Causes of infertility in female camels

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Melanosis. 0.3%. Granulosa-thecal cell tumour ... Cory. pyogenses. 2x. 2x. 3x. 2x. 9x gram +ve bacilli. 1x. 1x. 2x. 1x. 5x. Staph. aureus. -. 1x. -. 1x. 2x. E. Coli.
Table 5: Causes of infertility in female camels (n=3365) Cause Endometritis Ovarian hydrobursitis Vaginal adhesion Ovarian cysts Ovarian inactivity Anomalies of the genital tract Hydrosalpinx ovarian tumor Vaginal tumors

Incidence 42.5% 35.6% 14.8% 1.6% 1.4% 1.4% 1.5% 0.5% 0.5%

Table 6: Causes of infertility in mares (n=225) cause Endometritis Endometrial cyst Narrow cervix /vaginal adhesion / pyometra Ovarian inactivity Pneumovagina Ovarian tumor Twining

incidence 44.4% 11.6% 16% 14.7% 10.2% 2.7% 0.4%

Table 7: Causes of infertility in cows (n=1720) Cause Inactive ovaries Endometritis Silent heat Pyometra / hydrometra / mummified fetus Ovarian cysts

Incidence 44.4% 30% 21.9% 3% 0.9%

Table 8: Causes of infertility in buffalo-cows (n=1033) Cause Inactive ovaries Endometritis Silent heat Pyometra / hydrometra / mummified fetus Ovarian cysts

Incidence 68.5% 19.2% 10.8% 1.2% 0.3%

Table 9: causes of infertility in goats (n=307) Cause Endometritis Uterine adenomyosis Salphingitis Tubo-ovarian–bursal adhesions Uterine hemorrhages Cervicitis / cervical hemorrhages / cervical adenomyosis Intra-uterine fetal deaths Cystic graffian follicles Hydrosalphinx Hydrometra Pyometra Ovarian quiescence Perimetritis Cystic endometrial hyperplasia Unilateral caruncular necrosis Melanosis Granulosa-thecal cell tumour

Incidence 20.5% 17.6% 12.1% 12.1% 9.8% 8.5% 6.2% 6.2% 2.6% 1.6% 1.3% 1.3% 1% 0.7% 0.7% 0.3% 0.3%

Table 10: Types and frequencies of uterine bacterial isolates in relation to various endometritis scores in she-camels (n=20). Uterine bacterial isolates Cory. pyogenses gram +ve bacilli Staph. aureus E. Coli Proteus Candida spp. Ps. aeruginosa Kleb. pneumoniae Strep. spp B-hemo Strep Staph. zooepidemicus Staph. epidermidis Total

E0 2x 1x 1x 4

Endometrial Score E1 E2 2x 3x 1x 2x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 7 8

E3 2x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 9

Total 9x 5x 2x 2x 2x 2x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 28

E0: subclinical endometritis, E1: light endometritis; E2: moderate endometritis; E3: severe endometritis.

Table 11: Types and frequencies of bacterial isolated from uteri of mares affected with endometritis (n=20) Type of Bacteria E coli Proteus mirobilis Klebsiella oxytoca Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus ubris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Neisseria elongata Alloioccus otitis Neisseria cinerea Kocuria kristinae Shewanella puterfaciens Staphylococcus lentus Streptococcus thoraltensis Staphylococcus intermedicus Streptococcus chromogenes Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus Enterococcus faecium Pasterulla canis Enterococcus hirae Gardnella vaginalis Streptococcus parasaguinis Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterococcus gallinarum Sphingomonas paucimobilis Staphylococcus schleiferi

Frequency of isolation 16x 3x 3x 3x 2x 2x 2x 2x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1X 1x 1x 1x 1x

(A) Oversized follicle – right ovary

(B) Oversized follicle – right and left ovaries

(E) Follicle lutein cyst

Fig. 16: Diseases of the ovary in female camels

(C) Follicle lutein cyst: thick wall

(F) Granulosa cell tumor

(D) Follicle theca cyst

(G) Unilateral (right) Ovarian aplasia

A) Ovarian hydrobursitis: closure of the ovarian bursa around the ovary and accumulation of inflammatory fluid inside it Fig. 17: Diseases of the ovarian bursa in female camels

B) Hydrosalpnix: accumulation of fluid serous fluid inside the fallopian tube

(A) Hydrometra (serous hypoechogenic fluid) accompanied with closed cervix

(C) Uterine adhesion (arrow, perimetritis)

(D) Cattarrhal endometritis

Fig. 18: Diseases of the uterus in female camels

(B) Pyometra (purulent hyperechogenic material) associated with closed cervix

(E) Muco-purulent endometritis

(F) Purulent endometritis

Fig. 19: Persistent hymen (arraow) in a female camel: surgical correction by incising a part of the closed hymen

(A) Vaginal adhesion: the vaginal cavity is completely closed by a thick hard tissue Fig. 20: Diseases of the vagina in female camels

(B) Vaginal lipoma: attached to the lateral wall of the vagina

A) Atresia of the vulva: complete closure of the vulva lips with only narrow opening ventrally for urination.

B) Narrow vulval opening

C) Enlarged clitoris and narrow vulva with male behavior (masculinization)

D) Protruded fleshy tissues at dorsum of the vestibulm (called “Said”)

E) Multiple cystic structures in the vestiblum

F) Pneumo-vagina with purulent sicharges

Fig. 21: Diseases of the vulva and vestibulm in female camels

Cavity of the GCT

(A) Ultrasonography: cavity of the GCT filled with hypoechogenic fluid with some trabeculae

(D) Polygonal neoplastic cells and necrotized eosinophilic stroma (arrow). H&E X400

(B) The GCT after surgical removal: smooth round structure.

(C) The GCT after sectioning: large cyst showing mostly a rough inner surface (arrow)

(E) Many cystic spaces in the stroma (arrows). H&E, X400

Fig. 22: Ultrasonography, morphology and histopathology of the granulosa cell tumor (GCT) in a mare

1 2

(A) Ultrasonography: unhomogenous echogenic structure

(B) After surgical removal: hard fairly discoidal structure

(C) On cross section: soft tissue (1) surrounded by a thick bony layer (2)

1 1 2 (D) Spindle and polymorphic cells. H&E, X400

(E) Myxomatous and hyalanized stroma (1) with congestion (2). H&E, X400

(F) Osteoid tissue (1) detected in the stroma. H&E, X400

Fig. 23: Ultrasonography, morphology, and histopathology of the mixed germ cell tumor in a mare

1 2

(A)Ultrasonography: homogenous echogenic structure

(B) After operation: the ovary was solid and fairly round (19x20 cm), 4.5 kg structure

(C) On cross section: the ovary was a mixture of soft (1) and fibrous tissues (2)

1

(D) Cystic tubules (arrow), (E) Cystic vacuolated tubules with (F) Abundant fibrous stroma with marked hyperleutinizing stroma (1), with hypereosinophilic content (arrow), H&E, X400 sclerotic densely eosinophilic cytoplasm. eosinophilic inclusion inside the lumen. H&E, X400 H&E, X400 Fig. 24: Ultrasonography, morphology, and histopathology of the ovarian Sertoli cell tumor in a mare

(A) Pyometra: purulent discharges drained on the ground or observed at the vulva lips, it appears as hyperechogenic material inside the uterine cavity

Fig. 25: Diseases of the uterus in mares

(B) Endometrial cyst: irregular hypoechogenic structure presented eccentric in the uterine lumen

(A) Perineal rupture with accumulation of the fecal matter

(B) Melnoma of the vulva Fig. 26: Disease of the vulva in mares

Fig. 27: Pneumovagina with different degrees of vaginal inclination in Arab mares

(A) Follicle theca cysts: both ovaries

Fig. 28: Diseases of the ovary in cows

(B) Follicle lutein cyst: thick luteinized wall

(C) Ovarian adhesion: both ovaries

(A) Muco-purulent endometritis: vaginal discharge

Fig. 29: Diseases of the uterus in cows

(B) Pyometra by ultrasound: accumulation of hyperechogenic material in the uterus

(C) Perimetritis

(A) Freemartin in a calve (6 months): the inseminating catheter did not passed forward in the vaginal cavity

(B) Freemartin in a heifer (2 years): the vaginal cavity was efficient only for 5cm, a tuft of hair is observed in the ventral commisure, the heifer was masculinized with high hind –limbs and narrow pelvis Fig. 30: Freemartin in cows

(A) Ovarian abscess: purulent material inside the ovary

(B) Follicle cysts: both ovaries

(D) Uterine unicorns: absence of the left horn

(E) Perimetritis

Fig. 31: Diseases of the genital tract in buffalo-cows

(C) Corpus luteum cyst: a cavity inside the corpus luteum

(A) False hermaphrodism in goats (external genitalia): internally the animal is a female one, externally a glans penis like structure (arrows) is located under the rectum

T

O T

T O

O T

(B) True hermaphrodoit in a goat. The animal had both testes (T) and ovaries (O) Fig. 32: Hermaphrodism in goats

O