected] Djordjevic, S., University of Exeter, United Kingdom, [email protected] Savic, D., University of Exeter, United Kingdom, [email protected] Butler, D., University of Exeter, United Kingdom, [email protected] Goodey, P., Bristol City Council, United Kingdom, [email protected] Stevens, J., Bristol City Council, United Kingdom, [email protected] Stevens, J., Bristol City Council, United Kingdom, [email protected]

In this study, we considered the relationships between different types of CI and services to simulate possible cascading effects during extreme hazard conditions brought on by climate change and how to analyse impacts with limited data resources. An area in central Bristol, UK, was used as the case study to investigate the interdependencies among select assets and services. A wide range of plausible scenarios caused by pipe bursts in the area were simulated using the CADDIES 2D modelling framework, to identify the hotspots with high risk. The impact on CI, including water supply, electricity, wastewater, solid waste, transportation, telecommunication, and emergency services were assessed by the HAZUR tool. The analysis demonstrated that with limited data resources the dynamics of the interdependencies between CI networks can be highlighted and a basis of risk quantification can be established. The same procedure can be repeated to evaluate the impact of other types of hazards, or the compound hazard scenarios to provide a holistic assessment. Therefore, urban planners and managers can further explore options of interventions for setting up strategies to strengthen city resilience. Keywords: Interdependencies, critical infrastructure, cascading effect, ID: 1375

41


New strategies of resilient planning in response to climate change for urban development Lee, K., Incheon National University, Korea republic of, [email protected] Chun, H., Incheon National University, Korea republic of, [email protected] Jeong, D., Incheon National University, Korea republic of, [email protected]

Recently many problems have been caused by climate change. Measures in respond to natural disaster are searched for in various fields such as water management, energy, ecosystem, and health science. Resilient policies are being prepared to prevent disaster from flooding and drought through water management system, social infrastructure and green growth. Safety management for flood damage mitigation are being implemented through the regulation and public-private cooperation. This study aims to suggest new strategies planning of water management and land use in response to abnormal weather which allow waterfront spaces to be the cities by providing facilities and public spaces through the experience of resilient project in the Netherlands. Dutch national resilient policy and strategy is to developed multi-dimensional approach for flood risk which structure based on the spatial planning focused response. Feature of the Dutch water source management policies changed from the old water management as command and control focused on solution, monistic, rapid outflow of water with pumping, dikes, and drainage by hierarchical and closed sectoral water policy to the new water management of 21st as prevention and anticipation focused on design, retention and natural storage, participatory and interactive specific water by pluralistic societal anticipative and adaptive integral spatial policy. The water control strategy, for flexibly responding to the sea level rise and flooding caused by the climate change through the experience of Dutch resilience, is as follows: 1) Customized prevention plan according to the local property 2) Creating spatial planning by considering disaster risk level and fragility 3) Establishing urban planning by considering the flood risk level Keywords: resilience, climate change, water management, land use, urban development, Dutch National Water Plan ID: 1384

42


Impacts of disaster to SMEs in Malaysia

Auzzir, Z., Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the economy of many countries, crucial in terms of social inclusion, local employment and innovation. In the developed world, such as the European Union, around 99 percent of economic activities can be traced back to SMEs, accounting for almost 66 percent of all jobs in the private sector. A similar scenario can be seen in the developing world where SMEs account for over 90 percent of all enterprises. In Malaysia, SMEs contributed 32 percent of the country’s GDP, employed 59 percent of the nation’s workforce and contributed to 19 percent of its exports in 2013. However, SMEs are also exposed to various risks such as natural disasters those may affect their business badly.

Therefore, this study is evaluating the impacts of natural disaster to SMEs in Malaysia. A survey was conducted among SME in Malaysia in 2016 to identify the type of disaster occurred and their impacts. The survey was also used to identify the problems for the SMEs in mitigating natural disaster. The results of this study show the impacts of natural disaster are severe for SMEs in Malaysia and flood was identified as the main natural disaster among them. Based on the result, recommendations were proposed for the SMEs to overcome or at least to reduce the impacts of natural disaster to their business. Keywords: disaster, small business enterprises (SMEs), Malaysia ID: 1406

43


Increase in disaster risk due to inefficient environmental management, land use policies and relocation policies - case studies from Sri Lanka Dissanayake, P., University of Moratuwa (CABARET Project), Sri Lanka, [email protected] Hettiarachchi, S., University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Siriwardana, C., University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Sri Lanka was affected by multiple hazards during April and May 2017 and it appears that floods and landslides of significant magnitude, triggered by the southwest monsoon are recurring annually. Climate hazards pose a significant threat to social and economic development in Sri Lanka. In addition to the climate hazards, there is also an increase in man-made hazards as a result of rapid urbanization in the country. The demand for land in cities in Sri Lanka has led to the use of marginal land, prone to natural hazards such as floodplains, unstable slopes, reclaimed land, unsuitable for any habitation. The municipal councils & the local authorities are unable to provide the basic infrastructure and services to these informal settlements and sometimes use vulnerable areas with low land value as disposal grounds for solid waste. It is very clearly mentioned in the National Disaster Management Plan 2014-2017 that solid waste has become a hazard and in the future, may take disastrous proportions. The recent collapse of the garbage dump in Sri Lanka can be attributed to poor environmental management with respect to solid waste in the country. This paper examines how efficient environmental management relates to the resilience of the physical environment by reducing disaster risk. The recent hazards in urban areas show that there are weaknesses in control of development in urban areas of the country. It is highlighted that regulation of urban expansion is an effective mechanism for disaster risk reduction (DRR) and land use planning (LUP) be an integral part of national development planning. The urgent need for a resettlement/ relocation policy in Sri Lanka, that address the needs of people who are displaced and to resettle disaster affected and vulnerable populations are discussed with reference to the literature available and make policy recommendations to address them. Keywords: multiple hazards, urnanization, poor environmental performance, physical resilience, land use planning, relocation policies ID: 1441

44


The changing city: risk and built heritage: the case of Lisbon downtown Martins, A., University of Lisbon, Portugal, [email protected] Forbes, C., Australia ICOMOS, GML Heritage, Sydney, Australia, [email protected] Pereira, A., CEGOT, Research Centre of Geopgrahy, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Coimbra, Portugal, [email protected] Matos, D., Universidade de Tübingen, Deutchland/ITM/, Germany, [email protected]

After the devastating earthquake, tsunami and fires of 1755, the city of Lisbon was rebuilt as a modern disaster resilient city, implementing strict planning controls and earthquake resistant construction technologies. This is reflected in the regular grid layout of the historic city, namely the Baixa Pombalina, and its built fabric. But the city has changed considerably since 1755. Through GIS mapping of the city, this study identifies the exposure of the built heritage of Lisbon Downtown to natural hazards including earthquake, tsunami, flood and landslide. It then highlights some of the changes that have occurred within the city’s landscape since 1755 and the potential impacts that these may have had on the ability of the city’s fabric to perform as designed. In particular, it focuses on the historic urban precinct of Baixa Pombalina, the heart of the rebuilt city and part of the tentative UNESCO World Heritage property of Lisbon. Although many studies have been undertaken to examine the seismic performance of the Pombaline buildings, few have examined the greater context in which the buildings exist and its potential impact on their performance. Will the buildings be able to withstand a similar event now or have they been compromised by the changes that have occurred in and around them? This study considers the vulnerability of the city’s historic structures and sites to various hazards and identifies areas of further research needed to enable the development of appropriate mitigation strategies to strengthen the resilience of the historic city. Keywords: Baixa Pombalina, built and cultural heritage, Lisbon downtown, risk mapping ID: 1514

45


Methodologies of contemporary disaster resilience research Witt, E., Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, [email protected] Lill, I., Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, [email protected]

The United Nations' Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015-2030 specifically calls for "multi hazard and solution-driven research in disaster risk management to address gaps, obstacles, interdependencies and social, economic, educational and environmental challenges and disaster risks". The Advancing Skill Creation to ENhance Transformation (ASCENT) project aims to contribute towards this SFDRR goal by strengthening the research and innovative capacities of researchers to tackle the challenges associated with developing societal resilience to disasters. This research has been undertaken under the auspices of the ASCENT project and it is intended to provide an up-to-date account of the research methodologies in current use in order to inform researchers of contemporary research practice as well as to identify trends and possible gaps that could offer opportunities for innovation and improvement. This paper presents the results of a survey of research methodologies used in contemporary disaster resilience research that has recently (2005-2017) been published in leading disaster resilience journals. For the sample of 156 articles analysed, it was found that qualitative approaches dominate with data collection primarily from literature and interviews. Case study research is particularly common and the development of theoretical and conceptual frameworks is somewhat more prevalent than the development of practical toolkits and guidelines. Keywords: built environment, disaster resilience, research methodologies ID: 1569

46


Impacts of oil spill disaster on socio-economic conditions and challenges to failed reduction mechanisms Albert, O., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

The environmental impacts of oil spill disaster in the Niger Delta of Nigeria have longed been pronounced and documented, with more focused on environmental impacts, environmental justices, oil and political ambitions and national revenue. Hence, little attention has been given to the socio-economic impacts as regards jobs, restiveness and livelihood support structures of the affected in terms of coping. This study explores how these constructs are managed by the oil multinationals companies and the government concern bodies, and explores why their management strategies have failed to make any significant impacts on total elimination of oil spill impact on socio-economic development of the affected communities. Given that different environmental laws exist and hence, the environment remains on degenerating muddle.The study employs a qualitative approach where semi-structures interview, focus group discussion, document and observation where used to elicit data on the impacts of oil spills, livelihood support structures, socio-economic development, and also to explore the barriers and challenges to why the existing mechanism adopted by the relative concern bodies have failed to make any practical/ positive impacts on reducing the severe impacts on communities affected by oil spill communities. However, this study pinned that the existing mechanism have influenced socio-economic devastation instead of improvement and/or development.

Keywords: disaster, oil spill, environmental impacts, socio-economic Impact, Niger Delta ID: 1583

47


Coastal hazard assessment in northern part of Jakarta Latief, H., Institute Of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, [email protected] Rahmat Putri, M., Institute Of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, [email protected] Hanifah, F., Institute Of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, [email protected] Nur Afifah, I., Institute Of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, [email protected] Fadli, M., Institute Of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, [email protected] Oki Ismoyo, D., Institute Of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, [email protected]

Coastal hazard assessment due to both periodic and non-periodic sea level rise (SLR) parameters in northern part of Jakarta is conducted to determine scenarios of oceanographic variability that could increase the potential hazard. Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia where the northern part of Jakarta adjacent by the Java Sea. The area has highly developed infrastructures and facilities with high population density, causing the area to have big potential to be affected by the coastal hazard. Projection of the coastal hazard for year 2020, 2030 and 2040 due to sea level rise on various scenarios is conducted and presented into the coastal hazard maps. This research analyze the variation of sea level change based on the oceanographic parameters such as tidal behavioral, global sea level rise projection, El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO), storm surge, inland flood. Contribution of global sea level rise projection is about 0.84 cm/year while the maximum tidal height is 63 cm, La Niña variation is 14 cm, Indian Ocean Dipole mode 15 cm, Storm surge 38 cm, MJO 6 cm, inland flood 60 cm. Scenarios of coastal hazard based on the summation of various oceanographic parameters to determine the magnitudes and frequencies of potential coastal hazards. There are 15 hazard scenarios of sea level rise developed for selected time at 2020, 2030 and 2040. The extreme scenario for sea level rise above mean sea level is obtained when all of oceanographic parameters simultaneously occurred. The extreme sea level rise could reach 3.35 m in the year 2040. The coastal hazard maps are developed based on the height of sea level rise scenarios overlays with digital elevation model (DEM) using Geographic Information Keywords: sea level rise, coastal hazard, northern part of Jakarta ID: 1601

48


A Study into the role of international collaborations in higher education to enhance research capacity for disaster resilience Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Liyanage, C., University of Central Lancashire, UK, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected]

International collaborations in the context of Disaster Resilience (DR) is pivotal due to several reasons. It helps to propose ways to create more coherent international approaches on disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation and resilience strengthening;Â it helps to enhance risk management capabilities by bridging the gap between science and legal/policy issues; it helps to address the issue of efficient management of trans-boundary crises. The need to optimise international cooperation in relation to resourcing research, capacity building to undertake research and facilitating its uptake is mentioned throughout the Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR). Given their different capacities, as well as the linkage between the level of support provided to them and the extent to which they will be able to implement the SFDRR, developing countries require an enhanced provision of means of implementation, including adequate, sustainable and timely resources, through international cooperation and global partnerships for development, and continued international support, so as to strengthen their efforts to reduce disaster risk. The purpose of this paper is to examine the level of engagement of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in developing countries in Asia in international collaborations to improve their Research and Innovation (R&I) capacities in DR. Based on a project entitled ASCENT (Advancing Skills Creation and Enhancement), the findings of the paper focuses on three Asian countries, i.e. Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Other than an extant literature review, the paper findings are drawn from a questionnaire survey carried out in eight HEIs from the said countries. There are already several regional initiatives that promote collaboration among HEIs towards building resilience. These networks should be supported and encouraged to grow. These global networks should collaborate with existing bodies to ensure that the role of higher education is understood and can be made use of. Findings of this paper supports the need for an enhanced international partnership to improve the science-policy interface in DR and to achieve the objectives of the SFDRR.

Keywords: barriers, disaster resilience (DR), higher education institutions (HEIs), international collaboration, research and innovation (R&I) ID: 1621

49

Understanding disaster risk reduction

50


THEME 2: STRENGTHENING DISASTER RISK GOVERNANCE TO MANAGE DISASTER RISK

51

Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk

Evolution of disaster risk governance in Greater Manchester: case study from the UK Oldham, K., Association of Greater Manchester Authorities, UK, [email protected] Astbury, K., Association of Greater Manchester Authorities, UK, [email protected] Percival, J., Greater Manchester Police, UK, [email protected]

In the face of 21st century challenges including globalisation, urbanisation, climate change and anti-microbial resistance, disaster risk governance must ensure top-level buy-in from city leaders. The Sendai Framework calls for focused action in strengthening disaster risk governance. Over the last decade Greater Manchester has transformed its disaster risk governance to reflect a more sophisticated understanding of resilience. At the start of this century, the UK experienced a series of crises that led to modernisation of its civil protection arrangements. The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 enabled Greater Manchester to formalise existing partnership structures to strengthen the local platform for disaster risk reduction. This created the multi-sectoral, multi-stakeholder Greater Manchester Resilience Forum which coordinates civil protection activities for nearly 3 million residents. The UK recognises that local and national platforms need to work together and this alignment is delivered through a specialist Government team working closely with the Forum. In 2014 Greater Manchester joined the UNISDR’s Making Cities Resilient Campaign. Use of the campaign’s toolkit led to a review of governance and renewed trans-disciplinary collaboration across multiple thematic local partnerships. A role model city within the campaign, Greater Manchester also participated in an EU-funded project (USCORE) to pilot the UNISDR’s Disaster Resilience Scorecard. Outcomes highlighted the importance of place-based assurance together with relevant metrics to inform decisions. This case study draws on this experience of strengthening disaster risk governance arrangements, a journey which will continue as Greater Manchester works with the Rockefeller Foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities initiative. Keywords: resilience, UNISDR, disaster reduction, governance, cities ID: 669

52


Energy transition in the Austrian Climate and Energy model regions: a multi-risk participatory governance perspective on regional resilience Komendantova, N., International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria, [email protected]

The Austrian Climate and Energy (CEM) model regions are facing energy transition towards a greater share of renewable energy sources in the final electricity mix. To guarantee the resilience of the CEM socio-economic and regional systems, an integrated approach towards electricity generation and transmission is necessary. The changing architecture of electricity generation is causing new challenges to the transmission grids to adapt. The cascading risks of existing and emerging risks for electricity transmission grids can lead to power outages and even blackouts. This paper argues about the need of a multi-risk approach towards risk assessment and risk governance for resilience of CEM regional electricity systems. It also discusses a multi-risk governance perspective as a tool to strengthen resilience of urban socio-economic systems against electricity blackouts. Based on extensive dialogue with stakeholders from the CEM regions over the last two years the paper develops recommendations for inclusive and participatory risk governance process. The data collection included contributions of stakeholders from public and private sector, as well as academia and civil society. The analysis of data was done in light of possible stakeholders and public engagement into decision-making processes on risk mitigation measures and strengthening of electricity infrastructure of the CEM regions in Austria for resilience in the process of energy transition. Keywords: climate and energy model regions, energy transition, urban and regional resilience, electricity generation and transmission systems, electricity blackouts ID: 671

53


Disaster risk reduction and management of Tarlac City Mohammed, M., Tarlac State University, Philippines, [email protected]

This study focused on the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management of Tarlac City. The city disaster risk reduction and management structure; the identified hazards and evacuation areas; the Tarlac City DRRM Plan in four thematic areas as identified in the NDRRM Plan; the CDRRMO vehicles, equipment, and resources; and the community based responders are presented in this paper.

The following conclusions are reached based on the gathered information and data. The CDRRMC and CDRRMO are established and functioning as to their mandate, based on the certificate of recognition given by DILG to the City Government of Tarlac regarding disaster preparedness. The structure of the CDRRMO is approved by the city council but lacks funding for filling up the identified positions. The CDRRMO has a hazard map with identified barangays prone to flooding, lahar flow, and earthquake. The thematic action plans of the City Government are aligned with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. This is evident in the list of programs and projects in their action plans. The existence of community based responders shows that the City Government is extending support to the barangay level by training local officials on how to respond in times of disaster.

Keywords: disaster risk reduction, disaster resiliency ID: 764

54


Haze pollution in Chiang Mai, Thailand: a road to resilience Pardthaisong, L., Chiang Mai University, Thailand, [email protected] Sin-ampol, P., Chiang Mai University, Thailand, [email protected] Suwanprasit, C., Chiang Mai University, Thailand, [email protected] Charoenpanyanet, A., Chiang Mai University, Thailand, [email protected]

Chiang Mai is the second largest city in Thailand, and a popular tourist destination with around 7 million tourists per year. It situated in the Northern region, about 700 kilometers north of Bangkok. Eighty per cent of the area is mountains and 70 per cent of the land is forest area. The topography and the rapid and diverse socio-economic structure of the province have affected not only land use change and economic activities but also the quality of its environment. Chiang Mai has been facing the problem of haze pollution over the past decade, particular during the dry season from February to May. With the exposure and vulnerability of the area, this problem occurred annually and has affected Chiang Mai tremendously. This research aims to investigate the building resilience of Chiang Mai through various sectors (academic, government, private, and local communities) during the past 10 years, between 2007 and 2016. The perception and coping strategies of the villagers and communities in the most affected areas are also examined. Primary data were collected by focus group interviews with people from government, private, academic, and civil society sectors, and interviews with 400 villagers from the most affected areas in San Pa Tong, Doi Lo, Chom Thong, and Hot Districts. Results show the interesting progress in resilience of the population of Chiang Mai province over the past 10 years, from response to recovery, mitigation, and preparation for long term sustainability. It indicates that the road to resilience has faced with many difficulties, particularly at the community/village level where most of the villagers lack the opportunity to participate with the higher levels. Keywords: haze pollution, Chiang Mai, resilience ID: 768

55


Strengthening governance for disaster resilience: what can we learn from two years after the 2015 Nepal earthquake? Dhakal, S., Curtin University, Australia, [email protected]

The April 2015 Nepal Earthquake claimed over 9,000 lives and injured more than 22,000 people. The monetary value of damages and the economic downturn in Nepal was estimated to be around US $10 billion - over one-third of the country’s gross domestic product. Nearly two years after the earthquake, despite goodwill from across the globe and foreign aid worth in billions, there have been little respite for most displaced and survivors. This dire situation warrants better understanding of institutional setting that enables or hinders disaster resilience. This paper examines the role of institutional capacity to respond to disasters in the aftermath of the Earthquake with a governance lens. Since resilience broadly refers to the ability to cope and recover from a shock, disaster resilience can be understood as a multi-dimensional construct that encapsulates the capacity to deal with disasters by acquiring, maintaining, or utilizing various forms of necessary capital e.g. built, cultural, financial, human, institutional, natural, and social. This paper specifically focuses on institutional capital - the capacity of institutions e.g. administrative and government agencies to respond to and manage societal challenges through collaborative decision-making, planning and implementation processes. Institutional capacity in the context of disaster readiness, response and recovery incorporates governance mechanisms or the rules of the game that relies on: a) formal capacity e.g. national policies and regulations, b) informal capacity e.g. relations with stakeholders, and c) individual capacity e.g. traits of political leadership. This paper finds deficient capacity on all three fronts. First, the absence of disaster specific act prior to the Earthquake meant weak readiness resulting in almost nine months for the reconstruction agency to be up and running. Second, the lack of desire to constructively engage with INGOs/NGOs in the immediate aftermath meant that the speed of reconstruction efforts could not benefit from the expertise and experiences of these organisations. Third, political leadership without credibility and accountability clearly hindered the recovery process and thereby cultivated vulnerability by default. Based on these findings, this paper contends that strengthening the governance for disaster resilience in developing countries like Nepal must focus on all three elements of institutional capacity. Keywords: governance, institutional capacity, Nepal earthquake, resilience ID: 769

56


‘Yellow Floods’ in Kuala Krai, Kelantan, Malaysia 2014: managing the unexpected Mat Zubir, H., Malaysia Ministry of Health, Malaysia, [email protected] Che Ngah, M., Malaysia Ministry of Health, Malaysia, [email protected] Ibrahim, N., Malaysia Ministry of Health, Malaysia, [email protected] Shafii, M., Malaysia Ministry of Health, Malaysia, [email protected]

Major flood disaster in Kelantan at the end of 2014 was the worst in its history resulting in significant devastation displaced thousands of people. Disaster damage to health facilities was a tragedy and the task of providing healthcare services to flood victims was challenging. Retrospective data record review of floods reporting system by the Kuala Krai Health District’s Office. 33,621 people were evacuated during the floods and stayed temporarily at the 152 relief centres. Twelve of 46 health facilities (46.0%) were partially and totally submerged under the water. 439 (46.2%) of healthcare staffs were also the victim of the flood. 36 medical teams and 27 inspectorate teams were mobilized from local and other states for prevention and infectious diseases control activities. Diseases surveillance system data also were collected. Total of 149 food premises were examined. Psychological first aid was given by 51 psychosocial health workers from Ministry of Health (MOH) to 966 affected staffs and flood victims. Several NGO also participated in providing medical services in remote area not accessible by normal route. A total of 9.53 Million (Malaysian Ringgit) was spent for the redevelopment of the health facilities and replacement of medical equipment. The enormous magnitude of the flood disaster in 2014 was unexpected and caused major disruption in health services. Flood resistance and resilience measures should be revised to improve health facilities and to maintain health delivery system functionality. Mitigation measures must be implemented to reduce the scale of destruction and minimizing the adverse impacts on health facilities and heath delivery system. Collaboration with all government agencies and Non-government organization was essential. Building disaster resilient communities and health system will reduce human, social, economic and environmental losses due to natural disasters. Keywords: flood, Kuala Krai, resilience health system ID: 779

57


Evacuation route analysis using network analysis: a case study in Padang Ashar, F., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

The Village Pasia Nan Tigo is in the sub-district of Koto Tangah, Padang city. Geographically, the village is located on the beach and most of the area is separated by a river, so between this village and other villages is separated by the river. Topographically, the area is very flat, and there are no hills that can be used as a natural shelter. The village is located in the Tsunami Inundation Area or tsunami prone areas, where the population in this district should be immediately evacuated to a safe area if there is a tsunami warning from the government or large tsunamigenic earthquakes. However, due to the river that divides this village, the main road in the village is forced to get along the beach before turning onto the highway of Padang. The impact is that the refugees were forced to walk along the beach area first, after that, they move towards the safe area of the tsunami. In contrast, the refugees should act differently. They must run away from the seashore and get into the safe are as quickly as possible. Or in other words, instead of moving towards the south of the city of Padang, the refugees must run to the south of the city. The refugees use the road network as an evacuation route. Therefore, Network Analysis will be used to assess the evacuation route in this area. By using the shortest path algorithm, the direction of movement, and the travel time communities, to get to a safe area of the tsunami will be analyze, With the aim of reducing the number of fatalities in this village.

Keywords: tsunami, evacuation route, network analyst, short path analyst, GIS ID: 832

58


A framework for understanding the influence of isomorphic pressures on governance of disaster risks Owi, T., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] Mackee, J., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] Gajendran, T., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected]

The task of reducing disaster risks poses enormous challenges for international and local nongovernmental organizations despite the immense assistance offered in reducing disaster risks and cushioning the effect of disasters. Among other issues responsible for the setback experienced is that of institutional constraints. ‘Institutions’ act as a fulcrum for achieving social norms that shape behaviour and actions within society via rules, professional ethics, standards, policies, regulations etc. Government establishments in the same organizational field - particularly those recognized to deliver public goods and services for disaster risk reduction often experience institutional constraints such as lack of clear policies and mandates to guide government institutions, lack of coordination between institutions, inadequacy in the required human capacity in public sector etc. These constraints often contribute to increased societal risk conditions. Where institutions are elements of governance, framing them also becomes a simultaneous attempt to manage risks to society. An overwhelming body of existing organizational behaviour literature affirms that organizations adopt practices or behave in a certain manner to gain access to resources and legitimacy for survival including under uncertain or complex circumstances when subjected to institutional pressures. Such pressures influence operational and strategic arrangements and has been discussed from a private sector organizations perspective. Against this background, little attention has been given to influence of institutional pressures on public sector organizations and scarcely from a disaster risk reduction perspective. The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of governance and influences of institutional pressures on public sector organizations from a disaster risk reduction perspective. This is achieved through reviewing literature on institutional theory to provide an understanding on the concept of institutional isomorphism and its effect on key issues such as goal ambiguity, professionalism and structuration as well as technical uncertainty. The implication for practitioners is that it offers background knowledge required for key players and professionals to design appropriate response strategies to isomorphic pressures to support institutional sustainability, encourage homogeneity for effective DRR delivery and fills the knowledge gap presented for further research. Keywords: disaster risk reduction, government organizations, Institutions, isomorphic pressures, governance ID: 853

59


Review of national multi-hazard early warning system plan of Pakistan in context with Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction Mukhtar, R., University College London, Pakistan, [email protected]

Pakistan has undergone multiple geological and climate related disasters in recent years. This includes devastating 2005 Kashmir earthquake and yearly countrywide flooding that started in 2010 till present. According to national statistics, in 2010 alone the monsoon rains caused massive floods which killed nearly two thousand people, affected more than 20 million and made at least 7.8 million people food insecure and inflicted over US$ 16 billion in economic loss. The recurrence of disasters led to the establishment of national and provincial disaster management institutions, which worked towards the formulation of national disaster management plan. As a result, Pakistan’s national disaster management plan was approved in 2012. This paper shall review Pakistan’s National Multi-hazard Early Warning System plan that was approved in 2012 before "Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction" was in place. The research shall include identification of various aspects of national plan that require improvisation in the light of Sendai Framework. The implementation of national multi-hazard early warning plan shall be reviewed by case study of province of Punjab where Punjab Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) was established in 2006 and responsible for implementation of national plan at provincial level. The evaluation of the role of PDMA shall aid in formulating proposal for practical and efficient interventions within national multi-hazard early warning system plan in the light of Sendai Framework. Keywords: national multi-hazard early warning system plan, Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction, Pakistan , implementation ID: 873

60


Conceptual framework for motivating actions towards disaster preparedness through risk communication Abunyewah, M., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] Gajendran, T., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] Maund, K., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected]

The potential of risk communication as tool for reducing the devastating impacts posited by disaster hazards on human lives and property has been discussed extensively in literature. Most risk communication studies and strategies focus on awareness creation and education on disaster hazards. However, awareness creation and education on disaster hazards do not necessary translate into preparatory attitude and behaviour towards disaster hazards. Frantic efforts are required to persuade and motivate people at risk to convert hazard awareness and education into preparation towards disaster hazards. Against this backdrop, this paper develops a conceptual model through literature review to facilitate and enhance disaster preparedness through risk communication. Keywords: risk communication, disaster hazards, disaster preparedness, persuade, motivate ID: 908

61


Investigating the resilience of civil construction firms in New Zealand Pascua, M., Earthquakes and Megacities Inititaive, The Philippines, [email protected] Chang-Richards, Y., The University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected]

The civil infrastructure sector plays a significant role in the community, particularly contributing to the overall economy and the improved resilience of society. Despite this, the resilience of the sector on its own has not been fully investigated. Building on previous studies, this research aims to develop a resilience framework for New Zealand civil infrastructure firms. From case studies of sampled civil contractors, it was found that strong leadership and management, well-trained staff, strong supply chain relationships and alliances, and the ability to foresee and cope with unexpected changes in the market were considered as the top indicators that constitute their resilience. External factors such as streamlined procurement systems, integrated crisis management systems, standardised procedures for legislation compliance, guidelines for resilient industry practices, improved training systems, and assurance of the work pipeline play a role in affecting their level of business resilience. The findings contribute to the literature concerning organisational resilience, and are intended to encourage the development of resilience strategies and policies for the New Zealand construction sector and generate lessons for other countries. Keywords: disaster, resilience, construction, civil infrastructure, New Zealand ID: 962

62


Provision of social infrastructure to resettled victims of the tsunami: some evidence from the ground level Weerasena, N., University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Hettige, S., University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Sridarran, P., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected]

2004 Indian ocean tsunami is one of the deadliest disasters in the history of Sri Lanka, which led to the loss of family members, employment, inherited lands and houses, regular income, and former social standing of the coastal population of the country. Studies show that social infrastructure is one of the critical components in promoting social well-being of disaster victims, particularly for the affected population who had lost their tangible and intangible assets and had been resettled away from their familiar environments. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the adequacy of social infrastructure provision for the resettled population. Case study approach has been adopted as the main method for this study. Accordingly, five tsunami resettlement sites were selected as cases in the Galle district, which is one of the highly affected districts in the country. In-depth interviews, focus group discussions, informal discussions and field observations were employed as data collection techniques. The findings of the study revealed that the provision of essential social infrastructure facilities to improve the quality of life of the people in one resettlement site has been highly successful. While in others, either the basic facilities had not been adequate, or they were provided at the initial stages but since then has been neglected by both the external agencies as well as the communities. As a result, most of the settlers are facing hardships even today, and some have moved back to their original coastal settlements, at least partly due to poor social infrastructure in the new settlement. Keywords: relocation, resettlement, social infrastructure, well-being of resettlers. ID: 1046

63


Adaptive decision framework for civil infrastructure exposed to evolving risks Lee, J., Washington State University, USA, [email protected] Burton, H., University of California, Los Angeles, USA, [email protected] Lallemant, D., Stanford University, USA, [email protected]

Adaptive decision-making (ADM) is a structured process of learning, improving understanding, and ultimately adapting management decisions in a systematic and efficient way, aimed at reducing uncertainties over the course of the management timeframe. This approach holds a great potential for dealing with the challenges faced by civil infrastructure facilities, especially those exposed to evolving risks caused by changes in environmental and urban settings, evolving expectations and preferences of the public, tightening budgets, and unpredictable political circumstances over their lifetime. This paper suggests ADM as a way of continuously reevaluating the risks and providing more adaptive and flexible management actions to enhance infrastructure resilience under dynamic changes and evolving conditions. The proposed ADM is illustrated with a benchmark problem based on a testbed residential community in Kathmandu, Nepal to explore the effect of incremental building expansion on the seismic risk to a community and examine the feasibility and effectiveness of ADM in improving resilience.

Keywords: resilience, decision-making, adaptive management, earthquake engineering, risk assessment, building expansion, structural engineering ID: 1067

64


Firms’ contribution to flood risk reduction - scenario-based experiments from Jakarta and Semarang Neise, T., Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Germany, [email protected] Revilla Diez, J., Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Germany, [email protected]

The importance of private sector engagement on risk reduction is increasingly mentioned over the last years. For instance, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 stresses that the private sector should be a crucial partner to achieve disaster resilience. However, the contribution by the private sector is still rare and mostly undertaken by large multinational firms with just a few positive impacts on the local level. Particularly, manufacturing firms are heavily exposed to floods in the Global South. Jakarta and Semarang are prominent examples. Broader flood risk reduction measures are still insufficiently developed. Therefore, it is argued that firms can reduce the flood risk through collective adaptation measures. We understand collective adaptation as collaborative activities for risk reduction that firms are either initiating or participating together with other firms, the community, NGOs and authorities. Own research has revealed that particularly small and medium-sized firms rarely engage in collective flood adaptation. Based on our findings, this paper examines which circumstances determine the willingness to contribute to flood risk reduction of small and medium-sized firms. Instruments in order to increase the willingness to collective adaptation are also discussed. Scenario-based experiments with 120 small- and medium sized manufacturing firms have been conducted in Jakarta and Semarang. The scenarios contain different risk reduction measures (polder system, river expansion and sensitization program) each with different actors’ constellation of contribution. A multi-level approach has been applied to determine context-specific factors, e.g. risk behavior, firm-specific characteristics or level of flood-proneness that influence the willingness. Overall, the paper provides deeper insights to understand firms’ engagement on flood risk reduction and gives answers how firms can be motivated to become an active player on building resilience. Keywords: firms, Indonesia, flood, experiments ID: 1160

65


Implementation of water safety plan considering climatic disaster risk reduction in Bangladesh: A study on Patuakhali Pourashava water supply system

Shamsuzzoha, M., Department of Emergency Management, Faculty of Disaster Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Chandra Ghosh, R., Department of Emergency Management, Faculty of Disaster Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Kormoker, T., Department of Emergency Management, Faculty of Disaster Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Abdur Rahim, M., Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Mostafa Zaman, A., Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Al-Maruf, A., Rajshahi University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Rasheduzzaman, M., Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected]

Disaster extreme events and its variability have been posing a substantial threat to the water supply system considering the physical, chemical and biological hazards. The aim of this research is to find out the major disaster risks which have subsequent impacts on water supply system. To attain the research objectives both qualitative and quantitative data were collected through household level questionnaire survey, visual observation, literature review, key informants interview (KII), sanitary inspection and laboratory analysis for water quality testing. The study was conducted among 100 households of Patuakhali Pourashava. Water samples were collected from randomly selected households and pumping stations from different wards of the study area. About 54 percent of the respondents marked that increase of temperature, excessive rainfall and frequent storms are common disaster risks in the study area and around 67 percent of them mentioned that these disasters have impacts on water supply system. Erratic heavy rainfalls, cyclones and sometimes inundation due to river floods the user connection for few hours or number of days which allows the contaminated water to entry into the pipeline when there is no pressure. The study reveals that almost 89 percent of Pourashava dwellers do not trust on the quality of water that they get from supply system, so they do not use supply water for drinking. Nearly 11 percent of the dwellers drink supply water as they think the supplied water is not contaminated. About 39 percent of the respondents mentioned that the technology has been becoming non-functional and the water quality is degrading during pre-monsoon period and water does not meet the demand in some parts of the supply system. Therefore, this particular research will provide a condensed view for implementing of water safety plan for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in safe drinking water management considering resilience.

Keywords: water safety plan, disaster risk reduction, water supply system ID: 1164

66


Development, politics and disaster mitigation: a case study on Moragahakanda Irrigation project Senanayake, M., University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

In Sri Lanka, development projects and their aims cannot be understood in absence of politics. Not only the rationale of the project, but also it’s the process and outcomes are products of the clientelistic politics practiced in the country’s politics since its independence. In that context, examining the process and politics is immensely important to understand the disaster potential of the Moragahakanda Development Project. This project is one of the last components of the Mahaweli Development Program that was designed as a 30-year project. The main objective of the project is to provide irrigation facilities to the existing water scarce farmlands (82,000ha) and also to open up new land (5000ha) for agriculture development in Northern, North Central, and Eastern and North Western provinces. In addition, generating and supplying of 25MW hydro-power to the national grid, increasing inland fish production, provision of potable and industrial water requirements, Eco tourism and effective flood control are also among the objectives of the project. According to the Mahaweli Authority, nearly 70% of the construction work of the Moragahakanda reservoir has been completed and the project is expected to be concluded by December 2017. This paper will be based on the field research that the author is carrying out for his forthcoming publication. Often such mega projects present its objectives loud and clear while keeping pitch silent about its negative effects. This paper, in order to examine the relationship between development politics and disaster mitigation, focuses mainly on the issues that are hardly being discussed. The Moragahakanda project has displaced a total of 5870 people in 1181 families from 11 Grama Niladari Divisions (GNDs). Once the project is completed Six GNDs areas will be totally and six other partially submerged causing more displacement of families. It effect on the environment is also alarming. This paper aims to examine the role of politics in development in relation to Moragahakanda project and thereby study the readiness of such mega projects to mitigate possible future disasters. It is naïve to expect development projects to be completely free of consequences on environment and human lives. In addition, one has to completely ignorant of the nature of politics in our society to believe that development projects to be initiated and implemented free of politics and practice of clientalism. Therefore, the strategies for mitigating potential disasters of such projects should also be examined in relation to the politics within which such projects are implemented. Keywords: development, disaster, environment ID: 1171

67


Disaster risk reduction through biodiesel from yellow oleander (Thevetia Peruviana) Rupasinghe, C., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Gunathilaka, K., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Carbon dioxide, a byproduct of fossil-fuel combustion, is a greenhouse gas, which traps solar radiation in the atmosphere. This may cause climate change and global warming issues which affect absolutely everyone and everything on this planet. If humanity does not take dramatic steps to curtail fossil-fuel consumption, civilization may collapse within few decades. Biodiesel have gained increasing attention as an alternative to fossil fuels for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector. Yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) grows extensively in gardens as a decorative tree throughout Sri Lanka. The plant is a potential source of feed stock for biodiesel production as it produces fruit with two seeds with higher oil content as 49.6% (db) and it is a non utilized oil crop without any economic value. The objective of this study is to produce biodiesel by transesterifying using extracting oil and to determine its properties. Yellow oleander oil with proper free fatty acid limit was pretreated with NaOH as catalyst and anhydrous methanol amount as 20% of oil volume. The produced yellow oleander methyl ester was characterized. It was observed as gross calorific value as 37.74 MJ/kg (ASTM D 240), flash point of 118°C (ASTM D 93), Kinematic viscosity at 40Â°C of 5.96 mm2/s (ISO 3105:1976), specific gravity of 0.8874 (ASTM D 1298) and density at 15°C of 887 kg/m3. All the tested parameters are within the accepted limits of the biodiesel thus making it an alternate fuel as transportation fuel for diesel engines. Keywords: disaster resilience, biodiesel, calorific value, flash point ID: 1178

68


Information technology disaster recovery (ITDR) practices in Pakistan Zaki, M., Afiniti, Pakistan, [email protected]

Every enterprise and organisation depends on various pieces of technology to run its core business. Usually these intricate components are running at a primary location and may require a secondary location in order for them to be available in case of a disaster. These pieces can be small or large, cohesive or in-cohesive, and at times they are required to be available at a secondary site in the same fashion as they were available in the primary site to make sure that business as usual is carried out in case of a disaster. This paper goes through the list of precautions and steps that should be taken in order to make sure that technology is available in case of a disaster at a secondary site, as experienced by the author especially in a developing country (Pakistan). These issues could arise due to lack of infrastructure, problems such as data centers established in nonpurpose built facilities, sudden loss of power, load shedding, extreme weather conditions and sudden shortage of fuel for the diesel or natural gas generators. At times there are anomalies such as threats of terrorism and protests that may bring the business to a halt regardless of the services being provides such as Telecommunications, financial services or software development services. These precautions include (But aren’t limited to) steps such as performing assessments to know what are various priorities given to different applications (Email, ERP, Internet, Media, Finance, etc.), in addition, affected communities may start to send more emails than a usual day or website start to have more hits than a usual day. In conclusion, paper creates a relationship matrix between the work required throughout the year and business continuity planning when it comes to initiating a topnotch disaster recovery plan. Keywords: Pakistan, ITDR, disaster recovery, technology, business continuity, resilience, technology investment, threats ID: 1258

69


Measurement of resilience and disaster recovery: towards the development of a set of empirically validated indicators Hettige, S., University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Haigh, R., Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

The experience of individuals, families and communities affected by a major disaster is indicative of the nature of the diverse effects of the disaster and how various interventions, both state and non-state, help or do not help affected communities to recover from the adverse effects of the disaster. An important step in understanding disaster recovery is to define and measure it. However, no such wide-ranging, inclusive and well accepted method of measuring recovery at the community scale currently exists. This paper reports on field work carried out as part of a longerterm study aimed at developing a more integrated, holistic assessment of the disaster recovery process. Using qualitative data from a sample of communities in Sri Lanka affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the study refines and validates a multidimensional assessment framework for monitoring and evaluating recovery processes after a disaster. An earlier study focused on ten communities in Galle, Batticaloa and Ampara districts. This study adopts the same multidimensional assessment framework and indicators, but focuses on ten different communities across Matara, Batticaloa and Trincomalee districts. After examining the recovery process in a significant number of communities over a long period of time, and across twenty communities during two major field studies, the results suggest that the assessment framework has captured the ten most important dimensions of recovery. Since post disaster recovery usually involves a process of resettlement of affected families and individuals, more attention needs to be paid to more vulnerable groups such as children and women, as well important aspects of well- being such as livelihoods, housing, social infrastructure and long-term maintenance of infrastructure. The framework indicators capture these aspects but also the determinants of the nature and level of recovery, indicating the possible precautionary measures to avoid significant shortfalls in recovery in the long term. Keywords: recovery, indicators, Sri Lanka ID: 1271

70


Investigation of efficiency and effectiveness of the existing disaster management frameworks in Sri Lanka Siriwardana, C., University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Jayasiri, G., University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Hettiarachchi, S., University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

In the recent past Sri Lanka has experienced several significant natural disasters. Above all others, the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 had a devastating effect on more than one million people. With the aim of effectively managing all phases of a disaster and to enhance the resilience of the community, the Disaster Management Act was passed in 2005 to provide necessary immediate legal provisions, and was later revised into a national policy. Furthermore, the Disaster Management Centre (DMC) was also established. At present, the DMC and all the line agencies focus on disaster management functions under the ministry of disaster management. The comprehensive disaster management program was prepared in 2014 and it is to be used up until 2018. Furthermore, it was proposed to identify mechanisms to integrate the Sendai Framework into the Sri Lankan national disaster management framework. However, during recent disasters, the DMC and the disaster management framework was under severe criticism from the public as well as the technical community. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and effectiveness of the existing disaster management framework in Sri Lanka in managing all phases of a disaster. Since the main governing policy for the DM and Disaster Risk Reduction in Sri Lanka is the Sri Lanka National Disaster Management Policy (SLNDMP), it was investigated whether the policy is applied effectively and efficiently. In addition, alignment with comprehensive global frameworks like the Sendai Principles was checked in parallel to identify its alignment with global standards. SLNDMP was evaluated against seven criteria, which were identified after carefully analyzing the requirements of the Sendai Framework. Applications of the SLNDMP was evaluated with respect to three disaster incidents which occurred recently; the collapse of the garbage dump in Meethotamulla on April 2017, the Colombo floods and the Aranayake landslide during May 2016. In addition, some of the 37 points indicated in the SLNDMP were also considered in this study. Finally, recommendations were provided for improvements to the policy. Keywords: disaster management, resilience, sendai framework, recovery, response ID: 1343

71


An analysis of the community based flash floods early warning system in the State of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan

Khan, I., sheringal333, sheringal333, [email protected] Razaq, A., Trocaire, Pakistan, [email protected] Turangzai, A., National Disaster Management Authority, Islamabad, Pakistan, [email protected] Riaz, S., Millitery College of Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan, [email protected] Shehzad, N., Millitery College of Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan, [email protected]

Azad Jammu and Kashmir is vulnerable to frequent risk of natural hazards. Flash floods remain the highest potential threat to communities in the area particularly during monsoon. This research studies investigate indigenous practices and methodologies adopted to mitigate flooding while to work out a feasible techniques for establishing a community based early warning system for flash flooding. For this purpose primary data was collected through a design questioner cluster survey by conducting FGDs at 55 flash flooding prone nullahs (streams) of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Results obtained from primary data analysis through survey infers very high frequency of flash flooding in the year (nearly annual basis), which is attributed to seasonal variation in the area. For early warning system community suggested local capacities (loud, speakers, mobile network, and community religious centers) for dissemination of early warning to the community. Majority of the respondents advocated that the recommended early warning system to be installed at village mosque located at the central position of each community to ensure maximum effectiveness of the system. Alarm (siren), mobile SMS are the other options for the dissemination of early warning system. Keywords: community based early warning system, flash floods, community based disaster risk management (CBDRM) ID: 1359

72


The ESPREssO action database Abad, J., BRGM, France, [email protected] Abad, J., BRGM, France, [email protected] Baills, A., BRGM, France, [email protected] Grandjean, G., BRGM, France, [email protected] Chauvin, N., BRGM, France, [email protected] Chabrier, A., BRGM, France, [email protected]

The ESPREssO Action Database, or ESPREssO-ADB, is a database of initiatives and projects addressing disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) created as part of the EU Horizon 2020 ESPREssO project. The word ‘action’ is meant to serve as a generic term to encompass a wide variety of activities, from legislation to research projects. Actions are input into the database via a questionnaire where the participant is asked to evaluate the effectiveness of an action from his or her previous professional experience. Effectiveness is approached from an angle that closely aligns with accomplishing the goals of the Sendai Framework. Hence, the questionnaire is divided into five sections, four of which correspond to the four Sendai priorities. The fifth and final section further asks the user to evaluate the action in terms of its potential for transformative change, a concept currently championed by the UN and the Belmont Forum that seeks to create lasting, sustainable change and political will. The ESPREssO-ADB website and database have been developed using the Drupal open-source content management system. Analysis of the ESPREssOADB entries will contribute to furthering DRR in the European Union and thus address the three barriers that the ESPREssO project aims to overcome: What works across different territorial boundaries? How can we bring different fields of research together, particularly the DRR and CCA communities? How can we improve science-policy interfaces? The ESPREssO-ADB is intended to be a repository of good ideas and case-studies to help answer these questions and capitalize on previous experiences to propose new solutions.

Keywords: database, case-studies, Sendai framework, transformative change, cross-boundary, European Union ID: 1404

73


Comparison of national strategies in France, Germany and Switzerland for DRR and cross-border crisis management Abad, J., BRGM, France, [email protected] Booth, L., ETH Zurich, Switzerland, [email protected] Marx, S., German Committee for Disaster Reduction (DKKV), Germany, [email protected] Ettinger, S., BRGM, France, [email protected] Gérard, F., Association Française pour la Prévention des Catastrophes Naturelles (AFPCN), France, [email protected]

The ESPREssO project (funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, under Grant Agreement No. 700342) prioritises the need for overcoming barriers to disaster risk reduction (DRR) in Europe, with cross-border crisis management identified as one of its three central challenges. In this paper, we present a synthesis of the different legal, policy and scientific approaches to DRR in France, Germany and Switzerland, through work carried out for the ESPREssO project on the basis of stakeholder interviews and an analysis of legal and policy references. A comparison of these three differing DRR strategies is then carried out, focusing specifically on resulting impacts for cross-border crisis management, capitalizing on lessons learned from the tri-national border region Upper Rhine Valley to complete the analysis.

Keywords: France, Germany, Switzerland, DRR policy, cross-border, Upper Rhine Valley ID: 1416

74


Empowering local governments in making cities resilient to disasters: research methodological perspectives Malalgoda, C., Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Haigh, R., Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

The paper aims to elaborate the research methodology adopted for a doctoral research study aimed at developing a framework to empower local governments to make cities resilient to disasters in the built environment context. Based on the constructionism epistemological undertaking and the theoretical perspective of being interpretivistic in nature, the research falls under the category of qualitative research. Therefore, qualitative strategies were best suited for conducting the study. Various research strategies exist for qualitative research such as case studies, ethnography, grounded theory and phenomenological research. The research seeks to investigate how local governments can be empowered to make cities resilient to disasters in the built environment context and, out of the available qualitative research strategies, case studies were identified as the most appropriate research strategy for the research discussed in this paper. The paper compares and contrasts the available research strategies and putsforward the suitability of the case study research strategy in order to achieve the aims and objectives of the research. In doing so, the paper outlines the inherent components of the methodology namely, research philosophy, approach, strategy, choice, time horizon and techniques while justifying the suitability of the selected methodology through various research methodology literature. Keywords: case study, disaster, local government, research methodology, resilient cities ID: 1477

75


Sound practices of disaster risk reduction at local level

Amaratunga, D., Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Malalgoda, C., Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Haigh, R., Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is an important component for achieving sustainable development of cities, in particular when the world is steadily becoming more urbananised. Fast growing cities and urban areas of the world increase disaster risk due to economic growth and fast population expansion. With local governments increasingly taking an important role in the sustainable development, the need for globally comparable knowledge of disasters risks has even become greater. Sound practices that have been tested and implemented by different cities around the world aid knowledge sharing opportunities for future disaster risk reduction. Accordingly, this paper focuses on reported sound practices of local DRR and aims to provide a collection of sound practices on DRR actions at the local level and what needs to be done to reduce future disaster risks. Paper uses the ten essentials identified by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) in 2010 to illustrate some of the risk reduction work that has been undertaken across the world. The intent is to provide local governments and other institutions learn from one another by effectively facilitating the sharing of sound practices and disseminating these established sound practices in risk reduction. Keywords: disaster risk reduction, disaster, local government, sound practices, resilient cities ID: 1478

76


UP NOAH in Building Disaster Resilient Philippines Multihazard and Risk Mapping for the Future Cadiz, N., University of the Philippines' Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards, Philippines, [email protected]

University of the Philippines’ Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (UP NOAH) Center is a nationwide disaster management program that aims to improve the government and the Filipino peopleâ€™s capacity to respond against the impact and effect of extreme weather conditions. NOAH is undertaking advanced disaster science research, comprehensive and multidisciplinary assessment of hazards while also developing accessible tools that enable local government units, community leaders, policy makers, planners, families, and individuals to prevent and mitigate disasters. UP NOAH’s initiatives on disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) have continually built individual and institutional capacities and resilience using multidisciplinary research and risk assessment. With the completion of its three component projects (flood, landslide, and storm surge hazards mapping) last December 2015, UP NOAH proceeded to its next step in innovation: From hazard mapping to risk mapping. This is to even more enhance the disaster mitigation plans of communities in the Philippines. Embracing and taking advantage of information communication technology, the content of this user-generated mapping data are indeed vital in DRRM.

Using the existing tools, techniques, and innovations of UP NOAH, a community-based adaptation fit for all levels of practitioners was introduced through Integrated Scenario-based Assessments of Impacts and Hazards (ISAIAH). The project helped enhance the knowledge of policymakers on areas that are safe for habitation as well as those that are suitable for long-term development. ISAIAH highlighted the emphasis of DRRM on strengthening preparedness and building stronger community resilience through persistent and constant information, education, and communication campaign using the internet and social media, as well as continuous personal visits to local communities where mapping workshops were conducted.

This is essential as it recognized the actions needed to address the underlying reasons of disaster risk: poor urban planning among other man-made factors. In this way, adapting to the challenges of climate change in addition to DRR is given emphasis to help prevent significant loss of lives wrought by future disasters.

Keywords: UP NOAH, ISAIAH component, DRRM, policy-making, risk mapping, public participation ID: 1501

77


An assessment on the effective preparedness and disaster response: the case of Santa Rosa City, Laguna Juanzon, J., De La Salle University - Manila, Phlippines, [email protected] Oreta, A., De La Salle University - Manila, Phlippines, [email protected]

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 was adopted at the Third UN World Conference in Sendai, Japan, in 2015. It is the successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters. The Sendai Framework emphasises the need for a shift from disaster management to disaster risk management, rather than reactive response. The new DRR framework also revised its priority areas which can be aligned to the new ‘Ten Essentials of Making a City Resilient’. An independent preliminary assessment using the LGSAT as a guide can inform us if the new priority areas are addressed. This paper presents the assessment of a city in Laguna, namely Santa Rosa City to gather baseline data for a more rigorous and detailed study. The assessment report presents the scores on the level of progress that focuses on Essential 9, ‘Ensuring Effective Preparedness and Disaster Response’ aligned to priority 4 of the Sendai Framework. Based on the assessment of City of Santa Rosa, the major natural hazards that the city will face are typhoons, flood due to its proximity to Laguna Lake and Earthquake due to West Valley fault that passes through Barangay Sto. Domingo. The City of Santa Rosa is doing its best to effectively prepare the city for disasters to happen and to respond quickly to avoid further damage to people and infrastructure. However, City of Santa Rosa only has an average score of 3.67 based on the score on the level of progress on the preliminary assessment to ‘Effective Preparedness and Disaster Response’, substantial achievement has been attained, but with some recognized deficiencies in commitment, financial resources or operational capacities. Keywords: resilient city, hyogo framework, Sendai framework, disaster risk reduction, Laguna ID: 1527

78


Empowerment and legitimisation of affected communities in post-disaster reconstruction Shafique, K., University of Queensland, Australia, [email protected] Warren, C., University of Queensland, Australia, [email protected]

The purpose of this paper is to establish the key role of power and legitimacy attributes in effective community participation in post-disaster reconstruction (PDR) projects.

The research applies a qualitative research approach in conjunction with a case study method, using semi-structured interviews and purposive sampling techniques. The principal source of data were semi-structured interviews of affected community members and other stakeholders of a post-natural disaster reconstruction project initiated in the aftermath of 2005 devastating earthquake in Pakistan. The interviews were undertaken between October and December 2016. Participation of affected community is significant for the success of a PDR projects; however effective participation cannot be ensured without empowerment and legitimization. In context of post disaster reconstruction; both, power and legitimacy attributes have a direct effect on effective participation of the community. This paper has explored the relationship of stakeholder’s attributes with participation and have also proposed an attribute model for future PDR projects. Adoption of attribute model will enhance the chances of success of future PDR projects Keywords: stakeholder, participation, reconstruction, power, legitimacy, salience, disaster management ID: 1530

79


Strengthening skills in research methods in higher education institutions to improve societal resilience to disasters Thakore, R., University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom, [email protected] Liyanage, C., University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

This paper provides a strategic approach to strengthening research methods skills in Higher Education Institutions to improve societal resilience to disasters. The findings are based on an initial assessment of the nature, scale and beneficiaries of the research methods training program developed as a part of an ERAMUS+ project called ASCENT (Advancing Skill Creation to ENhance Transformation). This project aims at addressing Research and Innovation (R&I) capacity strengthening for the development of societal resilience to disasters. The paper examines what research methods skills are needed to be improved in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in three selected countries, i.e. Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Thailand. This was examined mainly with the use of an online survey questionnaire that was sent to 08 HEIs from the three countries that were partners in the project. Altogether 530 responses were received from both the academic and research staff in these institutions. The responses were analysed using version SPSS 23.0 with several analysis techniques such as Mann-Witney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Scheffe Post Hoc Test and Principal Component Analysis. The research findings of the online survey revealed that both academic and research staff lack capacity in research methods such as elite interviews, observations, document studies (e.g. secondary data analysis), probabilistic method, interdisciplinary thinking, field experiments, sampling techniques and Delphi studies. The strategic approach to strengthening research methods skills, therefore, focuses on developing a comprehensive and structured research methods training programme encompassing the aforementioned research methods. In addition, the use of several modes of training such as face-toface, and online training were incorporated in this strategic approach to suit the nature, scale and beneficiaries of the research method training program. Keywords: barriers, disaster resilience, enablers, innovation and research capacity, research methods ID: 1536

80


Role of women in disaster risk governance

Hemachandra, K., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Since the frequency and magnitude of occurrence of natural hazards increased unprecedentedly within this century, policymakers, researchers and practitioners have endorsed on innovative disaster risk reduction measures towards enhancing resilience. In achieving this, disaster risk governance promotes innovative and accountable approaches enhancing their effectiveness. Multistakeholder engagement is a fundamental element of disaster risk governance. Many international strategies and frameworks have identified women as one of the key stakeholders in any disaster management efforts due to many reasons. Women play a significant role in disaster response and recovery stages specifically at the household level. However, their roles in organizational decision making, particularly in disaster risk governance, is limited due to uncovered reasons. This has created equity and equality issues among one of the most affected communities from hazards. Therefore, this novel study attempt to explore and emphasise the role of women in disaster risk governance, risk governance efforts and to uncover the barriers that limit their role in disaster risk governance. Hence, the study conducted a substantial level of the literature review. Accordingly, it reveals that the role of women in disaster risk governance as vital for an effective disaster risk governance and resilience. Further, the study identified socio-cultural factors, individual characteristics, legal and institutional factors and socio-economical factors as the barriers that limit their role in disaster risk reduction and disaster risk governance efforts. Keywords: disaster risk governance, women, disaster risk reduction ID: 1589

81


Challenges associated with integrating CCA and DRR in the UK - a review of the existing legal and policy background Dias, N., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Hemachandra, K., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected]

The concept of climate change adaptation (CCA) is broad and CCA strategies aim to reduce vulnerability to expected impacts of climate change. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) refers to a wide range of opportunities for risk abatement and disaster management. Risk reduction includes prevention, preparedness, and part of the recovery process, and it gives particular emphasis to the reduction of vulnerability. Since both, CCA and DRR focus on reducing vulnerability and share many similarities, a number of researchers, policy makers, and practitioners have suggested integrating CCA and DRR. Even though there are many discussions on integrating CCA and DRR less is happening on the ground as there are many challenges to integrate CCA and DRR. These challenges are further increased due to the gaps in the existing legal and policy backgrounds in most of the countries.

Accordingly, based on findings of a national review on the UK, conducted by a project called ESPREssO funded by the EU horizon 2020 programme, this paper reviews the challenges associated with integrating CCA and DRR in the UK while reviewing the gaps and the strengths of the existing legal and policy background in the UK for the integration of CCA and DRR. During the first phase of the study, a narrative desk based literature review was conducted. During the second stage, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with disaster management experts who represent both the academia and the practice. Findings reveal challenges related to governance such as institutional barriers, funding issues, challenges relate

Keywords: CCA, DRR, integration, challenges, legal and policies ID: 1590

82


Addressing fragilities: the growth of cities and the challenges for the Red Cross / Red Crescent in assuming a resiliencebuilding role Rahim, H., Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia, [email protected]

Being confronted with increasing effects of disasters, a trend that is especially visible in the many fast-growing informal urban settlements, the Red Cross / Red Crescent expands the focus of its humanitarian work to also prevent and mitigate disaster risks. Trends like climate change, population growth, unequal access to resources, and misguided development investments are compounding factors to growing poverty and vulnerability that put increasing numbers of people at risks. The trend of increased disasters, especially small and medium scale, not only erodes their livelihoods, but also put a strain on the ability of organisations like the Red Cross to provide relief and help people recover. The links between development and relief are increasingly recognised, and highlight the need for humanitarian and development organisations to focus more on underlying causes of risks, to make investments less disaster prone, and to reduce the need for increased and often repeating relief. The ‘resilience’ paradigm, an approach that the organisation helped shape, presents opportunities to do so, building on some of its strong features like its vast network of volunteers and its auxiliary role. However it also presents several challenges, not only in terms practical implementation and collaboration outside its traditional structures, but also in relation to the organisation of its work and to its positioning vis-à-vis governments and politics, leading back to the Fundamental Principles, the foundation of its work. Keywords: resilience, disasters, fundamental principles, urban settlements, red cross ID: 1595

83


Mapping stakeholders accociated with societal challenges: a methodological framework Ginige, K., Northumbri University, UK, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Liyanage, C., University of Central Lancashire, UK, [email protected]

This paper explores the concept of stakeholders at national level in the context of societal challenges associated with: Health, demographic change and wellbeing; Food security, sustainable agriculture, marine and maritime research & the bioeconomy; Secure, clean and efficient energy; Smart, green and integrated transport; Climate action, resource efficiency and raw materials; Europe in a changing world - inclusive, innovative and reflective societies; and Secure societies - protecting freedom and security of Europe and its citizens. It focuses on how to effectively identify and map those individuals, groups and organisations likely to be affected by, or likely to have an influence on societal challenges and thereby effectively helping to understand the importance of considering stakeholders when addressing societal challenges, identify stakeholders, and understand their relationship to each societal challenge, and map and prioritise stakeholders. Research presented in this paper was carried out as part of the CASCADE project (Collaborative Action towards Societal Challenges through Awareness, Development, and Education) which aimed to provide the foundation for a future International Cooperation Network programme targeting South Asian Countries, which will promote bi-regional coordination of Science & Technology cooperation. The objectives of CASCADE included to map and develop an inventory of national and regional stakeholders related to global challenges amongst other objectives and targeted and had the participation of seven South Asian countries, namely, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Keywords: ID: 1603

84


A study of the upstream-downstream interface in end-to-end tsunami early warning and mitigation systems Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Sakalasuriya, M., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected]

After the Indian ocean tsunami in 2004, the tsunami preparedness has become a significant aspect in the research and practise of disaster resilience. As a result, a tsunami early warning and mitigation system was introduced in the Indian ocean region for the first time and the system became fully operational in 2013. These systems typically entail upstream and downstream processes. After the detection of tsunami by the warning centre, the regional tsunami service provider communicates the warning to national tsunami warning centre (NTWC) in each country. This is the upstream end of the mechanism. The downstream process occurs at the national level in which decision to evacuate is taken and the warning is disseminated to the community. However, in individual countries, the systems by which the information is disseminated from national point to individual communities vary significantly. Due to the complex nature of different administrative systems, it is difficult to understand who takes the decision to evacuate, at which point and how is it taken. This study aims to understand the technical, legal and socio-cultural complexities that occur at the interface between upstream and downstream mechanisms of the tsunami early warning system. This interface involves a wide array of jurisdictional agencies and response partners, including regional tsunami service providers, tsunami national contact points, and a range of sub-national emergency operational centres and related actors. Using the cases of Indonesia and Sri Lanka, the study based on which this abstract is based, aims to develop a framework to understand the nature and operation of interface between the upstream warning and downstream threat, and thereby propose a set of practical guidelines for better decision making and information dissemination during the interface of end-to-end tsunami early warning and mitigation system in the Indian ocean region. The final guidelines established by the study will seek to be a strong theoretical and practical contribution that can be applied across the globe in different types of early warning systems related to tsunami preparedness. Keywords: tsunami early warning, down stream, preparedness ID: 1616

85


Role of the legal/policy and science approaches to natural hazards and climate change adaptation: Current context and the challenges Dias, N., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Malalgoda, C., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected]

Legal/policy and science approaches play a key role in disaster risk reduction (DRR) as well as for climate change adaptation (CCA). Legal/policy and science approaches provide the necessary legal and scientific mandate for CCR and DRR initiatives to begin, proceed and succeed.

This abstract draws upon the findings of a global review, an EU-wide review and six national reports developed for Italy, Germany, France, Switzerland, the UK and Denmark in a project entitled ESPREssO (Enhancing Synergies for Disaster Prevention in the European Union), which is funded by the European Commission Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. This study involved a content analysis approach to analyse available legal/policy and science approaches in different contexts. Thereafter, a desk-based literature review, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and an online questionnaire survey were carried out to review the challenges in the existing legal/policy and science approaches.

The key global policy for DRR is the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-30, whereas for CCA it is the Paris Climate Change agreement, although both make reference to the need for convergence. The Sustainable Development Goals addresses both DRR and CCA, while also stressing the importance of integrating DRR and CCA to support more sustainable development. These global policy frameworks have created a significant opportunity to build coherence across overlapping policy areas. In the EU, there are several key central EU actors for both DRR and CCA. Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG ECHO) is a key actor in the EU to provide protection and help to victims of disasters and conflict, both natural and manmade within and outside the EU. Nationally, across the six nations, there are various legal/policy and science approaches focusing on DRR and CCA.

Findings reveal several gaps in the existing legal/policy and science approaches which have created different issues for effective management of natural hazards and CCA. Institutional barriers are identified as a key challenge that hinders the process of successful integration of CCA into DRR. Integration of CCA and DRR is not a legal mandate in most countries. Many have legal provisions for civil protection as a mandate of DRR. Therefore, countries have short-term plans for DRR or plans for disaster response and recovery. Procedural gaps and legal frameworks, communication barriers, funding, stakeholder management issues, political will, issues in risk perception and assessment are some of the other key challenges which hinder the effective management of natural hazards and CCA and are the outcomes of the gaps in the existing legal policy and science approaches. Keywords: legal and policy, science approaches, CCA, DRR, challenges ID: 1618

86


Scaling up local level resilience: engaging with governance systems Wilkinson, E., Overseas Development Institute, UK, [email protected]

This presentation captures a variety of approaches to scaling up local resilience projects through the BRACED programme (Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters). Projects have successfully influenced DRR and adaptation policies but to ensure these translate into action, they need to work with governance systems at diffferent scales. The authors will compare different BRACED approaches to scaling up by engaging state and market institutions and networks. Keywords: resilience, risk governance, scaling up ID: 1623

87


Strategic challenges in development planning for Denpasar City and the coastal urban agglomeration of Sarbagita Rahayu, H., Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected]

Urban agglomerations are becoming a vital geographic unit for nations to sustain economic growth and development. However, agglomerations also pose significant challenges for development planning. They are complex, dynamic and huge systems. Their interconnectivity blurs the boundaries between cities and peripheral regions, and makes traditional city boundaries, often imposed by administrative needs, essentially obsolete. Despite this, the importance of an integrated approach to development planning is particularly acute for coastal urban agglomerations that are threatened by a range of geological hazards, hydro-meteorological hazards and climate change impacts. This paper is an account of the first phase of a longer-term study into agglomeration development planning of Sarbagita Metropolitan in Bali Province, Indonesia, with a focus on the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaption into the planning process. This phase of the study presents an initial analysis of the strategic issues for the development planning of Sarbagita Metropolitan, and a mapping of stakeholders involved in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction within the region. Data was collected through interviews with key stakeholders and a policy analysis. The results address how urban agglomeration is addressed within national development planning, the nature of urban agglomeration in Bali Province, the management of development planning in the region, the stakeholders involved in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in Bali Province, and the strategic challenges for development planning within the region. Key issues identified through this initial analysis include the important role the agglomeration plays in the national strategic development plan as a centre for regional economic development based on the tourism industry, the importance of infrastructure sharing, interconnectivity, and water/food security among the cities and regencies, and the lack of integration or consideration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in the agglomeration plan. Keywords: agglomeration; covergence; stakeholders; Indonesia ID: 1635

88


THEME 3: INVESTING IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR RESILIENCE

89

Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience

Place based approach to plan for resilient cities: a local government perspective Mirti Chand, A., Central Coast Council, Australia, [email protected]

Local government have a pivotal role in city planning. However, meeting the conflicting priorities such as plan for urbanization, promote economic prosperity, ensure environmental sustainability besides creating safe, vibrant and liveable places, create major challenges for local administration. While rapid urbanization continue to displace people from their local places, the frequency of disaster events at the local scale and increasing disaster risks place unique challenges on people and their places. This emphasises the need for local government to understand the local places and invest in planning for cities that improve resilience and enhance human connectivity to their places. Meeting these multidimensional needs in local spaces require embedding local and scientific knowledge, past experiences and community expectation to plan and design cities that also deliver multiple social outcomes. Both place-based approach to city planning and creating disaster resilient cities have gathered momentum, however, they continue to occur in isolation. Maximizing these multiple social, environmental and economic outcomes, emphasize the need to align both resilience principles for sustainable urbanization and place based approach planning concepts to plan for places for people. Drawing from these principles and organizational change theory, a conceptual framework is proposed that provide a new lens for local government to plan for place based resilient cities. This place based approach for resilient cities framework incorporates the thinking for change as a dynamic process across the time scales and by understanding the relationship between people and their place. The model proposed is in an Australian context, yet has significant implication for communities at all levels when planning for places for people. Keywords: place based approach, resilient cities, local government, disaster risks, organisational change ID: 848

90


Necessities and challenges to strengthen the regional infrastructure resilience within city clusters

Ng, S., Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China, [email protected] Xu, J., Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China, [email protected] Yang, Y., Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China, [email protected] Yang, Y., Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China, [email protected] Li, J., College of Computer Science & Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, China, China, [email protected]

Building resilient infrastructure and making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable are the important elements making up the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Economic development and population growth have brought diverse needs of citizens for urban mobility resulting in various forms of urbanization including suburbanization, urban sprawl, and local or cross-border city clusters, and this has generated greater citizens’ demands for quality, resilient, safe and secure infrastructure services. As infrastructures of different cities within a cluster are highly interdependent and interconnected, any minor disruptions of a single infrastructure component within a city could lead to unpredictable knock-on effects on its neighbors. Despite great research efforts have been attributed to community and city resilience, there are limited studies focusing on the regional infrastructure resilience within city clusters, in particular those cross-border city clusters like the Pearl River Delta (PRD) city cluster of China. This paper aims to investigate the necessities and challenges of strengthening the regional infrastructure resilience within city clusters by applying and extending an integrated framework for resilience management of internetwork city infrastructures developed by the authors. The necessities, gaps and challenges will be explored from multiple perspectives not least the organizational structure, people, policy, management process, technology and supporting system, as well as the decision-making and performance management perspectives. Two typical city clusters in China are selected for case studies. Programs and practices of the cities within the two clusters pertinent to sustainable development, climate change, urban planning, built environment management and hazard management are critically examined and analyzed to produce a 360-degree view on the necessities and challenges. The findings of this research shall invoke more innovative researches and solutions to enhancing national, regional and city resilience, as well as building regional sustainability.

Keywords: infrastructure resilience, regional resilience, city cluster, resilience management, sustainable development ID: 864

91


A post-disaster functional asset value index for school buildings Ilumin, R., De La Salle University, Philippines, [email protected] Oreta, A., De La Salle University, Philippines, [email protected]

School buildings must be resilient during hazardous events like earthquakes so that the important functions of a school are not affected. The primary function of a school is to provide quality education to the youth. During disasters, schools have an added value and important function in post-disaster activities. Schools are often used as evacuation centers. When schools are damaged, the school’s mission of continuous delivery of education is disrupted. Moreover, schools have also been used in some cases as evacuation centers, again disrupting the school’s operations. To assure that school buildings will be operational during a disaster, structural vulnerability assessment and appropriate retrofitting must be carried out. However, due to budget constraints, a prioritization scheme must be devised to identify the buildings that must be given immediate attention. A rapid visual screening on the structural vulnerability due to earthquake hazards can be done and then rank the buildings for more detailed inspection and retrofitting. To refine the screening and ranking, the functional asset value of the buildings can be used as a second criterion. In a postdisaster scenario, school buildings have two important functional asset values: (a) Educational Functional Value and (b) Emergency Functional Value. The educational function focuses on ‘continuous learning’ and consists of continuous conduct of classes, preservation of school records and documents for future use, and availability of basic resources and access to basic facilities. Emergency function focuses on ‘protecting lives’ and consists of post-disaster uses of the school such as an evacuation center, a storage of relief goods and an operation center. This study aims to develop a method of assigning an index corresponding to a school building’s post-disaster functional asset value using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and an expert’s survey. Each building in a campus will be assigned an educational functional value index, an emergency functional value index and an over-all post-disaster functional asset value index. Using the indices, decision makers can prioritize the buildings that have high structural vulnerability and high functional asset value. This methodology was applied on a school campus as a case study.

Keywords: post-disaster functional asset value, educational functional value index, emergency functional value index, rapid visual assessment ID: 896

92


Development of research and innovation capacity index of HEIs on disaster resilience related studies Hayat, E., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Liyanage, C., University of Central Lancashire, UCLan, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Research capacity development is one of the most critical challenges facing HEIs in the Asian countries. Growing the number and quality of researchers is a strategic issue. For academia, developing research capacity can help enhance academic fulfilment as well as provide career advancement. The notion that excellent people are a resource to be treasured has led to increased attention being paid to how to attract, support and retain them, thereby building research capacity.

This paper is part of an Erasmus plus co-funded project called ASCENT, which focuses on building the research and innovation capacity (R&I) of Higher Education Institutions (HEI) on disaster resilience related studies. This paper particularly aims at reviewing the current context and gaps in the literature with regards to the indices used to assess the research capacity of the higher education institutions.

Qualitative systematic review approach was adopted at the initial stage, followed by three-round Focus Group Discussion with high -level academics from 14 countries in Asia and Europe. Twentyone Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of HEIs Research and Innovation Capacity were identified, which were grouped into three themes: Structure, System, and Policy; Skills and Training; and Staff. Keywords: capacity building, research and innovation, disaster resilience, higher education institution ID: 915

93


Business resilience: a study of Auckland hospitality sector Tibay, V., The University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Miller, J., The University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Chang-Richards, Y., The University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Egbelakin, T., Massey University, New Zealand, [email protected] Seville, E., Resilient Organisations, New Zealand, [email protected] Wilkinson, S., The University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected]

Businesses in the hospitality sector play an important role in the New Zealand economy. As most businesses in this sector are of small size and subject to external disruptions, being resilient is crucial for their coping and survival during a time of crisis. This research aims to measure the resilience of hospitality businesses in the largest city Auckland. A triangulation approach was adopted, including a questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews. It was found that the key resilience attributes for the studied businesses include: leadership and management, core competence of staff, market sensitivity, situational awareness and having preparedness plans. Resilience was viewed by these businesses as being able to stay viable and withstand the expected fluctuations such as low-demand seasons and unexpected financial issues. However, amongst the surveyed businesses, there is a lack of planning for unexpected events such as large scale disasters, an issue which needs to be brought forward along with the formulation of disaster risk reduction plans.

Keywords: business resilience, benchmarking, hospitality sector, Auckland ID: 918

94


Constructing an index to measure the adaptive capacity to climate change in Sri Lanka Udullage, S., Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Gunaratne, L., University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Climate change is considered as the major threat to the human beings in the future. Vulnerability to the climate change refers to the potential of a system to be harmed by an external threat and it is a function of exposure, sensitivity to impacts and the ability or lack of ability to cope or adapt. Adaptive capacity (AC) represents the ability of a region or community to cope with and thrive in the face of change. In this context, an attempt has been made to construct indexes to measure the adaptive capacity using five assets as economic, social, human, physical and natural. The data were obtained from Sri Lanka Household and Expenditure Survey covering 25000 households. One purpose of this research is to demonstrate a method of aggregating adaptive capacity indicators that result in a composite index. Indicators of Adaptive capacity are developed and a Weighted Principal Components Analysis (WPCA) is performed on assets. Households, who are dominantly dependent upon several resources, have always been adjusting their livelihood against the vagaries of climate. Multiple Factor Analysis for Mixed Data (FAMD) is used to handle the household data. As output shown in the analysis that the positive relationship between adaptive capacity and social assets are clearly followed by economic assets and physical assets, but human assets have been attributed a negative association. Batticaloa, Jaffna, Ampara, Moneragala, Trincomalee, Vavuniya and Puttlam districts had lower adaptive capacity, along with Colombo and Gampaha had a higher level of adaptive capacity. Furthermore, inter-household analysis of AC indicate that the poor households with less recourses are risky anywhere, irrespective of where they are located. Policy measures and development efforts should be focused towards improving the AC of the less owners of the assets.

Keywords: adaptive capacity, FAMD, composite index, WPA ID: 947

95


Evaluation of the impacts of oil spill disaster on communities and its influence on restiveness in Nigeria’s Niger Delta Albert, O., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Nigeria is the sixth-largest exporter of oil and correspondingly the sixth largest nation among the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The petroleum product account for more than 90% foreign exchange for the Federation of Nigeria while the immediate environment suffers more than 90% environment and socio-economic degeneration. The incidences of oil spills however, negatively impacted the Niger Delta communities and the environment described as one among the worst impacted zones globally. Whilst the affected communities struggle for attention and justice for the environmental damages through protest, agitations and violence, the Nigerian state and the oil and gas industries continue with their operations. The paper investigates impact of the oil spills on community’s livelihood structures and it’s influences on restiveness in selected Niger delta affected communities. The paper adopts a qualitative research through interviews and group discussions with social activist, chiefs, experts in the field, youths and community leaders to identify oil spill impacts on community socio-economic conditions. Data collected were analysed using thematic templet analytic techniques. The study shows a high impact on the entire communities with different factors that have contributed to the increase on social aspects of the affected. The paper makes a recommendation to all stakeholders within oil related and the multinationals to improve their strategies and or contingency planning in tackling oil spill-related issues and also adhere to community’s plight when appropriate.

Keywords: technological disasters, oil spill, socio-economic impacts, niger-delta-Nigeria, restiveness, community ID: 957

96


Challenges in integrating disaster risk reduction into the built environment - the Vietnam context Nguyen, V., Northumbria University, United Kingdom, [email protected] Ginige, K., Northumbria University, United Kingdom, [email protected] Greenwood, D., Northumbria University, United Kingdom, [email protected]

For decades, Vietnam has been recognised as one of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change and its associated phenomena, including natural disasters and extreme weather events (NDEWEs). The increasing pattern of NDEWEs witnessed over recent times underlines the importance of disaster risk management and disaster risk reduction (DRR) in Vietnam. The Vietnamese built environment, which plays a crucial part in the national economy and facilitates the functions of the entire society, is one that is directly exposed and susceptible to disasters. Nonetheless, the achievements of the Vietnamese built environment in integrating DRR has, due to various problems, remained somewhat limited and research on NDEWEs specific to the country’s built environment is currently nebulous and sporadic. This paper presents an investigation into the progress and shortcomings in integrating DRR into the construction and maintenance of the built environment in Vietnam. The investigation is based on a comprehensive review of legislative documents and related literature which was conducted as part of a wider research which aims to establish a framework that employs various instruments and strategies to integrate DRR more effectively into the built environment in Vietnam. The challenges identified by the study include lack of capacity and coordination at the national level; gaps in legal frameworks and lack of guidance for implementation; complex institutional arrangements; incompatibility of building codes and lack of enforcement; lack of qualified human resources; and inadequate understanding among the general public. These findings are of special importance to further research into developing a complete collection of measures to overcome the existing challenges in the application of DRR in the built environment and urban infrastructure. Keywords: disasters, disaster risk management, disaster risk reduction, built environment, Vietnam ID: 992

97


Disaster preparedness attributes and hospital’s resilience in Malaysia Samsuddin, N., Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, [email protected] Takim, R., Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, [email protected] Nawawi, A., Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, [email protected] Syed Alwee, S., Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, [email protected]

Disaster resilience hospital (DRH) is the hospital’s ability to resist, absorb, accommodate and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner. DRH includes the preservation and restoration of the hospital’s essential basic structures and functions. Resilience (i.e. robustness; redundancy; resourcefulness; and rapidity) could be achieved through enhancement of preparedness attributes in terms of structural, non-structural and functional measures. However, over the past few years there is a growing body of evidence to show that the impacts of disasters are affecting negatively towards public hospitals in Malaysia. It is believed that to a certain extent the preparedness attributes of hospitals towards disaster resilience are insufficient. Hence, the purpose of this paper is twofold: to investigate the hospital preparedness attributes and resilience indicators; and to establish relationship of preparedness attributes towards hospital’s resilience. Cross-sectional survey was conducted among twenty six (26) Malaysian hospitals’ staff. A total 243 preparedness attributes (structural- 21; non-structural-107; and functional-115) and 23 resilience indicators (robustness- 5; redundancy-5; resourcefulness-6; and rapidity-7) were subjected to non-parametric Spearman Correlation. The results revealed that 17 preparedness attributes and 23 resilience indicators are rated ‘very critical’ by the respondents by which human resources & training and ability to adapt in a timely manner are ranked first. In addition, non-structural preparedness presented greater strength of correlation towards robustness; redundancy; and resourcefulness. On the contrary, the functional attributes showed higher correlation towards rapidity. The results could serve as indicators for the public hospital’s stakeholders in Malaysia to improve its preparedness and enhancing its resilience.

Keywords: disaster resilience hospital, Malaysia, preparedness attributes, quantitative ID: 1045

98


Research and innovation for disaster resilience; international collaboration for synchronising university synergies in perspective De Silva, K., University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Siriwardane, C., University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Hettiarachchi, S., University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

International collaboration helps cross border strategic decisions making while creating a win-win situation for the parties involved. However, shared understanding, trust and commitment of the parties act as enablers for the success of international collaboration. This is very much applicable in the case of international research collaboration that the each party has to play a significant role within a defined timeframe and resources. Research and Innovation (R & I) had become a key element in Higher Education Institutes that, influence policy revisions/reviews for a better synchronization of multi-disciplinary knowledge. In this context, the present study was conducted to reveal the situation of R & I in terms of gaps and the needs of the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. This study was demanded by a project called ASCENT (Advancing Skill Creation to ENhance Transformation). The ASCENT project is a research project that supports training and skill development via international collaboration. This project is funded by the European Union. The project is implemented through 13 universities representing counties such as United Kingdom, Sweden, Lithuania, Estonia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Bangladesh.

The present case study was conducted by the University of Moratuwa selecting the University of Moratuwa as the case boundary. Primary data were collected through 15 semi-structured interviews. The secondary data were collected via archival records and publications. Interviews were restricted to the full time staff members. Interviews were conducted with the university directors/managers/academics/researchers. The findings of the case study revealed the achievements in research excellence, importance of R& I for Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), gaps in R&I, policies, research infrastructure, research engagement, enablers and barriers associated with R&I. Despite the commendable achievements in R & I, it is suggested to strengthen the existing policies and strategies at the university level to create an environment for R and I to further develop and thrive in the context of Disaster Risk Reduction. Also introducing carefully planned strategies in creating a pathway to balance the focus on undergraduate studies and research at postgraduate level. Keywords: research and innovation, international collaboration, disaster resilience ID: 1055

99


Measuring the level of disaster preparedness in Auckland Rañeses, M., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Chang-Richards, A., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Richards, J., Jamie Richards Consulting, New Zealand, [email protected] Bubb, J., Volunteer Services Abroad / World Vision, New Zealand, [email protected]

Auckland is susceptible to natural hazards. Over the years, there has been a growing interest in introducing a broader concept of disaster preparedness and resilience. The recent 2010 and 2011 earthquakes in the Canterbury region have emphasized this interest. Stemming out from a previous study of measuring the level of disaster preparedness in the CBD, this research intends to examine the validity and robustness of the measurement tool used. It answers the questions that relate to the preparedness levels and preparedness indicators of the communities in Auckland’s suburban areas. The study revealed that the tool is robust, thus, may be used in other communities as well. It is found out through this research that around 23% of the participants are considered fully prepared while approximately 24%, 39%, and 15% of the respondents are found to be committed, aware, and unaware, respectively. Moreover, it is noted from this research that the respondents’ interpretation of the term ‘being prepared’ is more on awareness of the disasters that may occur. Keywords: Auckland, disaster preparedness, prevention, resilience, disaster risk reduction ID: 1058

100


Staff stress: the sleeping cell of healthcare failure

Achour, N., Anglia Ruskin University, UK, [email protected] Munokaran, S., King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, [email protected] Barker, F., Royal London Hospital, UK, [email protected] Soetanto, R., Loughborough University, UK, [email protected]

Much research has been conducted to increase the resilience of healthcare service to major hazards; however, every time a major hazard takes place we discover that this critical service is yet to reach the anticipated resilient state. This paper reports an ongoing research work that looked at: the resilience of the structure of healthcare facilities, equipment stability, lifeline (utility) supplies, the interaction between hospitals and emergency agencies and the support the latter can provide during major emergencies. This paper presents findings on the ability of human resources to deal with the stress associated with major hazards. A mixed research method was adopted, including a systematic literature review followed by a survey to gather evidence about the stress level amongst healthcare staff in hospitals and their motivation. The literature review was conducted to find information about the level of stress healthcare staff experience with during major emergencies. Findings suggest that healthcare staff remain at high risk of stress and thus represent a major weakness of healthcare service resilience. The research concludes with a set of recommendations to address this issue. Keywords: healthcare, major hazards, staff stress, resilience ID: 1078

101


University-industry linkages in disaster resilience sector: a case study of Thailand Tantanee, S., Naresuan University, Thailand, [email protected] Buranajarukorn, P., Naresuan University, Thailand, [email protected] Apichayakul, P., Naresuan University, Thailand, [email protected]

University-industry linkages in the disaster resilience sector in Thailand were studied at two main levels: the national level and the institutional level. Comparisons were made of specific data such as the linkage structures, lessons learnt, policies and barriers, between Thailand and developed countries such as the United Kingdom. This analysis was done to identify the key elements, factors and contexts in constructing and maintaining university-industry linkages in various spectrums and approaches, and to apply these to the Disaster Resilience Sector. These results can be further developed as guidelines for universities in developing countries that wish to develop universityindustry linkages. The study also addressed a specific university-industry linkage called ‘secondment plan’ which includes university policies on the detachment of university staff from their regular work or position in the university for temporary assignment in industry sectors. For this part, the Talent Mobility Project, a governmental project that supports Thai university staff, particularly academic staff, in doing cooperative work with the industry sector, was analysed. This project is the responsibility of the National Science Technology and Innovation Policy Office (STI) of Thailand. The weakness and the strengths of this project were identified through interviews with senior staff of STI, Science Park and Naresuan University. The results have been developed into a guidelines model for universities in developing countries. Keywords: university-industry linkages, secondment plan ID: 1124

102


Building resilience for drinking water shortages through reverse osmosis technology in coastal areas of Bangladesh

Shamsuzzoha, M., Department of Emergency Management, Faculty of Disaster Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Chandra Ghosh, R., Department of Emergency Management, Faculty of Disaster Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Rasheduzzaman, M., Department of Emergency Management, Faculty of Disaster Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Abdur Rahim, M., Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Ishana, K., National University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Mostafa Zaman, A., Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Kormoker, T., Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, [email protected]

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a newly applied feasible technology of fresh water source in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. The research has been undertaken to know the present water security related resilience status at Patharghata upazila of Barguna district in Bangladesh. The study also focuses to strengthen resilience in water security for the coastal households by using reverse osmosis technology. The people of the study area face safe drinking water shortages problem all year round but during dry season the problem becomes more acute. The study was conducted using questionnaire survey method, focus group discussion (FGD), water sample collection and testing to find out the water security status of the study area. During questionnaire survey, mainly the head of the households were interviewed. Drinking water samples were collected from the randomly selected households of the study area for laboratory testing. The present status of drinking water sources, respondent’s perception of drinking water facilities, distance of water sources, general information of the pond, water collection system, water samples test result and health risk problems were assessed to measure the water security status of the area. From the survey and test results, it reveals that the people of the area facing severe fresh drinking water crisis. It is found that about 62% households of the study area are in water insecurity problem. A generalized feasibility test of a reverse osmosis plant was done which indicates that the reverse osmosis system is more technical and economically feasible drinking water source among other technologies of the study area. The system can also play a great role as a disaster risk reduction (DRR) based solution of drinking water shortages for building water security related resilience at coastal household level in Bangladesh. Keywords: drinking water shortages, reverse osmosis, coastal areas ID: 1158

103


What’s post-disaster trauma got to do with health? Richardson, L., Institute of Women and Ethnic Studies, USA, [email protected] Shervington, D., Institute of Women and Ethnic Studies, USA, [email protected]

The impact of failed levees, poor evacuation planning, and slow governmental rescue and response efforts differently impacted individuals and groups according to their age, gender, race/ethnicity, language access, education, employment status and income when Hurricane Katrina struck America’s Gulf Coast in 2005. In spite of its ecologic vulnerability over to hurricane and floods in the 300 years of its existence, disaster risk mitigation was never prioritised. A ‘broader and more people-centered prevention approach to disaster-risk’ is one of the principles of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Reduction 2015-2030, specifically that ‘governments engage with relevant stakeholders, including women, children and youth, persons with disabilities, poor people, migrants, indigenous peoples, volunteers, the community of practitioners and older persons in the design and implementation of policies, plans and standards’. The strategies and actions for risk reduction, preparedness and more equitable recovery put forth in New Orleans’ Resilient Cities 2015 framework focus primarily on addressing environmental challenges - climate change and rising sea levels, land subsidence and coastal erosion; and physical infrastructure needs - transportation, housing. Chronic social stressors associated with violence, poverty and inequality are mentioned, yet there continues to be little focus placed on rebuilding the city’s health infrastructure and developing plans to address population and/or individual health needs, physical and/ or mental. As a result, the city continues to experience high rates of untreated traumatic stress disorders, especially among youth, which might be correlated with high rates of violence. Based on quantitative and qualitative studies conducted by the Institute of Women and Ethnic Studies, this paper will: 1) problematize the notion of resilience in the context of increased disaster risk and vulnerability along racial/ethnic and other differences; 2) present data collected from 2012 to present in over 3000 youth that shows an alarmingly high rate of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, basic needs worries and exposure to violence; 3) discuss communitylevel mental health programming in the absence of a city-wide youth mental health master plan. Keywords: disaster risk, post-traumatic stress, resilience, community-level mental health programs ID: 1168

104


Evaluating resilience in two remote Australian communities Morley, P., Institute for Rural Futures, University of New England, Australia, [email protected] Russell-Smith, J., Darwin Centre for Bushfire Research, Research Institute for Environment & Livelihoods, CDU, Australia, [email protected] Sangha, K., Darwin Centre for Bushfire Research, Research Institute for Environment & Livelihoods, CDU, Australia, [email protected] Sithole, B., Aboriginal Research Practitioners Network (ARPNet), Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, CDU, Australia, [email protected] Sutton, S., Darwin Centre for Bushfire Research, Research Institute for Environment & Livelihoods, CDU, Australia, [email protected]

Although the occurrence of extreme events generally cannot be prevented, their negative effects can be lessened by various risk reductions actions and by improving the capacity of communities and individuals to cope. Improving the resilience of both individuals and communities reduces the effects of hazards allowing a faster recovery and return to normal and is increasingly becoming a goal of communities, organisations and governments throughout the world. Improving resilience is complicated and often requires numerous interrelated actions that vary depending specific circumstances of the people, community and location. To meaningfully determine, co-ordinate, plan and prioritise the most effective measures of improving resilience, a baseline assessment of the community’s strengths and weaknesses is required.

This paper contributes by examining the status of community resilience in two remote towns within the Northern Territory of Australia. A qualitative narrative assesses community resilience for small remote locations and discusses relevant issues alongside the scoring achieved using a common scoring methodology. It further provides insights and an examination of the methods of assessment and appropriateness of assessment methodology. Keywords: resilience, assessment, remote, Australia, scorecard ID: 1193

105


An ergonomically designed and developed “Go-Bag” for school children: a survival kit Gutierrez, M., Technological Institute of the Philippines, Philippines, [email protected] Palisoc, A., Technological Institute of the Philippines, Philippines, [email protected] Lirio, K., Technological Institute of the Philippines, Philippines, [email protected] Secreto, W., Technological Institute of the Philippines, Philippines, [email protected] Taruc, R., Technological Institute of the Philippines, Philippines, [email protected] Noble, K., Technological Institute of the Philippines, Philippines, [email protected]

The study presents the design and development of emergency bag for school children. It have been noted that there is disaster awareness in most of us, as we saw and experienced several calamities occurred in the past few years. Several primary and secondary schools in the Philippines require their students to bring “Go-Bag” at the start of the semester and would be stored inside their classroom. “Go-Bag” is a term used for survival kit in which it contains items one would require to survive for the first seventy two hours when evacuating from a disaster. The kit is a portable kit that was designed and developed using Engineering Tools and Techniques with inclusion of Ergonomics Principles. An actual product which is the “Go-Bag” was developed and presented in the paper. Keywords: disaster preparedness kit, survival kit, value analysis, value engineering, ergonomically design. ID: 1238

106


The impact of natural disasters on micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs): a case study on 2016 flood event in Western Sri Lanka Samantha, G., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

The direct and indirect impacts of natural disasters are devastating to business activities and their continuity. These catastrophic events have created a significant impact on Micro and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in the Sri Lanka during the recent years. Micro and SME sectors can be considered as the highly vulnerable sections of Sri Lankan economy which impacted drastically by the flooding as they are relatively resource constrained and less resilient. Having a sound understanding of the adverse impacts of flooding on Micro and SMEs might useful for entrepreneurial resilience. This study sought to investigate the full range of impacts (short term and long term) experienced by micro and SMEs located in Western Sri Lanka following the floods of mid-2016. Hundred randomly selected flood affected micro and SMEs from Colombo district were surveyed for this study. Semi structured interviews were carried out in person with the business owners in order to identify their experiences on various types of damages, rehabilitation and re-establishment. One of the major finding was the micro and SMEs are vulnerable to flooding in four fronts: capital, labour, logistic and markets. Revenues have fallen below the expenditures suddenly and finding manpower was another serious issue as workers are the immediate victims of the flood. Entrepreneurs had to find out alternative or emergency logistic support to operate their businesses as flood has severely damaged to the public infrastructure system. A shift in market demand has occurred in the short-term with sharp increase in the demand for basic commodities while a dip in non-essentials. Furthermore, it was clear that the SME resilience requires partnerships and cooperation among the firms, government and other private organizations. It cannot be achieved by the business entity alone or by government on its own. Therefore, this study concludes with providing some recommendations on strategic policies to disaster risk reduction and disaster coping mechanism into the micro and SME sector in Sri Lanka. Keywords: small and medium enterprises, flood, entrepreneurial resilience ID: 1337

107


Assessment of urban disaster resilience in Dhaka North city corporation (DNCC), Bangladesh Kabir, H., University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, [email protected] Sato, M., JICA Seedasia, Japan, [email protected] Habiba, U., Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Bin Yousuf, T., Dhaka North City Corporation, Bangladesh, [email protected]

The present study measures the current level of urban disaster resilience of Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) by assessing the challenges and potentialities in different aspects of urban system using Urban Disaster Resilience Index (UDRI) model. UDRI was developed based on Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI) introduced by the International Environment and Disaster Management Laboratory of Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Japan in 2008. UDRI measures urban disaster resilience by considering five dimensions: physical, social, economic, institutional and natural and shows resilience level in scores from 1-5 where 1 representing very poor and 5 the best. UDRI was calculated for the 36 wards under 5 zones of DNCC. Findings show that the utility services such as electricity, water and drainage system, accessibility to roads, housing and land-use, health facilities, social capital, community knowledge and preparedness about disasters and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), and environmental conditions are each playing a role in determining the resilience. From the overall resilience analysis, DNCC’s Overall UDRI (all ward average score of the 5 dimensions) scored 2.52, while the physical and social resilience are higher (3.37 and 2.53 respectively) than the other dimensions on average whereas natural and institutional resilience show low scores (2.37 and 2.11 respectively). As compared to an assessment done in 2010 when overall UDRI score of then Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) was 2.35, the city realized a significant improvement in physical and economic resilience, however, scores of social, institutional, and natural resilience dropped. This indicates that holistic and continuous approach is required as risk situation changes constantly and improving infrastructure alone cannot ensure disaster resilience of a city. The analysis suggests that mainstreaming of DRR, allocation of budget for DRR, environmental policy, and community preparedness are key challenges to lead DNCC towards more resilient and safer city. Keywords: Urban Disaster Resilience Index (UDRI), Disaster Risk Reduction, Dhaka North City Corporation, Dhaka ID: 1364

108


Urban dynamics: an undervalued issue for water logging disaster risk management in case of Dhaka city, Bangladesh Subrina, S., BRAC University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Chowdhury, F., State University of Bangladesh, Bangladesh, [email protected]

An accelerated wave of urbanization and the rapid population growth are brutally transmuting the urban fabric of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. These rampant growth combined with climatic changes are triggering an increase in vulnerability of communities to hazardous events like flood, earthquake, fire hazards, water logging. In recent years water logging has become an increasingly prevailing burden for the city dwellers and is creating adverse social, physical, economic and environmental consequences by disruption of regular life, traffic paralysis, infrastructure damage, destruction of flora and fauna. Once long awaited monsoon now has become a nightmare of facing extensive water logging during the months from May to October (monsoon). Dhaka’s water web, which was once integrated into the city’s fabric as warp and woof had a major contribution in its drainage capacity. But due to unplanned growth and water body encroachment, the water bodies are rapidly disappearing and impermeable surface are increasing. Different development agencies and government organizations are working on this issue but incorporation of urban and landscape design to solve water logging of Dhaka is often ignored or overlooked. Current consideration primarily focuses on functional and operational aspects of the municipal infrastructure. Even if urban designers and landscape architects are incorporated in such projects, their contributions are mostly limited to the beautification without considering an integrated municipal network of rivers and their respective impacts. This underutilization of the respective professional intervention results in increased water logging disaster and pluvial flooding that is inundated for several days. The study attempts to explore the causes influencing the water logging disaster in Dhaka and understand its impacts on quality of life in order to utilize the scope of urban and landscape design at its fullest capacity to water logging disaster risk reduction as well as increase the quality life for city dwellers. Lastly, the paper recommends various scopes for inclusion of urban designdemonstrated framework such as revival and preservation of water bodies, introduction of rain garden, designing permeable and semi-permeable ground surface etc. to alleviate the risk. Keywords: water logging, disaster risk management, urban design, Dhaka city ID: 1369

109


Compliance to building codes for disaster resilience: Bangladesh and Nepal Ahmed, I., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] Gajendran, T., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] Brewer, G., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] Maund, K., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] von Meding, J., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] MacKee, J., University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected]

This paper reports on a project that explores the opportunities and challenges for compliance with safe building codes for disaster resilience, focusing on two countries - Bangladesh and Nepal. Recent disasters in both countries highlight a significant problem of non-compliance with building codes. However, these disasters have brought institutional and community awareness of the importance of safe building codes, presenting a germane opportunity to explore the issues associated with compliance. Building codes do exist in the two countries, but due to socioeconomic, political and cultural conditions compliance is generally lacking or limited, particularly in the large informal building sector. There is thus a need for understanding how these codes might be more widely adopted to enable disaster resilience. Collaboration between partner universities in these countries with experience in this field address: sharing the understanding that evidencebased knowledge is a critical component in the commitment to local action; improving institutional and community awareness of the importance of compliance with/barriers to enforcement of codes; fostering communities of collaborative practice; and developing local and international dissemination networks. A log-frame approach indicates the rationale, assumptions and expected outcomes of the project. The project is at a preliminary stage and this paper discusses the framework associated with the exploration of barriers and enablers to building codes compliance Keywords: building codes, bangladesh, nepal, disaster resilience, compliance ID: 1412

110


PREP1: Social media analysis tools for preparedness and disaster risk reduction Watson, H., Trilateral Research, UK, [email protected] Petersen, K., Trilateral Research, UK, [email protected]

Across the Red Cross Red Crescent network, National Societies are being encouraged to adopt the use of social media for preparedness and disaster risk reduction purposes. A recent collaboration effort between the IFRC and the Global Disaster Preparedness Center has seen the development of training materials to support such efforts. With improved use of social media, National Societies can play an instrumental role in supporting communities to be better prepared and aware of potential risks. Key to improving such use is the analysis of social media engagement. A previous study conducted by Trilateral Research, found that some National Studies are reluctant and/or unable to engage with social media analysis tools due to financial, technical and user-related barriers. The present study, funded by the Humanitarian Innovation Fund, involving primary research with practitioners involved in using social media and corresponding analysis tools, has provided important insights into how National Societies are using social media, and what tools they require to further complement their efforts in enhancing their use of social media for preparedness and disaster risk reduction efforts. Findings show that it is necessary to go beyond data analytics, to combine data analytics with in-built training to further support future efforts by National Societies. Keywords: social media, data analytics, preparedness, disaster risk reduction ID: 1432

111


Findings from an ethnographic study of the national earthquake education program in Israel Schmidt, J., Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Israel, [email protected]

The presentation considers the findings from a recent study on the efficacy of the national emergency education program in Israel. Jointly operated by the Israeli Home Front Command and the Israeli Ministry of Education, the program intends to educate students on the risks of earthquakes and provide ways for the school population (staff, student and their families) to prepare for and behave during and after a major seismic event. Combining qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, the researchers identified both organizational and pedagogical program shortcomings. Addressing these issues, the presentation offers a series of suggestions for improving the program and hence earthquake preparation levels among the students and their families. While specifically pertaining to the composite of communities in the southern Israeli periphery, the suggestions relate to a seemingly universal gap between preconceived national mitigation strategies and the practicalities of their implementation on a local level. As such, the insights acquired from this study may be useful for improving other similarly challenged national disaster education programs. Keywords: national earthquake education programs, local earthquake mitigation efforts, ethnographic fieldwork, southern Israeli periphery ID: 1495

112


Knowing maintenance vulnerabilities to enhance building resilience Pham, L., Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, [email protected] Ekambaram, P., Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, [email protected] Stewart, R., Griffith University, Australia, [email protected]

Information and knowledge on maintenance vulnerabilities will be significantly useful to enhance the resilience of buildings against natural disasters. An ongoing project sponsored by the Sustainable Built Environment National Research Centre in Australia aims to: (a) investigate what could be the impacts of maintenance on building resilience in extreme events such as high winds, flash floods and bush fires; (b) review current approaches, practices and policies; and (c) explore opportunities to improve resilience and values over the lifecycle of buildings. In general, the performance of buildings decreases over time and without effective maintenance, their vulnerability to extreme events will increase. What kinds of maintenance will be effective in improving the resilience of public sector building stock (such as social housing) is the key question targeted in this research. This paper presents a set of preliminary summaries from this ongoing research. The outcomes in terms of implementation strategies will be useful to building owners, governments, and insurance institutions. Keywords: maintenance, resilience, extreme events ID: 1529

113


Evaluation of an education program in raising awareness of disaster risk and personal protection among teenagers in Hong Kong Fung, O., the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, [email protected] Yip, A., the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, [email protected] Loke, A., the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, [email protected]

In spite of the increasingly harmful effects of disasters on community health, proactive planning is insufficient to reduce the consequences of such events. Disasters are becoming more frequent, severe, and geographically diverse. During any hazardous event, individuals and communities may be isolated and may need to deal with the situation using their own knowledge or judgment. Raising the level of awareness and preparedness can reduce the severity of health consequences such as injury, disability or losses. Adolescence is a period of risk taking, and teenagers may underestimate threats or their vulnerability. To prepare them to response effectively in emergency situation is crucial. This study examine the effectiveness of a pilot education program named ‘Increasing Disaster Awareness (IDA)’. The IDA program aims to raise awareness of potential disaster risks and improve the knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy of personal protection among the youth in a secondary school in Hong Kong. The participants are students from the lower levels in two co-educational secondary schools. One school (B) is the control group, and the other school (A) is the intervention group. A total of 301 out of 320 students participated in the program. Majority of the participants were between 12-13 years old (95.8%)The results indicated that fire was ranked top one that most of students (89.4%) considered may occur in Hong Kong followed by car accident (87.6%), protest (87.4%) and infectious disease (80.0%). For the disaster preparedness items, majority of the teenagers indicated that they require more disaster skills (85.4%), disaster guidelines (73.0%), brochure (45.6%) and websites (42.7%). It was found that the IDA program as well as family discussion of home safety are effective in raising students’ self-efficacy to deal with unexpected situation. To conclude, students are not prepared for disaster and more proactive preparation for students is required. Keywords: disaster awareness, disaster risks, personal protection, teenagers ID: 1532

114


Multi-hazard disaster resilient housing with bamboo-based system

Das, S., Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India, [email protected] Mukhopadhyay, P., bDept. of Architecture,Town and Regional Planning, Indian Institute of Engineering, Science & Technology Shibpur, India, [email protected]

The state of Assam in the Brahmaputra valley in north-east India is exposed to multiple hazards of seismicity, flooding and cyclone to a critical extent. The advanced construction technologies are yet to penetrate among the overwhelming population living below the poverty line. On the other hand the time-tested vernacular architecture or ‘Assam-type’ building is also unable to perform due to intensified calamities brought by climate change, fast depleting indigenous materials, change in user expectation and sporadic intervention of popular modern material and technology. This paper aims to systematically capture the hazard responses of vernacular architecture of Assam and upgrade the same with thoughtful introduction of amphibious foundation for modern but affordable bamboo-based hybrid construction. A schematic prototype house is proposed which can withstand the effect of multiple hazards of the area under study.

Keywords: assam-type building, bamboo, housing, hybrid construction, natural hazards ID: 1535

115


Landslide hazards in Fiji, managing the risk and not the disaster, a literature review Drazba, M., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Chang-Richards, Y., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Wilkinson, S., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected]

Fiji islands experience high amounts of rainfall and violent wind-speeds combined with steep slopes, lead to erosion and mass movements. In 1986 seventy four landslides were reported in one 230 hectare area during Fiji's cyclone season. Roads in the area suffered vast damaged leading to closures and eventual re-routing which cost $F1.6 million. This was only one such event, over 20 other events have been recorded since 1931. Looking through a conceptual history of Fiji and landslides, slope stability is not wholly understood regionally. There are few studies of landslides for the sake of understanding slope stability. The majority of what is known is a by-product of studies related to rain events. Landslides are a hazard that have both a natural trigger and an anthropogenic trigger and they’re are often associated with other hazards such as flooding, earthquakes and volcanic activity. Landslides are identified as one of the major hazards in Fiji, causing around twenty five percent of annual cumulative deaths. They have a direct impact to farm lands as well as dwellings. The lack of understanding of slope stability has led to a mixed perception of landslide risk in the community. As small islands, the impact of natural hazards can be damaging and it may be hard to recover. Financially it is more effective to mitigate against a hazard then to react to it. In other communities similar to those in Fiji, where landslides are a risk, one part of the solution has been to introduce technical skills at the local level. The ‘bottom up’ approach has worked in studies carried out in Guatemala and Eastern Caribbean. Each study differed in their approach on how they empowered the local community to understand their landslide risk, and ways to increase their resilience to that risk. The problem being faced in Fiji is both perception and risk. Understanding how to address both perception and risk may be the difference between managing the disaster and not the risk.

Keywords: landslide hazards, bottom up, mitigation, perception, risk ID: 1551

116


Exploring the relationships between risk communication and disaster resilience: a case study of community-based disaster management project to reduce flood disaster Tseng, M., The National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction, Taiwan, [email protected]

To promote community disaster resilience is the major strategies in the 2005 UN Hyogo Declaration. However very few research focused on the disaster resilience issues in the Community-Based Disaster Management (CBDM) projects. This study uses flood disaster CBDM project as case study to explore the relationship between risk communication and disaster resilience. The major research tasks are to analysis risk communication forms of CBDM project, and to explore the influence of different risk communication forms on community disaster resilience so that can increase the lack of dimension in the past research. Semi-structured qualitative interviews are adopted as the primary research method. The study chosen four communities with significant and four with insignificant effect of community-based disaster management, including Ilan, Miaoli, Changhua, Chiayi, Tainan, Pingtung, Hualien and Taitung community as a research object. The study finds risk communication can be divided into care communication, consensus communication, crisis communication, and non-risk communication in CBDM. Among these communication forms, consensus communication is the most significant in enhancing community disaster resilience, care communication is the next, and others are insignificant. It also finds that the community disaster resilience factors have mutual influence between each other, and through ‘social learning’ factor can trigger other resilience factors including ‘determine the environment risk’, ‘partnership’, and ‘communication and coordination’. This study suggests that use consensus communication and take community disaster resilience factors as promotion strategies in implementing CBDM will enable more efficiently to achieve the goal of enhance community resilience.

Keywords: community-based disaster management, disaster resilience, risk communication, consensus communication, community-based disaster management project to reduce flood disaster ID: 1568

117


Environmental policies within the context of compensation for oil spill disaster impacts: a literature synthesis Albert, O., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

The policies guiding the Nigerian environment, oil and gas production is enormous. Nigeria is a signatory to innumerable international agreements and conventions related to environmental sustainability, climate change, health and safety of its citizens and protection of marine waters, fishes and livelihood structures. The regulations are aimed to reduce the dangers that emanates from industrial activities and safeguard the surroundings and wellbeing.

This paper is a review of some instructive environmental policies and guidelines in the Nigerian oil and gas industry in relation to compensation for environmental damages resulted from oil spillages. The literature including journal articles, conference papers, government documents and news papers were reviewed to understand the influence of the established policies on communities affected by oil spills. The study establishes that the policies are laudably pronounced theoretically rather than practically. The policies lack consistency, enforcement and overlaps of mandates which is contradicting and controversial for the affected communities. In addition, the lack of clarity in compensation strategies and transparency in the process calls for a greater attention. The paper recommends that government and the oil and gas industries revisit the existing policies to in-cooperate compensation for damages due to oil spills, or enact a separate law specifically for damages from oil spillages. Also, there should be a clear mandate between agencies for an effective enforcement of the laws.

Keywords: environmental disaster, compensation, damages, environemental laws, oil and gas ID: 1577

118


Analysis and evaluation of tsunami sign and tsunami evacuation route in Padang City, study case Nurul Haq TES Oki Ismoyo, D., Institute Of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, [email protected] Pertiwi Rahayu, H., Institute Of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, [email protected] Latief, H., Institute Of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, [email protected] Aini, Q., Institute Of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, [email protected] Sunendar, H., Institute Of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, [email protected] Sunendar, H., Institute Of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, [email protected]

As a city vulnerable to tsunami hazard, the city of Padang has prepared mitigation steps to minimize the tsunami risk. One of its steps is to conduct studies regarding the tsunami hazard of Padang City. This study shows that the first tsunami wave could reach Padang City shore within 20 minutes and inundate to 2-3 km inland. These results are then implemented to prepared infrastructures needed for tsunami hazard such as Tsunami Evacuation Shelters and its tsunami evacuation routes. Until now, there is four Tsunami Evacuation Shelters located in the middle of Padang City which is Mujahidin TES, Darussalam TES, Nurul Haq TES and Ulak Karang TES. Tsunami Evacuation Route maps of Padang City is issued by BPBD (DMO of Padang City) in 2014 to guide people and community of Padang to safe place away from tsunami which includes routes in arterial and collector road type. Tsunami evacuation signs is then placed to complement and directing people on the designated evacuation routes. BPBD of Padang City in 2015 claimed there is 400 tsunami evacuation signs and 38 muster and map signage spread all over Padang. These signage is placed gradually from beginning in 2012 up to 2015 by BPBD and the help of other organization such as Mercy Corps. This research aims to analyse the effectivity of tsunami signage placement and its evacuation route design in Padang City. Case study of this research is located in the area of Nurul Haq TES. The incorrect and irregular placement of tsunami evacuation signage could show lack of understanding and planning of an effective tsunami evacuation route. Moreover, inaccuracy of tsunami evacuation signage could lead into traffic jam or even loss of life when tsunami really happened. Field observation is conducted in 2016 to track the implemented tsunami evacuation signage and its existing tsunami evacuation route. Observation results indicates majority of the signage is placed in Padang Barat and Padang Utara Subdistrict. The least tsunami signage is found in the Koto Tangah Subdistrict. Evacuation signage placement is mostly located in arterial road while in the collector and local road is limited.

This research is part of PEER Science Cycle 3 Project with its title ‘Integrated Local Emergency Response Policy Improvement And Capacity Building For Advance-Early Warning System in the face of Near-Field Tsunami Risk (NAS Sub-Grant 2000004899-FFATA, PI: Dr. Harkunti P. Rahayu)’ in collaboration with GSPIA and University of Pittsburgh. Keywords: tsunami evacuation signage, tsunami evacuation shelter, tsunami evacuation route ID: 1599

119


CCA and DRR: integration or divergence? Findings from Denmark Raju, E., University of Copenhagen, Denmark, [email protected]

Denmark is seen as a forerunner in the field of climate change. There is enough consensus globally on the need for integration of disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA). This paper aims to investigate Denmark’s approaches to Climate change adaptation (CCA) and Disaster risk reduction (DRR). The paper throws light on the Danish disaster management system and its current trends in CCA and DRR. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders in Denmark working with various aspects of DRR and CCA. Eleven interviews were conducted with 12 respondents (one interview had two respondents). In order to identify respondents- three major categories were used- Public; Private (including NGOs) and Academia. Further, a detailed literature search and review was conducted based on research conducted in Denmark on CCA and DRR. Further, official documents were used as sources for this study. The findings highlight (a) stakeholders are either working in silos or lack the tools to work beyond the boundaries of CCA or DRR (depending on the mandate and tasks of the organisation/department). (b) There is increasing importance placed on climate mitigation. (c) There is a clear need towards placing more focus on interdisciplinary approaches. Keywords: CCA, DRR, Denmark, governance ID: 1620

120


THEME 4: ENHANCING DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR EFFECTIVE RESPONSE AND TO “BUILD BACK BETTER” IN RECOVERY, REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION

121

Enhancing disaster preparedness for response, recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction

Process inclusive infrastructure: Notions towards cyclone resilience in Bangladesh Sameen, S., State University of Bangladesh, Bangladesh, [email protected]

While developing a housing project the concept of resilience needs to be reflected in the whole process rather than the resulting product; because both the extent of loss or damage and recovery from a disaster depend on victim’s building practices, preparedness, effective response and most importantly acknowledgement of the risks. The design process, therefore, should be derived from beneficiaries’ economy, social behaviour, settlement and dwelling morphology, and inclusive of their participation. Any rehabilitation initiative devoid of empowerment of victims may result in an unsuccessful endeavour. As Bangladesh is highly disaster prone and projected as one of the worst victims of climate change, resilience inevitably becomes a part of the housing process. The purpose of this write up is to demonstrate some concepts of resilient habitat for cyclone prone areas of Bangladesh. These concepts are derived from literature review, observation study and interviews with the inhabitants and stakeholders. It emphasizes the inclusion of indigenous measures as well gender dimensions. Technologies that may promote local skill and facilitate women’s involvement in maintaining and preparing the house are encouraged. As a whole, the paper attempts to manifest local response experiences and outline some points to look into the way of reducing disaster impacts and build back better. Keywords: housing, resilience, process, inclusion, technology ID: 735

122


Socially-integrated resilience in building-level water networks using smart microgrid+net Adeyeye, K., University of Bath, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Environmental change and natural events can impact on multiple dimensions of human life; economic, social, political, physical (built) and natural (ecosystems) environments. Water distribution networks cover both the built and natural realms and are as such inherently vulnerable to accidental or deliberate physical, natural, chemical, or biological threats. An example of such threats include flooding. The damage to water networks from flooding at the building level can include disrupted supply, pipe damage, sink and sewer overflows, fittings and appliance malfunctions etc. as well as the consequential socio-economic loss and distress. It has also been highlighted that the cost of damage caused by disasters including flooding can be correlated to the warning-time given before it occurs. Therefore, contiguous and continuous preparedness is essential to sustain disaster resilience.

This paper presents an early stage review to: 1. Understand the challenges and opportunities posed by disaster risks to critical infrastructure at the building level. 2. Examine the role and importance of early warnings within the smart systems context to promote anticipatory preparedness and reduce physical, economic, environmental and social vulnerability 3. Review the opportunities provided by smart water microgrid/net to deliver such an early warning system and 4. Define the basis for a socially-integrated framework for resilience in building water networks based on smart water micro grids and micronets. The objective is to establish the theoretical approach for smart system integration for risk mitigation in water networks at the building level. Also, to explore the importance and scope integration of other social-political dimensions within such framework and associated solutions. The findings will inform further studies to address the gaps in understanding the disaster risks in micro water infrastructure e.g. flooding, and; to develop strategies and systems to strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response and anticipatory action for such risks. Keywords: buildings, flooding, mcrogrid, micronet, resilience, water networks ID: 754

123


Voluntary or involuntary relocation of undeserved settlers in the City of Colombo as a flood risk reduction strategy: a case study of three relocation projects Fernando, N., Social Policy Analysis and Research Center, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

This paper examines the long term outcomes of involuntary or voluntary relocation by citing three relocation projects that commenced in 1990’s Colombo, Sri Lanka. Poor and marginalized families living in unauthorized underserved settlements in flood prone areas around Colombo were relocated as a flood risk reduction strategy to rebuild their lives in secure locations. The Sri Lankan experience suggests that relocation projects have been guided by project specific guidelines as opposed to common guidelines which have produced both successes and failures. These outcomes, no doubt, stress the need for having specific guidelines for the three main stages of the relocation process: prior to displacement (pre-relocation), immediately after relocation and two years after relocation. This paper stresses the need to formulate people centric relocation policy guidelines based on the household surveys in select relocation settlements and key informant interviews with government officials and community leaders. Thereafter the implementation of such policies should be considered as a relocation process with emphasis on securing their livelihoods which in turn will assist them to move out of poverty. Keywords: voluntary, involuntary relocation, poverty, floods, relocation planning ID: 756

124


Lessons learnt from long term impact of 2004 tsunami relocation: a case study of selected relocation settlements in Akmeemana Divisional Secretary Division in Galle District, Sri Lanka Fernando, N., Social Policy Analysis and Research Center, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

This paper examines the long term impact of relocation on tsunami affected families who were resettled far from the city of Galle, Sri Lanka due to re-imposed buffer zone regulations. The study adopted a longitudinal study design where the researcher collected qualitative data from selected families for a period of ten years by using in-depth interviews from four settlements in the Akmeemana Divisional Secretariat (Green Village, Salzberg, China Charity and Tea Garden). It is evident from the analysis that relocation has been merely considered to be a donation of a house to a family displaced by the tsunami than having considered relocation as a process when planning and implementing these projects. Thirteen years after involuntarily relocating families into unplanned settlements some of them have been forced to move back in to the buffer zone as they were not able to successfully cope with various stresses and risks generated by involuntary relocation. As a consequence, the host community were encouraged to purchase or rent these houses vacated by tsunami beneficiaries for a reasonable sum. The researcher concludes by stressing the importance of people centric policy guidelines for the sustainable relocation of disaster induced displacement in Sri Lanka.

Keywords: forced relocation, planned settlements, long term impact, social vulnerability ID: 757

125


Enhancement of food security through appropriate packaging to build up resilience for disasters Navaratne, S., University of Sri Jayewardenapura, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Provision of ready to cook food products for disasters situations is one of imperative options. However, all most all foods are hygroscopic and tend to shorten their stipulated shelf life by absorbing water vapor from the natural environment. This phenomenon is very badly affecting for the food security as well as in building resilience against calamities. To investigate this relationship a highly hygroscopic food product ‘Noodles’ were taken and 200g of which was packed in LLDPE (Linear low density polyethylene), OPP (Oriented polypropylene), Double laminate (DL - LLDPE & Polyester) and triple laminate (TL - LLDPE, Polyester & OPP) pouches in same size and thickness (65-75 micron) and stored at 85% RH and 25Â°C. Samples were drawn from each pouch weekly up to 14 weeks and subjected to determine increment of moisture content. All treatments were replicated thrice. Data obtained from the study were analyzed to determine co-relationship between storage time and moisture ingress through different packaging materials and also to develop an equation â€œhow long the noodles can be kept safeâ€� in terms of moisture ingress up to 14.o% under different packaging materials by performing regression analysis. Result revealed that there is a strong positive co-relationship between moisture ingress and period of storage of noodles packed in LLDE, OPP, Double laminate and triple laminate packaging materials as coefficient of correlation ship pertain to these 4 packaging materials were 0.89, 0.99, 0.98 and 0.99 respectively. The developed equations for the same order of the packing materials for maximum period of storage were y = 6.31 + 0.606x, y = 6.92 + 0.307x, y = 7.07 + 0.243x and y = 7.27 + 0.166x (y = period of storage, x = moisture content %). According to these equations noodles can be stored safely for 12, 19, 28 and 42 weeks respectively in LLDE, OPP, DL and TL packaging materials. Hence, food security can be achieved by selecting an appropriate packaging material for hygroscopic food products in building resilience for disasters. Keywords: Food security, resilience for disasters, hygroscopic food, double laminate, triples laminate ID: 759

126


Assessment method for seismic vulnerability of old masonry buildings in Sri Lanka De Silva, S., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

The collapse of unreinforced masonry structures, which are distributed around the earthquake prone areas of the world, is one of the main causes of death in earthquake disasters. Due to improper methods, lack of knowledge for the construction and maintenance, every year thousands of casualties and collapsing masonry houses are reported. Even though, Sri Lanka was believed to have no seismic threats, it is now realized that Sri Lanka can no longer be considered as a country safe from seismic threats following the recent events that occurred in and around the island. Hence the need for evaluating the seismic adequacy of the existing masonry structures has come into focus. For this purpose, an expert system which contains specific knowledge for masonry structures was developed with the collected data from visual inspection survey, numerical calculations and field experiment. Keywords: expert system; seismic vulnerability; seismograph; unreinforced masonry buildings, rerofitting ID: 762

127


The role of communities in coping with natural disasters: Lessons from the 2010 Chile Earthquake and Tsunami Moreno, J., The University of Manchester, UK, [email protected]

This paper examines the impact of the 2010 Chile earthquake and tsunami on community resilience, and the crucial role that communities had to play in coping with this event. The results of a primary research conducted in Talcahuano, one of the worst affected cities by the disaster (through methods of semi-structured interviews, observation, documentary review and social media) show that communities have the power to activate internal resilience capacities to cope with and recover from natural disasters. For instance, the role of social networks, organisation, cooperation, trust, local knowledge, and participation was crucial at all stages of the disaster. The study highlights that communities are not simply passive victims of disasters; rather, they are active agents. The lessons from the 2010 Chile earthquake and tsunami can become a useful operational tool for managing efficiently emergency situations in vulnerable communities and planning effective and sustainable disaster risk reduction policies in developing countries.

Keywords: disaster, community resilience, disaster risk reduction, earthquake, Chile. ID: 791

128


Conceptualization of military's common operation picture for the enhancement of disaster preparedness and response during emergency and communication blackout Kumsap, C., Defence Technology Institute (Public Organization), Thailand, [email protected] Mungkung, V., Defence Technology Institute (Public Organization), Thailand, [email protected] Amatacheewa, I., Defence Technology Institute (Public Organization), Thailand, [email protected] Thanasomboon, T., Defence Technology Institute (Public Organization), Thailand, [email protected]

The military's common operation picture (COP) is the concept where situation awareness is created before the eyes of high ranking commanders who gather remotely in a command and control headquarters to provide imperative advices and to make decision upon the emergency mission carried out by on-site soldiers. The underlying rationale is to integrate relevant technologies in order to enhance the situation awareness for disaster preparedness and quick response to emergency and communication blackout. The objective of the concept is to apply the COP created by combined geospatial and serious game for modelling military in-field operations during an incident of lacking communications.

The paper explains the project initiated in the Defence Technology Institute that covers the plan to implement the integration of communications, military simulation and training, and unmanned vehicle technologies for the emerging situation awareness to be viewed from the COP. It will house current data and information of rescuer positions, images and live videos. In the commissioned vehicle, a dedicated map server is to host in-coming disparate data that has gone through digital image and video processing. For the COP display, Game Engine will play as a theatre that all data interacts in a common and easy-to-understand view.

Keywords: common operation picture, communication blackout, military simulation and training, situation awareness, C4ISR ID: 797

129


Neuro multiple criteria analysis for university-industry partnerships Kaklauskas, A., Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania, [email protected]

The EU RTD stresses the Europe 2020 objective that it aims to support the development of a strong and sustainable industrial base able to innovate and compete globally. University-industry partnerships should be sustained for inspiring up-to-date RTD, and industry-driven antecedences should be reinforced. The positioning by these authors had a solid accent on university-industry partnerships over the entire course of the ASCENT project to increase societal resilience to disasters. Collaboration appointments can appear in numerous forms and dimensions (career fairs, business advisors and affiliates, placements, conferences and meetings, project and university initiative support, program improvement, scholar fellowships, joint life cycle collaboration, RTD projects and product/service development). The forms and stages of partnership will fluctuate depending on the micro-, meso- and macro-levels of the environment. A founder of behavioral economics, Nobel Prize laureate Daniel Kahneman, asserts that two categories describe our thinking: fast thinking (first system) and slow thinking (second system). The foundation of the first system consists of emotions, impulses and exaggerated optimism. The first system does not require any great efforts; it operates practically automatically. Meanwhile the second thinking system is slow and analytical with an ability to control behavior and thoughts. Based on this idea, the author of this article developed the Neuro Multiple Criteria Analysis System for UniversityIndustry Partnerships. Keywords: university-industry partnerships, multiple criteria analysis, affective computing, neuro decision matrix ID: 800

130


Enablers and barriers of adapting post-disaster resettlements Sridarran, P., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Keraminiyage, K., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Growing trend of disaster-induced displacements and resettlements is alarming the world to address the consequences to retain the stability of the concerned countries. In order to reduce the causes and consequences of displacements, governments and other concerned entities involve in the process of resettlement in different scales. However, settlers complain of the large-scale resettlement schemes for their inability to meet long-term expectations. Adaptability of the built environment is viewed as one of the principle reasons for this criticism. Accordingly, this paper aims to explore the long-term adaptability issues face by the communities who live in resettlements.

Resettlement is a process that introduces new built environment for the displaced community. This new built environment potentially redefines the social system as one interlinked with other subsystems of the community. However, following a fundamental change in the system, restoring the earlier equilibrium of a community requires certain basic conditions. Resettlement fails if the built environment does not provide these basic conditions. Failure in terms of built environment has been recorded in studies based on the inappropriate house design, insufficient infrastructure, inappropriate new environment, and alike.

Based on several case studies, it is assumed that the process of resettlement in developing countries follows almost the same pattern as the results of similar resettlement cases that are shown in various pieces of literature reflect same issues. Therefore, in order to understand the process of resettlement in detail, selecting a particular developing country will give more focus to draw conclusions. Accordingly, Sri Lanka is selected as the study focus. The data collection technique that is used for this study is semi-structured interviews. These interviews were conducted among settlers in 3 different resettlement schemes in Sri Lanka. The interview results are analysed using content analysis. The outcome of this study shows the enablers and barriers in adapting a post-disaster resettlement which is necessary to identify in order to provide durable solutions. Keywords: resettlement, displacement, built-environment, communities, Sri Lanka ID: 838

131


A modified balcik last mile distribution model for relief operations using open road networks Putong, L., Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines, [email protected] De Leon, M., Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines, [email protected]

The last mile in disaster relief distribution chain is the delivery of goods from a central warehouse to the evacuation centers assigned for a given area. Its effectiveness relies on the proper allocation of each kind of relief good amongst the demand areas on a given frequency. Because these operations involve a limited supply of relief goods, vehicles, and time, it is important to optimize these operations to satisfy as much demand as possible. The study aims to create a linear programming model which provides a set of recommendations on how the current disaster relief supply chain may be carried out, specifically on how distribution operations allocate supplies among demand nodes as well as the routes taken in a day. The areas visited per day would depend on the capacity of the vehicle fleet as well as on the routes that can be used. This linear programming model will use Balcik’s last mile distribution model, while modifying it for the relief operations in the Philippines. The model minimizes routing costs as well as penalty costs for unsatisfied demands. Map data is used for determining routes and historical data from previous disasters are used to determine the supply and demand for relief goods while providing a benchmark for results. The model produces recommendations for (1) Demand node schedule, (2) Best route for schedule, (3) Relief good allocation, and (4) Operational costs. It also provides the computational backbone for relief distribution decisions in the Philippines, allowing for more optimal operations in the future. Keywords: computational science, disaster management, last mile distribution, linear programming, operations research ID: 840

132


Framework considerations for communtiy resilience towards disaster in Malaysia Omar Chong, N., Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Kuala Lumpur Campus, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, [email protected]

Natural disaster has led to adversity resulted from its physical (immediate on-set) and social (longterm) impact. Physical impacts majorly involved human casualties and loss or damages to properties and infrastructure. Meanwhile, among social impacts to society are the psychosocial, socio-demographic, socioeconomic, and socio-politic disturbances. Reducing the risk and impact of the disaster therefore, requires various efforts to prepare and empower the community through the implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) during and after a disaster as it is proven that the community themselves are first responders when disasters strike. An excellent example would be the Kobe earthquake where most of the victims survived due to prompt actions taken by members of their community. This indicates that a well-informed community i.e. with high level of awareness and sound knowledge on disaster preparedness and mitigation played crucial role in preventing greater incident of human casualties and reduce socio-economic loss to the community. Therefore, building a resilient community has become part of DRR initiatives. Review of literature, however, suggests that there are gaps in implementation due to lack of understanding of resilient community concept and suitable community-based approach in promoting a community resilience spirit towards disaster. This paper is prepared to discuss the framework considerations for building disaster resilient community in Malaysia from three (3) perspectives of DRR namely; (1) resilient community’s main capitals; (2) key drivers to community resilience and; (3) key deliverables of disaster-resilient community. Keywords: community resilience, natural disaster, community capital, community participation ID: 850

133


Resilient hospital Kuala Krai, Malaysia: aftermath of the worst ‘yellow floods’ in its history Che Ngah, S., Hospital Kuala Krai, Kelantan, Malaysia, [email protected] Abu Samah, N., Mercy Malaysia, Malaysia, [email protected] Zainal Abidin, N., Hospital Kuala Krai, Kelantan, Malaysia, [email protected] Mat Jusoh, Mohd Salleh., Hospital Kuala Krai, Kelantan, Malaysia, [email protected]

Major yellow flood affecting East Coast of Malaysia at the end of 2014 was a terrible tragedy. It tested the safety and preparedness of Hospital Kuala Krai (HKK) in dealing with major disaster. The vast magnitude of the flood had severely compromised the functionality and operational capacity of the hospital. Significant measures involving various elements were implemented to make resilient HKK aftermath the worst flood in its 100 year history. To evaluate the critical systems readiness as part of non-structural safety in maintaining the fully operational status and to determine the current capacity and capabilities of self-sufficient as a resilient hospital. The comparative study of hospital safety and preparedness was performed using World Health Organization (WHO) Hospital Safety Index Evaluation Forms for Safe Hospitals 2015. Results Nonstructural safety elements comprised of Architectural safety, Infrastructural protection, access and physical security, critical systems and equipment and supplies were improved to increase capacity and preparedness for disaster.The critical systems including electrical system, telecommunication system, water supply system, fuel storage and medical gases were the most vulnerable elements and prominently enhanced to achieve self-sufficient capabilities for seven to fourteen days. Structural redundancy with rooftop area was built better to accommodate emergency and disasters. Functional capacity of the hospital was rated as high. New Operational plan for disasters was revised and implemented. Close inter-government agencies cooperation under National Blue Ocean Strategies was integrated into new disaster operational plan to facilitate and improve hospital functionality during disasters.DiscussionsAssessment of the safety and preparedness of HKK identifies priorities for remedial action, including cost-effective retrofitting. It demonstrates the state of readiness in facing major disasters. Unexpected events require extreme measures to guarantee survival and operational status. The major critical systems safety elements must constantly achieve its maximum capabilities to ensure self-sufficient operational status. Major changes had been implemented to achieve resilient hospital and to guarantee safe hospital with full functionality to provide life-saving medical care during disasters. Keywords: resilient hospital, hospital Kuala Krai, flood ID: 861

134


Enhancing urban resilience through technology and social media: case study of urban Jakarta Sitinjak, E., Wahana Visi Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected] Ichwan, R., Wahana Visi Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected] Onggosandojo, N., Wahana Visi Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected] Aryani, P., Wahana Visi Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected] Meidityawati, B., Wahana Visi Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected] Meidityawati, B., Wahana Visi Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected]

In the past five years, DKI Jakarta has enhanced his service through smart city concept. Various technologies have been utilized to improve the government service, including the disaster risk management and urban resilience, especially facing the flood. BPBD of DKI Jakarta province, the appointed government agency for managing the disaster has been pushed to use various technologies. To support BPBD strengthening its disaster management services, several initiatives are conducted by Private Sectors, Universities and NGOs. This includes the Disaster Information Management System (DIMS) supported by Fujitsu; Peta Jakarta developed Wollongong University in collaboration with Twitter Inc.; Rapid Need Assessment developed by WVI and Humanitarian Openstreetmap Team; Pantau Banjir and Crop application developed by Jakarta Smart City unit; and Qlue, an open application. The purpose of this research is to analyse the progress and impact of this technology. We used qualitative methodology, such as interview, secondary data document, and field assessment to collect the data needed. The result is that the BPBD and DKI Jakarta government resilience improved. These technologies improve the planning, response, decision making, and to evaluate the disaster responses, especially flood. Keywords: DKI Jakarta, technologies, social media, mobile rapid need assessment ID: 893

135


Eco-technological approach to demarcate tsunami evacuation sites in Matara District, Southern Sri Lanka, a case study in Gandara and Devinuwara Perera Gunasena, C., University of ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected] K.D.N., W., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Piyadasa, R., University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

In the present paper an appropriate model for Sri Lanka to develop Disaster mitigation and evacuation zones through Eco-technological integration is discussed. The study was conducted in Gandara and Devinuwara area which underwent the Tsunami tragedy in 2004. A field survey was conducted through a structured questioner to collect the data on Tsunami impact and elevation in the area of four bays in Gandara which were affected due to the tsunami. Locational data were collected using GPS device.Evacuation sites were demarcated in the outer skirt of the Tsunami hazard zone, considering the factors of elevation, road accessibility, availability of common places, such as temples, schools in coordination with the disaster management center and other stake holder institutions. This helped to develop simulation maps for the planning processes of tsunami evacuation programs to build community resilience. Levels of inundation due to 2004 tsunami in the affected areas were demarcated through a Digital Elevation Model and appropriate evacuation sites and routes were identified to fix sign boards to follow in case of a tsunami warning. An ecotouristic approach is strictly followed to maintain the sustainability of the site. People mobilization and training programs were initiated by cataloging the historical and cultural heritages, Natural resources, Local wisdom and knowledge of the people, etc. to convert the sites in to an eco-touristic zone. In the investigated areas, the flooded area was demarcated as 172,380 square meters and the average distance covered by the wave inside the land as 90 meters with a maximum of 530 meters. The sustainable evacuation shelters for the future Tsunami evacuation programmes in Gandara and Devinuwara areas were identified in Purana Viharaya and Jayabhodhi Viharaya in Gandara, and Wawwa temple in Devinuwara. Galgane Temple in Devinuwara was identified as the principle evacuation site after considering of elevation of the site, availability of water, food, medical and communication facilities for a large mass of people in case of a disaster. Presence of four fresh water historical wells with quality drinking water, a capacious temple premises to host the refugees, a flat grass carpeted ground cover on the top of the hill with an archeological site where helicopters would be landed ,and the availability of onsite telecommunication towers are some of the major elements which has been considered for the site identification. Keywords: tsunami hazard, evacuation sites ID: 931

136


Resilient health infrastructure: strengthening hospitals’ capacity to respond effectively during disasters and crises

Ab Samah, N., Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Institute (SEADPRI), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), National University of Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia, [email protected]

Resilient Health Infrastructure (RHI) is part of MERCY Malaysia’s Building Resilient Communities (BRC) initiative. It is a program focusing on advocating a planned preparation in strengthening hospitals in order to respond effectively during disasters as well as fast recovery from the impact of extreme events. Hospital management and its built environment representing building and infrastructure systems within a defined boundary should perform in a predictable manner during and after a hazard event and/or disaster. The failure of hospitals to absorb and accommodate pressures during disasters will cause performance degradation of services and health care of the hospital. This paper will discuss strategic approaches taken to increase the level of resiliency for health infrastructure, with focus on the criteria of robustness, redundancy and rapidity. The study of this paper will share the RHI/BRC initiatives in the investigation of health infrastructure’s (i) robustness through building codes and structure, architecture, planning and zoning; (ii) redundancy through planning and operations; and (iii) rapidity through communication, movement and risk assessment. The case studies conducted in partnership with the Kelantan State Health Department in Malaysia. This study will form a clear understanding of hospital resilience, and help in the understanding of drafting preliminary conceptual framework for a more resilient health infrastructure. Keywords: resilient health infrastructure, hospital resilience, principle component analysis, hospital watching, risk and capacity assessment ID: 935

137


A model and system for an integrated analysis of the iterative life cycle of university-industry partnerships Kaklauskas, A., Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Binkyte, A., Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania, [email protected] Lepkova, N., Vilnius Gediminas technical university, Lithuania, [email protected] Survila, A., Mykolas Riomeris University, Lithuania, [email protected] Lill, I., Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, [email protected] Tantanee, S., Naresuan University, Thailand, [email protected] Banaitis, A., Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania, [email protected]

The Asian countries (Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bangladesh) in the ASCENT project have an unequally spread out and restricted RTD ability. An interactive and cooperative university - industry partnership can increase the quality of life and reduce the risk of disaster. Here the fields where universities consider the involvement of industry are recognized (e.g., fundamental and applied research, development, production life cycle and such). There is a recognized need for the private sector to engage the research community in the context of disaster resilience research to tackle disaster risk. The definition of ‘industry’ in this research is deliberately vague to allow exploration of what useful collaborations ‘industries’ can develop with universities for disaster management research (here collaborations mean different life cycle interactions). There is the need for an integrated multiple criteria decision analysis to mitigate the effects of disaster on the built environment at three levels: the micro (research and innovation performance, transfer and absorptive capacity, technology development), meso (institutional arrangements, communication network, local and indigenous rules) and macro (supply and demand, regulations, financing, taxes, culture, traditions, market, climate, political, demographic, technology) levels. Disaster management involves numerous aspects for consideration in addition to making economic, political and legal/regulatory decisions. These must include social, cultural, ethical, psychological, educational, environmental, provisional, technological, technical, organizational and managerial aspects. This research produced a model and a system for integrated analysis of the iterative life cycle of university-industry partnerships. The model and the system make it possible to perform multi-variant design and multiple criteria assessment of alternative university-industry partnership life cycles, calculate their market and investment value, conduct online negotiations, and select options that offer the best efficiency. Keywords: university-industry partnerships, multiple criteria modeling, micro, meso and macro environments, societal resilience to disasters, alternatives ID: 939

138


Community empowerment through rehabilitation and reconstruction in social sector of Kuala Krai, Kelantan, Malaysia Abu Talib, I., Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, [email protected] Takim, R., Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, [email protected] Mohammad, M., Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, [email protected] Hassan, P., Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia, [email protected]

An enormous flood occurrences on the December 2014 has paralyzed almost the entire East-coast of Malaysia, in particular, the district of Kuala Krai, Kelantan. Among others, the utmost affected sector is social which relates to community-based (health; housing; education & cultural heritage) activities. This sector requires a comprehensive rehabilitation and reconstruction for ‘Build Back Better’ Agenda. The objectives of this paper are: to investigate the damages and losses in social sector; to identify the critical needs of Kelantanese relating to damages and losses; and to establish a strategy of the community empowerment. A-five-month of data collection was conducted through literature search, interviews and workshop. Damage, Loss and Needs Assessment (DaLNA methodology) criteria were used to assess the damages and the losses. To underpin the findings, a semi-structured interview was carried out with seven (7) organisations that were involved in 2014 flooding: Kelantan State Government, Department of Social Welfare, National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA) of Malaysia, Public Works Department, Health Department, Mercy Malaysia and the local communities. The qualitative data were analysed using Atlas.ti Version 8.0. Findings revealed that a total of RM63.6 million of damages and losses were deliberated in the social sector of Kuala Krai. As such, the critical needs of Kelantanese are identified as housing; health; education and cultural heritage. Apparently, for community empowerment, the development of Integrated Community Centre (ICC) has been recognised as a potential immediate solution. The ICC will be used as a multipurpose centre comprising: transit centre (housing); disaster mobile clinic (health); training & education (education) and religious centre (cultural heritage), in the event of flood. The research outcomes would provide a well-prepared and resilient community in combating disaster events in future. This is inspired by Sendai Framework: Priority 4 - Enhancing Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response and to ‘Build Back Better’ in Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction. Keywords: build back better, community empowerment, disaster, Kuala Krai Malaysia, social Sector ID: 969

139


Collaboration in routine emergency management: lessons learnt from Sweden

Sparf, J., Risk and Crisis Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Sweden, [email protected] Petridou, E., Risk and Crisis Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Sweden, [email protected]

Effective collaborations in emergency management is the Holy Grail for practitioners in Sweden and elsewhere. More than mere coordination, interorganizational collaboration is deemed by many as the most optimal arrangement to share resources and respond to emergencies more quickly and efficiently. It is also considered to be the source of a broadly and rather vaguely defined concept of greater good. Such collaborations tend to be uncritically accepted as innovative, especially in instances of large-scale disasters or planned events while routine emergency management arrangements tend to be under researched. This research is an in-depth case study of an interorganizational collaboration in the greater Stockholm region in Sweden concerning routine emergency management. The collaboration comprises the physical relocation of one operator each from seven organizations in the area and the establishment of the ‘Collaboration Cluster’. Rather than attempt to define the concept of ‘greater good’ we set out to evaluate the quality of collaboration from the perspective of each member organization. We build a multi-dimensional model to assess the expectations of each organization at the political, managerial, and operative level. What is more, we view the Collaboration Cluster as a network at the operative level and for this reason we employ formal Social Network Analysis (SNA) to tease out network variables that have an effect on the quality of collaboration. Keywords: collaboration, emergency management, social network analysis ID: 975

140


Malaysian entrepreneurship through ‘Build Back Better’ (BBB) agenda in the redevelopment of Banda Aceh Takim, R., Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, [email protected] Mohammad, M., Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, [email protected] Nawawi, A., Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia, [email protected]

The massive disaster earthquake has triggered Tsunami on 26 December 2004 and shattered capital city of Banda Aceh. The utmost affected components are infrastructure and services which require further redevelopment initiatives for ‘Build Back Better’ (BBB) agenda. These initiatives provide an opportunity for Malaysian entrepreneurs to invest for redevelopment projects of Banda Aceh. Inspired by the Construction Industry Transformation Programme (CITP), capitalising on potential market abroad; the aim of the research is to establish business potentials for Malaysian entrepreneurs in Banda Aceh. In order to achieve the aim, the objective of this paper is to identify the critical needs of Acehnese from various sectors (i.e., social economics; amenities, infrastructure and facilities; Legal and Political; and Technology). A-three-month of data collection was conducted in the form of literature search and document analysis from Banda Aceh Master Plan for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction. To underpin the findings, a one-day workshop with expert panels from the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency; government officials from Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Aceh (BPBA) and researchers from Universitas Syiah Kuala, Aceh were employed. The findings revealed four critical business potentials for Malaysian entrepreneurs in Banda Aceh. These are water supply improvement; upgrading sanitation system; energy generation and improvement fisheries services. Collective incentives by Governments of Malaysia, Indonesia and Aceh to assist Malaysian entrepreneurs in terms of law and regulations; tax exemptions and access to financing are required to be more strategic in the transformation of political relations, community recovery, rehabilitation and redevelopment of post-disaster agenda.

Keywords: Aceh, build back better, disaster, Malaysian Entrepreneurship; Redevelopment ID: 993

141


Taking back control: issues and benefits of bottom-up redevelopment de Sylva, S., Faculty of Architecture & Design, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, [email protected]

Much critique has been directed towards top-down community and housing redevelopment models. Yet top-down approaches continue to be the preferred development models of government and donor organisation. This paper explores post disaster redevelopment models, bottom up approaches and a local community led housing development. Using a case study approach, the paper presents the situation of an ethnic minority fisher community in Thailand after the 2004 Asian Tsunami and the outcomes of top-down and bottom-up rebuilding approaches on their living environment, recovery and lives. The aim of the paper is to discuss the processes that led to the outcomes of the case studies and identify how recovery and empowerment can be facilitated through community engagement. Keywords: disaster recovery, development models, community, resilience, vulnerability ID: 1010

142


Optimisation of Flooding Recovery for Malaysian Universities Mohammed, N., School of Mechanical, Aerospace & Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Malaysia’s 11th Five Year Plan (2016-2020) emphasises the need for strengthening of disaster risk management strategies. This is in accordance with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030), which calls for substantial global reductions in the occurrence of disasters by 2030. Flooding in Malaysia normally occurs after heavy rains, especially during the monsoon seasons. The resulting floods are increasing in severity because of climate change, to the point where serious flooding is occurring almost every year. The effects of flooding are extensive and widespread all over the country, with consequential loss of life and property. The infrastructure of the Malaysian university sector is not immune from these effects. Recovery to an operational state may be highly problematic, especially if research and teaching infrastructure is damaged. The recovery process may be complex and would be aided by the implementation of strategies leading to improved resilience to flooding, as both processes require co-ordination among many stakeholders. At present, there is an almost total lack of information on flooding recovery strategies improvement in the context of the Malaysian university sector, and this is a matter of some concern. This paper describes potential improvements to apply to Malaysian universities’ current measures for handling the aftermath of flooding. The objective of the paper is to review relevant literatures related to flooding recovery planning in Malaysian universities. The main methodologies used in this study include a literature review and interviews with stakeholders. Keywords: natural disaster, flooding, Malaysia, university, infrastructure, risk, recovery, management ID: 1018

143


One page project management application on flood preparedness: case study of Thailand

Tantanee, S., Naresuan University, Thailand, [email protected] Wandee, K., Bureau of Water Management, Department of Water Resources, Thailand, [email protected] Tovichakchaikul, S., Department of Ground Water Resources, Thailand, [email protected]

Since the disaster of flooding in 2011, it realized over Thailand how important the powerful water management is. It was the worst flooding that caused the severe losses to Thai economy and society of which the contributed factor to this crisis are not only the natural but also manmade. Therefore, the idea of providing effective information of water resources system to the decision makers is considered as necessary tool for coping with flood situation. In order to support the immediately response during flood crisis, the powerful decision support system that can provide important information is needed. Even, the water resource system over a river basin contains a lot of information that is too complex to understand. The decision makers still need all necessary data in the simple form that can assist them to decide not only to minimize loss from flood but also to state the problem in different scenario. Therefore, the one page project management (OPPM) principal has been introduced by Department of Water Resources (DWR) to simplify all necessary information over the river basin in different flood scenario. This information contains the details of flood scenario, tasks in each process of flood risk management as well as the list of responsible organizations in each scenario. The objective of this paper is to share Thailand’s experience on application of OOPM on flood preparedness. It is obviously that coupling with the result from hydrological study, OPPM can be a powerful visual tool to communicate all the information contained on the one page report for flood risk management purpose.

Keywords: one page project management, flooding, water resources management, water disaster ID: 1043

144


Development of empirical wind vulnerability curves of school buildings damaged by the 2016 Typhoon Nina

Acosta, T., Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines - Diliman, Philippines, [email protected] Galisim, J., Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines - Diliman, Philippines, [email protected] Hernandez, J., Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines - Diliman, Philippines, [email protected] Tan, L., Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines - Diliman, Philippines, [email protected]

Last 2016, Typhoon Nina with the international name NOCK-TEN made landfall over Lubang Island. Damage to both infrastructure and agriculture reached ₱6.2 billion as reported by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). Among the infrastructure, an estimated damage of ₱1.1 billion was attributed to the education sector. Damage to nonstructural components such as furniture, learning materials, and computer units were estimated to reach at least ₱34.8 million. Aside from functioning as educational facilities, school buildings also serve as evacuation shelters for post disaster recovery operations. Hence strengthening of these structures are of high importance. The Department of Education Bicol Region reported that around 625 schools were totally damaged, 1,082 schools were partially damaged and needed major repairs, and 988 schools needed minor repairs. Most of the damage were observed at the roof coverings, roof frames, wall openings and the walls. Hence these comprise the building components where the damage will be quantified. Field surveys were conducted through region IV and V of the southern part of Luzon, Philippines. From the field survey, damage of every building component are quantified as the percentage of damaged elements to the total number of units of the corresponding building component comprising one building. Each percent damage to building component is converted to an equivalent ratio of the repair cost to the total building construction cost, defined as the damage ratio. Each damage ratio is plotted against the corresponding maximum local wind speed, forming the empirical vulnerability curves. The wind speed data was retrieved from an open source wind speed data map provided by Professor Mark Saunders from the University College of London. Vulnerability curves were curve-fitted using a cumulative lognormal distribution for wind speeds ranging from 96 - 242kph (26 - 68mps). Results can then be used by the local government in the prioritization of retrofits and the cost-benefit analysis of repairs for different school building designs. The results can also serve as validation for computational vulnerability curves and as a basis for developing a damage prediction tool for school buildings. Applications such as these can be incorporated into pre-disaster mitigation strategies for typhoon prone areas. Keywords: 2016 Typhoon Nina, field survey, building damage, school buildings, resilience, empirical, vulnerability curves, wind ID: 1048

145


Integrated measures for managing permanent housing reconstruction

Bilau, A., Department of Civil engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn 19086, Estonia, [email protected] Witt, E., Department of Civil engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn 19086, Estonia, [email protected] Lill, I., Department of Civil engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn 19086, Estonia, [email protected] Malalgoda, C., Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Following major disasters, stakeholders appropriate substantial resources for permanent housing reconstruction to mitigate disaster risk and to facilitate sustainable community resilience to disasters. Many stakeholders have, however, identified permanent housing reconstruction as one of the least successful humanitarian interventions as many housing interventions fail to achieve their intended outcomes. As a result, there have been calls for evidence-based studies to provide guidance for policy-makers and practitioners towards effective management of permanent housing programmes. This paper seeks to identify the issues that influence the effective management of permanent housing interventions and the measures that could be applied to manage those issues. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with experts in post-disaster reconstruction and analyzed with the aid of NVivo 11 software. The findings served to validate and extend the issues influencing effective implementation of permanent housing interventions which had been identified in earlier research. These issues have been thematically classified into human resource issues; workmanship and quality issues; monitoring and control issues; coordination and communication issues; logistics and supplies issues; financial management issues; and health and safety issues. The study further identifies and presents the integrated measures that can be applied by policy-makers and practitioners to manage these issues and thus promote effective permanent housing reconstruction programmes. Keywords: disasters, permanent housing, reconstruction management, framework development, best practice ID: 1050

146


Is post-disaster housing reconstruction with participatory method effective to increasing people’s awareness for disaster prevention? Abe, M., Kumamoto University, Japan, [email protected] Ochiai, C., Kyoto University, Japan, [email protected] Okazaki, K., Kyoto University, Japan, [email protected]

After the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, many organizations supported housing construction in disaster affected areas. Several documents and papers reported that adopting the community participation in the post disaster situation is effective because disaster affected people needed skills to get a job to increase their income. Many organizations adopted the participatory method in their recovery program especially in housing construction because it would increase people’s awareness to the natural disasters and develop their capacity through the working processes.

This research aims to evaluate the long-term changes between level of people’s participation in post-disaster housing construction and current level of awareness for the natural disaster. Questionnaire survey was conducted in three areas which were affected by tsunami (Ache) and earthquake (Yogyakarta and Padang) in Indonesia. Ache was devastated by Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, about 31,000 people were killed in the capital of Banda Ache alone. Yogyakarta was hit by earthquake in 2006, and over 5,000 people were killed and 95% housing was collapsed in the community located near the epicenter. Padang was affected by earthquake in 2009, and 1,100 people were reported to be killed or missing. Total of 504 samples were collected (Ache 170, Yogyakarta 155 and Padang 179), we have compared three areas to understand the relationship with ‘participation’ and ‘awareness’. This research findings will be useful to the housing reconstruction planning such as how to increase people’s awareness and how we can approach to people’s action for the future. We believe the possibility of participatory method for recovery phase, but long-term evaluation will reveal undiscussed issues, and it will give us a hint to improve more effective support for the people. Keywords: housing reconstruction, participatory approach, disaster awereness, disaster recovery ID: 1054

147


A review of human judgment on stock control system for disaster logistics Kholidasari, I., Bung Hatta University, Indonesia, [email protected] Ophiyandri, T., Andalas University, Indonesia, [email protected]

Logistics is the most crucial aspect in supply demand activities. This aspect become more important in unexpected situation such as in disaster condition. There are a tremendous amount of disaster logistics literature. However, only limited of them discussed how judgmental adjustment is incorporated in disaster logistics. This research aims to evaluate this issue by doing a critical literature review of academic literature. The analysis will be focused on inventory system as the part of logistic. In the context of warehouse, judgmental adjustment in term of demand classification, forecasting, and stock control of the item(s) is reviewed. The findings demonstrate that there are very lack studies discussed these terms. Furthermore, there is still no guidance and policy on how human intervene the decision in managing the warehouse in disaster logistic. This preliminary research suggests that there is a huge scope for contributing and further advancing the current stage of knowledge in the area of disaster logistics. Keywords: judgmental adjustment, stock control, disaster logistics ID: 1057

148


Obstacles and benefits in implementation of gold, silver and bronze (GSB) model in emergency response in the UAE Alawadhi, S., University of Salford, United Kingdom, [email protected] Udeaja, C., University of Salford, United Kingdom, [email protected]

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and tsunamis. Emergency response and incident command model have been implemented to help mitigate against these hazards in various part of the world. More recently, the Gold, Silver, and Bronze (GSB) model of incident command has been adopted in the UAE to integrate joint efforts, to control over emergency response and incident management at the local, regional and the national levels. The GSB model was originally established in the UK to organise efforts for quick control on incidents and has since been adopted by the UAE. In the UAE context, the GSB model provides commanders with clear responsibilities during emergencies and facilitates coordination between the commanders and partners towards achieving its desired benefits. The study deploys a case study research strategy, qualitative exploratory research design as a methodological choice to understand the current GSB obstacles and benefits in the context of the UAE’s Civil Defense General Command (CDGC). Thematic and content analysis is used to analyse the semi-structured interviews with senior commanders. Despite having applied the GSB model successfully, the qualitative findings demonstrate the CDGC has faced many obstacles related to it is efficiency in responding incidents. In contrast, the GSB model has defined the roles and responsibilities of commanders during incidents and thus organised the incident response procedures in a way that each commander achieves. Keywords: emergency response, hazards, gold, silver, bronze, incident command, UK, UAE ID: 1062

149


Building community resilience in the re-settlement of displaced communities Kaluarachchi, Y., London South Bank University, UK, [email protected]

In natural disaster and man-made conflict scenarios, livelihoods, assets, community networks and relationships get destroyed and in many areas, lives and communities are devastated. Re-settling these communities and providing them the essential support to adapt to the new or changed environments has been a major challenge for governments. Taking into consideration case studies from two South Asian countries, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, this paper explores the displacement and re-location cycle experienced and the impact disaster, conflict and reconciliation has on families, community and stakeholder relationships and networks as they re-build their lives in the re-settlement process. The case studies were selected from available literature to focus on different kinds of natural disasters and civil conflicts. The paper focuses on characteristics of resilient communities and how these characteristics have aided the recovery and re-settlement. It also identifies attributes that are inherent in communities that have undergone disaster and displacement and explores how these attributes have helped communities in re-building their lives. From the literature and the case study results and information, it is seen that topics of safety, security, and livelihoods summarises the core needs that are important for transitional settlement and shelter. Having ownership of assets, a shelter or dwelling unit or land is also important in the re-settlement process. These requirements vary according to the ethnicity, religion and culture and the challenges for the relief agencies are to provide alternative solutions that match these requirements in the short and long term.

Keywords: community resilience, re-settlement, displaced communities, building resilience, natural disasters, civil conflicts ID: 1075

150


Funding mechanisms for disaster recovery, can we afford to build back better? MacAskill, K., University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, [email protected] Guthrie, P., University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, [email protected]

This paper will present findings from a longitudinal case study of the reconstruction of horizontal infrastructure networks in Christchurch, New Zealand, following the major earthquakes of 20102011. This involved exploring the role of governance in recovery and in particular, how funding mechanisms shape decisions for managing disaster risk. National policy on the funding of recovery that was geared towards direct replacement of existing infrastructure had a pivotal role in influencing design standards for infrastructure reconstruction. An outcome of this national policy, combined with constrained local financial resources, is that it was difficult to maximise the opportunity presented by a disaster to resolve the shortcomings of the existing infrastructure systems. This raises critical questions: whether it is appropriate to attempt to improve infrastructure in recovery and how local governments (or asset owners in general) may be better incentivised to invest proactively to reduce future disaster risk. Special (yet limited) betterment funds were made available for the Christchurch reconstruction and similarly for post-flood reconstruction that was in progress at the same time in Queensland, Australia (which will also be explored in the paper). However, recent recovery funding reviews conducted in New Zealand and Australia have identified a need to investigate incentives to increase proactive investment to limit damage. This paper explores this proposition and presents some of the challenges faced with respect to building back better in Christchurch’s reconstruction and the subsequent lessons for developing future funding mechanisms for disaster recovery. It demonstrates the need for clearer terms of engagement between central government and local government, and how insurance mechanisms could play a more effective role.

Keywords: funding, reconstruction, christchurch, build back better ID: 1077

151


Challenges to building housing resilience: the case of Fiji postcyclone Winston Aquino, Di., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Wilkinson, S., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Raftery, G., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Potangaroa, R., Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, [email protected] Chang-Richards, A., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected]

Tropical cyclone Winston struck the island nation of Fiji in February 2016 and wreaked havoc, leaving approximately 131,000 Fijians homeless. This paper picks up from Fiji’s learnings after cyclone Winston, presents the various issues hindering the development of a cyclone-resilient housing stock, and proposes measures to address such. Ground data were obtained from field observations, which included rapid structural assessment of houses and informal interviews with home-owners and village-based builders. Pertinent information published by government agencies relating to housing and demography were obtained and coupled with key informant interviews with relevant and knowledgeable stakeholders, and subsequently analyzed. The most evident gaps are code inadequacies, skilled human resource deficit, and limited code coverage. This study, albeit country-specific, provides insights on the development of resilient housing for countries of similar context and a springboard towards housing resilience research in different contexts. Keywords: resilience, building back better, housing, Fiji, Winston, storm, tropical cyclone ID: 1086

152


Risk analysis of three-storey reinforced concrete momentresisting frame structures using performance-based wind engineering

Olivas, A., Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines, [email protected]

This paper discusses the application of concepts of performance-based wind engineering used to determine the effects of changing building design elements to the performance of a structure against severe wind hazards in the Greater Metro Manila Area, Philippines. Only three-storey reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame structures were subject to analysis through computational fluid dynamics. Before assessing the performance of structures, severe wind hazards for the study area was characterized by collecting wind speed data from over 50 years and fitting the data using the Gumbel distribution. The building stock was developed by varying roof pitch and floor aspect ratio values in certain set increments. Roof pitches observed were 15, 30, and 45 along with structures with floor aspect ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. The damage to roof and windows, as well as the damage index which gives the ratio of the repair cost to the replacement cost of a building, were identified. Damage for each model was classified according to the HazardUS Damage State Matrix in order to generate a damage probability matrix. From this damage probability matrix, the probability of exceedance of each damage state was compute by taking the cumulative probabilities. Data points for each damage state were then fitted with a lognormal function. Vulnerability curves were developed by multiplying the probability of exceedance of each damage state to cost percentages adopted from the UPD-ICE Report. Damage indices were computed per wind speed by summing the total damage for damage states. Wind speed versus risk density curves were generated by multiplying values for each data point in the vulnerability curves to the probability density function of the hazard. Risk curves were then obtained by plotting wind speeds against values of damage indices that correspond to said wind speeds. One key observation is that damage percentage increased as roof pitch also increased, having as much as around a 15% difference between structures with roof pitches of 15 and 45. Slender structures whose windward sides were also the long sides had the most damage. For all structures, a top-to-bottom progressive damage trend was observed.

Keywords: risk analysis, performance-based engineering, damage analysis ID: 1091

153


Mulching as an adaptation technology for rice farmers to combat the weed problem under water scarce conditions - a case study in Nilwala downstream, Matara District, Sri Lanka Abeykoon Jayalath Ratnayake, U., Rice Research Station, Labuduwa,Akmeemana., Sri Lanka, [email protected] Kariyawasam Don Nandasiri, W., University of Ruhuna, Faculty of Agriculture,Mapalana,Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Wellewatte Arachchige, U., Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Naverathna, C., Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Amarasinghe, G., Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Rice farmers in southern Sri Lanka are dragged to vulnerable end due to irregular water regimes linked to climate and weather change. Problems are much aggravated after implementing the Nilwala flood protection scheme, to improve the drainage to evacuate flood without provisions for irrigation. The newly emerged problems are reported to be development of acid sulphate conditions, due to water scarcity, and associated problems of nutrient fixation and toxicities. Thus the objective of the study was to introduce a technology for the farmers to improve their paddy production.

A field experiment was conducted in Yala 2014 to study the polythene mulching to improve rice production through favorable soil water regime and weed management. In the experiment both seed broadcasting, and transplanting has been established, with and without polythene mulch using the rice variety At 362. Results revealed that mulching maintained the soil moisture at favorable levels during the dry spells where by reducing nearly 100% of weeds. Significantly higher grain yield and plant growth reported with mulching over control. The technology has recommended and disseminated to farmers for seed paddy production without weeds contamination which is one of the major threat confronted by the paddy farmers in Sri Lanka. Keywords: acid sulphate, polythene mulch, rice ID: 1105

154


Governance and recovery: comparing recent disaster recoveries in Sri Lanka and New Zealand Gjerde, M., Faculty of Architecture and Design, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, [email protected] de Sylva, S., Faculty of Architecture & Design, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, [email protected]

Governance is understood to have considerable influence on the success of recoveries following a natural disaster. What constitutes good governance and successful recovery in these circumstances? This question is discussed in relation to two recent recovery processes. Sri Lanka has, for all intents and purposes, recovered from the tsunami that struck there and other parts of southern Asia in 2004. Christchurch, New Zealand was devastated by a sequence of earthquakes during 2010 and 2011 and recovery there is now well under way. The paper discusses the governance structures that have guided these two recoveries. While it is understood that the effects of disasters could potentially be life long and recovery from them complex, compatibility of the process and outcomes in relation to cultural norms and the critical issue of housing are the key issues discussed across the two cases. Keywords: Sri Lanka, Christchurch, disaster recovery, recovery governance ID: 1135

155


Household livelihood recovery after 2015 Nepal Earthquake in informal economy: case study of shop owners in Bungamati Chatterjee, R., Kyoto University, Japan, [email protected] Okazaki, K., Kyoto University, Japan, [email protected]

The 2015 earthquake caused loss of life and extensive damage to the buildings and impacted the local economy in the Kathmandu valley that is primarily based on the businesses run from residences, relying heavily on local market and tourism. Considering that in Nepal, micro and small businesses and households are not only linked through livelihood, built space, goods and services, but also through culture and traditions. As a result understanding the linkage is important for effective recovery, which will further facilitate strengthening of community resilience. This article maps the business and household recovery within the first two years of the earthquake in traditional settlements Bungamati and Khokana. Participatory mapping followed by narrative analysis of the interviews is used for understanding the linkages. Narrative analysis of the field interviews conducted with the business owners generated four heads namely social, economic, physical and institutional. The findings suggest that a household with strong social network supports early business recovery while restarting time of the business is dependent on the food sufficiency and availability of an alternate source of income in the household. Business recovery is influenced by the involvement of the household member in day-to-day business activities. In addition, household savings, land holdings and other assets influence the business recovery. Keywords: disaster recovery, Nepal, earthquake, informal economy, households ID: 1145

156


Building urban resilience for disaster risk management and disaster risk reduction in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region Eltinay, N., London South Bank University, United Kingdom, [email protected] Egbu, C., London South Bank University, United Kingdom, [email protected] Murray, V., Public Health England, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) emerged as systematic approaches to reduce the impact of climate change on the built environment. However, post 2015 United Nations (UN) disaster management and emergency policies failed to capture the dynamics of hazards, exposure and vulnerability essential for building urban resilience. As part of an ongoing PhD study, this paper aims to identify common principles for DRM and DRR in the context of urban resilience, towards building coherence between the 2015-2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the built environment and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR). The paper adopts a constructivist position to investigate the historical emergence of DRM and DRR in pre-and-post the year 2015. Learning lessons, identifying gaps and future challenges, a correlational study of the three-stage disaster preparedness process of recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction in DRR and DRM is conducted, against the indicators of Target D for the SFDRR, and Goal 11 for the SDGs three main constructs: disaster damage, critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services. The outcomes of this study show the absence of indicators to monitor progress on evolving disasters and underlying risk drivers. A Preparedness Framework is developed in this paper with recommendations to integrate the UN Habitat Urban System Model Approach for urban resilience, and develop risk-resilient DRM and DRR frameworks for sustainable built environments. Keywords: built environment, disaster risk management, disaster risk reduction, Sendai framework, sustainable development goals, urban resilience ID: 1163

157


Methodology for developing a framework for managing permanent housing reconstruction

Bilau, A., Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajete tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia, [email protected] Witt, E., Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajete tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia, [email protected] Lill, I., Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajete tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia, [email protected]

Following the increasing occurrence of large-scale disasters, many permanent housing reconstruction programmes have been initiated particularly in developing countries. However, stakeholders within the international development and humanitarian sectors have identified permanent housing intervention as ineffective and one of the least successful sectoral interventions particularly in terms of implementation. As a result, stakeholders have increasingly demanded evidence-based studies to provide insights and guidance to policy makers and practitioners on the measures that could be applied in achieving effective implementation of permanent housing reconstruction programmes. This paper presents the methodical framework including the epistemological foundation and selection of research methodology for a Ph.D. research project that focuses on developing a framework for the effective management of permanent housing reconstruction programmes. The article seeks to enhance the research methodology knowledge base within the disaster resilience and (re)construction management fields in order to yield robust research outputs to enhance policy-making and practice in relation to the management of housing reconstruction programmes. Keywords: framework development; post-disaster housing reconstruction; research methodology; research philosophy ID: 1182

158


The role of agencies in reconstruction and development of diaster affected communities in Japan and the Philippines Carrasco, S., University of Melbourne, Australia, [email protected] O'Brien, D., University of Melbourne, Australia, [email protected]

Post-disaster reconstruction is a complex process engaging various stakeholders who typically respond to the policies and implementation strategies developed by governments and coordination bodies governing affected countries. Among the stakeholders, humanitarian organizations have actively participated in the process of community support and reconstruction, and their role has been widely recognized since they focused their efforts in different events over the last two decades. This study is focused on projects carried out by humanitarian agencies in the aftermath of major disasters in Japan and the Philippines. The aim of this research is to analyse the approaches for recovery and reconstruction adopted in each country and to compare the advantages and constraints for the development and implementation of agency-driven projects. This study found that the government controlled reconstruction efforts in Japan limited the agencies’ involvement in the recovery phase, especially in early stages of housing repair and reconstruction. This led to some agencies circumventing the Japanese Government’s precarious coordination mechanisms to simplify their independently implemented projects. By contrast the Philippines Government promoted the active participation of agencies through close partnerships to coordinate and support community recovery. These differences in policy have directly impacted the implementation of humanitarian projects by local and international organizations. This paper demonstrates that the establishment of local contacts is crucial for the implementation of reconstruction projects. However NGOs projects are influenced by national post-disaster recovery systems limiting their independency. Additionally communities are often excluded from the process of recovery by the paternalistic approach of NGOs and governments which exacerbates the risk of dependency and restricts possibilities for community resilience and development. Keywords: post-disaster reconstruction, stakeholders’ interaction, humanitarian response, NGOs ID: 1192

159


The relationship between natural disaster and economic development: a panel data analysis Songwathana, K., Bangkok University, Thailand, [email protected]

This study aims to investigate the relationship between natural disaster and economic development across country level. It has always been argued whether developed countries are more disaster resilience compared to developing countries. The factors influenced the vulnerability include income, education, land area, population. This study is based on crosscountry data from 168 countries during 1990-2016. The random effect specification is found to be the most appropriate for capturing these interrelationships between natural disaster loss, economic development, socio-economic and geographic factors since the random effect model considers both country and time characteristics. The results show that higher income can lower disaster loss, in term of the number of affected people and total affected people. However, higher income leads to higher the amount of damage from natural disaster. In addition, the study shows the strong negative relationship between education level and disaster loss and the positive relationship between the number of urban population and disaster loss.

Keywords: disaster vulnerability, disaster resilience, panel data analysis, affected people, economic development ID: 1196

160


Modification of a two-wheel tractor as a versatile power machine for post disaster recovery programs

Palliyaguruge, P., Ocean University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Weerasinghe, N., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Maier, D., Stadtwerker Karsruhe, Germanly, [email protected] Wagachchige, P., Dept.of Agric. Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

In the present study two-wheel tractor is modified to use it as a versatile power machine for the post disaster recovery programs with its special features including simplicity, affordability, multiple means of power take off for electricity generation, water pumping, land preparation and ability to drive or pull a considerable load over any ground conditions.

Modification process included incorporation of an alternator with a power transmission system while improving the performance of the tractor. Three-phase alternator was selected with a capacity of 7.5 kW and rated line voltage, phase voltage and frequency are 400 V, 230 V and 50 Hz respectively. Performance testing was carried out using a variable load system with 200 W intervals. Frequency was maintained at 50 Hz by operating the tractor at constant engine speed. Phase current, voltage and fuel consumption over the different load conditions were tested. Further the increment of the drawbar pull after modification of the tractor was also tested.

Results revealed that 7.5 kW alternator can be coupled to a two-wheel tractor (GN 12) with a power rage of 9.12 kW while keeping the stability under normal running condition. The efficiency of the established power transmission system was 77.06 % at the maximum stable power output of the alternator. Maximum fuel consumption at the maximum stable power output was 1.97 L/h. Further this modification increased the drawbar pull by 11.98 %, could be useful in terms of transportation over the different ground conditions during the post disaster situations.

Therefore modified tractor can be used as a self-driven, mobile and versatile power machine for the post disaster recovery and reconstruction process in the developing countries. Keywords: emergency operations, post disaster recovery, two wheel tractor ID: 1200

161


Failure of reconciliation in Sri Lanka and risk of reproduction of a war Silva, C., University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Sri Lankan civil war ended in 2009, providing a greater opportunity to address the ethnic conflict in normal politics. Accordingly reconciliation has become the popular approach in peace building discourse. In the current discourse, the civil war has ended with a unilateral war victory the ethnic conflict is still going on with no war conditions with absence of a holistic approach to address it. Therefore, there will be a great contingency for the reproduction of civil war in future. Thus, it is very important to identify the major issues which direct to the reproduction of war in future. Civil war is also a kind of disaster which can be categorized as a man-made disaster. Hence, this paper seeks to explore the following research problem: why reconciliation attempts failed in Sri Lanka despite the existence of favorable conditions for the sustainable peace?This study employed a multiple methods to gather data including a survey and in-depth interviews. The survey was conducted in the 04 districts of Northern and Eastern provinces with a total sample of 200. Similarly 30 in-depth interviews were carried out with policy makers, politicians, academics, journalists and activists of civil society According to the initial findings, following reasons can be identifies as the potential facts for the reproduction of civil war in future. 1) Lack of unanimity among the actors within the government regarding the post war reconciliation, 2) Confrontational agenda between the key stakeholders 3) Ambiguity maintained with regard to policies on reconciliation, 4) Contradiction among the key policy makers in the reconciliation process and 6) Greater deal of the ignorance among the general public.Therefore, national security and restoration of normalcy are being regarded as the salient issues in the post-war society in Sri Lanka. Hence, end of the civil war has opened up a new opportunity and time to focus more on sustainable peace and space to deal with the ethnic problem whereas Sri Lanka still has filed to overcome the risk of war in future. Keywords: reconciliation, war, disaster ID: 1208

162


Earthquake damage estimation systems: literature review

Kahandawa, R., School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand, [email protected] Domingo, N., School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand, [email protected] Park, K., School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand, [email protected] Uma, S., GNS Science, New Zealand, [email protected]

Earthquake is an unpredictable phenomenon that creates a vast amount of damages to its affected communities. To decrease the effects of such hazards, frameworks like building resilience have emerged. These frameworks target on increasing recovery after such disaster, by introducing new designs, technologies, and components to the building. To calculate the value of such improvements, use of loss estimation systems are essential. This paper compares and contrasts two most widely adopted loss assessment tools available, namely PACT and SLAT. Comparison of these tools mainly focuses on the consequence functions of the two methods. Recommendations are suggested to improve and complement these tools in future use. Keywords: commercial buildings, cost estimation, earthquake damages, New Zealand, time estimation ID: 1213

163


Stakeholder perception on establishing fuel wood trees in marginal small holder tea plantations in Sri Lanka Palihakkara, I., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Inoue, M., University of Tokyo, Japan, [email protected]

New intervention that demands farmer’s adaptation of new approach to land use, requires understand their perception of the status quo and the potential of the new approach. This is particular important in the case of marginal tea small holders because of their already exposure to vulnerabilities which may make them less comfortable to take risks. Research has shown that farmer’s perception commonly reflects the reality. Once the farmers have to adopt sustainable agricultural practices, they first need to believe that the practices are important, provide a safe rural environment, and will bring in stable and long term income by facing natural climatic and environmental problems. Understanding farmer’s perception is vital in enhancing policy formulation towards addressing problems faced by farmers. This study departs by broadly considering physical, institutional and intervention issues as a measure of threat and opportunity for sustainability of farming in marginal tea farm land. A total of 25 key stakeholders from marginal tea growing areas in Matara district were interviewed. Ten of the interviewees were government staffs (TSHDA) while the rest fifteen were small tea farm holders. A total of 26 pre tested statements ranked from - 5 (extremely disagree) to + 5 (extremely agree) were prepared for the interview. The questions categorized as: important biophysical constrains for their farming, choice of external organizations, incentives for fuel wood plantation establishment, problems for continuing tea farming and satisfaction with the existing property rights. The results of the study shows that soil erosion and heavy winds are vital physical factors for the farmers. Low productivity, high cost of land management, labour intensity and labour scarcity are key disadvantages of tea farming. While considering environmental protection, good market demand, comparatively less labour requirement is found to be important advantages of fuel wood planting in marginal tea plantations. The stakeholders also found to prefer government involvement over other actions to plant fuel wood trees within their marginal tea plantations. Stakeholders suggest that planting fuel-wood minimize the risk of depending on one crop as well as avoiding risks and uncertainty of environmental factors affecting tea farming. They strongly recommend that it is good to plant timber and fuel wood trees inside their plantation. Therefore stakeholders suggest, in future government intervention for popularizing of planting timber/ fuel wood trees inside as well as along the boundaries of marginal tea plantations would have been increased. Introduction of new policy and regulations are necessary in the future on planting ,harvesting and transporting of timber /fuel wood with a aim of increase the farmers income as well as safeguard the sustainability of Marginal small tea farming in Sri Lanka. Keywords: marginal tea plantations, fuelwood, perception, stakeholders ID: 1230

164


Resident’s satisfaction to relocate houses after 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Thailand Sararit, T., Chiangmai university, Thailand, [email protected] Kondo, T., Kobe university, Japan, [email protected] Maly, E., Tohoku University, Japan, [email protected]

After Indian Ocean tsunami 2004, Government, NGO and private organizations provided various types of post-disaster permanent housing in Thailand. This study focuses on Relocate houses in Namkem community, Phangnga province after residents live long-term in this post-disaster house. Aims to analyze resident’s satisfaction to Housing after lived more than a decade in the posttsunami houses and analyze the development to physical of house regard to reconstruction, functions, or size. The relocation effect to the house adaptation and residents life style as a result shown that even self-built house that residents have participate in design and construction process themselves also need the individual renovation, according to that many of residents have change their job or need to travel in longer distance for work. The car park was one of the popular choice for space extension follow after the adding more bedrooms as number of family member increase. Residents who individually renovated and extend the house have gain more satisfy with their house so provided land-plot for self-extension may important more for recovery housing.

Keywords: housing recovery, relocated house, community, Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004, resilience ID: 1232

165


Disaster recovery processes: analysing the interplay between communities and authorities in Chennai, India

Joerin, J., Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Environmental Decisions, Climate Policy Group, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, [email protected] Steinberger, F., Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Environmental Decisions, Climate Policy Group, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, [email protected] Krishnamurthy, R., Department of Applied Geology, University of Madras, India, [email protected] Scolobig, A., Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Environmental Decisions, Climate Policy Group, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, [email protected]

This paper analyses the underlying factors of a disaster ‘recovery process’. Based on a household survey, conducted ten months after the 2015 South Indian floods in two affected constituencies (Mylapore and Velachery) of Chennai, residents were asked how long they took to recover from the floods and whether they took actively part in the recovery process. The results highlight that residents from the more affected constituency (Velachery) took significantly longer to restore physical aspects (e.g. energy, water, roads, etc.), but only partially longer for social and economic aspects. Aspects of social capital (leadership, communication, ownership and trust) were rated equally low in both communities. However, individual actions to help others or participate in volunteer groups increased more significantly in the constituency that was more affected. The findings from this case study point-out that flood disaster events trigger residents to become more solidary and active to help others, but have little impact on triggering a more active interplay between communities and authorities. This highlights that flood disaster events do not change inherent structural and institutional relationships between key actors (local government, communities, private sector, academia and NGOs) involved in disaster recovery processes. Keywords: disaster recovery process, community-authority interplay, floods, Chennai ID: 1235

166


A model for humanitarian supply chain: an operations research approach Gutierrez, M., Technological Institute of the Philippines, Philippines, [email protected] Mutuc, J., De La Salle University, Philippines, [email protected]

The study presents a mathematical model for identification of the optimum location of a temporary or fixed facility in a certain geographic area being studied. Particularly, it is applied to Humanitarian Supply Chain where it seeks to identify the best location of temporary relief center operations in order to optimize the delivery of relief goods to the randomly dispersed evacuation centers. The paper seeks to optimize the movement of relief goods by minimizing the total transportation cost using Operation Research approach with the integration of Center of Gravity method. The center of gravity approach aims to locate a facility where it reflects equality of distances and demand volume in a network of customers’ locations.

A case study was applied to use the model. The results revealed the geographic coordinates of the optimum location of the facility. The identified optimum location will have a total savings of 40% in the total transportation cost. Hence, by a significant reduction of the transportation cost will also mean a significant reduction of response time and delivery time of relief goods because these transportation cost are functions of distances of customers location and a function of volume of customers’ demand. The identified optimum facility location could also be a prepositioned location of relief goods covering the affected areas in the city. The proposed model for disaster facility location is easy to use and require simple tasks to implement. The model is readily accessible to managers and planners so it can be used in their planning.

Keywords: humanitarian supply chain, operations research, optimization, center of gravity method, facility location planning ID: 1239

167


The evaluation of community participation in post-disaster housing reconstruction projects in Malaysia

Roosli, R., Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia, [email protected] Nordin, J., Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia, [email protected] O'Brien, G., Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom, [email protected]

This research focused on post-disaster planning with a particular reference to housing. The question is on what stakeholders must learn from the ineffective implementation of existing policies and approaches. Why this issue is never acted upon? However, policy implementation tends to forget the importance of accounting for community input, especially considering that the people affected will be the end users of the product of government services and the agencies involved. This research was divided into three phases. The first phase was the Literature Review Phase during which secondary sources were compiled, reviewed, comprehended, analyzed and finally synthesized to form a reference construct. Based on this related information, a theoretical framework for this study was developed along with a questionnaire form used for the research data collection. Afterward, the second phase was the quantitative interview phase and in the last phase is the data analysis phase. This research provides a thorough analysis of the views and perceptions of the focus group at Kuala Muda and Tanjong Tokong Tsunami Victims. The outcome of this research reveals the importance of ensuring that policy makers are responsive and have a grasp on current research findings, in particular on the subject of the status of policy implementation. The research outcomes can be used to develop strategies and actions that include raising awareness and building capacity for enhancing the enforcement of current legislation. Keywords: disaster preparedness, community resilience, community participation, housing reconstruction ID: 1255

168


Coping strategies identified and used by victims of flood disaster in Kolonnawa area: an analysis from a social work perspective Samaraweera, U., University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Kolonnawa was one of the main cities which had been affected by heavy floods in year 2016 which made residents of that area refugees for a few weeks. This study was aimed at examining the coping strategies identified and used by the victims at individual and community levels. Since social work perspective is used by the researcher to carry out the research, sub objectives of the study were to measure the already used coping strategies within a social work perspective and to identify differences between community based coping strategies and state interventions. The research problem addressed the coping strategies identified and used by victims of flood disaster in Kolonnawa as individuals and as a community. The research questions used to gather data and information were: (1) what were the coping strategies identified by each victimized household?; (2) what were the steps taken at the individual level?; (3) what were the steps taken at the community level?; (4) what else could have been used as coping strategies? and (5) what would be the role of the social worker in such a post disaster context. Since the study used a qualitative approach, data and information were collected from 15 heavily affected households in Egoda Kolonnawa and Megoda Kolonnawa where convenience sampling method was used as the sampling method. 30 semi-structured interviews were conducted with selected 15 households which included affected people from diverse backgrounds ranging from gender and age. Thematic analysis method was used as data analysis method. The main argument developed through the data and information gathered in this study was that there were different coping strategies identified and used by flood victims in reactive and recovery phases during which appropriate and effective state interventions were absent and it resulted in victims becoming dependents due to loss of material possessions where empowerment and resilience within affected community were also not present as coping strategies which should have been considered through a prism of Social Work. Keywords: flood victims, coping strategies, social work ID: 1272

169


Assessment of the possiblity of transpired solar collector to be used for drying purposes: a comparative assessment of efficiency of transpired solar collector with glazed type solar collector Bandara, W., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Amarasekara, B., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Rupasinghe, C., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Energy, which has become a key issue in global scale, has already posed a threat for the existence and development of mankind. Due to environmental degradation associated with energy consumption in all sectors, it is required to focus on utilization of sustainable energy sources. Solar energy, which is an environment friendly and sustainable energy source, is a promising alternative for fossil fuels. Drying processes in industrial sector accounts for about 12 to 20% of the total energy consumption. In developing countries, solar drying is utilized as a decentralized thermal application for the food preservation. Though natural sun-drying does not involve any cost, there are many disadvantages such as long drying time, contamination and intrusion of insects and rodents, which will result in low quality dried material. Currently, unglazed transpired type solar collectors are commonly used for building heating purposes but rarely for agricultural purposes. To check the possibility of unglazed transpired type solar collectors to be used for drying purposes, this study was conducted to compare the efficiency and performance of unglazed transpired type solar collector with conventional glazed type solar collector in local conditions. Dimensions of both solar collectors were designed as 1m x 1m in size. 5mm thick transparent glass sheet and perforated black painted metal sheet were used for solar radiation transmission in glazed type solar collector and unglazed transpired type solar collector respectively. Inlet and outlet temperature of both types of solar collectors, solar radiation, ambient temperature, wind speed and surrounding relative humidity were monitored. When compare the two types of solar collectors, there were no significant difference of solar collector’s temperature at their outlets with various levels of ambient temperature (28-32 oC), solar radiation (95.21-504.28 W/m2) and wind speed (0.43-1.05 m/s). The efficiency of unglazed transpired type solar collector was observed as 38.41 % under 0.0077 m3/s airflow rate, with average solar radiation of 304.24 W/m2. During lower solar radiation levels, comparatively higher collector’s efficiency was observed in unglazed transpired type solar collector than in glazed type solar collector. In addition, unglazed transpired type solar collector is a low cost and robust heating system. Hence, there is a potential to utilize unglazed transpired type solar collector as a substitute for glazed type solar collector for agricultural drying processes. 170

Keywords: collector efficiency, drying, glazed type solar collector, solar radiation and transpired solar collector ID: 1296

170


How can Psychology inform disaster research? Robinson, S., University of Central Lancashire, UK, [email protected]

This paper will set out our current understanding of how psychology can help us to understand and influence preparation for, and responses to disaster. Using four primary research studies, this paper will outline how psychology can inform our knowledge of all stages of a disaster (preparedness, immediate response and long-term consequences). The first study used a questionnaire design to examine factors that influence evacuation behaviours. The second and third studies explored physiological and psychological responses to simulated disaster training. The fourth study explored the consequences of trauma exposure focusing specifically on predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth. The results show that psychology can play a role in our understanding of human behaviour during a disaster. Specifically, study one shows how psychology can inform disaster preparation by identifying barriers to evacuation. The second and third studies show how psychology can help us to explore and predict human behaviour during a disaster. Finally, the fourth study highlights how psychology can help us to understand the longer-term impact of exposure to traumatic events. Overall, the results of these studies show that psychological knowledge can predict and positively influence human behaviour in response to disasters. Keywords: psychology, human behaviour, disaster, preparedness, resilience ID: 1300

171


Modelling a tropical urban context with green walls and green roofs as an urban heat island adaptation strategy Herath, P., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Halwatura, R., University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Jayasinghe, G., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Urban green infrastructure (UGI) has gained increasing attention as urban heat island (UHI) mitigation and resilience strategy recently. This preliminary study investigates the outdoor temperature behavior with different fractions of selected UGIs, in tropical Colombo, the commercial capital Sri Lanka with a computer based simulation for a hot, humid endâ€“summer sunny climate conditions in August. Seven UGI scenarios were defined under real scale modeling by ENVI-met, as T1 (existing UHI), green roofs T2,T3,T4 and green walls T5,T6,T7 by considering vegetation percentage and existing geometry. Outdoor temperatures were measured in three different locations using receptors (R1, R2 and R3) by considering the positioning with building walls and asphalt roads in the sensible height of 1.5m. Software was validated with 0.9657 R2 for simulated versus real ground measurements for T1 in same location initially. Results have enlightened that different green infrastructures significantly reduced the temperature with the vegetative fraction and highest reduction of outdoor air temperature was recorded at 1500h in a typical day. R1 and R3 had given the best reductions of temperature by 2.030C and 1.880C, respectively at green wall for 100% in East-West direction while R2 temperature reduction was 1.640C for green roof 100% compared to existing UHI scenario (T1). Keywords: ENVI-met, green roofs, green walls, thermal comfort, urban heat island ID: 1304

172


A model for enhancing the role of information and communication technologies in building disaster resilience in rural communities Firdhous, M., University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Karunaratne, P., University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Rural communities are generally considered to be more disadvantaged than their urban counterparts in many aspects. In times of disasters too, rural population would be more vulnerable and have less opportunity to bounce back after disasters. Disasters may occur at any place, any time irrespective of the nature and the status of countries. Many lives have been lost and many more have lost their livelihoods due to disasters. It would be possible to minimize the human as well as economic losses through proper disaster management initiatives. ICT has undergone rapid advancements during the recent years and penetrated into almost every aspect of human life. ICT is an enabling technology that is capable of bridging the gap between societies. Hence ICT can be leveraged to enhance the disaster resilience of the rural communities. This paper presents an integrated model for leveraging ICT for enhancing the disaster resilience of rural communities. Keywords: disaster management, disaster resilience, ICT, integrated model, rural and urban population. ID: 1308

173


Disaster-based budgeting in new public health policy of Thailand Taekratok, T., Naresuan University, Thailand, [email protected] Phanthunane, P., Naresuan University, Thailand, [email protected] Taekratok, T., Naresuan University, Thailand, [email protected]

The Public Health System (PHS) has been established under Ministry of Public Health but its financial practices have to abide by the regulations issued by the Comptroller General Department (CGD), which is responsible for legislating financial regulations for all government organizations to manage their allocated budget within a fiscal year starting from October 1 to September 30 of the following year. The budget is allocated each year for the PHS is a function-based budgeting system. It is mainly used for PHS’s regular works or its normal situations not for any disaster events. Should there be any disasters, an additional burden will fall to local public health staffs that live in those particular areas. To help solve this problem, a review and modification of the function-based budgeting system should be seriously considered and undertaken. This study focused on two main issues concerning the management of disaster budgeting system. The first one concentrated on an appropriate budget allocated for health management expenditure within seventy two hours after a disastrous occurrence based on Public Health Incident Command System (PHICS). The second one emphasized a practical management pattern for each disaster phenomena having occurred before 2016. Each site of disaster such as flood, landslide, and earthquake, etc. was surveyed for its severity and impacts. Based on the Incident Command System (ICS) management, interview and questionnaire were employed to obtain information. The data of disastrous area contexts and characteristics were integrated into a new financial strategy: preparation, protection, response and rescue (2R’s2P’s) for seventy-two hour disaster financial system. The 2R’s2P’s was classified into two levels, national level and local level, with limitations as follows: disaster unpredictability and local agencies’ capacity in collecting data. Consequently, an appropriate financial system was proposed in compliance with real situations. Keywords: disaster, public health, budget, incident command system, Thailand ID: 1309

174


Flooding disaster: the effect of adolescents at Angoda Rahula college in Sri Lanka Randeniya, E., University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Different categories of human beings have been affected due to a range of disasters in Sri Lanka. The effects of such disasters vary according to these categories, in particular, the effect on adolescents’ reports as vital. However, there is a dearth of research with regard to this in Sri Lanka. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the flood disaster at Rahula College in May 2016 on adolescents in terms of physical, educational, economical and interpersonal relations and mental aspects. The randomly selected sample considered of flood disaster affected students of grade 10-11; 25 males and 25 females. The quantitative data was collected using a survey questionnaire. The survey data was triangulated with semi- structured interviews with teachers (10) and students (6) and analysed using SPSS. Fact findings revealed that the effect in terms of physical, mental, educational, economical and interpersonal relations on both girls and boys was at considerable amount. The majority have been affected by post trauma stress disorder (PTSD), whilst the effect of social problems was high among females than males. The support received from friends, school teachers, social workers and Media recorded as powerful in resolving most of the problems encountered by adolescents due to flood disaster. This study is offered insights of professional counsellors, about how to design counselling programs on coping skills for disaster affected adolescents. Keywords: flooding disaster, adolescence, educational, physical, mental ID: 1317

175


Physical and social assessment of the waterlogged area and evaluation of "inclusive and adaptive tidal river management" technique as a method to alleviate waterlogging in Tala Upazila, Satkhira, Southwest Bangladesh Kamal, A., University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, [email protected] Hossain, A., University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, [email protected] Hossain, B., University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, [email protected] Hossain, B., University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, [email protected] Rashid, A., UNDP, Bangladesh, [email protected]

Bangladesh has often been considered as the land of extremes in terms of natural processes. The statement is justified by the presence of world’s largest delta, one of the largest river systems carrying a huge amount of water and sediment discharge as well as prevalence of a number of natural hazards. These characteristics make the region very dynamic and sensitive to changes. Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world and human development activities to accommodate the large population have caused major disruptions to the dynamics of the natural system. The study focuses on such a case where anthropogenic activities, such as polderization, dam construction etc. have disrupted the natural land building process and have caused persistent waterlogging in the southwest region of Bangladesh. The rivers in the region are naturally characterized by active deposition of sediment in riverbed causing reduced drainage capacity. Moreover, construction of coastal polders that de-linked the flood plains from the rivers, and diminished upstream flow during the dry season deteriorated the sedimentation problem in the region. The study delineates different hydrological parameters and characteristics of the deposited sediments along with identification of social vulnerabilities. The investigated hydrological and sedimentological characteristics refer to the existing sediment management as well as provide a framework for the future development works in the pre-identified TRM sites. Based on the findings, the suitability of Inclusive and Adaptive Tidal River Management (TRM++) technique was assessed.

Keywords: waterlogging Bangladesh coastal TRM++ build-back-better ID: 1340

176


Children's perspective on adaptation to heat waves and heavy precipitation in Dhaka, Bangladesh Ashraf, S., Manchester University, United Kingdom, [email protected] Faruk, M., BRAC University, Bangladesh, [email protected]

Dhaka is one of the most vulnerable cities of the world to the adverse effects of climate change and variables. Children of Dhaka are the most vulnerable group of people to any crucial change in weather pattern or climate; i.e. heat wave and heavy precipitation. However, little research has been conducted with children on their perception of climate change which is important for developing coping strategies - resilience to inform urban development and planning policies for the city. This mixed method research conducted a cross-sectional survey on children of three schools in Dhaka. Analysis of the survey shows that socio-economic and educational background of the children defines their access to infrastructure, services and facilities; thus frame their experience and perception of vulnerabilities. Children have clear perception on the changes in temperature and rainfall in Dhaka. Although they feel more comfortable with heavy precipitation than increased heat, yet both the conditions affect their physiological health and daily activities negatively. The actions they suggested to cope with the negative impacts of climate change are mostly reactive than anticipatory in nature illustrating dependency on adults to increase their adaptive capacity. However their concern for every-day stress and well-being affected by the deteriorating weather conditions illustrate a sense of anxiety among them. The children also identified a few coping strategies - resilience to adapt to the impacts of extreme weather events that may inform to develop a comprehensive urban design guideline and planning policy for Dhaka. Keywords: children, increased heat, heavy precipitation, coping strategy - resilience ID: 1349

177


An analysis of inclusiveness and accessibility of Cyclone Shelters, Bangladesh Faruk, M., BRAC University, Bangladesh, [email protected] Ashraf, S., Manchester University, United Kingdom, [email protected] Ferdaus, M., BRAC University, Bangladesh, [email protected]

There are around 2,500 cyclone shelters and multipurpose cyclone shelters along the 710 km long coast of Bangladesh. They have gradually been constructed since the devastating cyclone of 1970 to provide a safe haven facility for the coastal population. Constructed by various agencies the shelters are heterogeneous in many aspects; i.e. Funding conditions, location, design, footprint, construction material and technique, and construction process, etc. Until now, spatial distribution of cyclone shelters; structural strength analysis; catchment area; and management issues have dictated design of the shelters. Preliminary research by the authors shows that accessibility and inclusiveness of the shelters by incorporating opinions and requirements of the stakeholders have not been considered in most cases.

This paper presents the rationale, process and findings of a pilot study that assessed multipurpose cyclone shelters for their inclusiveness. A simple random sampling method was used to select the case study shelters. An assessment protocol was developed to evaluate each case study shelter for their inclusiveness. Initial findings show that design of the cyclone shelters failed to address requirements of disabled and older population group; gender discrimination; and specific requirement of the local farmers. By incorporating widely accepted inclusive design principles and design standards the shelters can be made more user-friendly, accessible and inclusive and help to a supportive built environment for all.

Keywords: accessibility, inclusive design, environmental support, multipurpose cyclone shelters, Bangladesh ID: 1352

178


Built environment flood resilience capability maturity model Adeniyi, O., Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, United Kingdom, [email protected] Perera, S., School of Computing Engineering & Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Australia, [email protected] Ginige, K., Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Capabilities are required for managing the impact of disasters on the built environment. These capabilities need to be continually improved and there should be a way of assessing them. This paper focuses on the development of a built environment flood resilience capability maturity model for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). The study utilised the concept of capability maturity modelling to achieve its aim. The model developed identifies the built environment flood resilience capabilities of MSMEs. This was achieved by identifying relevant capabilities from the literature and mapping accordingly with maturity level characteristics prior to verification and refinement. This paper is limited to the development of the conceptual version of the model. The flood resilience capability maturity model is aimed at providing an assessment, improvement and benchmarking methodology for built environment flood resilience capabilities. Keywords: built environment, capabilities, flood, maturity, resilience ID: 1355

179


Risk - based resilience assesment model focusing on urban infrastructure system restoration Ongkowijoyo, C., University of Melbourne, Australia, [email protected] Doloi, H., University of Melbourne, Australia, [email protected]

A number of metrics in the past studies have been proposed and numerically implemented to assess particular system resilience during natural disaster and their recovery in the aftermath of the events. Among such performance measures, resilience is a reliable metric. The resilience assessment on the urban infrastructure system facing disturbances depends on comprehensive risk assessment. Nonetheless, it is found that previous studies lack of putting the risk assessment processes within the resilience assessment bodies. This study proposes a risk criticality-based resilient assessment model for scenario-based resilience assessment of infrastructure systems. The model accounts for uncertainties in the process including; the people expressions towards risks measures, risks magnitude and its impact to community estimation, and the dynamic of causality propagation pattern simulation. The proposed model is applied to water supply infrastructure case study with a hypothetical restoration scenario. The resilience level is assessed and determined based on the maximum resilience level the system can reach. Results of this analysis have shown that a holistic and integrated mitigation plans and strategies that seek to address complex phenomena towards system restoration is a critical requirement. The model will enable stakeholders to systemically assess the most-likely performance of the system during expected risk events. Keywords: risk assessment, resilience analysis, infrastructure system, urban community. ID: 1371

180


Understanding of impacts and propgation of risks bases on social network analysis Ongkowijoyo, C., University of Melbourne, Australia, [email protected] Doloi, H., University of Melbourne, Australia, [email protected]

The inherent risks within urban infrastructure system exert significant consequences on the dependent community. As the risk is a product of a complex set of network processes. the complexity is better assessed by understanding the risk nature, interrelationship dynamic and impact propagation pattern. Experts and professionals often use various assessment models and tools to help understand risk nature. Nonetheless, such models are not designed to capture the interconnections that shape risks based on community participation. This study proposes a novel model to capture, draw and simulate the risk impact propagation pattern and interrelationships based on a single mode network analysis. Following the concept of social risk amplification, a process of developing risk network map based on community perspective is presented. The proposed model is applied on a water supply infrastructure system. A total of 30 risk events were used for collection of data from 126 individuals across eight different stakeholder categories. This study reveals that participatory networked approaches to risk interrelationship analysis are better suited to capturing the intricate processed that shape infrastructure risk. This approach could potentially provide a way forward for developing mitigation strategy, intervention and policy that seek to address risk complex phenomena and thus enhancing both infrastructure and community resilience. Keywords: participatory, unimodial network, community resilience, infrastructure system, risk network. ID: 1372

181


Building Back Better in the Cook Islands: a focus on the tourism sector Mannakkara, S., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Willie, M., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Heather, R., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Wilkinson, S., University of Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected]

Building Back Better has become a popular catch-phrase supporting post-disaster recovery efforts, representing reconstruction as an opportunity to improve the resilience of communities. Mannakkara and Wilkinson developed a Framework for Building Back Better (BBB) in 2014 to support implementing BBB practices in post disaster recovery. The Framework serves as a comprehensive guide to improve the physical, social and economic conditions of a community during the rebuild. This research analyses the Cook Islands tourism sector in its largest island Rarotonga and its current disaster management practices with respect to BBB principles. Qualitative data was collected through interviews with key tourism businesses and relevant governmental and private institutions. Analysis of the collected data presented evidence of BBB practices incorporated in the current preparedness and recovery procedures for the businesses and government institutions. Good BBB practices currently performed included: improving structural resilience of physical assets, disaster risk reduction (DRR) awareness and preparation, and supporting psychological and social recovery. The lack of legislative backing and inconsistent communication and collaboration between the government institutions and tourism stakeholders were the main drawbacks preventing proper BBB practices in the Cook Islands. Keywords: building back better, reconstruction, recovery, tourism, Cook Islands ID: 1380

182


Decision-support tool for retrofitable flood resilience Delgrange, E., University of Bath, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Flooding is also an increasing challenge globally due to climate change and trends in urban development. Flooding can be devastating to those affected too. In the United Kingdom, it is projected that the number of people at high risk of flooding could rise from 1.5 to 3.5 million by 2080. Currently 400,000 homes and 75,000 businesses in England have an annual chance of flooding. In the UK, the Environment Agency provides useful information on flood risks for a given location. This information is supported with different guides by the local Councils on how to prepare for, and get help during flooding. What remains unclear and easy to access are customisable retrofit actions based on local flood risks, necessary for an individual or household to implement anticipatory retrofit actions, thereby improving the resilience of their homes.

With this in mind, and knowing that studies about flood impacts focuses more on new construction or infrastructure solutions, this study aimed to provide a tangible solution to raise the awareness of people living in a flood area about the level of risk they are exposed to, and to aid decisionmaking about effective preventive solutions specifically designed for their house, in an autonomous way. The output is a decision-support tool developed to consolidate information about flood risks and present customised retrofit measures. The tool refers to the notions of damage and vulnerability of private housing to inform its operational diagnostic methodology. The output is a ‘to do list’ of retrofitable work to increase resilience of the house against flood. 40 potential users evaluated and delivered positive feedback on the usefulness and functionality of the tool to raise awareness and improve resilience action. Future studies aim to fine-tune the tool and scale up the study.

Keywords: decision support, flood risk, housing, resilience, retrofit, toolkit ID: 1387

183


Natural disasters and public health in the era of sustainable development goals: a retrospective study of the October 2015 Hindu Kush earthquake in Pakistan Ahmad, J., Disaster Preparedness,, Mitigation and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, Thailand, [email protected] Ahmad, M., Disaster Preparedness,, Mitigation and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, Thailand, [email protected] Ahmad, N., Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Pakistan, [email protected]

Over the last two decades, earthquakes across the world have taken hundreds of thousands of human lives and caused countless injuries. However, limited information is available on how these natural disasters, such as earthquakes, impact healthcare institutions and communities and how this is reflected in global health indicators. We aim to assess how earthquakes impact communities’ public health and healthcare service providers by using select global health indicators. We used retrospective cohort study design, and retrieved ten districts’ monthly data. We determine, uniquely, that the geographic area most affected by the earthquake in 2015 is the area with the highest tuberculosis prevalence rate. The study found that, in the area severely affected by the earthquake, the baseline number of women attending the antenatal clinics in January 2011 was 3,718, and, throughout that year to 2016, there is a slow, but steady, increase in the number of women visiting the antenatal clinics. The same month of earthquake, number of fully immunized children drops significantly, likely due to the interruption of regular health services provided in the aftermath of earthquake. This is the first comparisons of pre and postearthquake health indicators of two region most and least affected by the earthquake. By analysing selected health indicators before and after the earthquake, it is clear that earthquakes impact public health and cause various vulnerabilities. Keywords: sustainable development goal, disaster risk reduction, public Health, deaths, injuries, Pakistan earthquake ID: 1389

184


Exploring interdependencies and common goals in disaster recovery coordination Raju, E., University of Copenhagen, Denmark, [email protected] Becker, P., Lund University, Sweden, [email protected] Tehler, H., Lund University, Sweden, [email protected]

The present paper seeks to investigate the extent and nature of organizational interdependencies in recovery operations. It focuses on the recovery following the Boxing day tsunami in 2004 in Tamil Nadu, India. It uses the theoretical framework from infrastructure interdependencies to a disaster recovery setting. It takes a case study approach and is based on eighteen interviews conducted in Tamil Nadu. The main findings of this study highlight that there are different types of dependencies between stakeholders. Further, the strength of these dependencies varies between two or more stakeholders. Also, the study indicates that lack of effort in articulating common goals for disaster recovery. Keywords: disaster recovery, tsunami, coordination, interdependencies, and goals. ID: 1396

185


Challenges facing the controlling stage of the disaster response management resulting from war operations and terrorism in Iraq

Al-Dahash, H., Centre for Disaster Resilience, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK, [email protected] Kulatunga, U., Centre for Disaster Resilience, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK, [email protected]

The effects of war in Iraq are coupled with the susceptibility to natural hazards, which has exposed the people of Iraq to multiple man-made disasters. Despite the fact that terrorists did not have a hold on any part of Iraq before the US invasion, it is generally believed that Iraq contains many terrorists and terrorist organisations. As a result, violence in Iraq has become normalised, ranging from the Iraqi and US military assaults and sectarian militias, threat of suicide bombings, to violent street crime. Because response activities must operate in a constantly changing environment during a disaster, the response operation is complex and need more controlling efforts. Therefore, it is widely agreed that controlling the response to disaster stemming from war operations and terrorism is often considered a difficult stage within the four disaster response management stages: planning, organising, directing, and controlling. This paper is based on an ongoing PhD study. It aims to determine the challenges facing the controlling stage of disaster response management in Iraq with particular reference to war operations and terrorism. This paper adopts a single holistic case study approach, where disaster response management is the unit of analysis. In order to develop a rich and robust data set, a mixed methods approach is utilised based on semi-structured interviews, questionnaire surveys and document analysis. A conceptual content analysis is used to articulate the primary data and this is then analysed in the context of the secondary data. The findings show that disaster response controlling stage faced different challenges such as lack of modern technology and equipment, multiple sources for the decision at the scene, lack of public education, and failure in imposing a proper security cordon. Keywords: controlling stage, disaster response management, war operations, terrorism, Iraq ID: 1411

186


Building resilient cities: a simulation-based scenario assessment methodology for the integration of DRR and CCA in a multi-scale design perspective

Leone, M., Università di Napoli Federico II - Centro Studi PLINIVS (LUPT); Dipartimento di Architettura (DiARC), Italia, [email protected] Zuccaro, G., Università di Napoli Federico II - Centro Studi PLINIVS (LUPT), Italy, [email protected]

Resilience of the built environment and communities to natural and man-made hazards is consolidating worldwide as a key requirement in the field of urban planning and building design, and there is an increasing awareness that Sustainable Development Goals and priorities of the Sendai Framework cannot be achieved without a comprehensive approach able to promote the effective implementation of DRR and CCA measures within regeneration processes at various scales. In this sense, an ‘all-hazards’ approach, addressing multiple risk conditions (including Natech and cascading effects) and integrating DRR and CCA design strategies, show a highly costeffective potential, maximizing the effect of complementary measures and optimizing mitigation/adaptation design techniques within a multi-scale (building / neighbourhood / city) resilience perspective, delivering at the same time socio-economic benefits linked to the improvement of urban spaces’ liveability and environmental quality. Vulnerability and impact assessment represent an essential component of a simulation-based methodology aimed at increasing the potential for use of scientific results by decision-makers, through multi-hazard and dynamic impact scenarios combined with cost-benefit and multi-criteria analyses to assess the effectiveness of alternative options. The paper presents the methodological approach developed at PLINIVS Study Centre and the experimental applications implemented within recent EU and National projects, such as H2020-ESPREssO and SIMMCITIES_NA. 187

Keywords: vulnerability and impact assessment, adaptive design, all-hazards approach ID: 1415

187


A capacity analysis framework for multi-hazard early warning in coastal communities Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Hemachandra, K., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Coastal regions are an important focus of development, are densely populated and are typically exposed to a range of hazards. A critical aspect of disaster risk reduction (DRR) is the efficient functioning of multi-hazard early warning systems (MHEWS) that are owned by States but require a high degree of international and multilateral cooperation. They are designed according to welldefined operational standards which must be uniformly implemented across the broad range of activities and projects.

However, progress in early warning (EW) is uneven across Asia, in terms of high-risk and hazard type resulting low-capacity countries falling behind. The Intergovernmental Coordination Group (ICG) of Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (IOTWMS) has a mandate to enhance awareness and implementation by Member States of the procedures for risk assessment and effective functioning of the ‘last mile’ of the MHEWS within communities. This mandate corresponds to priority aims identified in the Sendai Framework of 2015 on DRR. The ICG has identified the considerable demand amongst Indian Ocean Member States for capacity building that will enhance this foundation of procedural knowledge and promote its take-up on a sustained and sustainable basis, as a step towards the implementation of these DRR aims.

This paper describes the results of the first stage of a longer-term study into the capacity of MHEW across Asia. The study is being carried out by fifteen Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) across Europe and Asia, along with several socio-economic actors in the region. The initial study will focus on five countries that include communities highly exposed and vulnerable to the threat posed by multiple coastal hazards: Indonesia; Maldives; Myanmar; Philippines; and Sri Lanka. The first phase of the study involved the development of a regional capacity analysis framework for MHEW. The framework covers a range of dimensions, such as legislative, planning, infrastructure, technical and scientific, and institutional partnerships. The framework was developed through the processes of consultation and needs assessments by the project partners and relevant socio-economic actors. The resultant framework will be used as the basis for detailed capacity analysis studies in the five target countries, as well as a wider regional perspective. The analysis findings will underpin later capacity building activities across the region. Keywords: multi-hazard, early warning, capacity building ID: 1439

188


Long-term satisfaction of resettled communities: an assessment of physical performance of post-disaster housing

Wijegunarathna, E., National Building Research Organisation, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Wedawatta, G., School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, United Kingdom, [email protected] Ingirige, B., Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Sri Lanka experiences regular natural hazard-related disasters: flooding, landslides, cyclones and droughts. These events cause devastating effects in terms of human casualties, disturbing settlements and damaging properties. Besides human casualties, one of the most visible and striking effects of these disasters is the destruction of houses: as a result, there is a requirement for post-disaster housing reconstruction. Post-disaster housing delivery can be either assistance in rebuilding original dwellings or permanent relocation to resettlement schemes. Under any of these circumstances, implementation of relocation schemes must ensure that the beneficiaries are ultimately satisfied in order to safeguard performance of such construction initiatives in the long term. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively assess and compare the long-term satisfaction of the relocated communities in relation to physical performance of the housing reconstruction projects. In addition to a literature review carried out on key performance indicators (KPIs) to investigate the long-term performance of post-disaster housing reconstruction, a survey was carried out with the occupants of flood-, landslide- and tsunami-induced relocation projects in Sri Lanka. The empirical evidence revealed that resettled communities in all three case studies were mildly satisfied in the long term in terms of physical performance of the relocation. Furthermore, provision for alteration and expansion, orientation and layout of the house, the number of rooms, and lighting and ventilation were found to be important factors that require special attention with regard to planning and design for long-term physical performance of post-disaster housing because these were found to statistically correlate with overall satisfaction across the three case study projects. Keywords: long term, community satisfaction, post disaster reconstruction, re-construction, sustainability ID: 1443

189


Urban aggression by ideological, political and economic strain - anthropic hazards Gociman, C., "Ion Mincu" University of Architecture and Urban Planning, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] Florescu, T., University of Architecture and Urban Planning, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] Girneata, M., "Ion Mincu" University of Architecture and Urban Planning, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected]

In Bucharest, Romania’s capital city, the 1977 earthquake, with more than 1900 victims and 2 million $ in economic loses, was used by the communist regime as a pretext for razing the urban tissue with a lot of monuments, followed by a large-scale remodelling project as a strategy for risk reduction. After 1980, more than 1450 hectares of the old land of Bucharest were demolished and the new East-West axis of the city and the headquarters of the communist public institutions were built. This is presently a large area of Bucharest Civic Center, with the Parliament Palace as a central item. For a while, part of the area was not rebuilt and in time it became junk space, just because of other priorities.

The case of Bucharest as a huge urban trauma was approached, in the past, as a desperate appeal to the entire world (Giurescu, 1989). After the political changes of the 1990s, the factories occupying a huge area were left partly as ghost-towns, although private property was regained. The case of Bucharest was studied in comparison with Paris, Moscow, Berlin and Rome, in the ages of authoritarian or totalitarian regimes, where the major heritage was partly or totally affected (Cavalcanti, 1997).

Succession of anthropic aggressions on the built area is identified, generated by an ideology that has ignored the heritage values, by resorting to: demolition without selection criteria, lack of maintenance due to abandonment or excessive use, value damage caused by interventions which have modified components or by destruction of the initial context caused by owner interventions. The real estate pressure acted randomly. The destruction of the perceptual-formative landmarks of space has led to the dissolution of memory and of the "mental map" each of us is carrying. (K. Lynch, 1960, 1989 republished).

Conservation of the heritage values and their surroundings remains a dimension of stability with serious consequences on the development of the human being.

This research aims to propose a methodology of evaluation for the built space and to identify intervention strategies for the reduction of the risk in protected areas posed by this anthropic hazard, to recover and preserve the stability of the communities. Keywords: earthquake, communist regime, ideology, heritage values, mental map, conservation, risk reduction in protected areas, enhance resilience ID: 1445

190


Emergence of social cohesion after a disaster, with reference to two flood affected locations in Colombo District, Sri Lanka Samarakoon, U., University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Abeykoon, W., University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Natural disasters that strike without prior warning bring drastic situations. Unexpected disasters may destruct people’s daily routine and they may lose their physical assets. Thus aftermaths of disasters can also affect both short-term and long-term physical and psychological life of affected people. Recent history about disasters occurred in Sri Lanka shows that non-victims of disaster tend to sense that such stressful situations as ‘our’ problem rather than ‘their’ problem. Such shared collective feeling will create a social cohesion within catastrophic situations. During May 2016 Sri Lanka went through severe flooding condition, it affected 172,000 people in Colombo district. Throughout this flood, various random people all over country, other organizations and government with tri-forces united in an overwhelming sense to help these victimized people. The aim of this study was to understand how social cohesion emerges after a sudden disaster and how social cohesion is helpful to rebuild affected people’s life. Two highly flooded areas, namely Ambathale in Kolonnawa Divisional Secretariat and Egodawatte in Athurugiriya Divisional Secretariat were selected as the sample location. Using each area’s GramaNiladhari Officers registration out of the total population 15% selected using simple random sampling method and both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Study was conducted in two stages, first half of the study was conducted in two months after those affected people returned to their places and next part of the study conducted after five months.

Outcome of the study reveals that social integration can be emerged as a latent function of a disaster and it also played important role in recovery process of victims. It showed that receiving helping hands or in other words experiencing collective behaviour for continuously more than three months from non-victims lessen the psychosocial tension which might have arose in affected people. Other than that study also showed cultural values played a significant role in nonvictims’ decisions and attitudes towards affected people.

Keywords: social cohesion, social integration, victims, affected people, latent function ID: 1466

191


A conceptual framework to analyse consequences of post conflict reconstruction interventions Sakalasuriya, M., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Reconstruction after war typically entails rebuilding soft and hard infrastructure. While an individual reconstruction intervention may focus on either or both these aspects, the overall reconstruction strategy takes a holistic approach and considers the integrated linkages among these interventions. From a policy perspective, it is important that a post conflict reconstruction (PCR) intervention should consider its potential positive and negative consequences while correctly positioning it within the whole PCR strategy. This study is an analysis of the potential consequences of a PCR intervention in the form of soft and hard infrastructure. Adopting a conceptual analytical method approach, it highlights the significance of accounting for consequences before a PCR intervention. In this study, a novel conceptual framework is proposed to analyse consequences of a PCR intervention, linking these consequences to context, intervention and long-term outcomes. The framework can be used as a basis to develop a policy framework to assess the consequences of reconstruction in a post conflict context. Keywords: reconstruction; consequences; intervention; conceptual framework ID: 1476

192


Effectiveness of the Nigerian emergency management system in respect to building collapses, human stampedes and electric power failures Uyimleshi, J., UCL Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, United Kingdom, [email protected] Alexander, D., UCL Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, United Kingdom, [email protected]

The increasing frequency of human induced disasters in Nigeria has resulted in the creation of a complex and multi-organisational system of management that include the federal, state and local governments, communities, non-governmental organisations and departments, ministries and agencies. In Nigeria, human-induced disasters frequently strike in major cities like Lagos, PortHarcourt and FCT thereby making several people vulnerable due to migration in search for white collar jobs. Emergency response in Nigeria is the primary responsibility of the government through coordination by the National emergency management agency (NEMA) established by Act 12 as amended by Act 50 of the 1999. Disaster frequency in Nigeria has driven scientific research which consider the effectiveness of the Nigerian emergency management system in respect to humaninduced hazards particularly, building collapses, human stampedes and electric power failures as issues of concern. This research findings indicate that the frequency of human-induced disasters is due to lack of implementation of policies and poor monitoring and supervision of projects. It further reflects that although Nigeria has an organised system of emergency response, disaster impacts are severe due to limited resources, insufficient funding, inadequate trained personnel with insufficient skills to deal with emergencies, lack of incentives and poor communication during emergencies.Evaluation of the Nigerian emergency management system suggest that specific areas need to be improved to enhance preparedness, and improve response when disaster strikes. Good communication and provision of incentives would facilitate the respond to and management of disasters in Nigeria. This research further reveals that, Nigeria use a top-down approach to manage emergencies with greater support from the federal government. Although, disintegration of resources among the various levels of government and active community participation during emergencies will foster rapid response and reduce disaster impact. Keywords: emergency management, disaster preparedness, Nigeria, building collapses, human stampedes, electric power failures, disaster response ID: 1484

193


Non-state actors in building resilient community through acceleration of DRR mainstreaming Sharma, K., Tearfund, Nepal, [email protected]

National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (NSDRM) 2009 first embraces mainstreaming DRR into development. Subsequently, Local Disaster Risk Management Plan (LDRMP), 2011 provided a clear guideline to make local disaster management plan. To strengthen the resource availability for DRR activities, National Planning Commission (NPC) issued directives to allocate at least 5% of the local budgets to DRR activities prioritised in LDRMP.Non-state actors are playing exceptional roles in implementation of different policies of GoN. Tearfund has provided assistance to local bodies to conduct Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (VCA) and local disaster management plan in Agra and Tistung VDC of Makwanpur District. While at the same time it has also provided training to other local governance actors such as Ward Citizen Forum, Community Awareness Centre and local political leaders to sensitise about the issues and importance to do it. As GoN provides unconditional budget to the local bodies, it is imperative to build the advocacy and influencing capacity of civil society and citizens to tap the resources to fund the prioritised DRR activities. However, in the absence of strong people mobilisation during the planning process and communication of the existing policies and plans, DRR activities simply go off the funding opportunity. Resource constraints, incoherency and inadequate capacity to facilitate the process are key challenges in developing LDRMP alone by the government actors. In response, Tearfund has been facilitating VCA using PADR (Participatory Assessment of Disaster Risk) approach and different tools of LDRMP Guidelines as part of its post-disaster response and recovery initiatives. Since it is not the case as usual that the identified and prioritised activities receive funding, advocacy and risk assessment capacity development is crucial to accelerate DRR mainstreaming in conjunction with participatory planning process (PPP). As a result of facilitation of process at local level and working together with the local bodies, both the VDCs Agra and Tistung have allocated budget to establish local DRR Fund. This fund will be available to support local disaster response. This will be followed by the development of budget operational guideline.

Keywords: policy, non-state actor, DRR, mainstreaming, PPP, advocacy ID: 1489

194


Modelling predictors of earthquake hazard preparedness in Nepal

Adhikari, M., Joint Center for Disaster Research, Massey University, New Zealand, [email protected] Paton, D., Charles Darwin University, Australia, [email protected] Johnston, D., Joint Center for Disaster Research, Massey University, New Zealand, [email protected] Prasanna, R., Joint Center for Disaster Research, Massey University, New Zealand, [email protected] McColl, S., Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, New Zealand, [email protected]

In countries exposed to natural hazards, population preparedness is an important component of a comprehensive disaster risk reduction strategy. Recognition of poor preparedness, despite risk acknowledgement, prompted the development of theories for identifying motivators and barriers to hazard preparedness. While the majority of preparedness theorising and research has been in culturally individualistic countries, recent years have witnessed growing interest in applying the theories to more collectivistic settings. However, limited empirical evidence exists concerning the application of these theories in developing countries where disaster impacts are substantial. This paper assesses population preparedness in the aftermath of a major disaster in a developing country. Two theories of preparedness Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and Community Engagement Theory (CET), which have been previously applied in natural hazard contexts, were integrated to develop a new model of earthquake hazard preparedness. The validity of the proposed model was explored using 306 household surveys collected from Chainpur and Jeewanpur Village Development Committees, Dhading, Central Nepal during a field visit in AprilMay 2016. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) in SmartPLS version 3.2.4 revealed that individual risk beliefs (risk appraisal and coping appraisal) and community and institutional factors could predict hazard preparedness in Nepal. The model was moderately successful (R2 41.6%) in predicting that earthquake hazard preparedness occurs at the individual cognition phase and is also influenced by community and institutional phases. Keywords: earthquake, preparedness, recovery, ommunity participation, collective efficacy, trust, Nepal ID: 1492

195


Business sector preparedness in disaster management - case study with businesses in Southern Sri Lanka in both aspects of natural and technological disasters Adikaram, N., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Navarathna, C., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

Despite the type of a disaster, business community is prominent among the possible vulnerable parties, when considering the importance of contribution towards the national income. Accordingly, this case study will focus on identification of major natural and technology related hazards faced by businesses in Southern Sri Lanka. It will also analyze existing contingency plans of businesses and whether the businesses are prepared enough to manage disasters which they have to face during their business operations. It is expected to identify the key success factors for businesses to manage such disaster situations. Theoretically, there should be a provision for unexpected incidents and the Management needs to keep a provision through their contingency plan. However, the practical application of it is questionable. Therefore, the study will investigate selected businesses on their existing practices to face such disasters. Data will be collected even with the experiences of prior disaster situations and their business practices to mitigate the negative effects of them. The study will be limited to the Southern Province of Sri Lanka, as an area that got affected by various types of disasters during the last few decades and also consists of a wide range of businesses. Keywords: business sector, disaster management, preparedness ID: 1497

196


Integration of disaster management strategies with planning and designing public open spaces Jayakody, C., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Amaratunga, D., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Haigh, R., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Public open spaces (POS) are often used as a strategy to enhance cities’ sustainability while using it as a mode to improve the quality of life, aesthetic beauty, environmental health, economic growth and to increase the walkability, live ability and vitality of cities. However, sustainable development should comprise the improvements of disaster resilience. Moreover, past disaster events evidence that these POS have a significant potential to contribute to disaster management as a primary place to rescue and for shelters, as an agent of recovery, to provide essential life support and potential for adaptive response. Yet, lack of attempts have been made to harness this potential through the integration of disaster management strategies into planning and designing POS in cities. Accordingly, this ongoing research study aims to find out the innovative planning and designing methods, integrated with disaster management strategies to plan and design POS in cities. Accordingly, this research paper analyses the existing literature investigating the usage of POS in past disaster events and cross-compare the identified disaster management strategies with the sustainable planning and design strategies. Finally, the findings present five main approaches to integrate the disaster management strategies into planning and designing public open spaces.

Keywords: disaster resilience, public open space, sustainable development, urban design, urban planning ID: 1541

197


Building community capacity in fragile environments: a case study of the Mara Serengeti ecosystem, in creating resilient communities through sustainable rangeland management and appropriate enterprise Wood, L., Mara Training Centre, Kenya, [email protected]

Pastoralists are vulnerable to a number of changes in today’s society. Their culture values the livestock, but many lack the capacity to establish Sustainable Rangeland Management (SRM) and optimal livestock management to maximize the output for the effort invested. SRM incorporates climatic, social, and political pressures as well as combating desertification, climate change, and the weakening connectivity of land available to sustain healthy wildlife populations. The Grazing for Change (G4C) curriculum at the Mara Training Centre on the northern edge of the Mara ecosystem aims to enhance disaster resilience of vulnerable communities to end drought emergencies in pastoralist environments by introducing new technological innovations while building on indigenous knowledge. Since 2014, SGM has been implemented and monitored by examining 19 parameters within 14 transects of the utilized graze lands. The difference in overall quality between the experimental and control plots has improved from a difference of 7.6% in 2014 to 13.5% in 2017, showing an overall improvement in grassland managed through SRM, despite climatic differences from year to year and a severe drought in 2017. According to observational narrative, the improved quality of the grasslands has impacted the wildlife biodiversity and populations positively. In addition to focusing on SRM, multiple enterprises are involved with supporting the community contributing to its overall resilience. A slaughterhouse, owned by Mara Beef Ltd, eliminates the middleman in cattle trading, increasing the value of cattle for the pastoralists. Tourism accounts for revenue from a lodge and visitors to Naretoi Holdings, a real estate entity capitalizing on the development of a bush-home community. Improved wildlife would improve the area’s tourism with additional revenue streamed into improving the communities’ livelihood. The tangible effect of Sustainable Rangeland Management within the Mara ecosystem is dwarfed by the importance of educating pastoralists in sustainable livestock husbandry to promote the health and wellbeing of their rangelands resource and break the cycle of dependence. By incorporating transformative-interventions with multi-faceted enterprises, Mara Training Centre is setting a new precedent for Rangeland Management throughout Kenyaâ€™s pastoralist communities where communities, livestock, and wildlife will mutually benefit.

Keywords: climate change, disaster & emergency, multi-stakeholder partnerships, natural resources, research, resilience, rural livelihoods, sustainable development, trade & markets, rangelands, livestock, sustainable rangeland management ID: 1543

198


Disaster resilience of rescue workers: A concept analysis Fung, O., the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, [email protected] Mao, X., the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, [email protected] Cheung, E., the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, [email protected] Loke, A., the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, [email protected]

This article aims to clarify the concept of disaster resilience amongst first respondents. Previous concept analysis on resilience focuses on understanding the general concept of resilience and military resilience. However, no article has resolved the ambiguity in the definition of disaster resilience. There is a growing interest in literature to understand the concept of disaster resilience in first respondents, as there were individual differences amongst rescue workers to cope with stress encountered from disaster work.A systematic literature search was done using PsychInfo, PubMed and EBSCOhost with key terms (‘resilience’ or ‘disaster resilience’AND ‘first responders’ or ‘nurses’ or ‘police officers’ or ‘fire fighters’ or ‘emergency workers’ or ‘health workers’ or ‘first respondents’ AND ‘post-traumatic stress’ PTSD). Inclusion criteria included research articles that published from 1844 to March 2016 in English. Eight papers met the criteria and were included in this analysis. Walker and Avant's framework was used to identifying the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of disaster resilience and analysis of the concept. Four critical attributes were identified including social support, coping strategies, perceived control and potential actions for safety, survival and basic needs. Antecedents were not found in the analysis based on the eight journal articles. However, it is consistently reported that outcome of a lack of disaster resilience causes adverse health outcomes both physically and psychologically. First respondents were at high risk of developing PTSD symptoms due to the nature of their work. This concept analysis clarified some of the existing concepts of disaster resilience that could ultimately contribute to developing a standardized tool that helps to identify and provide relevant training to strengthen disaster resilience amongst first respondents. 199 Keywords: concept analysis, disaster resilience, first respondents, rescue workers ID: 1554

199


Acceptance to be the host of a resettlement programme: a literature review Sridarran, P., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Keyaminiyage, K., University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, [email protected] Fernando, N., University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, [email protected]

The rate of internal displacements and consequent resettlements are increasing rapidly and drawing the attention of the world. More often than not, the consequences of resettlement will have an impact on two different communities; the community which is being relocated (displaced community) and the community receiving the newly relocated community (host community). For example, social disintegration and severe impoverishment are some of the immediate consequences of resettlements, which affect not only the displaced community but also the host community. As these negative consequences are more than likely to demand resource sharing, it is not unusual that the host community often blames the displaced communities for creating economic losses and social unease. Therefore, receiving community’s acceptance to host the new community is essential to ensure integration and to sustain the resettlement, if the repatriation is not possible for the new community. Accordingly, this paper aims to identify the influences of acceptance between the displaced and the host communities. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify acceptance factors and to draw conclusions. Results show that segregation and labelling, differences in land use pattern, inadequate resources to share, the growth of an informal economy, lack of improvement in public services to the population increase, and cultural barriers are some of the factors influencing the acceptance of the host community. However, the significance of these factors is highly depended on several background factors such as the wealth of the host community, nature of government policies, livelihood of the host community, and alike. Understandably, the difficulty in establishing an empirically verifiable list of factors affecting the acceptance / rejection between the host and the displaced communities may be attributed to the fact that these factors may stem from latent variables. Therefore, an empirical study based on the identified factors is recommended for future research to determine the latent variables. Keywords: acceptance, factors, host community, internal displacement, resettlement ID: 1559

200


The child victims of the Aceh Tsunami: stories of resilience, coping and moving on with Life Rahiem, M., Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia, [email protected] Krauss, S., Institute for Social Science Studies (IPSAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia, [email protected] Rahim, H., Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia, [email protected]

Disasters, regardless of the type or scale, have the potential to cause distress, or even severe distress. Children are usually the most affected by disaster, due to their physical, psychological and social vulnerabilities. Children are also the most vulnerable to face post- disaster challenges from psychological stress due to the limited availability of special care, protection and support. In this research, researchers study how children of Aceh, that experienced the 2004 tsunami, dealt with the situation and are progressing with their lives. Researchers completed in-depth interviews with twenty seven children who survived the tsunami. They were all orphans, who had either lost one or both parents because of the tsunami. All of the respondents, who are now teenagers and young adults, aged 17 to 24 years old, have a combination of shared and different experiences. Some of their shared experiences include: firstly, a lack of people to talk to and discuss their feelings; secondly, they still feel the sadness, horror and trauma of the incident, yet they often keep everything to themselves; and thirdly, they accept the tragedy as their destiny from God. There are a variety of responses regarding how they see their future, some are very optimistic and still believe that they have a role in society, while others are confused, jobless and lost, to the stage that they do not even know if they will be able to eat tomorrow. These survivors also explained about the different types of support that they received immediately after the disaster; continuation support, long term support, and current support. They explained how some support was more effective than others. How they dealt with the situation and also their resulting progress in life, depends on many different factors, from the support received in their community, to their inner strength; these all become a part of their resilience. By studying the case of the children of Aceh, aid workers and support agencies, especially those that work in the field of mental health/psychosocial programs, could learn better ways to assist, help and support children after a natural disaster. Moreover, by understanding the children’s source of resilience, we will be better informed concerning how families and schools should prepare and teach children, so that they are better prepared to face any misfortune, in the unfortunate event that it should occur. Keywords: children, disaster, coping, resilience, tsunami, earthquake, Aceh ID: 1593

201

Enhancing disaster preparedness, recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction

202


203


SIDE EVENT: CLIMATE MODELS, WEATHER RISKS, CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND CITIES

204


3D visualisation tool for improving the resilience to urban and coastal flooding in Torbay, UK

Chen, A., University of Exeter, United Kingdom, [email protected] Khoury, M., University of Exeter, United Kingdom, [email protected] Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, L., University of Exeter, United Kingdom, [email protected] Stewart, D., Torbay Council, United Kingdom, [email protected] Wood, M., Torbay Council, United Kingdom, [email protected] Savic, D., University of Exeter, United Kingdom, [email protected] Djordjevic, S., University of Exeter, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Torbay, located in South West England, UK, is one of the Case Studies on the EU-funded project EUCIRCLE, which is aimed at enhancing resilience of Critical Infrastructures (CI) to natural hazards. The region includes three urban centres (Torquay, Paignton and Brixham) and hosts more than 3 million tourists every year that contribute over £450 million to local economy. However, flooding, including coastal, fluvial and pluvial, has been a major threat to the area with more than 15 major incidents occurring since 1999. Rising sea levels, combined with increasing rainfall intensity, linked to climate change, are expected to exacerbate the problem. Better adaptation strategies are needed to safeguard CIs and services while improving resilience to climate hazards. EU-CIRCLE partners are engaged in a review of the existing capacity of flood defenses and the drainage systems in Torbay. To enhance the risk communication with the stakeholders, we adopted a high performance flood model to analyse the flood risk to CIs under a wide range of scenarios. The results are integrated into an innovative 3D visualization tool, showing the progress over time of any flood scenario in the region, via a fully interactive interface allowing stakeholders to better understand flood impacts to CIs. Keywords: critical infrastructure, climate impact, flood modelling, CADDIES, visualisation ID: 1374

205


How can we use information from climate models to get a better picture of future weather-related risks Benestad, R., MET Norway, Norway, [email protected] Parding, K., MET Norway, Norway Ali, F., University of Huddersfield, UK [email protected] Ingirige, B., University of Huddersfield, UK Rashid, M., BMD Hygen, H., MET Norway, Norway

Planning for the future will benefit from taking likely changes to conditions and risks into account. Simulations with climate models give indications for a range of climate impacts for Bangladesh, which include increasing temperatures, more intense rainfall, and rising local sea levels. Climate change is also expected to affect tropical cyclones. Global climate models are still too coarse to provide reliable and actionable detailed information that can be used for local planning and adapting to climate change, however, we can make use of information derived from historical observations and sensitivity studies. We present a synthesis of results from a study that uses learning from the past, sensitivity tests based on observations, and downscaled projections of global climate models.One concern is a changing risk associated with future tropical cyclones, and we present a methodological development, the Synthetic Storm, which is an agglomeration of existing and projected hydrometeorological information. Synthetic storms are used as a tool for extreme weather stakeholders to incorporate into modelling, spatial planning, strength-test disaster planning, building codes etc. The synthetic storm is a realistic scenario which includes several attributes (time, direction and speed of ensemble movement, radial wind velocity profile, storm track, ‘friction’, climate models(not sure how)) which may be inferred from a combination historical storm tracks analysis and projections. Risks for society also include heavy rainfall and flooding in addition to the damage from high wind and storm surge. Climate information relevant for building resilience is not limited to extreme weather events and includes temperature, precipitation (frequency and intensity), and sea level/tidal data. Future outlooks will be based on empirical-statistical downscaling of temperature and precipitation statistics. Projections of future climate are both incomplete and associated with a number of limitations and uncertainties. Nevertheless, there is some information that is useful for future planning. It is important to provide the planners with a realistic picture of what to expect. We encourage stakeholders to formulate questions regarding e.g. tropical cyclones, for which we will make use of the science and available information to provide the best answers. Some of the answers may be more certain and some questions may not have an exact answer. Dealing with uncertainties in a robust way is challenging.It is also important to learn how the climate information is used in decision-making. Is there planning for higher temperatures, and how are the numbers used? E.g. in building practices? More intense rainfall and tropical cyclones are expected to increase the risk of failure for critical infrastructure. What options are there to increase the resilience and how can improved climate information assist deciding which to go for? There may be a range of different viable strategies: insurance for natural disasters, crop failure, and rebuilding; invest in more solid structure that can withstand the forces; shelters and rations; evacuation planning and drilling.Background on tropical storms over BangladeshAs a warm ocean area with favourable meteorological conditions, the Bay of Bengal is a birth zone for Tropical Cyclones. Every year especially during March-May and October-November periods Tropical Cyclones of diverse energy are formed. Statistical analysis of historical cyclones show sharp maxima in May and November for the most severe category, Super Tropical Storms. A portion of cyclones recurve towards north/northeastwards and make landfall on the Bangladesh coast. These cyclones were associated with storm surge, and in 1970, 1991, 2007 and 2009 caused great devastation to life, property and economic production.. In the recent times, due to the increment rise in sea surface temperatures, unusual behavior like rapid intensification and dissipation, movement, offseason formation etc. were observed for the cyclones Viyaru, Komen, Roanu and Mora. Warmer conditions may make for greated intensification of cyclones formed over the Bay of Bengal. Additionally, increasing sea levels will make the storm 206


surges more penetrative into the interior coastal zone, invasive and destructive. Human society is also becoming more exposed to tropical cyclone risks due to a rapid urbanization, changed settlement patterns, deforestation, power sector development risks and the use of fallow land. The areal extent of cultivable land and natural forest including Sundarban mangrove forest area is in steady decline. The Sundarbans, located on the Khulna coast are the main obstacle for tropical cyclones, providing strong friction resistance and buffering to reduce cyclonic energy. Future tropical cyclones can be expected to impact Khulna with greater energy on account of both Climate Change and the unchecked decline of the forest.. To build resilience, there is a need to prepare for future tropical cyclones and the enhancement of early warning is crucial. There is also a need for estimates of likely maximum intensification in terms of wind speed, storm surge and inundation as well as heavy rainfall and their differential impacts on the critical infrastructure networks, human settlement and other sectors. The method of Synthetic Storms can be used to explore the likely intensification of tropical cyclones in 2030, 2050, 2070 and 2100 in terms of maximum wind and associated impacts on Khulna by projecting realistic information about storm surge and inundation, heavy precipitation etc. and calculating the threat to human settlements for long term planning, preparation and early warning. The results of this study will be shared with government, stakeholders, researchers, planners and disaster managers. Keywords: climate change, climate change adaptation, downscaling, Bangladesh ID: 1606

207


Assembling and (re)assembling critical infrastructure resilience in Khulna City sector Ali, F., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Ingirige, B., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected] Zainal Abidin, N., University of Huddersfield, UK, [email protected]

Extreme Weather Events continue to cause shocking losses of life and long-term damage at scales, depths and complexities that elude robust and accountable calculation, expression and reparation. Cyclones and storm surges can wipe out entire towns, and overwhelm vulnerable built and lived environments. It was storm surges that was integral to the destructive power of Hurricane Katrina in the USA (2005), Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines (2013), as well as Cyclone Nargis (2008) and the 1970 Bhola Cyclone in the Bay of Bengal. This paper report on work which concerns itself with the question of, given what we know already about such extreme weather events, and their associated critical infrastructure impacts and recovery trajectories, what scenarios, insights and tools might we develop to enable critical infrastructures which are resilient?

With several of the world’s most climate vulnerable cities situated in well-peopled and rapidly growing urban areas near coasts, our case study of Khulna City speaks globally into a resilience discourse, through critical infrastructure, disaster risk reduction, through spatial data science and high visualisation. With a current population of 1.4 million estimated to rise to 2.9 million by 2030, dense historical Khulna City may well continue to perform a critical role in regional economic development and as well as a destination for environmental refugees. Working as part of the EUCIRCLE consortium, we conduct a case study into cyclones and storm surges affecting the critical infrastructure then discuss salient developments of loss modelling. The research aims to contribute towards a practical framework that stimulates adaptive learning across multiple stakeholders and organisational genres. Keywords: cyclone, storm surge, assemblage, critical infrastructure, Khulna City, Bangladesh ID: 1381

208


The EU-CIRCLE framework for assessing the climate resilience of interconnected critical infrastructures Sfetsos, A., NCSR Demokritos, Greece, [email protected]

The EU-CIRCLE project has defined a holistic framework, that identifies and assesses the risks caused by several climatic hazards and climate-change stressors to heterogeneous, interconnected and interdependent critical infrastructures (CI). This risk management framework is the first step in ensuring the resilience of vulnerable technological, social and economic infrastructure systems to climate change impacts and in climate proofing the existing critical infrastructures (in terms of identifying indicators and reference states, anticipated adaptive / transformation activities, and investment costing). The framework enables the identification of climate-driven CI risks and the strengthening of relevant resilience capacities (anticipation, absorption, coping, recovery, and adaptation) that are vital for ensuring the resiliency of CI. The proposed framework, uses consequence- time- and interdependency based Risk Modelling. This allows assessment of the direct consequences and inter-sectoral events that are likely to emerge, within a certain timeframe, following the occurrence of a climate-change driven disruptive event on interconnected critical infrastructures. This allows extension of the EU-CIRCLE concept beyond the boundaries of individual risks and single infrastructures by considering damage assessment and through modeling cascading effects across infrastructure sectors. An asset-based approach is used to assess the risk of damages to CIs due to climate stressors, resulting in the estimation of the respective impact on the performance of the CI. The risk assessment is based on the analysis of the attributes and relationships between the elements within a given CI network and the modelling of the relative critical services, provided by the interconnected and interdependent infrastructures in the CI network. This approach enables users to link asset-based damage assessment with CI business modeling and enables selection of optimal adaptation measures, particularly in the case of extremely stressing conditions, through usage of CI risk metrics and resilience indicators.The EUCIRCLE risk management framework, consists of the following steps:

1. Establishment of CI (or regional) climate change resilience policy, or a specific business oriented decision that will be addressed. Typically, such policies have a timespan of several years and their objective(s) may be related to specific issues or cross-sectoral matters. Relative policy questions that can be answered include: What must and what should be protected? Which potential consequences are relevant (economic, social, environmental etc.) for this appraisal? Which are the priorities? What is an acceptable risk and non-acceptable risk?

2. Identification, collection and processing of data related to climate change and climate-driven hazards. It involves analysis of historic climate (and climate-driven hazards) data sets, mid- and long-term projections of climate change, based on available data, modeling and simulations.

3. Identification of assets, systems, networks, relations and functions. The following approach is used: a) Compilation of a registry of CI assets using an adequate level of granularity for each infrastructure, b) Analysis of interconnections, and (inter-) dependencies among the network layers.

4. Assessment and evaluation of risks based on vulnerability modeling of individual assets and consequence analysis, through a harmonized interoperable approach.

5. Selection and implementation of resilience management solutions, including adaptation options, to modify risk levels and to implement options addressing the following aspects: a) reduce the likelihood of occurrence, b) reduce the impacts / consequences and strengthen resilience, c) transfer in full or partially the risk, and d) mitigate and manage the risk. 209


6. Measurement of effectiveness. Once one or more risk reduction measures are introduced, the progress towards achieving an improved resilience level is then evaluated. Risks, effectiveness, goals or other circumstances may change after initial implementation. Keywords: climate change, resilience, infrastructures ID: 1607

210


211


212

Index

2017 International Conference on Building Resilience Brewer Bubb Buranajarukorn Burton Butler

A

Ab Samah 137 Abad 73, 74 Abdur Rahim 66, 103 Abe 147 Abeykoon 154, 191 Abeykoon Jayalath Ratnayake 154 Abu Samah 134 Abu Talib 139 Abunyewah 19, 61 Achour 101 Acosta 145 Adeniyi 179 Adeyeye 123 Adhikari 195 Adikaram 196 Ahmad 184 Ahmed 110 Aini 119 Al Tarawneh 27 Alawadhi 149 Albert 47, 96, 118 Al-Dahash 186 Alexander 193 Ali 206, 208 Al-Maruf 66 Amarasekara 170 Amarasinghe 154 Amaratunga 21, 24, 32, 43, 49, 63, 70, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 93, 96, 131, 138, 146, 188, 192, 197 Amatacheewa 129 Apichayakul 102 Aquino 152 Arambepola 22, 28 Aryani 135 Ashar 58 Ashraf 177, 178 Astbury 52 Atapattu 28 Auzzir 43

Cadiz Cardenas Carrasco Catalán Chabrier Chandra Ghosh Chang-Richards Charoenpanyanet Chatterjee Chauvin Che Ngah Chen Cheung Chmutina Chowdhury Chun Cienfuegos Das De Leon De Silva de Sylva Delgrange Deshapriya Dhakal Dhun Shrestha Dias Dissanayake Djordjevic Doloi Domingo Drazba

B

Bacud Baills Banaitis Bandara Barker Becker Benestead Bilau Bin Yousuf Binkyte Booth Bouwer

29 73 138 170 101 185 206 146, 158 108 138 74 22

Edirisooriya Egbelakin Egbu Ekambaram Eltinay Ettinger Evans

213

Fadli Faruk Femenías

C

110 100 102 64 41

77 29 159 33 73 66, 103 26, 62, 94, 100, 116, 152 12, 55 156 73 57, 134 41, 205 199 40 109 42 33

D

E

F

17, 115 132 15, 99, 127 142, 155 183 7 56 40 22, 39, 82, 86 44 41, 205 180, 181 78, 163 116 6, 8 94 157 113 157 74 41 48 177, 178 33

Ferdaus Fernandez Fernando Firdhous Florescu Forbes Fung Furqan Tahir Gajendran Galisim Gehrels Ginige Girneata Gjerde Gociman Goodey Grandjean Greenwood Gunaratne Gunathilaka Guthrie Gutierrez


G

H

Joerin Johnston Juanzon

178 16, 31 124, 125, 200 173 190 45 114, 199 30

Kabir Kahandawa Kaklauskas Kaluarachchi Kamal Kariyawasam Don Nandasiri Karunaratne Keraminiyage Keyaminiyage Khan Kholidasari Khoury Komendantova Kormoker Krauss Krishnamurthy Kulatunga Kumsap

14, 19, 27, 59, 61, 110 145 22, 28 84, 97, 179 190 155 190 41 73 97 95 68 151 106, 167

L

Lallemant Latief Lee León Leone Lepkova Li 91 Lill Lirio Liyanage Lloyd Loke

Habiba 108 Haigh 24, 32, 43, 49, 63, 70, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 93, 96, 138, 188, 192, 197 Halwatura 172 Hanifah 48 Hassan 139 Hayat 93 Heather 182 Hemachandra 81, 82, 188 Hemasinghe 7 Herath 28, 172 Hernandez 145 Hettiarachchi 44, 71, 99 Hettige 24, 63, 70 Hossain 36, 176

I

Ibrahim Ichwan Ilumin Ingirige Inoue Ishana Ismail Jayakody Jayasinghe Jayasiri Jeong

J

57 135 92 25, 189, 206, 208 164 103 31 197 35, 172 71 42

K

214

166 195 78 108 163 130, 138 150 176 154 173 131, 200 200 72 148 205 53 66, 103 201 166 186 129 64 48, 119 42, 64 33 187 138

M

MacAskill Mackee Madumathi Navaratne Mahanama Geegana Gamage Mahavik Maier Malalgoda Maly Mannakkara Mánsson Mao Martins Marx Mat Jusoh Mat Zubir Matos Maund McColl

46, 138, 146, 158 106 32, 49, 80, 84, 93 4 114, 199 151 14, 27, 59 37 37 23 161 75, 76, 86, 146 165 182 38 199 45 74 134 57 45 19, 61, 110 195

Meidityawati Menike Miller Mirti Chand Mohammad Mohammed Mokrani Moreno Morley Mostafa Zaman Mukhopadhyay Mukhtar Mungkung Munokaran Murray Mustapha Mutuc Mylange Dona Navarathna Navaratne Naverathna Nawawi Neise Ng Nguyen Noble Nordin Nur Nur Afifah Ochiai Okazaki Oki Ismoyo Oldham Olivas Omar Chong Onggosandojo Ongkowijoyo Ophiyandri Oreta Owi Palihakkara Palisoc Palliyaguruge Pardthaisong Park Pascua Pathirana Paton Percival Pereira Perera


N

O

P

Perera Gunasena Pertiwi Rahayu Petersen Petridou Pham Phanthunane Piyadasa Potangaroa Prasanna Prior Putong

135 18 xxxvii, 94 90 139, 141 5, 54, 143 33 128 105 66, 103 115 60 129 101 v, 157 32 167 35

Raftery Rahayu Rahiem Rahim Rahmat Putri Raj Bhatta Raju Ranasinghe Randeniya Rañeses Rankoth Siyambalagasthannage Rasheduzzaman Rashid Ray Raza Razaq Revilla Diez Riaz Richards Richardson Robinson Roosli Rose Rupasinghe Russell-Smith

196 39, 126 154 98, 141 65 91 97 106 168 13, 48 48 31, 147 16, 31, 147, 156 48, 119 52 153 133 135 180, 181 148 78, 92 14, 59 164 106 161 12, 55 lxxxii, 102, 163 62 18 195 52 45 136, 179

R

S

215

Sakalasuriya Samantha Samarakoon Samaraweera Sameen Samor Samsuddin Sangha Sarmah Sato Savic Schmidt Scolobig Secreto Seejata Senanayake Senevirathna Seville

136 119 111 140 113 174 35, 136 152 195 lxvii, 41 132 152 v, 88, 119 201 13, 83, 201 48 40 120, 185 35 175 100 7 66, 103 176, 206 10 11 72 65 72 100 104 171 168 40 68, 170 105 85, 192 107 7, 191 169 122 20 98 105 17 108 41, 205 112 166 106 23 67 6, 8, 9, 18 94

Sfetsos Shafii Shafique Shamsuzzoha Sharma Shaw Shehzad Shervington Siddiqua Silva Sin-ampol Siriwardana Siriwardane Sithole Sitinjak Soetanto Songwathana Sooriyaarachchi Sparf Sridarran Steinberger Stevens Stewart Subrina Sunendar Survila Sutton Suwanprasit Sweya Syed Alwee Taekratok Takim Tan Tantanee Taruc Tehler Thakore Thanasomboon Tibay Tovichakchaikul Tseng Turangzai Udeaja Udullage Uluwaduge


T

U

Uma Uyimleshi

209 57 79 13, 66, 103 194 10 72 104 13 162 12, 55 44, 71 99 105 135 101 160 34 20, 140 63, 131, 200 166 41 113, 205 109 119 138 105 12, 55 26 98

V

Vajja Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia Velasco Vithanage von Meding

W

163 193 28 205 29 6 110

Wagachchige 161 Wagenaar 22 Wandee 144 Warren 79 Watson 111 Wedawatta 189 Weerasena 24, 63 Weerasinghe 22, 28, 161 Wellewatte Arachchige 154 Wickramasinghe 39 Wijaya 30 Wijegunarathna 189 Wijerathna 8, 9 Wilkinson 26, 87, 94, 116, 152, 182 Willie 182 Witt 46, 146, 158 Wongthadam 23 Wood 198, 205

X

174 98, 139, 141 145 23, 102, 138, 144 106 185 32, 80 129 94 144 117 72

Xu Yang Yip Yodying Yumarni Zainal Abidin Zaki Zaman Zuccaro

149 95 6, 8, 18

216

Y

Z

91 91 114 23 21 25, 134, 208 69 13 187


217