ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
Captures in Methyl Eugenol and Cue-Lure Detection Traps With and Without Insecticides and With a Farma Tech Solid Lure and Insecticide Dispenser ROGER I. VARGAS,1 R. E. BURNS,2 RONALD F. L. MAU,3 JOHN D. STARK,4 PETER COOK,5 ˜ ERO3 AND JAIME C. PIN U.S. PaciÞc Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 4459, Hilo, HI 96720
J. Econ. Entomol. 102(2): 552Ð557 (2009)
ABSTRACT Methyl eugenol (ME) and cue-lure (C-L) traps to detect tephritid ßies on the U.S. mainland were tested with and without insecticides under Hawaiian weather conditions against small populations of oriental fruit ßy, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and melon ßy, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), respectively. In comparative tests, standard Jackson traps with naled and the Hawaii fruit ßy areawide pest management (AWPM) trap with 2,2-dichorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP) insecticidal strips outperformed traps without an insecticide. Addition of the reduced risk insecticide spinosad did not increase trap capture signiÞcantly compared with Jackson traps without an insecticide. Captures in AWPM traps with DDVP compared favorably with those for the Jackson trap with liquid naled (the Florida standard). In subsequent tests, captures with solid Farma Tech wafer dispensers with ME or C-L and DDVP placed inside Jackson and AWPM traps were equal to those for a Jackson trap with naled, currently used for detection of ME and C-L responding fruit ßies in Florida. Farma Tech ME and C-L wafers with DDVP would be more convenient and safer to handle than current liquid insecticide formulations (e.g., naled) used for detection programs in Florida. KEY WORDS Tephritid ßies, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. cucurbitae, naled, spinosad
Within the dipteran family Tephritidae, the genus Bactrocera Macquart is composed of at least 440 species distributed primarily in tropical Asia, the South PaciÞc, and Australia (White and Elson-Harris 1992). Males of numerous Bactrocera and Dacus F. species are known to be highly attracted to either methyl eugenol (ME) (4-allyl-1, 2-dimethoxybenzene-carboxylate) or cue-lure (C-L) [4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone] (Metcalf and Metcalf 1992). In fact, at least 90% of the Dacinae species (composed of the two major genera Bactrocera and Dacus) are strongly attracted to either ME or to C-L/raspberry ketone (Hardy 1979). For example, at least 176 species of the male Dacinae are attracted to C-L/raspberry ketone, and 58 species to ME (Metcalf 1990). Of the 73 Bactrocera and Dacus species that are agricultural pests, 41 respond to C-L/ raspberry ketone, 22 to ME, and 10 to neither (White and Elson-Harris 1992). Large numbers of detection This article reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement or a recommendation by the USDA for its use. 1 Corresponding author, e-mail:
[email protected]. 2 Division of Plant Industries, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL 32608. 3 College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3050 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822. 4 Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371. 5 Farma Tech International, North Bend, WA 98045.
traps with ME or C-L are maintained in California and Florida for rapid detection of accidental introductions of fruit ßy species belonging to these two genera. The oriental fruit ßy, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and the melon ßy, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), are two major fruit ßy pest species in Hawaii with 173 and 125 host plant species recorded, respectively (Metcalf and Metcalf 1992). Monitoring is a primary component of the Hawaii fruit ßy Area-Wide Pest Management (AWPM) program, a community-based statewide effort to transfer safe sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) technologies to farmers and residents (Mau et al. 2007, Vargas et al. 2008a). Simple bucket traps (termed AWPM traps) are often used for detection and monitoring of fruit ßy populations. Therefore, an AWPM trap also was included in these tests. The objective of the current study was to test the performance of C-L and ME detection traps without insecticides, with the reduced risk insecticide spinosad, and with a novel solid lure and insecticide formulation to capture B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis ßies at low population densities under Hawaiian climatic conditions. These two fruit ßy species represent model systems for potential application of our Þndings to other Bactrocera and Dacus species. Different combinations were compared against the standard Jackson trap with ME and C-L used for detection in Florida and the AWPM trap used for monitoring in Hawaii.
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VARGAS ET AL.: METHYL EUGENOL AND CUE-LURE DETECTION TRAPS
Table 1. Trap type, toxicant, and attractant (eiher methyl eugenol [ME] against B. dorsalis or cue-lure [C-L] against B. cucurbitae) used in three field experiments conducted at Waimea and Honokaa, HI Exp
Trap
Toxicant
Attractant
1
Jackson Jackson AWPMa ChamP Jackson Jackson AWPM ChamP Jackson Jackson Jackson AWPM ChamP Jackson Jackson Jackson AWPM ChamP Jackson AWPM Jackson AWPM Jackson AWPM Jackson AWPM
1% naled None Hercon Vapor Tape (DDVP) None 1% naled None Hercon Vapor Tape (DDVP) None 1% naled None 5% spinosad Hercon Vapor Tape (DDVP) None 1% naled None 5% spinosad Hercon Vapor Tape (DDVP) None 1% naled Hercon Vapor Tape (DDVP) Mallet-ME/DDVP wafer Mallet-ME/DDVP wafer 1% naled Hercon Vapor Tape (DDVP) Mallet-C-L/DDVP wafer Mallet-C-L/DDVP wafer
6 ml ME 6 ml ME 6 ml ME 6 ml ME 6 ml C-L 6 ml C-L 6 ml C-L 6 ml C-L 6 ml ME 6 ml ME 6 ml ME 6 ml ME 6 ml ME 6 ml C-L 6 ml C-L 6 ml C-L 6 ml C-L 6 ml C-L 6 ml ME 6 ml ME
2
3
6 ml C-L 6 ml C-L
a One-liter plastic containers with four 3-cm-diameter holes, described in detail by Vargas et al. (2003).
We were speciÞcally interested in developing a more convenient and safer way to use lure and insecticide combinations. Materials and Methods Experiment 1. Performance of Jackson Traps with and without Naled, ChamP Traps, and AWPM Traps. The standard treatment was the Jackson trap with ME or C-L prepared in accordance with the Florida trapping manual used to maintain a detection grid of 12,518 ME and 6,844 C-L traps throughout the state of Florida (FDACS 2003). The ChamP trap is a noninsecticidal fruit ßy monitoring trap used in California. Jackson and ChamP traps are illustrated in the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA 2003) trapping guideline for AWPM programs. The Hawaii AWPM trap is constructed of plastic containers (Highland Plastics Inc., Mira Loma, CA) (Highland Plastic no. 36, 1-liter containers, 3.5-cm radius, 15 cm in height, with four 3-cm-diameter holes) illustrated in Vargas et al. (2003). ME and C-L liquid lures were obtained from Farma Tech International (North Bend, WA). ME treatments were placed on wicks inside traps as follows (Table 1): 1) Jackson trap ⫹ 1% ([AI]) naled (Dibrom Concentrate, Valent USA Corp., Walnut Creek, CA) ME solution (6 ml) (standard Florida detection trap); 2) Jackson trap ⫹ ME (6 ml); 3) AWPM trap ⫹ ME (6 ml) ⫹ insecticidal strip (Hercon Vaportape II (2,2-dichorovinyl dimethyl phosphate [DDVP], Emigsville, PA) (standard Hawaii AWPM
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trap); and 4) ChamP trap (Seabright Laboratories, Emeryville, CA) ⫹ ME (6 ml). C-L treatments were placed on wicks inside traps as follows (Table 1): 1) Jackson trap ⫹ 5% ([AI]) naled C-L solution (6 ml) (standard Florida detection trap); 2) Jackson trap ⫹ C-L (6 ml); 3) AWPM trap ⫹ C-L (6 ml) ⫹ insecticidal strip; and 4) ChamP trap ⫹ C-L (6 ml). Studies were conducted in Waimea (for B. dorsalis) and Honokaa (for B. cucurbitae), Hawaii Island, HI, respectively, in areas where fruit ßy populations were low. Trials of different ME traps were conducted from 20 November 2003 to 12 February 2004 in a large stand of wild strawberry guava, Psidium cattleianum L. near Waimea. Trials of different C-L traps were conducted in an abandoned vegetable Þeld near Honokaa from 20 November 2003 to 12 February 2004. Mean ⫾ SEM monthly temperature and rainfall were 16.95 ⫾ 0.14⬚C and 0.42 ⫾ 0.09 cm for Waimea and 16.86 ⫾ 0.19⬚C and 0.72 ⫾ 0.19 cm for Honokaa, during the evaluation period. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. To compensate for position effects, traps were rotated one position each week until all four positions in a block had been occupied by each trap. Wicks were replaced after 6 wk. ME traps were placed in guava trees in four patches of guava. C-L traps (20 m apart) were placed on Þberglass stakes 1 m above the ground and arranged in four blocks around the periphery of an abandoned vegetable Þeld. Fruit ßies from different traps were emptied at weekly intervals into plastic bags and transported to the laboratory where counts were done. For the statistical analysis, data for B. dorsalis or B. cucurbitae captures (mean number of ßies per trap per d) were transformed to (x ⫹ 1)1/2 to stabilize the variance, and then subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Proc GLM). Means were separated by a Fisher least signiÞcant difference (LSD) test at the P ⫽ 0.05 level (SAS Institute 1999). Experiment 2. Comparisons of Jackson Traps with Naled, Jackson Traps with Spinosad, Jackson Traps, ChamP Traps, and AWPM Traps with DDVP Strips. ME treatments were placed inside traps and on wicks as follows (Table 1): 1) Jackson trap ⫹ 1% ([AI]) naled ME solution (6 ml); 2) Jackson trap ⫹ ME (6 ml); 3) Jackson trap ⫹ 5% ([AI]) spinosad ME (6 ml) solution; 4) AWPM trap ⫹ ME (6 ml) ⫹ insecticidal strip; and 5) ChamP trap ⫹ ME (6 ml). C-L treatments were placed inside traps and on wicks as follows (Table 1): 1) Jackson trap ⫹ 5% ([AI]) naled C-L solution (6 ml); 2) Jackson trap ⫹ C-L (6 ml); 3) Jackson trap ⫹ 5% ([AI]) spinosad C-L solution; 4) AWPM trap ⫹ C-L (6 ml) ⫹ insecticidal strip; and 5) ChamP trap ⫹ C-L (6 ml). The Þve different ME traps were placed 20 m apart within a patch of strawberry guava trees (1.5 m above the ground) in four different locations (four replicates, total of 20 traps) in a randomized complete block design. The Þve C-L traps (20 m apart) were placed on Þberglass stakes 1 m above the ground and arranged in four blocks around the periphery of an abandoned vegetable Þeld. To minimize the effect of trap location, traps were rotated one tree position each week until
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Vol. 102, no. 2
Table 2. For experiment 1, captures of B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae in Jackson traps with naled, AWPM traps with DDVP, Champ trap, and Jackson trap baited with ME or C-L, respectively Lure
Wk
ME
1Ð4 5Ð8 9Ð12 1Ð4 5Ð8 9Ð12
C-L
Mean (⫾ SEM) ßies/trap/day Jackson trap/naled
AWPM trap/DDVP
ChamP trap
Jackson trap
12.64 ⫾ 2.33a 19.98 ⫾ 3.61a 15.39 ⫾ 3.03a 0.20 ⫾ 0.06a 0.13 ⫾ 0.03ab 0.21 ⫾ 0.09a
12.59 ⫾ 3.73a 15.50 ⫾ 4.29a 10.17 ⫾ 1.91ab 0.16 ⫾ 0.05a 0.25 ⫾ 0.10a 0.21 ⫾ 0.08a
10.23 ⫾ 2.99a 11.48 ⫾ 2.47ab 8.82 ⫾ 2.10bc 0.12 ⫾ 0.03a 0.06 ⫾ 0.03b 0.05 ⫾ 0.02ab
6.32 ⫾ 1.49a 5.10 ⫾ 0.62b 4.16 ⫾ 0.89c 0.06 ⫾ 0.04a 0.02 ⫾ 0.01b 0.00 ⫾ 0.00b
Traps were surveyed weekly from 20 Nov 2003Ð12 Feb 2004 at Waimea (ME) and Honokaa (C-L), Hawaii Island, HI. a Values in each row followed by the same letters are not signiÞcantly different at the 0.05 level LSD, PROC GLM (SAS Insitute 1999) (ME, weeks 1Ð 4: F ⫽ 1.16; df ⫽ 3, 60; P ⫽ 0.33; weeks 5Ð 8: F ⫽ 4.21; df ⫽ 3, 60; P ⫽ 0.009; weeks 9 Ð12: F ⫽ 4.74; df ⫽ 3, 60; P ⫽ 0.0049; and C-L, weeks 1Ð 4: F ⫽ 1.84; df ⫽ 3, 60; P ⫽ 0.15; weeks 5Ð 8: F ⫽ 3.57; df ⫽ 3, 60; P ⫽ 0.02; weeks 9 Ð12: F ⫽ 3.08; df ⫽ 3, 60; P ⫽ 0.03).
all Þve positions in a patch had been occupied by each trap. Evaluations were conducted in Waimea (for B. dorsalis) and Honokaa (for B. cucurbitae) for 50 wk from 26 February 2004 to 10 February 2005. Mean ⫾ SEM monthly temperature and rainfall were 18.12 ⫾ 0.41⬚C and 0.42 ⫾ 0.09 cm for Waimea and 18.24 ⫾ 0.41⬚C and 0.80 ⫾ 0.28 cm for Honokaa, respectively. As in the Þrst experiment, traps were emptied at weekly intervals into plastic bags and transported to the laboratory where counts were done. For the statistical analysis, data for B. dorsalis or B. cucurbitae captures (mean number of ßies per trap per d) were transformed to (x ⫹ 1)1/2 to stabilize the variance, and then subjected to ANOVA (Proc GLM). Means were separated by a Fisher LSD test at the P ⫽ 0.05 level (SAS Institute 1999) at 5-wk intervals. Experiment 3. Comparison of Jackson Traps with Either Naled or Farma Tech Wafers, and AWPM Traps with Either Vaportape or Farma Tech Wafers. ME treatments were placed on wicks inside the following traps (Table 1): 1) Jackson trap ⫹ 1% ([AI]) naled ME solution (6 ml); 2) AWPM trap ⫹ ME (6 ml) ⫹ Hercon Pest Strip; 3) Jackson trap ⫹ MALLET-ME (57.3%)/DDVP (3.4%) wafer (7.7 by 5 cm) (Farma Tech, North Bend, WA); and 4) AWPM trap ⫹ MALLET-ME/DDVP wafer. C-L treatments were placed inside traps and on wicks as follows (Table 1): 1) Jackson trap ⫹ 5% ([AI]) naled C-L solution (6 ml); 2) AWPM trap ⫹ C-L (6 ml) ⫹ vaportape; 3) Jackson trap ⫹ MALLET-C-L (52.0%)/DDVP (7%) wafer (5 by 2.5 cm) (Farma Tech, North Bend, WA); and 4) AWPM trap ⫹ Farma Tech C-L/DDVP wafer. The experimental design and plot layout was the same as in the previous experiment. Trap capture data were collected in Waimea (for B. dorsalis) and Honokaa (for B. cucurbitae) for 24 wk from 24 April 2007 to 10 July 2007 and 2 August 2007 to 13 September 2007. Mean ⫾ SEM monthly temperature and rainfall were 18.13 ⫾ 0.28⬚C and 0.09 ⫾ 0.03 cm for Waimea and 18.63 ⫾ 0.32⬚C and 0.25 ⫾ 0.09 cm for Honokaa, respectively. All B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae ßies captured were removed from traps at weekly intervals and counted in the laboratory. For the statistical analysis, data for B. dorsalis or B. cucurbitae captures (mean number of ßies per trap per d)
were pooled for 24 wk by fruit ßy species, transformed to (x ⫹ 1)1/2 to stabilize the variance, and then subjected to ANOVA (Proc GLM, SAS Institute 1999). Results Experiment 1. Performance of Jackson Traps with and without Naled, ChamP Traps, and AWPM Traps with DDVP. Captures of B. dorsalis for ME traps with insecticides were not signiÞcantly different (P ⬎ 0.05) from those without insecticides from week 1Ð 4 but differed signiÞcantly (P ⬍ 0.01) from weeks 5Ð 8 and 9 Ð12 (Table 2). For each of the two last periods, the highest captures occurred in the Jackson traps containing naled and in the AWPM trap containing DDVP, whereas Jackson traps without insecticide captured signiÞcantly fewer ßies, followed by ChamP traps. Captures of B. cucurbitae in C-L traps with insecticides were not signiÞcantly different (P ⬎ 0.05) than those without insecticides from weeks 1Ð 4, but they were signiÞcantly different (P ⬍ 0.01) from weeks 5Ð 8 and 9 Ð12. For the last two periods, the AWPM trap with insecticidal (DDVP) strip performed best, followed by Jackson traps with naled. Experiment 2. Comparisons of Jackson Traps with Naled, Jackson Traps with Spinosad, Jackson Traps, ChamP Traps, and AWPM Traps with DDVP. For seven of the 10 time intervals signiÞcant differences in captures of B. dorsalis were detected among the Þve ME traps evaluated (Table 3). Overall, the most effective traps were the Jackson trap containing naled and the AWPM trap containing DDVP. The AWPM trap was outperformed by the Jackson trap with naled in only three of the 10 time intervals. In no instance did addition of spinosad to the Jackson trap signiÞcantly (P ⬎ 0.05) improve performance over the Jackson trap alone. In seven of the 10 time intervals the ChamP trap performed as well as the Jackson trap with naled. Captures of B. cucurbitae were signiÞcantly different (P ⬍ 0.05) (Table 4) among the Þve traps evaluated for eight of the 10 time intervals. Overall, the performance of the Jackson trap with naled was similar to the AWPM trap with an insecticidal strip. Addition of spinosad to the Jackson trap improved performance signiÞcantly (P ⬍ 0.05) over the Jackson trap alone in only one (week 26 Ð30) of the 10 time intervals. Per-
April 2009 Table 3. Wk 1Ð5 6Ð10 11Ð15 16Ð20 21Ð25 26Ð30 31Ð35 36Ð40 41Ð45 46Ð50
VARGAS ET AL.: METHYL EUGENOL AND CUE-LURE DETECTION TRAPS
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For experiment 2, captures of B. dorsalis in traps baited with ME Mean (⫾ SEM) ßies/trap/day Jackson trap/naled
AWPM trap/DDVP
Jackson trap/spinosad
ChamP trap
Jackson trap
4.13 ⫾ 1.30a 1.73 ⫾ 0.67a 1.29 ⫾ 0.30a 0.29 ⫾ 0.10a 0.41 ⫾ 0.10a 5.54 ⫾ 1.32a 10.10 ⫾ 2.00a 26.90 ⫾ 4.22a 12.94 ⫾ 3.17a 13.13 ⫾ 3.09ab
3.01 ⫾ 1.21ab 0.77 ⫾ 0.18b 0.49 ⫾ 0.12b 0.21 ⫾ 0.07a 0.28 ⫾ 0.09ab 4.35 ⫾ 1.39a 6.20 ⫾ 1.84ab 10.73 ⫾ 1.78b 6.31 ⫾ 1.25a 11.33 ⫾ 2.76abc
0.98 ⫾ 0.31bc 0.41 ⫾ 0.14b 0.43 ⫾ 0.18b 0.12 ⫾ 0.06a 0.13 ⫾ 0.05b 2.90 ⫾ 0.85a 5.11 ⫾ 1.37b 10.66 ⫾ 2.21b 8.80 ⫾ 3.09a 6.94 ⫾ 1.68bc
1.82 ⫾ 0.43abc 0.77 ⫾ 0.16b 1.19 ⫾ 0.35a 0.26 ⫾ 0.09a 0.27 ⫾ 0.06ab 2.77 ⫾ 0.83a 4.46 ⫾ 0.81b 8.79 ⫾ 1.41b 10.46 ⫾ 2.23a 16.92 ⫾ 3.29a
0.61 ⫾ 0.16c 0.20 ⫾ 0.07b 0.27 ⫾ 0.06b 0.05 ⫾ 0.02a 0.12 ⫾ 0.06b 3.15 ⫾ 0.92a 4.19 ⫾ 1.12b 9.02 ⫾ 1.62b 3.88 ⫾ 0.96a 4.75 ⫾ 0.84c
Traps were surveyed weekly from 26 February 2004 Ð10 February 2005 at Waimea, Hawaii Island, HI. Values in each row followed by the same letters are not signiÞcantly different at the 0.05 level LSD, PROC GLM (SAS Institute 1999) (weeks 1Ð5: F ⫽ 3.08; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.02; weeks 6 Ð10: F ⫽ 3.28; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.01; weeks 11Ð15: F ⫽ 4.17; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.004; weeks 16 Ð20: F ⫽ 1.79; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.14; weeks 21Ð25: F ⫽ 2.56; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.04; weeks 26 Ð30: F ⫽ 1.19; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.32; weeks 31Ð35: F ⫽ 2.60; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.04; weeks 36 Ð 40: F ⫽ 9.71; df ⫽ 4, 94; P ⬍ 0.0001; weeks 41Ð 45: F ⫽ 2.30; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.06; weeks 46 Ð50: F ⫽ 3.75; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.007).
formance of the Jackson trap alone was similar to the ChamP trap. Experiment 3. Comparison of Jackson Traps with Either Naled or Farma Tech Wafers, and AWPM Traps with Either Vaportape or Farma Tech Wafers. Over a 24-wk period, B. dorsalis captures for the different ME traps were not signiÞcantly different (P ⬎ 0.05) (Table 5). Similarly, B. cucurbitae captures for the different C-L traps with insecticides were statistically similar (P ⬎ 0.05) over the entire 24-wk period. Discussion The Jackson trap is inexpensive and easy to carry, handle, and service, and it also provides the opportunity to service a greater number of traps per personhour than other commercial traps (IAEA 2003). This cardboard delta-shaped fruit ßy trap with a sticky cardboard insert is used worldwide with and without insecticides for detection of fruit ßies. The Jackson trap with trimedlure has become the standard tool for detection of Mediterranean fruit ßy, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (California Department of Food and Table 4. Wk 1Ð5 6Ð10 11Ð15 16Ð20 21Ð25 26Ð30 31Ð35 36Ð40 41Ð45 46Ð50
Agriculture 2005). For detection of Bactrocera species, generally larger than Ceratitis species, the addition of ME and C-L with an insecticide such as naled has been commonly used as is the case with Florida (FDACS 2003). Almost 20,000 of these traps are maintained throughout the state for detection of fruit ßies. Larger numbers of similar traps are maintained throughout California. Our results suggest that for detection of the two Bactrocera species evaluated in these tests, addition of naled, and potential use of Farma Tech wafers, is necessary for highest trap capture efÞciency. Overall, ChamP traps and Jackson traps alone did not perform as well as the Jackson trap with naled or the AWPM trap with DDVP. For traps without insecticides, captures by the ChamP trap were slightly better than those for the Jackson trap. Although not as persistent as naled, spinosad, a reduced risk insecticide, would be safer to handle and a more environmentally friendly substitute for organophosphate insecticides (Vargas et al. 2003). Previously, spinosad used in AWPM traps for male annihilation was statistically comparable with organophosphate insecticides (Vargas et al. 2003). However, in the present tests and
For experiment 2, captures of B. cucurbitae in traps baited with C-L Mean (⫾ SEM) ßies/trap/day Jackson trap/naled
AWPM trap/DDVP
Jackson trap/spinosad
ChamP trap
Jackson trap
0.10 ⫾ 0.04ab 0.19 ⫾ 0.05a 0.10 ⫾ 0.04a 0.09 ⫾ 0.03a 0.44 ⫾ 0.15a 0.24 ⫾ 0.05a 0.18 ⫾ 0.05a 0.44 ⫾ 0.12a 0.22 ⫾ 0.10b 0.65 ⫾ 0.15a
0.13 ⫾ 0.04a 0.13 ⫾ 0.03a 0.03 ⫾ 0.01b 0.10 ⫾ 0.03a 0.29 ⫾ 0.12a 0.16 ⫾ 0.04a 0.19 ⫾ 0.06a 0.34 ⫾ 0.13ab 0.53 ⫾ 0.14a 0.45 ⫾ 0.1ab
0.10 ⫾ 0.03abc 0.04 ⫾ 0.02b 0.04 ⫾ 0.01b 0.04 ⫾ 0.03a 0.37 ⫾ 0.15a 0.16 ⫾ 0.05a 0.10 ⫾ 0.03a 0.13 ⫾ 0.04bc 0.16 ⫾ 0.05b 0.18 ⫾ 0.05c
0.04 ⫾ 0.02bc 0.02 ⫾ 0.01b 0.02 ⫾ 0.01b 0.05 ⫾ 0.04a 0.21 ⫾ 0.07a 0.04 ⫾ 0.01b 0.07 ⫾ 0.03a 0.07 ⫾ 0.04c 0.09 ⫾ 0.06b 0.21 ⫾ 0.05cb
0.02 ⫾ 0.01c 0.04 ⫾ 0.03b 0.00 ⫾ 0.0b 0.04 ⫾ 0.02a 0.14 ⫾ 0.05a 0.04 ⫾ 0.01b 0.04 ⫾ 0.02a 0.04 ⫾ 0.20c 0.04 ⫾ 0.01b 0.06 ⫾ 0.03c
Traps were surveyed weekly from 22 February 2004 Ð3 February 2005 at Honokaa, Hawaii Island, HI. Values in each row followed by the same letters are not signiÞcantly different at the 0.05 level LSD, PROC GLM (SAS Institute 1999) (weeks 1Ð5: F ⫽ 2.61; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.04; weeks 6 Ð10: F ⫽ 6.18; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.0002; weeks 11Ð15: F ⫽ 3.64; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.0084; weeks 16 Ð20: F ⫽ 1.04; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.39; weeks 21Ð25: F ⫽ 1.09; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.36; weeks 26 Ð30: F ⫽ 5.73; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.0004; weeks 31Ð35: F ⫽ 2.24; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.07; weeks 36 Ð 40: F ⫽ 4.44; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⫽ 0.0025; weeks 41Ð 45: F ⫽ 5.27; df ⫽ 4,95; P ⫽ 0.0007; weeks 46 Ð50: F ⫽ 7.36; df ⫽ 4, 95; P ⬍ 0.0001).
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Table 5. For experiment 3, captures of B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae traps baited with methyl eugenol (ME) or cue-lure (C-L), respectively Mean (⫾ SEM) ßies/trap/d Lure Wk
ME C-L
24 24
Jackson/ naled
Jackson/ AWPM/ AWPM/ Farma Tech Farma Tech DDVP strip Wafer Wafer
2.0 ⫾ 0.73a 3.55 ⫾ 1.15a 1.26 ⫾ 0.22a 1.14 ⫾ 0.20a
2.22 ⫾ 0.61a 1.07 ⫾ 0.28a 1.24 ⫾ 0.20a 1.01 ⫾ 0.16a
Traps were surveyed weekly from 24 April 2007 to 10 July 2007 and from 2 August to 13 September 2007 at Waimea (ME) and Honokaa (C-L), Hawaii Island, HI. Values in each row followed by the same letters are not signiÞcantly different at the 0.05 level LSD, PROC GLM (SAS Institute 1999) (ME: F ⫽ 1.93; df ⫽ 3, 284; P ⫽ 0.1243; C-L: F ⫽ 0.29; df ⫽ 3, 284; P ⫽ 0.8351).
in the context of detection, addition of this reduced risk insecticide did not increase effectiveness compared with traps without an insecticide. Because it is recognized that spinosad is a slow-acting insecticide and therefore some ßies may have escaped from traps, but died later, then captures in Jackson traps with spinosad may underestimate total kill. In general, under our approach the treatments that involved fastkilling insecticides (AWPM traps with insecticidal strips and Jackson traps with naled) performed the best consistently. Since 1999, a USDAÐARS AWPM program in Hawaii has been funded for suppression of fruit ßies (Mau et al. 2007; Vargas et al. 2008a). In the AWPM program, we have consistently sought safer or reduced risk components. For example, spinosad-based GF-120 Fruit Fly Bait has been used effectively as a protein bait spray (Prokopy et al. 2003). Fipronil-based Amulet C-L stations (Vargas et al. 2005) were recently registered for male annihilation technique. A sprayable SPLAT-ME is currently undergoing registration with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (Mau et al. 2007, Vargas et al. 2008b). The development of IPM approaches that include a solid lure/toxicant wafer trap for monitoring would have important applications to detection and monitoring of fruit ßies not only in Hawaii but also throughout the south and western PaciÞc, Australia, and tropical Asia where Bactrocera are serious economic pests. Implementation of DDVP (Vapor Tape) strips in place of liquid naled represents an important improvement for worker safety. Likewise, there has been a move toward replacement of liquid ME and C-L with solid formulations (i.e., Sentry ME or C-L plugs, Boseman, MT) without an insecticide. The prepackaged Farma Tech wafer with a solid formulation of ME or C-L with DDVP, is a novel dispenser that performed equally as well in AWPM and Jackson traps. These are the Þrst published tests of these wafers. In the present test fruit ßy captures with Farma Tech wafers equaled or surpassed captures obtained with liquid formulations. The Farma Tech wafers will be further tested during the AWPM program in a variety of monitoring situations (high and low densities of ßies) and evaluated for weathering properties. Furthermore, the bucket trap
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and Jackson trap with Farma Tech wafers will be tested as male annihilation devices. Farma Tech wafers could be deployed as a naled alternative although protection would still be required from insecticide fumes. In summary, our results suggest that the addition of spinosad would not improve trap captures and consequently naled cannot be excluded from ME/C-L detection traps presently used in Florida. However, the Farma Tech wafer is a promising substitute for Jackson traps baited with both ME and C-L naled solutions for detection of fruit ßies and should be tested further not only for the AWPM program but also in Florida and California as the development of environmentally friendly area-wide IPM procedures would have important applications for early eradication of accidental introductions of fruit ßies into the U.S. mainland. Acknowledgments We thank Neil Miller, (PaciÞc Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Hilo, HI). Gregory Boyer, Charles Lee, Albert Kawabata, and Maria Derval Diaz (PaciÞc Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Kamuela, HI) for assistance in collecting and analyzing Þeld data. We appreciate information provided by Abbie Fox (Division of Plant Industries, FDACS, Gainesville, FL). We thank Luc Leblanc (University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, Honolulu, HI), Victoria Yokoyama (USDA-ARS-SJVASC, Parlier, CA), and Avi Eitam (APHIS-PPQ, Pickerington, OH) for comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. The Hawaii AWPM Program provided partial Þnancial support for this work.
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