CDE
JWle, 1996
Centre for Development Economics WORKING PAPER SERIES
Asset Bubbles in a Monopolistic
Conlpetitive Macro Model
Partha Sen
Delhi School of Economics
Working Paper No: 39
Centre for Development Economics
Delhi School of Economics
Delhi 110 007 INDIA
Tel: 7257005, 7257533-35
Fax: 7257159
E-mail:
[email protected]
ASSET BUBBLES IN A MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITIVE MACRO MonmL
by
Partha Sen
Delhi School of Economics
Delhi 110007, India
ABSTRACT
I
look at the existence of asset. bubbles in a monopolistically
competi ti ve dynamic macroeconomic model. The posi ti ve predic tions of the model are very similar to Tirole' s competi tive model. But the welfare effects are very differentcrowded
out
welfare
falls.
The
in that as capital gets
monopolistically
sector contracts and the wage rate falls,
competi tive
lowering welfare.
Earlier versions of this paper were presented at seminars at the Delhi
School
Calcutta.
of
Economics,
Cambridge,
Strathclyde
and
lSI
1.
Introduction are
ieved
often
component. This component causes
th(~
to
have
a
II
bubble "
price of these assets to be
ter theHl warranted by "i:undament:als". A lot of research been done on whether such bubbles can exist in. a
model with
perfect foresight. Tirole (1985) showed that under certain conditions an asset which does not yield a return or utility may be held by agents in
a
general
equilibrium
model.
He
considers
an
economy
consisting of overlapping generations of individuals with two period lives as
in Diamond
(1965).
He showed that
in such a
setting if the economy is dynamically efficient, in that the rate of return to capital is greater than the population growth rate, an intrinsically useless asset will not be held. Capital plays a dual role in these models. It is the sole store of value and one of the two factors of production. People in a bid to provide for their old age may save so much that the rate of return is pushed below the popUlation growth rate. 1 If this happens the "bubbly" asset has a socially useful role of providing·another s.tore of value. This asset capital.
This process
I
which vies for saving,
continues
until
the
crowds out
economy reaches a
steady state at the "golden rule" level of capital stock. Weil (1987)
extends
bubbles.
Tirole s I
The conditions
analysis for
to
the
case
of
stochastic
the existence of bubbles do not
change drastically in such an economy. Since I am concerned with a world without uncertainty, I shall refer to the the existing resul ts
as
Tirole' s,
although
more
correctly
it
should be
referred to as the Tirole-Weil result. In this paper, I modify the Tirole framework by looking at an economy with two goods. The consumption good is assumed to be a
differentiated good with a monopolistically competitive market
A two-period overlapping generations model may have competitive equilibria which are not Pareto Optimal because of the "double infinity" property (see Shell (1971)). 2
or
structure. In this Bet up the existence
a bubble equilibrium
again requires that the market interest rate be less than the p()pulation~Jr()wth
reache£~
rate. And the new BtciJady li5tate that the economy
i:::; c:lQllin where these two are equal to each other. In
,', ' d" terms 0:f' posltlve ana J .yS1S, t h e prelctlons o'f my mo d e.] are very
similar to Tirole's. The welfare
implications are how 1+g because
this
implies
Bubbles cannot
it would grow
ter
st if than
the
economy and in finite time become larger than the wage bill. At the outset perfect foresight would rule out
movement of the
economy along such a path. The
original
MeD
steady
state,
by
assumption,
has
Even at this capital stock, individual welfare is increasing in the steady capital. So while the bubbly asset takes
R'< (l'g).
us towards the "golden rule" capital stock with R+
llg, welfare
~Wehave (llg)kt'l (2 1 0) lWt · Next use R t ,] Rt'l(Ctll(kt,d). In the steady state we have AA in the R-W e.
12
taIls.
T~ere
is nothing golden about the "golden rule"
in this
model. , If the bubble asset is held by agents it must grow at the
rate of interest and in per capita terms the dynamics is given by (7a) and (7b)
\'Je can linearize them around a
steady-state
(b', k')
and
write it in matrix form as
(19)
where
dXt'i :::
x t .i
-
x' (x
=
b, k)
The elements of the matrix A are given in the Appendix. It is also shown there that A has two roots Al and A2 such that (20)
if the following two sufficient conditions are met (21)
and (22 )
eLI> TJ / (1 - TJ )
where TJ == b' / S' from (10c). Condition (21) loosely speaking,
says that the investment
good is labour-intensive. This is not exact because there are 13
I
I
J
--~------.---------------------------------=---~----~------"-"--
uses capital can be put to, i.e., (22 )
1/ e,and 1". conai t ion
saving is not "too that b as a t t:he share of labou.r in the labour-intens 'I'D
t
an
about
"
dynamic movement of the vari
we draw a phase diagram for the following system
B'
d.
btl
(23)
dk t
(x and
B:= A
b,k)
I
It can be shown (the details are in the Appendix) that the determinant of B is negative so we have a saddle-point structure. The b. b t +1
0 locus is upward sloping in k - b space in Figure 2
and Akt+l
0 locus is downward sloping. The stable arm is upward
sloping and the long run equilibrium is at (k~,b') The steady state with the bubble asset requires Hence R";;:;l+g i.e"
bt>l ==
bt
::;
b'
the capital stock is at its "golden rule"
value (kG")' As before k'(l+g)
I'
(24 )
But now (25)
Starting from a capital labour ratio where R'«l+g)
I
the
economy has reached the "golden rule" steady state with a higher interest rate and a
lower wage rate (associated with a
capital per worker) and b' > 0 .
14
lower
l~rC)f!\
equat:iou (17a) we know that the effect
asset (::m wel
of the bubbl 0 and.
Welfare in the new steady state falls if (18) is satisfied Le., if
then
dV'/db' < 0
(26)
As Figure 2 shows that the MCD steady state at k D' exceeds kG" The
introduction of
the
bubble
takes
us
to
just
kG'
as
in
Tirole's model, by crowding out investment and lowering saving along the adjustment path. But in our model kG' does not have the same normative connotation that it does in Tirole's analysis. This
is
because
at
kD'
a
steady
state
increase
in
k
still
increases welfare. In Figure 1 the new steady state is at point B . which
is
on
a
lower
isoutility
locus
than
the
initial
equilibrium (at A) . Why was the original steady state, where R' had been driven do'NO below (1 + g), not dynamically inefficient? sector model and we may have other factors at play, to the rates of capital func~ion,
profit and
intensities,
the
This is a two in addition
popUlation growth, such as sectoral logarithmic
form
of
the
utility
the difference between the consumption and the product
wage etc. Across steady states capital accumulation reduces the size of the monopolistically competitive sector. state
::: W'/p'
In the new steady
(27)
15
(it
'rhus if k I;
.
the
o·
fj
way
that
utility di:cectly.
of:
sea and W'/p'
then, from (27), n"
in
vt.llue
k'
1
Is at kG' c
llrs, Note the model
the
What
fact
that n'
matt€~;t:S
is
been specif
1:a118
that
to
does
n'.c·
not:.
af
fall
t ':J1his
shrinkage of the consumtion goods sector accentuates the static ineff
iency.
This
monopolistically competi tive
output was "too low" from a soc in
sector
whose
I standpoint contracts evel:)
mon~
new steady state. To sum up then, the introduction of the bubble asset crowds
out capital and lowers welfare by reducing the consumption wage rate which more than offsets the gain in welfare due to a high interest rate. With the fall in the capital stock we have a fall in the output of the monopolistically competitive sector which further lowers welfare.
5.
Conclusions
In a.two
sector
overlapping generations
model
having a
monopolistically competitive sector I analyzed conditions under which a bubbly equilibrium would exist. These conditions turn out to be very similar to those in Tirole (1985). In particular, the economy can support an equilibrium with a bubble asset only if the interest rate is less than the growth rate of the economy. The new steady state with the bubble asset is where the interest rate
the same as the exogenously glven growth rate. While in Tirole' s
analysis this implies
asset is a panacea for dynamic inefficiency,
that
the bubble
in my model it is
not the case. In the model of this paper welfare was increasing in
the
steady
state
capital
reduces private welfare.
stock.
Crowding
Further the crowding
out out
of
capital
makes
the
monopolistically competitive sector shrink from its previous sub optimal level.
16
Appendix substituting solve fo;r,:~
(9a)
and (9b)
into
(lOa)
f
(lOb)
and (lDc)
and ,.,
It;
-.
A
"...
Idktr b t )
We have
where we substitute these in equation (19) reproduced below
We have used (21) and (22) ln the text to sign the aij's.
17
we
carl
Tr(A)
'l'he trace of A 'rhe charac
tic polynomial of A is
Since a 21 and p( 0)
81
2
are both negative the roots are real. 6
IAI > 0 1
we can show p(l)
Tr(A)'1
IAI < 0
(This
IBI
below)
Hence 0 < Al < 1 < A2 .
The matrix B :: A
I where I is the (2) 0
18 '
llbt-l'~
0
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D
v
v
Log R'I\'
FIGURE 1
b
FIGURE 2
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