BUILDING ETHIOPIA

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BUILDING ETHIOPIA. SUSTAINABILITY AND INNOVATION IN ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN. The to b pia” prom cov the a lin and as o will tion dus bec part.
BUILDING ETHIOPIA SUSTAINABILITY AND INNOVATION IN ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN ZEGEYE CHERENET HELAWI SEWNET

Copyright © 2012 by EiABC All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage, and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in review. First Edition

Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction and City Development , EiABC Zegeye Cherenet, Helawi Sewnet (editors) Building Ethiopia : Sustainability and Innovation in Architecture and Design, Vol. I, 2012 ISBN 978-99944-993-7-3

Digital Impressions, Printed in Ethiopia, 2012

CONTENT 7

INTRODUCTION >> ZEGEYE CHERENET | HELAWI SEWNET URBANITY

15

NEST NEW EMERGING SUSTAINABLE TOWNS >> FRANZ OSWALD

27

THE BURA NESTOWN AN INTERVIEW >> FASIL GHIORGIS

33

ADDIS ABABA EXTRACTING CHARACTER FROM VOIDS >> DIRK HEBEL | ELIAS YITBAREK

39

FOLLOWING THE DONKEY PATH TAILORING AS OPPOSED TO WIPING OUT THE TRACE >> EZANA YOSEPH

43

URBAN PRIMING PROGRAMMED BY THE ENVIRONMENT >> HELAWI SEWNET

49

BASHA WOLDE CHILOT AN URBAN DESIGN >> EZANA YOSEPH | FASIL GHIORGIS | ELIAS YITBAREK

55

FIGURE-GROUND PLAN MAPPING ADDIS ABABA >> FELIX HEISEL

56

7 IDEAS THAT COULD TRANSFORM ADDIS ABABA - PART 1 RE-THINK THE CITY MASTER PLAN >> BENIAM ALI CONNECTIVITY

63

WITHIN THE EDGE URBAN SPATIAL INTERFACES FORMING & IN-FORMING THE STREETS OF ADDIS ABABA >> ADDISALEM FELEKE

69

WATER URBANISM >> ZEGEYE CHERENET | BERHANU GEBREWOLD | WOSSEN GEBREYOHANNES | SELAM LEMMA | MICHAEL HAILEGABRIEL | FEVEN MERETE

77

INTERACITY LIGHTRAIL TRANSIT SYSTEMS ADDIS ABABA >> YUSUF ZOHEB

81

IGNORING THE SIGNS THE UNOBSERVED THREAT POSED BY BILLBOARD CLUTTER IN ADDIS ABABA >> SELAMAWIT WONDIMU

87

WHERE THE STREETS HAVE NO NAME >> YOSEF TEFERI

90

7 IDEAS THAT COULD TRANSFORM ADDIS ABABA - PART 2 ELECTRIC VEHICLE NETWORK >> AMANUEL MENGISTU TEMPORALITY

99

SANDBAG SHELTER-ADDIS ABEBA SHELTERS FOR REFUGEE CAMPS IN ETHIOPIA (OGADEN) >> DIRK DONATH

109

REFUGEE SHELTERS FOR ETHIOPIA >> MARTA WISNIEWSKA | BISRAT KIFLE | ADDISALEM FELEKE

117

NOMAD PUBLIC SPACES BYPRODUCTS OF CONSTRUCTION SITES >> HELAWI SEWNET

123

SPACES OF TRANSFORMATION AND TRANSITORY SPACES RURAL-URBAN INTERFACE >> ZEGEYE CHERENET | BERHANU GEBREWOLD | ADIL MOHAMMED | ELIAS JEMAL | KALKIDAN WONDAFEREW | TSION ADUGNA

139

PLACES OF TRANSIT ENTRIES TO ADDIS ABABA >> ANTENEH TESFAYE

144

7 IDEAS THAT COULD TRANSFORM ADDIS ABABA - PART 3 A DOWNTOWN CULTURE DISTRICT >> AMANUEL MENGISTU MATERIALITY

151

BAMBOO EXPLORED A POTENTIAL FOR URBAN ETHIOPIA >> KARSTEN SCHLESIER | MICHAEL TESFAYE

157

DESIGN WITH MATERIALS >> JOACHIM DIETER | DIRK HEBEL | INGO BECKER | KALKIDAN DEBELA | NEGUSSIE HAILESELASSIE | MULUKEN HAJU

169

MULU PROMISE PLAZA & VILLAGE SUSTAINABLE, MODULAR, URBAN CONTAINER UNITS >> FELIX HEISEL | MARTA WISNIEWSKA

178

7 IDEAS THAT COULD TRANSFORM ADDIS ABABA - PART 4 BUSINESS CUSTOMER SERVICE >> AMANUEL MENGISTU ECONOMY

185

BUILDING THE FUTURE THE APPLICATION OF LOCAL CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES AND MATERIALS IN ETHIOPIA >> DIRK HEBEL

195

SCALING DOWN >> DIRK DONATH

205

AFFORDABLE HOUSING >> BISRAT KIFLE | BROOK TEKLEHAIMANOT | HELAWI SEWNET

212

7 IDEAS THAT COULD TRANSFORM ADDIS ABABA - PART 5 CHARTER SCHOOLS >> BENJAMIN PIPER TECHNOLOGY

219

EARTHEN MASONRY VAULTING: TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TECHNICAL ASPECTS >> LARA DAVIS | PHILLIPE BLOCK

233

BUILDING WITH EARTH APPROPRIATELY >> MELAKESELAM MOGES

239

MODEL MAKING AS A TOOL THE AACM PROJECT >> BROOK TEKLEHAIMANOT

245

ORIGAMI FOLDING STRUCTURES >> MELAT ASSEFA

249

STAIRS AN ARCHITECTURE IN TRANSITION >> ZELEKE BELAY

252

HYPER-DICE >> ZEGEYE CHERENET | BERHANU GEBREWOLD | RAMIAH LEMMA | LULIT SOLOMON | TIBEBU DANIEL | DEJENE LIRAMO

256

7 IDEAS THAT COULD TRANSFORM ADDIS ABABA - PART 6 THE ESSENTIAL MOBILE TOOLKIT >> ADAM ABATE | ERIC CHIJOKE SOCIOLOGY

263

HOUSING TYPOLOGIES A CASE STUDY IN ADDIS ABABA >> FELIX HEISEL

271

APPROPRIATING SPATIAL ACCOMODATIONS >> BERHANU GEBREWOLD

279

MESKEL SQUARE AN URBAN THEATER >> BROOK TEKLEHAIMANOT

284

7 IDEAS THAT COULD TRANSFORM ADDIS ABABA - PART 7 ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTIONS >> DAVID ROGERS

288

UPCOMING PUBLICATIONS >>EiABC

290

ACKGNOWLEDGEMENTS

291

CONTRIBUTORS

294

COLOPHON

262 >> sociology

Kebele RHA private NGO informal

Small  Houses  /  Sheds 71.48% 1.01% 24.16% 1.01% 2.35%

Condominium 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 0.00%

HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

Apartment 1.52% 80.30% 18.18% 0.00% 0.00%

Public  Space  within  the  Building A CASE STUDY IN/  ADDIS ABABAApartment Small  Houses   Sheds Condominium

Haile  Selassi During  Derg After  Derg After  2000 Averageis a What

Total 45.36% 13.08% 39.45% 0.63% 1.48%

Villa 17.78%

Total 38.19%

Orthodox conducted Muslimby the from interviews

Orthodox Muslim 35.04% 21.13% 18.06% 25.35% 11.05% 15.49% 1 >> UN-HABITAT (2008) Ethiopia 12.94% 2.82%

52.17%

86.36%

Small  Houses  /  Sheds 40.60% 18.79% 9.40% 6.38%

Condominium 0.00% 0.00% 13.04% 86.96%

Apartment 36.36% 7.58% 19.70% 0.00%

Row  House 4.76% 38.10% 21.43% 16.67%

Villa 15.56% 35.56% 4.44% 11.11%

Total 32.49% 19.62% 11.60% 10.76%

1988

1982

1976

85.57% 13.76% questions 0.67% this

Row  House 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 100.00% 51.52% 59.52% research in its attempt to 0.00% posed48.48% 35.71%

Villa 11.11% 73.33% understand 15.56%

Total 55.27% 32.91% dwelling 11.81%

some of the the typologies in the city of Addis Ababa. In total, 500 interviews were conducted in selected areas throughout city. To be able to compare the results scientifically, questionnaires set the basis Material  Main  Bthe uilding Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  House Villa Total for discussions on the use of 81.54% space, life in the city and personal matters of the26.67% inhabitants. Mud 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 54.01% CIS A typology, defined as a 8.72% 0.00%especially 0.00%in archaeology, 5.49% classification 0.00% according to0.00% general type, HCB 2.35% 100.00% 57.58% 69.05% 64.44% 26.58% psychology, or the social sciences (Oxford Dictionary), in architecture refers to a distinct spatial Ply  Wood 1.68% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.05% Stone 2.68% time or0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 4.44% 2.32% arrangement common for a certain social group. The way we enter our dwellings, which Cloth 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% rooms we pass through and in0.34% which order;0.00% all these 40.91% habits are not being questioned as long as Brick 28.57% 4.44% 8.86% Bamboo 0.34% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.21% we move in our accustomed cultural architecture. Plastic 2.35% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.48% Once leaving our homes, we encounter other distinct ways of living and housing. Usually we relate these differences to other building materials and climates. But, by only looking at the Material   Extension Small  Houses  /it  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row   House The fact Villa that a building Total physical side of architecture, is difficult to understand the whole picture. Mud 5.63% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 19.05% 6.82% isCISconstructed from brick or from not necessarily between 69.72%mud does0.00% 33.33% determine 33.33% the relationship 61.90% 65.91% HCB 1.41% 0.00% 33.33% 11.11% 19.05% 4.55% kitchen and living room, or how the house is entered. To understand those details, one has to Ply  Wood 5.63% 0.00% 33.33% 0.00% 0.00% 5.11% Stone for example, the specific 2.82% 0.00% 0.00% 33.33% 0.00% or the religion 3.98% study, qualities of the traditional food preparation process Cloth 2.82% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.27% of the owner. Bamboo 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Brick 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 22.22% 0.00% 1.70% There are three reasons, why Addis Ababa is especially interesting for this research: Plastic 11.97% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 9.66% Firstly, according to UN Definition, 70 – 80% of Ethiopia’s citizens are living in “substandard, slum-like conditions”1 . Due to a very unique history and constant housing shortage over the last Type  of  Dwelling Houses   /  Sheds Row  House Total century, its citizensSmall   built most of the Condominium city informallyApartment without building permits.Villa This makes Addis Small  House 86.58% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 54.43% Ababa a showcase for architects who are willing from the informal sector. Shed 13.42% 0.00% to learn 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 8.44% Apartment 0.00% Addis 100.00% 0.00% haphazardly 0.00% 13.92% Secondly, as an indigenous 0.00% urban settlement, Ababa developed around the Condominium 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.85% king’s palace and the camps of0.00% his generals. 0.00% Over time, the vacant spaces to fill in, resulting Row  House 0.00% 100.00% started 0.00% 8.86% Villa 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 9.49% in an urban pattern where the wealthy and0.00% the poor lived side by 0.00% side. Apart from some newly built satellites for the upper class, until today, this mixed residential structure has not changed. Servants  in  the  House Addis Ababa fails toSmall   display the degreeCondominium of separationApartment between housing classes commonly featured Houses   /  Sheds Row  House Villa Total 2 0 90.27% 60.87% 50.00% 33.33% 13.33% 70.89% in other major cities of the developing world . 1 9.06% 39.13% 48.48% 64.29% 68.89% 26.58% more or less 0.00% free from international influences. Not counting1.90% the 2 Lastly, Addis Ababa is still 0.34% 1.52% 2.38% 13.33% 3 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 0.42% five years of Italian occupation, Ethiopia was never colonized by a foreign power. The Italians 4 0.34% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.21% yes manage to build a lot, but 9.73% 50.00% 66.67% 86.67%or architectural 29.11% did 5 years are39.13% not sufficient to change the lifestyle awareness of a country’s inhabitants. Unfortunately, during the last 10 years, Dubai’s influence Stories Houses   /  Sheds Apartment Row  House Villa and construct Total has invaded AddisSmall   Ababa. But as theCondominium research showed, Ethiopians still live, build 1 90.27% 91.30% 100.00% 28.57% 77.78% 85.02% essentially Ethiopian. 2 9.73% 8.70% 0.00% 66.67% 15.56% 13.92% 3

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

Orthodox 46.36% 11.05% 40.43% 0.54% 1.62%

Cover Image >>

Muslim 43.66% 14.08% 39.44% 1.41% 1.41%

Collection of floor plans found

33.22%

typical Ethiopian floor plan? 1971 2004 1975 What is Addis Ababa’s housing typology? Constructor What are the reasons behind our design decisions? Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment

self-­‐built contractor These Architectare

Villa 0.00% 11.11% 88.89% 0.00% 0.00%

Row  House 11.90%

>> FELIX HEISEL Year  of  Construction

Row  House 2.38% 2.38% 95.24% 0.00% 0.00%

4.76%

6.67%

1.05%

students

36.39%

42.25%

Urban Profile, UN-Habitat: Nairobi 1976

1977

2 >> UN-HABITAT (2010) The Integrated Housing Development Orthodox

Muslim

31.27%

36.62%

Program, UN-Habitat: Nairobi 57.14% 53.52% 3 >> All following numbers and 11.59% 9.86% statistics accoring to EiABC Research, if not stated otherwise Orthodox (2010) Muslim 4 >> UN-HABITAT The 54.99%

56.34%

27.22%

26.76%

Integrated 5.93% Housing Development 4.23% Program, UN-Habitat: Nairobi 0.54% 2.82%

0.00% 5 >> DERG 2.70% or Dergue: Provisional 0.00%

0.00%

Military Government of8.45% Socialist 7.01% 0.27% Ethiopia (1974 - 1987) 0.00% 1.35%

1.41%

6 >> Ministry of Works and Urban Development: Integrated Housing Orthodox Muslim Development Program, Addis 6.47%

4.35% 65.22% 2.16% (2010) 8.70% 7 >> UN-HABITAT The 5.04% 4.35% Integrated 3.60% Housing Development 8.70% 2.16% 4.35% Program, UN-Habitat: Nairobi 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 8 >> Injera 2.16% is the traditional 10.79% 4.35%

Ababa, 2008 67.63%

Ethiopian yeast-risen flatbread made out of teff flour 9 >> A ‘kebele’ smallest Orthodoxis the Muslim

54.72% 59.15% 8.89% 7.04% 12.67% of 500 12.68% with a minimum families 5.66% 1.41% 10 >> further information, EiABC 8.89% 9.86% 9.16% 9.86% Movie: „Disappearing Spaces –

administrative unit in Ethiopia,

A day in the informal city“, Felix Heisel / Bisrat Kifle, 2011 Orthodox

Muslim

25.61%

29.58%

71.97% (2010) 67.61% 11 >> UN-HABITAT The

Integrated 1.89% Housing Development 2.82% 0.27% 0.00% Program, UN-Habitat: Nairobi 0.27%

0.00%

12 >> UN-HABITAT Ethiopia 28.03% (2008) 32.39% Urban Profile, UN-Habitat: Nairobi Muslim 13 >> AtOrthodox the time of writing: 86.52%

78.87%

100 birr equivilent 4.25 € 12.13% to 21.13%

1.35% 0.00% 14 >> Ethiopia Population Census

Commission: Summary and Absolut  Numbers Interviews

Small  Houses  /  Sheds 298

Condominium 23

Apartment 66

Row  House 42

Villa 45

Total 474

Statistical Report of the 2007, Orthodox

Addis Ababa,371 2008

Muslim 71

sociology >> 263

HOUSING TYPOLOGIES IN ADDIS ABABA

a >>

The research was conducted over five different housing typologies in Addis Ababa: Small Houses / Sheds, Apartments, Condominiums, Row Houses and Villas. Unlike Europe, where typologies usually depend on the time and the architectural style of the period, Ethiopia’s typologies seem to vary much more according to the income of the owner. Comparing the floor plans of a 2-bedroom apartment from the time of Emperor Haile Selassie and one from the year 2010, one cannot find big differences. Where Europeans distinguish between, for example, a “Gründerzeit” and a modern floor plan typology, regardless of talking about a 10-story apartment building or a free standing villa, in Ethiopia, that alone is the main typological difference. Interestingly enough, the floor plan and typology of a villa in Addis Ababa does not seem to have changed during the last century.

VILLAS b >>

c >>

d >>

A villa in Addis Ababa is considered as a freestanding structure within a compound of several buildings. The average plot size ranges between 200 and 300m2; the main house covering about 88m2. 77% of villas are single-story, although newer structures can have up to 3 stories and significantly more square meters. According to our data, 98% of villas are fenced and 68% have additional security measures like guards or dogs.3 Traditionally the house is set back from the street to create a parking space and a small garden in front of the house. Sometimes a veranda overlooks this area. An average villa has 9 rooms and houses 6.6 persons. In stark contrast to all other typologies in Addis Ababa, here, every room is used for only one function throughout day and night. The front of the house consists out of a living and dining area with an adjacent closed kitchen. In the back, 3 bedrooms and a bathroom are connected to a small hallway. Behind the house, one can find a service quarter with spaces for storage, the servants and a traditional kitchen. Although 90% of all villas have a modern kitchen nowadays, almost the same number has an additional traditional kitchen in the backyard. The preparation of Ethiopian dishes needs an open fire in most cases. Since the servant generally uses the traditional kitchen for food preparation, the modern kitchen is usually reduced to a show-case space and the location of the fridge for drinks. 86% of villa owners have at least one servant to help with the washing and cooking chores of the household. Not necessarily all of them live at their place of work. In many cases the servant quarters or even the villas are rented as an additional income source for the owner of the plot. But, regardless of their use, all villas are constructed with a second structure in the backyard, this so-called “servant’s quarter”.

ROW HOUSES e >>

f >>

264 >> sociology

Row houses and villas in Addis Ababa show similar characteristics. Set on a fenced compound, the house separates the parking and garden spaces in the front from the service quarters in the back. The biggest difference is probably the height. 70% of row houses have two or three stories, whereas 70% of villas have only one. Row houses are generally built by housing associations and thus, like villas, predominantly privately owned. The most popular unit is a 3-bedroom house. In most cases one enters these houses, just like villas, directly into the combined living and eating room, without the buffer of a hallway. The kitchen can be found underneath the stairs that are leading to the private rooms on the top floor. Upstairs three bedrooms share one common bathroom. The small hall in between is lit by means of the staircase.

Square  Meter  per  House

Small  Houses  /  Sheds 23.83

Condominium 49.71

Apartment 53.17

Row  House 76.19

Villa 88.20

Total 39.91

Square  Meter  per  Room

/  Shedsof 4Condominium Apartment Row  Hrow, ouse multiplied Villa along 2 or Total Usually, the urbanSmall   gridHouses   consists to 8 identical units in one 3 9.24 11.30 11.50 9.97 10.21 9.77 parallel streets. Talking to the inhabitants of these units, the most common complaint is lack Square   Meter   per  average Person of space. An of 6.55 persons shares the 3 bedrooms, which explains why most of the Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  House Villa Total balconies are closed off and transformed into rooms. 13.49 5.11 14.58additional 14.38 15.08 8.51 While it is possible to find villas built from traditional building materials like mud and wood, Access  to  Toilet all row houses areSmall   constructed from Condominium brick or hollow concrete blocks. Still Houses  /  Sheds Apartment Row  HouseThe reason Villa is simple: Total Compound 13.76% 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 6.67% 9.70% today multi-story mud buildings are an experiment. At the time 0.00% of construction, row houses Communal 77.52% 0.00% 0.00% 2.22% 48.95% Private only be erected with more 8.72%advanced 100.00% 100.00% 95.24% 91.11% 41.35% could building materials.

Orthodox 39.00

Muslim 41.60

Typology Plan a >> VillaOrthodox Muslim

b>> Picture of9.80 a Villa and9.68 its typical security measures Orthodox

Muslim

c >> Villa with8.47 veranda space 9.68 d >> Rowhouses near Atlas e >> RowOrthodox House Typology Plan Muslim 9.16% f >> Apartment Block 11.27% 50.40%

47.89%

40.43% 40.85% g >> Staircase of Apartment

Building, Public and Private Use Rooms  have  several  Functions Small  Houses  /  Sheds 77.52% House  is  part  of  a  Compound

Small  Houses  /  Sheds APARTMENTS 24.83%

Condominium 30.43%

Apartment 34.85%

Row  House 0.00%

Villa 0.00%

Total 55.06%

Condominium 43.48%

Apartment 1.52%

Row  House 90.48%

Villa 100.00%

Total 35.44%

Unlike Europe, the value of an apartment in Addis Ababa does not seem to increase with its Protection height above street level. The view and the feeling of being above the rest of the city cannot Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  House Villa Total Fence 0.00% 66.67% Most 37.78% 30.59% outweigh the problems that33.56% appear with an increasing0.00% building height. apartment blocks Dog 7.72% 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 0.00% 5.27% do feature elevators, although building code such for constructions above Dog  not /  Fence 7.05% now the0.00% 0.00%requires14.29% 33.33% 8.86% 21.74% pressure 54.55% 9.28% 5Guard stories. Much worse though0.67% is the low water in Addis 2.38% Ababa. The0.00% city loses 30% of Fence  /  Guard 1.34% 39.13% 9.09% 4.76% 22.22% 6.54% this alarmits potable every year due in the communal water0.00% system4. Besides Fence   /  Guard  /water  Dog 0.00%to leakage0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 0.42% None 49.66% 39.13% 36.36% 2.22% ing fact, these holes in the system also cause daily water problems7.14% in buildings with more39.03% than 4 stories because of the low water pressure. Lastly, most inhabitants of Addis Ababa increase Ownership their income with Small   micro-enterprises. These businesses highly Row   depend relationship with Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment House on the Villa Total Kebele 71.48% 0.00% 1.52% 2.38% 0.00% 45.36% the public realm and thus passing-by customers. Since most of the micro-entrepreneurs work RHA 1.01% 0.00% 80.30% 2.38% 11.11% 13.08% from apartment correlates directly possibility to address these privatehome, the level of their24.16% 100.00% 18.18% with the 95.24% 88.89% 39.45% NGO 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% clients: the higher the apartment the fewer customers can be attracted. informal 2.35% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.48% The architecturally most interesting apartment buildings in Addis Ababa probably date back to theSpace   times ofthe   Emperor Public   within   Building Haile Selassie (1940’s-1960’s). At that time, private investors had been Small  units Houses  for /  Sheds Apartment House Villa Total constructing housing a freeCondominium rental market. Ever sinceRow   the nationalization of all urban 33.22% 52.17% 86.36% 11.90% 17.78% 38.19% land and rental units during the time of the socialistic DERG Regime5, apartment blocks seem to Year  of  Construction be considered as stacked small houses to meet theApartment housing shortage. (80% ofVilla apartment units Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Row  House Total Haile  rented Selassi by the Agency for40.60% 0.00% of Rented 36.36% Houses, 4.76% 15.56% Most of 32.49% are the Administration short AARH.) them During  Derg 18.79% 0.00% 7.58% 38.10% 35.56% 19.62% consist units and a13.04% lack of connection between of After  Dergof dark hallways, small 9.40% 19.70% 21.43% the inside 4.44%and outside 11.60% After  apartment. 2000 86.96% 0.00% 10.76% the These missing6.38% social spaces and connections are16.67% the main 11.11% problem of today’s Average inner city residential high-rise1971 buildings. 2004 1975 1988 1982 1976 The average apartment size is 53.2 m2 and houses 4.77 persons. These numbers do not Constructor Small  reality. Houses  /  SWe heds found Condominium Apartment Row  in House Villa apartments. Total necessarily show the 2 categories of dwellers Addis Ababa’s self-­‐built 85.57% 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 11.11% 55.27% On the one side, middle class singles and younger couples, some of them just welcomed their contractor 13.76% 100.00% 51.52% 59.52% 73.33% 32.91% Architect 35.71% up to15.56% first child; on the other side,0.67% an equally 0.00% big group 48.48% of families with 10 members11.81% lives in the same size apartment in very crammed conditions. In the second situation, we found Material   ain  Building all the M characteristics of a typical small house or shed, simply lifted to an upper floor. Due to Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  House Villa Total the functions during night and the hallways are Mud space shortage, rooms fulfill 81.54%different 0.00% 1.52% day and 0.00% 26.67% 54.01% CIS 8.72% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 5.49% made part of the private spaces as best as possible. It57.58% is not uncommon to find the inhabitants HCB 2.35% 100.00% 69.05% 64.44% 26.58% Ply  these Wood blocks cooking their1.68% 0.00% in the0.00% 0.00% 0.00% of traditional dishes halls and balconies due to the lack1.05% of a Stone 2.68% 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 4.44% 2.32% traditional kitchen. Public space is usually transformed into day light hours0.00% and Cloth 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%a living room 0.00%during0.00% Brick 0.34% 40.91% 28.57% 8.86% considered as storage space at night time.0.00% As discussed earlier, due to their4.44% height, the upper Bamboo 0.34% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.21% apartments cannot utilize the2.35% public realm0.00% in the same0.00% way a ground might be Plastic 0.00%floor apartment 0.00% 1.48% able to. Because of that, these blocks usually feature a wide range of shops, restaurants and Material  services Extension on the ground and first floors. other Mud CIS HCB Ply  Wood Stone Cloth

Small  Houses  /  Sheds 5.63% 69.72% 1.41% 5.63% 2.82% 2.82%

Condominium 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Apartment 0.00% 33.33% 33.33% 33.33% 0.00% 0.00%

Row  House 0.00% 33.33% 11.11% 0.00% 33.33% 0.00%

Villa 19.05% 61.90% 19.05% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Total 6.82% 65.91% 4.55% 5.11% 3.98% 2.27%

h >> Apartment Typology Plan Orthodox

Muslim

Orthodox 35.04%

Muslim 39.44%

Orthodox 30.46% 6.47% 9.16% 8.09% 6.47% 0.27% 39.08%

Muslim 36.62% 1.41% 5.63% 9.86% 4.23% 1.41% 40.85%

Orthodox 46.36% 11.05% 40.43% 0.54% 1.62%

Muslim 43.66% 14.08% 39.44% 1.41% 1.41%

Orthodox 36.39%

Muslim 42.25%

Orthodox 35.04% 18.06% 11.05% 12.94%

Muslim 21.13% 25.35% 15.49% 2.82%

1976

1977

Orthodox 57.14% 31.27% 11.59%

Muslim 53.52% 36.62% 9.86%

Orthodox 54.99% 5.93% 27.22% 0.54% 2.70% 0.00% 7.01% 0.27% 1.35%

Muslim 56.34% 4.23% 26.76% 2.82% 0.00% 0.00% 8.45% 0.00% 1.41%

i >> Teklu Desta 54.72%Apartment 61.97%Bldg.

f >>

g >>

h >>

i >>

Orthodox Muslim 6.47% 4.35% 67.63% 65.22% sociology 2.16% 8.70% 5.04% 4.35% 3.60% 8.70% 2.16% 4.35%

>> 265

11 2.01% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 2.22% 1.69% 14 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% 4 16.11% 8.70% 16.67% 7.14% 17.78% 15.19% 13 0.67% 2.22% 12 0.67% 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 0.00% 0.63% 15 0.34% 1.52% 0.42% 5 15.44% 13.04% 24.24% 16.67% 8.89% 16.03% 14 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% 13 0.67% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.22% 0.63% 16 1.01% 0.00% 0.63% 6 12.08% 21.74% 7.58% 28.57% 22.22% 14.35% 15 0.34% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% 14 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% 17 0.00% 0.00% 7 11.07% 9.09% 21.43% 15.56% 11.60% 16 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% 15 0.34% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% 18 8 6.04% 4.35% 9.09% 2.38% 6.67% 6.12% 17 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 16 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% 19 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 9 9.40% 4.35% 11.90% 15.56% 8.65% 18 17 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 20 2.38% 0.21% 10 2.68% 4.44% 2.11% 19 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 18 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Average 11 2.01% 1.52% 0.00% 2.22% 1.69% 20 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 0.00% 0.21% 19 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%6 5.74 4.13 4.77 a massive 6.55 urban0.00% 6.60 5.68 In municipal authority launched renewal program 12 2004/05, the Addis Ababa 0.00% 0.67% 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 0.63% Average 20 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 0.00% 0.21% 13 0.67% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.22% 0.63% 5.74 4.13 4.77 6.55 6.60 5.68 Average in order upgrade the inner parts of the city. The 0.00% scheme is known as the ‘Condominium Rooms   per  Hto ouse 14 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% 5.74 4.13 4.77 6.55 6.60 5.68 Small  its Houses   /  0.34% Sheds was Condominium Apartment H ouse Ababa Villa Total 15 0.00% 170,000 1.52% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% Rooms   per  HProject’ ouse Housing and objective to build units Row   in Addis in just five years. 1 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 13.50% 16 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% Small  Houses  /21.14%  1.01% Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total Rooms   per  House Although this number has not been reached so far,Apartment a lot has been done. On 103 building sites all 217 27.18% 17.39% 18.14% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 13.50% Small  Houses  /21.14%  0.00% Sheds Condominium Row  H ouse Villa Total 3 26.85% 4.35% 19.70% 0.00% 19.83% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% have been 0.00% 0.00% 2 27.18% 17.39% 1.52% 18.14% 118 21.14% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00%or are currently 0.00% 13.50% over the city, 51 of those in the very center, constructions going on. 4 14.77% 21.74% 19.70% 2.38% 6.67% 13.08% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 319 26.85% 4.35% 19.83% 2 27.18% 17.39% 1.52% 0.00% 0.00% 18.14% 520 Basically, condominiums26.85% 5.03% 39.13% 25.76% 33.33% 13.33% 9.49% can of the apartment typology, with 19.83% some 0.00%be considered 0.00% as part 0.00% 0.00% 0.21% 4 14.77% 21.74% 19.70% 2.38% 6.67% 13.08% 3 4.35% 19.70% 0.00% 0.00% 6 2.01% 17.39% 9.52% 8.89% 9.92% 5 5.03% 39.13% 25.76% 33.33% 13.33% 9.49% 4Average 14.77% 21.74%inhabitant 19.70% 2.38% 6.67% 13.08% very important differences due to the different structure. The ‘Condominium Housing 7 1.68% 0.00% 6.06% 19.05% 20.00% 3.59% 5.74 4.13 4.77 6.55 6.60 5.68 6 2.01% 17.39% 25.76% 9.52% 8.89% 9.92% 5 5.03% 39.13% 25.76% 33.33% 13.33% 9.49% 8 1.01% 0.00%slum areas 17.78% 4.22% 7 1.68% 0.00% 6.06% 19.05% 20.00% Project’ is a city-upgrading program. Accordingly, former are being demolished3.59% and 6 2.01% 17.39% 25.76% 9.52% 8.89% 9.92% 9 0.34% 0.00% 0.00% 9.52% 4.44% 3.59% 8Rooms  per  House 1.01% 19.05% 17.78% 4.22% 7 1.68% 0.00% 6.06% 19.05% 20.00% 3.59% rebuilt with condominium this leads to major displacements 10 0.00% 4.76% 11.11% 1.27% Small  Houses  blocks. /  1.01% Sheds Naturally, Condominium Apartment Row  19.05% H ouse Villa of the former Total 9 0.34% 0.00% 0.00% 9.52% 4.44% 3.59% 8 0.00% 0.00% 17.78% 4.22% 11 2.38% 13.33% 1.48% 21.14% 1.52% feature 0.00% 0.00% 13.50% 10 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 11.11% 1.27% 91 0.34% But, the0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 9.52% 4.44% 3.59% inhabitants living in these areas. most important of Addis Ababa’s informal 12 0.00% 4.44% 2 27.18% 17.39% 1.52% 0.00% 18.14% 11 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 13.33% 1.48% 10 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 11.11% 1.27% but0.00% the social network that these 17 0.42% 3sector is not the built environment, 26.85% 4.35% 19.70% 0.00% 12 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% within 19.83% 1.48% 11 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% developed 13.33% 1.48% Average 4 14.77% 21.74% 19.70% 2.38% 6.67% 13.08% 17 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% 12 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 1.48% communities. By displacing those people according to a lottery system (the idea was to be fair 2.75 4.35 4.68 7.79 8.98 4.14 5 5.03% 39.13% 25.76% 33.33% 13.33% 9.49% Average 17 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% 6 everyone) throughout the2.01% 17.39% 25.76% 9.52% 8.89% 9.92% 2.75 all of these 4.35 networks 4.68were scattered. 7.79 8.98 4.14 to city, Fortunately realizing Average Square   Meter  per  House 7 1.68% 0.00% 6.06% 19.05% 20.00% 3.59% 2.75 4.35 4.68 7.79 8.98 4.14 7 this situation, city is now/  1.01% the 0.00% system in order neighborhoods Houses   Schanging heds Condominium Apartment Row  19.05% House Villa together. Total 8 0.00% to keep 17.78% 4.22% Square   Meter  per  Hthe ouse Small   23.83 49.71 53.17 76.19 88.20 39.91 9 0.34% 0.00% 0.00% 9.52% 4.44% 3.59% Small   H ouses   /   S heds Condominium Apartment Row   H ouse Villa Total Square  Meter  per  House 10 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 11.11% 1.27% 49.71 53.17 76.19 88.20 39.91 Small  Houses  /  0.00% S23.83 heds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total Square   Meter  per  Room 11 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 13.33% 1.48% 23.83 49.71 53.17 76.19 88.20 39.91 Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total 12 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 1.48% Square   Meter  per  Room Small  Houses  /  0.00% 9.24 11.30 11.50 9.97 10.21 9.77 17 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total Square   Meter  per  Room Small  Houses  /  0.00% Average 9.24 11.30 11.50 9.97 10.21 9.77 Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  House Villa Total Square  Meter  per  Person 2.75 4.35 4.68 7.79 8.98 4.14 9.24 11.30 11.50 9.97 10.21 9.77 Condominium Apartment Row  House Villa Total Square  Meter  per  PersonSmall  Houses  /  Sheds 5.11 14.58 14.38 15.08 8.51 Square  M Meter   eter  pper   er  PHerson ouseSmall  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H13.49 ouse Villa Total Square   Small  H Houses   ouses  //    SSheds heds Condominium Apartment Row  H H13.49 ouse Villa Total 5.11 14.58 14.38 15.08 8.51 Small   Condominium Apartment Row   ouse Villa Total Nonetheless, in regard to the relationship between units and the public realm, the same probAccess  to  Toilet 23.83 49.71 53.17 76.19 88.20 39.91 5.11 14.58 14.38 13.49 15.08 8.51 Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Unfortunately, Apartment Row   House Villa Total lems as for apartments. for condominiums, this creates Access  apply to  Toiletfor condominiums Compound 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 6.67% 9.70% Square  tM oom Small  Houses  /13.76%  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total o  eter   Toiletper  Rbigger aAccess   significantly problem. In contrast to a family that moved into by choice, Communal 77.52% 0.00% 2.22% 48.95% Small   Houses   ouses  //13.76% heds Condominium Apartment Row  H H ouse an apartment Villa Total Compound 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 6.67% 9.70% Small   H    SSheds Condominium Apartment Row   ouse Villa Total 9.24 11.30have been 11.50 9.97moved 10.21 9.77 Private inhabitants of the condominium 8.72% 100.00% 100.00% 95.24% 91.11% 41.35% Communal 77.52% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.22% 48.95% many blocks displaced or from their former Compound 13.76% 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 6.67% 9.70% Private 8.72% 100.00% 100.00% 95.24% 91.11% 41.35% Communal 77.52% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.22% 48.95% life style where they depended on micro-enterprises. Square   Meter   per  Person Private 8.72% 100.00% 100.00% 95.24% 91.11% 41.35% Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  House Villa Total Rooms  have  several  Functions Within an exemplary family in Addis Ababa’s informal sector, the wife bakes and sells 5.11 14.58 14.38 15.08 8.51 Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H13.49 ouse Villa Total Rooms  have  several  Functions 8 30.43% 34.85% 0.00% 0.00% ‘’injera’’ everyFunctions day asHouses   the /77.52% only source for the family. years Small    Sheds income Condominium Apartment Row  After H ouse spending Villa the last 55.06% Total Rooms  have  several   Access  to  Toilet 30.43% 34.85% 0.00% 0.00% 55.06% Small  Hof ouses   /77.52%  Shedsin her Condominium Apartment H ouse Villa Total on creating clients neighborhood, she canRow   now barely support her family. Small  Houses   /77.52%  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row   H ouse Villa Total House   is  part  of  aa  Cnetwork ompound 30.43% 34.85% 0.00% 0.00% 55.06% 9 Compound 13.76% 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 6.67% 9.70% Small   H ouses   /   S heds Condominium Apartment Row   H ouse Villa Total House  is  part  oher f  a  Compound Operating business inside a one-room ‘’kebele’’ house, she is forced to open her private Communal 77.52% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.22% 48.95% 43.48% 1.52% 100.00% 35.44% Small  Houses  /24.83%  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  90.48% H ouse Villa Total House   is  part  of  a  Compound 10 spaces street and turn them into shop during the day.100.00% Private towards the 100.00% 100.00% 95.24% 91.11% 41.35% 43.48%a public 1.52% 35.44% Small  Houses  /24.83%  8.72% Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  90.48% House Villa Total Protection 24.83% 43.48% 1.52% but the 90.48% 100.00% of families 35.44% The described Small   caseHdoes not represent a singleApartment incident, vast majority in ouses  /  Sheds Condominium Row  House Villa Total Protection Rooms   h ave   s everal   F unctions Fence 33.56% 0.00% 0.00% 66.67% 37.78% 30.59% Addis Ababa. By displacing families these from their accustomed social networks, the physical Small  Houses   /  Sheds like Condominium Apartment Row  House Villa Total Protection Small  H Houses   ouses  //33.56% heds Condominium Apartment Row  66.67% H ouse Villa Total Dog 4.76% 0.00% 5.27% Fence 0.00% 0.00% 37.78% 30.59% Small      7.72% SSheds Condominium Apartment Row   H ouse Villa they may Total aspects of their housing are indeed improved. On the other hand, in this process, lose 77.52% 30.43% 34.85% 0.00% 0.00% 55.06% Dog  /  Fence 7.05% 14.29% 33.33% 8.86% Dog 7.72% 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 5.27% Fence 33.56% 0.00% 0.00% 66.67% 37.78% 30.59% Guard 0.67% 54.55% 2.38% impossible. 0.00% According 9.28% Dog   /  Fsource ence 7.05% 0.00% 0.00% conditions 14.29% 33.33% 8.86% their of income, thus 7.72% making a life21.74% in the upgraded to Dog 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 0.00% 5.27% House  /i  s   art  of  a  Compound Fence   Gpuard 1.34% 39.13% 9.09% 4.76% 22.22% 6.54% Guard 0.67% 21.74% 54.55% 2.38% 0.00% 9.28% Dog   /  Fence 7.05% 0.00% 14.29% 33.33% 8.86% 11 0.00% official figures, the new owners are renting out 70% of all condominium units. The generated Small   H ouses   /   S heds Condominium Apartment Row   H ouse Villa Total Fence   /   G uard   /   D og 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 0.42% 1.34% 39.13% 9.09% 4.76% 22.22% 6.54% Guard uard 0.67% 21.74% 54.55% 2.38% 0.00% 9.28% 24.83% 43.48% 1.52% 100.00% 35.44% None //    G 39.13% 36.36% 7.14% 2.22% 39.03% Fence   Guard uard   /  Dog to pay back49.66% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 0.42% Fence   1.34% 39.13% 9.09% 4.76% 22.22% 6.54% income is used loans from the down payment for 90.48% the condominium, while the None /  Guard  /  Dog 49.66% 39.13% 36.36% 7.14% 2.22% 39.03% Fence   0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 0.42% Protectionhave to move back into the “slums” to restart a micro-enterprise for daily survival. owners None 49.66% 39.13% 36.36% 7.14% 2.22% 39.03% Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  House Villa Total Ownership Typologically, in addition to all the discussed points for apartments, one very interesting Fence 33.56% 0.00% 0.00% 66.67% 37.78% 30.59% Small   H ouses   /   S heds Condominium Apartment Row   H ouse Villa Total Ownership Dog 0.00% are 0.00%withRow   4.76% 0.00% 5.27% Kebele 1.52% 45.36% Small  Houses   /71.48%  7.72% Shedscondominiums Condominium Apartment ouse kitchen Villa as part of Total change can be observed. Some built anH2.38% open the Ownership Dog  /  Fence 7.05% 0.00% 14.29% 33.33% 8.86% RHA 80.30% 11.11% 13.08% Kebele 0.00% 1.52% 2.38% 0.00% 45.36% Small  Houses  /71.48%  1.01% Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total living traditional Guard and dining room. Because 0.67%of the nature 21.74% 54.55% 0.00%in many cases, 9.28% private 24.16% 100.00% 18.18% 95.24% 88.89% 39.45% RHA 1.01% 0.00% of Ethiopians’ 80.30% 2.38% dishes, 11.11% 13.08% Kebele 71.48% 0.00% 1.52% 2.38% 0.00% 45.36% Fence  /  Guard 1.34% 39.13% 9.09% 4.76% 22.22% 6.54% NGO 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% private 24.16% 100.00% 18.18% 95.24% 88.89% 39.45% RHA 1.01% 0.00% 80.30% 2.38% 11.11% 13.08% the new owner moves the kitchen into a bedroom to create a closed cooking space. The lost Fence  /  Guard  /  Dog 0.00% 4.44% 0.42% informal 2.35% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.48% NGO 1.01% 0.63% private 24.16% 100.00% 18.18% 95.24% 88.89% 39.45% None 49.66% 39.13% 36.36% 7.14% 2.22% 39.03% sleeping space will be compensated by a change in furniture in the living room, into informal 2.35% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% turning it0.63% 1.48% NGO 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

CONDOMINIUMS

j >>

k >>

l >>

m >>

j >> Arial View Condominium Site k>> Condominium Typology Plan l >> Condominium Street View m >> Condominium Circulation, Public and Private Use n >> Small House / Sheds Picture o >> Student’s Sketches of Small Houses and Sheds p >> Small House / Shed Picture q >> Small Houses / Sheds Typology Plan

266 >> sociology

ainformal bedroom for tthe night. Public   Space  within   he  Building

2.35%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

1.48%

Ownership Houses  /  Sheds Public   Space  within  the  BSmall   uilding Small  H Houses  /    SSheds heds Public  Space  within  the  BSmall   uilding ouses  /33.22% Kebele 71.48% Small  Houses  /33.22%  Sheds RHA of  Construction 1.01% Year   33.22% private Small  Houses  /24.16%  Sheds Year   of  Construction NGO Selassi Haile   Small  Houses  /40.60%  1.01% Sheds Year   of  Construction informal 2.35% During   Derg Haile   Selassi 40.60% Small  Houses  /18.79%  Sheds After   erg 9.40% During   Derg 18.79% Haile   SDelassi 40.60% 2000 6.38% After  D erg 9.40% During   Derg 18.79% Public   Space  within  the  Building Average After   2000 6.38% After   D erg 9.40% Small  Houses  /  S1971 heds Average After   2000 6.38% 33.22% 1971 Average Constructor

Condominium Condominium 52.17% Condominium 0.00% 52.17% Condominium 0.00% 52.17% 100.00% Condominium 0.00% Condominium 0.00% Condominium 13.04% 0.00% 0.00% 86.96% 13.04% 0.00% 86.96% 13.04% Condominium 2004 86.96% 52.17% 2004

Apartment Apartment 86.36% Apartment 1.52% 86.36% Apartment 80.30% 86.36% 18.18% Apartment 0.00% 36.36% Apartment 0.00% 7.58% 36.36% Apartment 19.70% 7.58% 36.36% 0.00% 19.70% 7.58% 0.00% 19.70% Apartment 1975 0.00% 86.36% 1975

Row  House Row  11.90% House ouse Row   H 2.38% Row  11.90% House 2.38% 11.90% Row  95.24% House 0.00% 4.76% Row  H ouse 0.00% 4.76% Row  38.10% H ouse 21.43% 38.10% 4.76% 16.67% 21.43% 38.10% 16.67% 21.43% Row  H1988 ouse 16.67% 11.90% 1988

Villa Villa 17.78% Villa 0.00% 17.78% Villa 11.11% 17.78% 88.89% Villa 0.00% 15.56% Villa 0.00% 35.56% 15.56% Villa 4.44% 35.56% 15.56% 11.11% 4.44% 35.56% 11.11% 4.44% Villa 1982 11.11% 17.78% 1982

Total Total 38.19% Total 45.36% 38.19% Total 13.08% 38.19% 39.45% Total 0.63% 32.49% Total 1.48% 19.62% 32.49% Total 11.60% 19.62% 32.49% 10.76% 11.60% 19.62% 10.76% 11.60% Total 1976 10.76% 38.19% 1976

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House  is  part  of  a  Compound Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  House Villa Total Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H13.49 ouse Villa Total 5.11 14.58 14.38 15.08 8.51 24.83% 43.48% 1.52% 90.48% 100.00% 35.44% Access  to  Toilet Protection Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  House Villa Total Small  Houses  /13.76%  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total Compound 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 6.67% 9.70% Fence 33.56% 0.00% 66.67% 37.78% 30.59% Communal 77.52% 0.00% 0.00% 2.22% 48.95% Dog 7.72% 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 0.00% 5.27% Private 8.72% 100.00% 100.00% 95.24% 91.11% 41.35% Dog  UN /  Fence 7.05% 0.00%Ababa’s0.00% 14.29% 33.33% 8.86% By standards, approximately 80%12 of Addis dwellings are considered below standard Guard 0.67% 21.74% 54.55% 2.38% 0.00% 9.28% or worse. typology within39.13% these informal of the city are the so called Fence   /  hGave   uardsThe 1.34% 9.09% sectors4.76% 22.22% 6.54% Rooms   everal  dominating Functions Fence  /  Guard  /  Dog 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% Houses   Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse most4.44% Villa Total “small houses andSmall   sheds”. It/  is impossible to separate these two, since of the time, both None 49.66% 39.13% 36.36% 7.14% 2.22% 39.03% 77.52% 30.43% 34.85% 0.00% 0.00% 55.06%

SMALL HOUSES AND SHEDS

appear together. More than 70% of small houses have an extension that would be categorized House  is  part  of  a  Compound as a shed. Only a few sheds actually stand alone, and represent the poorest ofVilla the interviewed Ownership Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  House Total Small   H ouses   /   S heds Condominium Apartment Row   H ouse Villa Total 24.83% 43.48% 1.52% 90.48% 100.00% 35.44% inhabitants. Kebele 71.48% 0.00% 1.52% 2.38% 0.00% 45.36% After the nationalization 1.01% of all urban land 1975 by11.11% the socialist DERG 0.00%and housing 80.30% in July2.38% 13.08% RHA Protection 13 private 24.16% 100.00% 18.18% 95.24% 88.89% Small   H ouses   /   S heds Condominium Apartment Row   H ouse Villa given to39.45% Total Regime, all dwellings that used to collect more than 100 birr in rent were the NGO 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% Fence 33.56% 0.00% 66.67% 37.78% 30.59% management of AARH (see apartments), all0.00% units worth0.00% less than 100 birr per0.00% month were given informal 2.35% 0.00% 1.48% Dog 7.72% 4.76% 5.27% Dog  /  Fence 0.00% 0.00% 14.29% 8.86% 14 to the ‘kebeles’. According to 7.05% the last Ethiopian Census in 2007, the ‘kebeles’33.33% rent out 148,645 Guard 0.67% 21.74% 54.55% 2.38% 0.00% 9.28% Public   within  tThis he  Building Fence  /S  pace   Guard 39.13% 4.76% housing units. accounts 1.34% to about 70% of all small9.09% houses and sheds in22.22% Addis Ababa;6.54% the Small  Houses  /  0.00% Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total Fence  /  Guard  /  Dog 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 0.42% rest less legal way to the dweller The rent 17.78% for these dwellings 33.22% 52.17% 86.36% 11.90% 38.19% None belongs in some more or 49.66% 39.13% 36.36% himself. 7.14% 2.22% 39.03% was cut to 10% of the initial sum and stayed at that level ever since. It is not uncommon to pay Year  of  Construction between per month rent Condominium for a ‘kebele’ Apartment house in Addis Ababa. Small   Houses   /  Sheds Row  H ouse Villa Total Ownership 5 to 10 birr Haile  Selassi 0.00% 36.36% 4.76% 15.56% 32.49% Small  Houses  /40.60%  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total Out of constant space problems, the owners developed a habit to extend their units During   18.79% 0.00% 7.58% 38.10% 35.56% 19.62% Kebele Derg 71.48% 1.52% 2.38% 0.00% 45.36% After   9.40% 13.04% 19.70% 21.43% 4.44% 11.60% RHA Derg 1.01% 0.00% 80.30% 2.38% to renovate 11.11% 13.08% whenever they could. This led to a very distinctive law: It is forbidden or repair a After   2000 6.38% 86.96% 0.00% 16.67% 11.11% 10.76% private 24.16% 100.00% 18.18% 95.24% 88.89% 39.45% ‘kebele’ house unless the situation is life threatening. Unfortunately, this regulation did not Average NGO 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% 1971 1975 1988 1982 1976 informal 0.00% 0.00% 1.48% stop the constant extension of2.35% living space 0.00% in2004 ‘kebele’ houses; but it0.00% did worsen the condition of Addis Ababa’s housing units a lot. Considering the small amount of rent, it is not surprising that Constructor Houses  /  Sheds Condominium House Villa Total Public  S‘kebele’ pace  within  houses the  BSmall   uilding most are short of collapsing these Apartment days. Due toRow   the unsecure situation of 55.27% most self-­‐built 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 11.11% Small  Houses  /85.57%  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total contractor and a constant fear of 13.76% 100.00% 51.52% 59.52% 73.33% 32.91% tenants displacement, as well as the strict 11.90% regulation 17.78% on renovation,38.19% this 33.22% 52.17% 86.36% Architect 0.67% 0.00% 48.48% 35.71% 15.56% 11.81% isYear   not about to change any time soon. If at all, it will change for the worse. of  Construction Small  Houses  /  Sheds Material   Main  Building Haile  Selassi 40.60% Small  Houses  /18.79%  Sheds During  Derg Mud 81.54% After  Derg 9.40% CIS 8.72% After  2000 6.38% HCB 2.35% Average Ply  Wood 1.68% 1971 Stone 2.68% Cloth 0.00% Constructor Brick Small  Houses  /  0.34% Sheds Bamboo 0.34% self-­‐built 85.57% Plastic 2.35% contractor 13.76% Architect 0.67%

Condominium 0.00% Condominium 0.00% 0.00% 13.04% 0.00% 86.96% 100.00% 0.00% 2004 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Condominium 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00%

Apartment 36.36% Apartment 7.58% 1.52% 19.70% 0.00% 57.58% 0.00% 1975 0.00% 0.00% 40.91% Apartment 0.00% 0.00% 51.52% 48.48%

Row  House 4.76% Row  38.10% House 0.00% 21.43% 0.00% 16.67% 69.05% 0.00% 1988 2.38% 0.00% Row  28.57% House 0.00% 4.76% 0.00% 59.52% 35.71%

Villa 15.56% Villa 35.56% 26.67% 4.44% 0.00% 11.11% 64.44% 0.00% 1982 4.44% 0.00% 4.44% Villa 0.00% 11.11% 0.00% 73.33% 15.56%

Total 32.49% Total 19.62% 54.01% 11.60% 5.49% 10.76% 26.58% 1.05% 1976 2.32% 0.00% 8.86% Total 0.21% 55.27% 1.48% 32.91% 11.81%

Material  Extension an average of 5.7 persons. Because The average small house or shed isCondominium 24m2 and houses Apartment Row  House Villa Total Material  Main  Building Small  Houses  /  Sheds Mudspace limitations, 0.00% several 0.00% 0.00% 19.05% 6.82% Small  77% Houses   Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  functions, H ouse Villa Total of of/  5.63% all rooms serve different whereas the most CIS 69.72% 0.00% 33.33% 33.33% 61.90% 65.91% Mud 81.54% 1.52% 0.00% 26.67% 54.01% common combination is a change the course of the day. In5.49% the HCB 1.41% 0.00%to bedroom 33.33% 19.05% 4.55% CIS 8.72% from living 0.00% during11.11% 0.00% 0.00% Ply   0.00% 33.33% 0.00% such 0.00% 5.11% HCBWood 2.35% 100.00% 57.58% 69.05% 64.44% 26.58% day, 33% of the dwellers turn5.63% their private spaces into public functionsas shops, bars or Stone 2.82% 0.00% 33.33% 3.98% Ply  Wood 1.68% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.05% restaurants. In the hunt for some owners divided one room ‘kebele’ Cloth 2.82% 0.00% of these 0.00% their 4.44% 0.00% 2.27% Stone 2.68%privacy, most 0.00% 2.38% 2.32% Bamboo 0.00% 0.00% Cloth 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% house into several compartments. Most of the time this separation is temporary and changes Brick 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 22.22% 0.00% 1.70% 0.34% 0.00% 40.91% 28.57% 4.44% 8.86% Plastic 0.00% of a curtain. 9.66% Bamboo 0.34% 0.00% 0.00% you can 0.00%also find walls 0.21% between day and night, for 11.97% example by means Although Plastic 2.35% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.48% from mud or plywood as dividers. Type  88% of  Dwelling of all small houses and sheds are constructed from “chika”, the traditional mud and Small  Houses  /  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  House Villa Total Material  Extension wood construction technique. This Condominium figure,0.00% in combination the Small  House 0.00% with 0.00% 0.00% 54.43% Small   Houses  /86.58%  Sheds Apartment Row  H ouse fact, that Villa 60% of these Total Shed 0.00% 0.00% a good image 8.44% 14 Mud 5.63% and 80% 0.00% earth0.00% 19.05% 6.82% buildings are older than 50 13.42% years have rammed floors, paints Apartment 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% 13.92% CIS 69.72% 33.33% 33.33% 61.90% 65.91% of informal sector Ababa. The first owners, Condominium 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% together with 4.85% HCBthe housing standard in the 1.41% 0.00% of Addis 33.33% 11.11% 19.05% 4.55% Row   ouse 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 8.86% Ply  WHood 5.63% 33.33% 0.00% 0.00% 5.11% some of their friends, have constructed the vast majority of these buildings. In a sector 3.98% that Villa 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 9.49% Stone 2.82% 0.00% 33.33% 0.00% Cloth 0.00% 0.00%buildings have 2.27% covers 80% of the city, 85% of2.82% the buildings0.00% are self-built. Basically 0.00% none of these Bamboo 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% been A very interesting phenomenon architecturally is the extension Servants   in  the  Houseby an architect. Brick designed 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 22.22% 0.00% 1.70% Plastic 11.97% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 9.66% Houses  /houses.  Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total of space within theSmall   ’kebele’ 0 1 2Type  of  Dwelling 3 4Small  House Shed yes Apartment

90.27% 9.06% 0.34% Small  Houses  /  0.00% Sheds 86.58% 0.34% 13.42% 9.73% 0.00%

60.87% 39.13% 0.00% Condominium 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 39.13% 0.00%

50.00% 48.48% 1.52% Apartment 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 50.00% 100.00%

33.33% 64.29% 2.38% Row  H ouse 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 66.67% 0.00%

13.33% 68.89% 13.33% Villa 4.44% 0.00% 0.00% 86.67% 0.00%

70.89% 26.58% 1.90% Total 0.42% 54.43% 0.21% 8.44% 29.11% 13.92%

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Orthodox Orthodox 8.47 35.04%

Muslim Muslim 9.68 39.44%

Orthodox Orthodox 9.16% 30.46% 50.40% 6.47% 40.43% 9.16% 8.09% 6.47% 0.27% Orthodox 39.08% 54.72%

Muslim Muslim 11.27% 36.62% 47.89% 1.41% 40.85% 5.63% 9.86% 4.23% 1.41% Muslim 40.85% 61.97%

Orthodox Orthodox 35.04% 46.36% 11.05% 40.43% Orthodox 0.54% 30.46% 1.62% 6.47% 9.16% 8.09% 6.47% Orthodox 0.27% 36.39% 39.08%

Muslim Muslim 39.44% 43.66% 14.08% 39.44% Muslim 1.41% 36.62% 1.41% 5.63% 9.86% 4.23% Muslim 1.41% 42.25% 40.85%

Orthodox 35.04% Orthodox 18.06% 46.36% 11.05% 12.94% 40.43% 0.54% 1976 1.62%

Muslim 21.13% Muslim 25.35% 43.66% 15.49% 14.08% 2.82% 39.44% 1.41% 1977 1.41%

Orthodox 57.14% Orthodox 31.27% 36.39% 11.59%

Muslim 53.52% Muslim 36.62% 42.25% 9.86%

Orthodox 35.04% Orthodox 18.06% 54.99% 11.05% 5.93% 12.94% 27.22% 0.54% 1976 2.70% 0.00% 7.01% Orthodox 0.27% 57.14% 1.35% 31.27% 11.59%

Muslim 21.13% Muslim 25.35% 56.34% 15.49% 4.23% 2.82% 26.76% 2.82% 1977 0.00% 0.00% 8.45% Muslim 0.00% 53.52% 1.41% 36.62% 9.86%

Orthodox 6.47% Orthodox 67.63% 54.99% 2.16% 5.93% 5.04% 27.22% 3.60% 0.54% 2.16% 2.70% 0.00% 2.16% 7.01% 10.79% 0.27% 1.35%

Muslim 4.35% Muslim 65.22% 56.34% 8.70% 4.23% 4.35% 26.76% 8.70% 2.82% 4.35% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 8.45% 4.35% 0.00% 1.41%

Orthodox Muslim 54.72% 59.15% Orthodox Muslim 8.89% 7.04% 6.47% 4.35% 12.67% 12.68% 67.63% 65.22% 5.66% 1.41% 2.16% 8.70% 8.89% 9.86% 5.04% 4.35% 9.16% 9.86% 3.60% 8.70% 2.16% 4.35% 0.00% 0.00% 2.16% 0.00% 10.79% 4.35% Orthodox Muslim 71.97% 67.61% 25.61% 29.58% 1.89% 2.82% sociology Orthodox Muslim 0.27% 0.00% 54.72% 59.15% 0.27% 0.00% 8.89% 7.04% 28.03% 32.39% 12.67% 12.68%

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Religion

Small  Houses  /  Sheds

Condominium

Apartment

Row  House

Villa

Total

Christian  orthodox 79.19% 91.30% 71.21% 78.57% 75.56% 78.27% Christian  protestant 3.36% 4.35% 6.06% 2.38% 6.67% 4.01% Christian  katholic 0.00% 0.42% Since it is forbidden to make0.00% adjustments,0.00% the house3.03% owners found several0.00% different ways to Muslim 15.77% 4.35% 13.64% 16.67% 15.56% 14.98% Appostolic  the Church 0.34% it visible 0.00% double space without making from the 0.00% outside. One0.00% method 0.00% is to dig down0.21% and Hindu 0.00% 0.00% 3.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% create the house. This floor heights then Pagan a second level within0.00% 0.00% creates1.52% 2.38%of usually 0.00%not more 0.21% Atheist or less. Generally, the first 0.00%floor will be 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%and storage 0.21% 1.60m used as a0.00% living quarter, while beds are Jhovian 1.34% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 2.22% 0.21% Religion moved to the newSmall   firstHouses   floor./  SIn someCondominium cases, the vertical extension is done simply heds Apartment Row  House Villa by extending Total

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268 >> sociology

the roof. This new first floor has the Amharic name “kot” and is most commonly seen in the Family   Status Christian   orthodox 79.19% 91.30% 71.21% 78.57% 75.56% 78.27% Small   Houses  /the  3.36% Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total Christian  merkato protestant area, 4.35% 6.06% 2.38% 6.67% dense where ground floor is needed for business activities of all kinds. 4.01% Single 13.42% 8.70% 22.73% 0.00% 11.11% 13.08% Christian  katholic 0.00% 0.00% 3.03% 0.00% 0.42% The most common extension though is horizontal. Over the course of a few years, the house Married 67.79% 86.96% 69.70% 92.86% 84.44% 72.78% Muslim 15.77% 4.35% 13.64% 16.67% 15.56% 14.98% Divorced 1.01% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 0.84% Appostolic   Church 0.34% 0.00%fence is0.00% 0.21% grows into the public realm of the streets. First, a small put up to protect the house Religion Widow 17.79% 4.35% 6.06% 7.14% 4.44% 13.29% Hindu 0.00% 0.00% 3.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% Small  of Houses   /  S0.00% heds Apartment Row  H ousespace 0.00% Total owner people whileCondominium cooking. of1.52% the time, this isVilla used as a display Pagan from the flow 0.00% Most 2.38% 0.21% Atheist 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.21% area to showcase products as an income 91.30% source. After a certain 78.57% amount of75.56% time, when no one Religion Christian   79.19% 71.21% 78.27% Inhabitants   per  House Jhovian orthodox 1.34% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 2.22% 0.21% H SSheds Apartment Row   ouse Villa Total Christian  protestant 6.06% 2.38% 6.67% 4.01% Small   Houses   ouses  /that /    3.36% hedsthis Condominium Condominium Apartment Row  H H ouse Villa Total questions the factSmall   anymore space4.35% once used to be a part of the public street, the fence Christian   katholic 0.00% 0.00% 3.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% 1 4.36% 4.35% 7.58% 0.00% 0.00% 4.01% isMuslim fortified into a wall. The new space is semi private and still open16.67% to the sky15.56% but closed off14.98% from Christian   orthodox 79.19% 91.30% 71.21% 78.57% 75.56% 78.27% 15.77% 4.35% 13.64% 2 7.05% 26.09% 7.58% 2.38% 2.22% 7.17% Family   Status Christian   protestant 3.36% 4.35% 6.06% 2.38% 6.67% 4.01% Appostolic   Church 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.21% 3 17.39% 15.15% 4.76% 2.22% 9.92% Small   Houses  /10.07%  0.34% Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villaand sometimes Total the street. Business activities and the kitchen usually find their home here, Christian   Hindu 0.00% 0.00% 3.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% 4 16.11% 8.70% 16.67% 7.14% 17.78% 15.19% Single katholic 13.42% 22.73% 0.00% 11.11% 13.08% Muslim 15.77% 4.35% 13.64% 16.67% 15.56% 14.98% Pagan 0.00% 0.00% room.24.24% 1.52% 2.38% months, 0.00% 0.21% during semi-private living After a few16.67% more door 5 13.04% 8.89%a roof and16.03% Married the day it turns into a 15.44% 67.79% 86.96% 69.70% 92.86% 84.44% 72.78% Appostolic   0.34% Atheist 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.21% 6 12.08% 21.74% 7.58% 28.57% 22.22% 14.35% Divorced Church 1.01% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 0.00% 0.84% 2 appear and the small ‘kebele’ house has grown by 6 m . This process dominates the streetscape Hindu 0.00% 3.03% 0.00% 0.42% Jhovian 1.34% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 2.22% 0.21% 7 11.07% 0.00% 9.09% 21.43% 15.56% 11.60% Widow 17.79% 4.35% 6.06% 7.14% 4.44% 13.29% Pagan 0.00% 1.52% 2.38% 0.00% 0.21% 8 most inner “slum” streets 0.00% 6.04% 4.35% 9.09% 2.38% 6.67% 6.12% of in Ethiopia’s capital. Atheist 9 Jhovian Family   Status 10 Inhabitants   per  House

0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.21% 9.40% 4.35% 0.00% 11.90% 15.56% 8.65% 1.34% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 2.22% 0.21% 2.68% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 2.11% Small   Condominium Apartment Row   ouse Villa Total 11 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 2.22% 1.69% Small  H Houses   ouses  //    S2.01% Sheds heds Condominium Apartment Row  H H ouse Villa Total Single 13.42% 8.70% 22.73% 0.00% 11.11% 13.08% 12 0.67% 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 0.00% 0.63% 1 4.36% 4.35% 7.58% 0.00% 4.01% Family   Status Married 67.79% 86.96% 69.70% 92.86% 84.44% 72.78% 13 0.67% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.22% 0.63% 2 7.05% 26.09% 7.58% 2.38% 7.17% Small  Houses  /10.07%  1.01% S1.01% heds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total Divorced 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 0.00% 0.84% 14 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% 3 17.39% 15.15% 4.76% 2.22% 9.92% Single 13.42% 8.70% 22.73% 0.00% 11.11% 13.08% Widow 17.79% 4.35% 6.06% 7.14% 4.44% 13.29% 15 0.34% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% 4 16.11% 8.70% 16.67% 7.14% 17.78% 15.19% Married 67.79% 86.96% 69.70% 92.86% 84.44% 72.78% 16 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% 5 15.44% 13.04% 24.24% 16.67% 8.89% 16.03% Divorced 1.01% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 0.00% 0.84% 17 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 6 12.08% 21.74% 7.58% 28.57% 22.22% 14.35% Widow 17.79% 4.35% 6.06% 7.14% 4.44% 13.29% Inhabitants   per  House 18 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 7 11.07% 9.09% 21.43% 15.56% 11.60% Small  Houses  /  S0.00% heds Condominium Apartment Row  H0.00% ouse Villa Total 19 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 8 6.04% 4.35% 9.09% 2.38% 6.67% 6.12% 120 4.36% 4.35% 7.58% 0.00% 0.00% 4.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 0.00% 0.21% 9 9.40% 4.35% 11.90% 15.56% 8.65% Inhabitants   per  House 2Average 7.05% 26.09% 7.58% 2.38% 2.22% 7.17% 10 2.68% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 2.11% Small  Houses  /10.07%  S2.01% heds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total 311 17.39% 15.15% 4.76% 2.22% 9.92% 5.74 4.13 4.77 6.55 6.60 5.68 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 2.22% 1.69% 112 4.36% 4.35% 7.58% 0.00% 0.00% 4.01% 4 16.11% 8.70% 16.67% 7.14% 17.78% 15.19% 0.67% 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 0.00% 0.63% 2Rooms   7.05% 26.09% 7.58% 2.38% 2.22% 7.17% 5 15.44% 13.04% 24.24% 16.67% 8.89% 16.03% per  House of construction 13 0.67% 0.00%of town 0.00% 0.00% ‘Kebele’ 2.22%houses usually 0.63% The density in these parts is incredible. 314 10.07% 17.39% 15.15% 4.76% 2.22% 9.92% 6 21.74% 7.58% 22.22% 14.35% Small  Houses  /12.08%  1.01% Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  28.57% H ouse Villa Total 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% 41 16.11% 8.70% 16.67% 7.14% 17.78% 15.19% cannot open windows to allow light into the buildings, since on a minimum of three facades the 7 11.07% 0.00% 9.09% 21.43% 15.56% 11.60% 21.14% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 0.00% 13.50% 15 0.34% 0.42% 5 15.44% 13.04% 24.24% 16.67% 8.89% 16.03% 82 6.04% 4.35% 9.09% 2.38% 6.67% 6.12% 27.18% 17.39% 1.52% 0.00% 0.00% 18.14% 16 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% window would simply open into the neighbor’s house.0.00% The only source of light in small houses is 63 12.08% 21.74% 7.58% 28.57% 22.22% 14.35% 9 9.40% 4.35% 11.90% 15.56% 8.65% 26.85% 4.35% 19.70% 0.00% 0.00% 19.83% 17 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 14 15.56% 74 11.07% 9.09% 21.43% 11.60% 2.68% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 2.11% a10 single, constantly burning light bulb in the middle of the room. Only 7% of small houses and 14.77% 21.74% 19.70% 2.38% 6.67% 13.08% 18 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 85 6.04% 4.35% 9.09% 2.38% 6.67% 6.12% 11 2.01% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 2.22% 1.69% 5.03% 39.13% 25.76% 33.33% 13.33% 9.49% 19 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% sheds have a private toilet and access to water. The rest either shares one within a compound or 96 9.40% 4.35% 11.90% 15.56% 8.65% 12 0.67% 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 0.00% 0.63% 2.01% 17.39% 25.76% 9.52% 8.89% 9.92% 20 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 0.00% 0.21% 10 2.68% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 2.11% 13 0.67% 2.22% 0.63% 7 1.68% 0.00% 6.06% 19.05% 20.00% 3.59% Average uses the common toilet and kitchen for the district. The sanitary conditions are terrible. Usually, 11 2.01% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 2.22% 1.69% 14 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% 8 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 19.05% 17.78% 4.22% 5.74 4.13 4.77 6.55 6.60 5.68 12 0.67% 0.00% 2.38% 0.63% an as dump site for everything disposable. 15 0.34% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% 9 open sewage channel in front 0.34% of the house 0.00% serves1.52% 0.00% 9.52% 4.44% 3.59% 13 0.67% 2.22% 16 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% 10 0.00% bodies allow 0.00% access0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 11.11% 1.27% Rooms  per  Hbridges ouse Wooden over these water to the houses. 14 1.01% 0.63% 17 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 11 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 13.33% 1.48% Small  Houses  /  0.00% Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  H ouse Villa Total 15 0.34% 1.52% 0.42% 18 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% within a typology, the most feature of small houses and 12 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 1.48% 1 Although it is hard to show 21.14% 1.52% distinct 0.00% 13.50% 16 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.63% 19 0.00% 0.00% 17 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% 2 27.18% 17.39% 1.52% 18.14% sheds is the social network of its inhabitants. The close-knit relationship between these single 17 0.00% 0.00% 20 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 0.00% 0.21% Average 3 26.85% 4.35% 19.70% 0.00% 0.00% 19.83% 18 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Average 2.75 4.35 4.68 7.79each unit 8.98cannot survive 4.14 4 14.77% 21.74% 19.70% 2.38% 6.67% 13.08% housing units creates one big social community “building” where 19 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 5.74 4.13 4.77 6.55 6.60 5.68 5 5.03% 39.13% 25.76% 33.33% 13.33% 9.49% 20 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% network 2.38% without theper  other. the underlying of these 0.00% dwellings, one0.21% canSquare   Meter   House Without understanding 6 2.01% 17.39% 25.76% 9.52% 8.89% 9.92% Average Rooms   per  House Small   H ouses   /   S heds Condominium Apartment Row   H ouse Villa Total 7 1.68% 0.00% 6.06% 19.05% 20.00% 3.59% not understand the typology of the single small or 5.74 4.13 house 4.77shed. 6.55 6.60 5.68 Small  Houses  /  S1.01% heds Condominium Apartment Row  19.05% H76.19 ouse Villa Total 23.83 49.71 53.17 88.20 39.91 8 0.00% 0.00% 17.78% 4.22% 19 21.14% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 0.00% 13.50% 0.34% 0.00% 0.00% 9.52% 4.44% 3.59% Rooms   pMer   House 2 27.18% 17.39% 1.52% 0.00% 0.00% 18.14% Square   eter   per  Room 10 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 11.11% 1.27% Small      S0.00% Condominium Apartment Row   ouse Villa Total 311 4.35% 19.70% 0.00% 0.00% 19.83% Small  H Houses   ouses  //26.85% Sheds heds Condominium Apartment Row  H H ouse Villa Total 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 13.33% 1.48% 112 21.14% 0.00% 1.52% 0.00% 0.00% 13.50% 4 14.77% 21.74% 19.70% 2.38% 6.67% 13.08% 9.24 11.30 11.50 9.97 10.21 9.77 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 1.48% 2 27.18% 17.39% 1.52% 0.00% 0.00% 18.14% 517 5.03% 39.13% 25.76% 33.33% 13.33% 9.49% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% 3Square   26.85% 4.35% 19.70% 0.00% 0.00% 19.83% 6 2.01% 17.39% 25.76% 9.52% 8.89% 9.92% AverageMeter  per  Person 4 21.74% 19.70% 2.38% 6.67% 13.08% 7 0.00% 6.06% 20.00% 3.59% Small  Houses  /14.77%  1.68% Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  19.05% H ouse Villa Total 2.75 4.35 4.68 7.79 8.98 4.14 5 5.03% 39.13% 25.76% 33.33% 13.33% 9.49% 8 1.01% 0.00% 0.00% 19.05% 17.78% 4.22% 5.11 14.58 14.38 13.49 15.08 8.51 6Square  Meter  per  House 2.01% 17.39% 25.76% 8.89% 9.92% 9 0.34% 0.00% 0.00% 9.52% 4.44% 3.59% 7Access  to  Toilet 1.68% 0.00% 6.06% 20.00% 3.59% 10 0.00% 4.76% 11.11% 1.27% Small  Houses  /  0.00% Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  19.05% H ouse Villa Total 8 0.00% 0.00% 17.78% 4.22% 11 0.00% 2.38% 13.33% 1.48% Small  Houses  /  1.01% S23.83 heds Condominium Apartment Row  19.05% H ouse Villa Total 49.71 53.17 76.19 88.20 39.91 9Compound 0.34% 9.52% 3.59% 12 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 1.48% 13.76% 0.00% 0.00% 4.76% 6.67% 9.70% 10 4.76% 11.11% 1.27% 17 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% Communal 77.52% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.22% 48.95% Square  Meter  per  Room 11 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 13.33% 1.48% Average Private 8.72% 100.00% 100.00% 91.11% 41.35% Small  Houses  /  0.00% Sheds Condominium Apartment Row  95.24% H ouse Villa Total 12 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.44% 1.48% 2.75 4.35 4.68 7.79 8.98 4.14 9.24 11.30 11.50 9.97 10.21 9.77 17 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42% Average Square   eter   pper   ouse Rooms   hMave   several   Functions Square  M eter   er  H Person 2.75 4.35 4.68 7.79 8.98 4.14 Small   Condominium Apartment Row   Villa Total Small  H Houses   ouses  //    SSheds heds Condominium Apartment Row  H House ouse Villa Total 23.83 49.71 53.17 76.19 88.20 39.91 77.52% 30.43% 34.85% 0.00% 0.00% 55.06% 5.11 14.58 14.38 13.49 15.08 8.51 Square  Meter  per  House Small   H ouses   /   S heds Condominium Apartment Row   H ouse Villa Total Square   Rompound oom House  iM s  peter   art  opf  er   a  C

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CONCLUSION At this very moment, the city of Addis Ababa is undergoing one of the biggest building booms in its history. But, as this study showed, the newly constructed buildings do not vary significantly from their century old predecessors. In fact, most architectural jewels in the capital are 70 years old. Today’s situation raises two complex sets of questions:

r >> Possible Extensions of Kebele Houses s >> Student’s Sketches of Small Houses / Sheds

1. Why are century old floor plans being built right now? The way of life, the culture, the work and the view of the world changed during the past century. So why should Ethiopia’s architecture not change as well. Although new materials are being used, the facades have changed, taller buildings are being constructed; still the buildings’ typology does not seem to have been influenced by these advancements. Instead of aiming for solutions that are already questionable in the oil-rich desserts of Dubai, Ethiopia now has the chance to use its thousands of years old architectural history to create a new, custom made solution for the needs and wishes of each building’s time, place and user. Even now, when fast construction is needed to meet an ever-rising demand, architects have to develop a unique concept for each building task. Only then can these buildings last and change with its users to offer a sustainable solution over time. 2. Is architecture not more than physical construction? In an indigenous city that grew mostly unplanned since its foundation, architects can learn not only a great deal about city planning, but even more about social networks, interaction of space and cultural habits. Granted, a trip into the informal city to study only its architecture might not be worth it. But this is not the lesson to be learned here: The informal settlements allow a study on the way spaces interact with each other, how problems are solved in the most feasible way and how communities are constructed. A building is not just a shell, but mostly an inside and outside space for human interaction. To build and construct in a city, architects have to understand the city and its inhabitants first. Only then are they qualified to add buildings to or subtract from its growing fabric. And Addis Ababa is not a city you can understand from books and computers - it has to be experienced. >>

Typology Seminar Team: Chair of Architectural Design I 3rd Year Studio Heads Brook, Berhanu, Helawi, Marshet, Mistere, Felix Idea / Concept: Felix Heisel All 3rd Year Architecture Students 2011 / 2nd Semester

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