Cercopithecidae - Naturalis Repository

Contributions

distribution

Geographic

69

Zoology,

to

SPB Academic

157-177

(3)

Publishing bv,

(2000)

The

Hague

of ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus auratus

(E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae)

Vincent

Nijman

Institute for Systematics 94766,

1090 GT

ami

Population Biology (Zoological Museum), University of Amsterdam,

P.O.

Box

The Netherlands

Amsterdam,

Key words: Bali, Colobinae, colobine monkeys, distribution, Indonesia, Java, langur, Lombok, primates

Abstract

Introduction

As one of the

the

leaf monkey

1812) been are

Trachypithecus

on the islands

of ecology

of

listed,

and

smaller sites)

discussed.

The

types, including everwet

forest

up

to

where

species

3,000

and hill

-

3,500

the

the

occurs

biogeography,

in

been

itself

species in

a

has

been

large variety

a.s.l.;

decidious

and in

some

collected

swamp

forest;

forest

forest

spp).

In

containing,

East

besides

Java,

the

easternmost

Penanggunang

This

part

are

Aca-

dimorphic,

Asian

surroundings and

Blitar,

of Mojokerto to

Mts

erythristic pelage morph

have

been

the other

or

Sundaic

including

and also

islands.

nocturnal

one

There

furthest from

slightly im-

a

5

are

to

species,

the slow loris

prosimian,

compared

coucang,

Borneo and the

exact

them on

of

species

13

to

species

species number depends a

relative

on

the

Borneo, and 8-17%

on

taxonomy

high proportion

endemic, viz. 60% (compared

are

on

mainland Sumatra;

on

of

to 38-43%

mainland Sumatra). The

Mt.

forms

observed

12-13

followed. However,

running south-

Kidul roughly

collected

masses

mainland. Java harbours

poverished non-human primate fauna compared

occurs

between

boundary. Localities where individuals

western

the

Nycticebus

plantations

erythristic pelage morphonly the line

land

remaining

Sundaic

the most isolated of

are

forest;

melanic individuals, also

of Java of which

the

endemics and the

wards, via Wonosalam the

populations

the more common

erythristic individuals.

in

certain

subregion,

of the

extreme east

Java and Bali

montane

(teak Tectona grandis, rasamala Altingia excelsa, acacia cia

of

recorded of

Being located in the

has

consisting

beach, and freshwater

forest; dry m

ebony

(Indonesia)

species has

(each

areas

mangrove,

lowland

and Lombok

Java, Bali,

forty-two

and

and threatened

(E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,

auratus

assessed. All localities where

numerous are

units

fundamental

geographic distribution of the endemic

the are

Javan

bert,

or

comprise

and

1799) leaf

grizzled

one

species of Hylobatidae, the

silvery gibbon Hylobates moloch (Audespecies

two

of

monkey Presbytis

the

Colobinae,

comata

given.

(Desmarest,

1822) and the ebony leaf monkey 1 Trachypithecus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,

auratus

1812). The

gibbon and the grizzled leaf monkey

Contents

to the

Abstract

forest types,

wettest

the western part

mon to

which

are

are

Javan

confined

more

of the island,

and

com-

can

be

157

found

Introduction

159

Results

160

Province

of West Java

Province

of Central Java

Province

of East Java

(inch

OKI

(inch

DI

Jakarta)

Yogyakarta)

160

as

Mts

and Mt. Lawu,

Dieng

re-

170

Island

of

170

Lombok

Discussion

171 and

range of the

cknowledgements

1997). The ebony leaf monkey’s a

area, and the

larger

species

1995,

range encompasses

can

be found in other

167

of Bali

Distribution

spectively (Nijman and Sozer, 1995; Nijman,

164

Island

references

far east

157

Methods

Habitat

as

• erythristic pelage morph

171 173 174 174

1 Ebony langur,

leaf monkey

Javan

leaf

langur, amongst also

used

leaf

others.

for the

silvered leaf

is also known

monkey

Some

grizzled

as

monkeys

are

known

leaf

the melanic

as

ebony,

moor or

langur, silver(ed) of

these

leaf

cristatus.

negro

monkey

however,

names,

monkey Presbytis

monkey Trachypithecus

erythristic individuals) ally only

/

comata

parts

individuals)

and

Locally ebony

either lulling (both melanic

and in

/

are

of East Java

and

budeng (usu-

158

V.

forest types

well,

as

its distribution

Despite

the other

than

encompassing

Ebony

monkey

its

endemics,

Javan

has

restricted, and its habitat leaf

Bali and

Java,

on

1996). The species is listed

1UCN,

range

is

2

still

ac-

1987;

(Eudey,

Appendix

on

II

leaf

ebony

regarded

T.

and

species specific

of T.

status

1935; Napier,

given its

was

Groves

spe-

The

(1987).

is

al.,

et

leaf

silvered

auratus

ally accepted (e.g., Weitzel

been

long-time

the

it

1983), but

by Weitzel

status

a

(e.g., Pocock,

cristatus

1985; Wolfheim, cific

with

conspecific

as

monkey,

has for

monkey

the

1992;

Oates

et

al.,

T. cristatus and T.

Little is known about the natural forest

the former

having

now

1988;

1994; Maryanto

gener-

1UCN,

al.,

et

1997). with

allopatrically

occur

disjunct distribution with

a

and

Dirgayusa

and

Dirgayusa,

Laos

stated

before,

Malaysia,

Java

from

ranges

and

Vietnam,

Sumatra

1992), while the latter,

and Borneo (Corbet and Hill, as

and

of West

coast

and

species

eastwards

ah,

et

1997).

to

brownish-grey

or

evergreen

Javan

is

species

more

by

areas

are

brown and grey. In both

species

als km'

where the

2

and

and

the

vary

populations of Java

areas.

are

In the

restricted

(see Discussion),

proportion

the

tangan River

Payne

in eastern

ah,

et

at

and

Based

western scribed

ebenus.

pending is not

on a

of

the

cies

part

Sabah,

Borneo

in

it

is of little

relevance

information on

discussed further.

the

receives

500,000 annually (Whitten

et

having

of the

structure

Hence,

effect

an

ebony

findings

on

are

probably

leaf

conclu-

and

conducted

the

on

the

spe-

representa-

not

unhesitatingly be extrapolated

cannot

to

areas.

(Davis, 1962;

of T.

(1987)

auratus.

many other

pithecus,

the

with

adult

one

species

Davies,

from the north-

(1984,

1995)

(Trachypitecus)

viduals

1994;

Brotoisworo,

to

the

present

this taxon and its

a

lives

Newton

in

groups

number of immature

young (see reviews

and

from 3 range

observ.;

(pers.

de-

monkey

male and

males, females, and and

Trachy-

within the genus

leaf

ebony

by Bennett

Dunbar, to

Supriatna

1983). Group sizes

over

et

ah,

Java

on

1994).

30

indi-

1988;

seem

to

auratus

differ between

more

et

1998), with prob-

in

Pangandaran

tive and

As

and Groves

Brandon-Jones

subspecies Semnopithecus As

1988;

have been

mouth of the Kinaba-

type specimen

Vietnam,

ah,

Supriatna

these

easternmost

single skin, probably originating

part

et

1980 in

area

from studies

arising

These group sizes 2

individu-

75

to

than any other conservation

possibly

may,

other

1985). Weitzel

concluded that the

species is relatively

while in the silvered leaf

monkey these populations hitherto only recorded from Abai

densities

. Typical

Balen,

van

1996), quite possibly

sions

ebony leaf monkey, to

2

1986; Supriatna

monkey population.

between

km

figure (unpubl. data). Pangandaran visitors

pre-

(1983) suggest densities of

typical density leaning towards

more

socio-ecology This

spp.,

1996). Data

ah,

Wiryosoeparto,

proportion of erythristic

occurring together.

Swietenia

species has been studied, which

(Kartikasari,

Indonesia,

nic

individuals

of

populations

some

polymorphic in pelage coloration, with mclasmall

et

195 individuals

with

are

a

uplifted

corner

covered with teak,

area are

forest (Whitten

1988; Nijman and

ably

ah,

usually

southeastern

common, range in the order of 20

1987;

tingled

nature

500 ha.

c.

Croft,

(1994)

Pangandaran

small

often selected because the

blackish brown, while blackish

Kool and

Megantara

mahogany,

Brotoisworo

185 to

c.

more

the

and

grandis

Brotoisworo

1983;

the

a

Most of the

far.

so

stands, while the remainder consists of rather dry

lower

is brown,

in

at the

peninsula

in

those of Brotoisworo

extend

is

West Java. Parts of the

ah,

T. cristatus

Furthermore,

lesser

Pangandaran

limestone

distinguished by skull

(Weitzel and Groves,

dental characters

Maryanto

be

can

Brandon-

limited number

a

1991), Kool (1993; a

have been conducted reserve.

Bismark Lombok. Both

only

(Brotoisworo,

and to

1992),

in

from the western

also

ecology of the species

since areas,

popu-

southern Thailand,

from southern Burma,

Cambodia and southern

from

originated

(see

of studies have been conducted

sented

lations

Java

1995).

Jones,

1984, 1995; Corbet and Hill,

auratus

have

must of

part

easternmost

Tectona

1994; Brandon-Jones,

female,

erythristic

an

comprehensive studies, i.e.,

of the CITES convention. The

auratus in Indonesia

Ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus

area

Vulnerable

as

to the IUCN threat criteria

cording

Lombok.

larger

a

-

largely dissappeared.

listed

are

Nijman

paper,

areas

with

different climatic

con-

and

distribution, it

ditions; median

pronounced

dry

group

sizes

in

season, which

areas

are

with

mainly

a

more

found

Contributions

in

the

69

Zoology,

to

half of Java

eastern

areas

with

be

to

perhumid

a

2000

-

well

as

island’s northern coast, tend found in

(3)

159

along

as

the

and the

climate

the

(unpubl.

data).

Extra-group

or

team up with other bachelor males in bands

can

small

or

males

either

live

solitaries

as

groups (pers. observ.; Bennett and Davies,

1994; Brotoisworo, A number

1983).

of studies

have been

performed

feeding behaviour (Kartikasari,

Supriatna

ah,

1991; Kool, partially

teak

which allows

system,

cellulose

(Bauchop

Davies, 1994). with

them

1994) often

all

colobines,

of

food

Waterman

pending part

and

on

foliage,

relative

a

colobines

and

Kool, 1993;

an

et

e.g.,

a

de-

large

and flowers

of leaves 56%

Kartikasari, 1986;

1988; 90% Brotoisworo and

ah,

ripe

in

abundance,

ah,

et

fruits is not

only the seeds

When fruit is eaten, e.g., figs

Swietenia

phloea,

1994).

favoured

a

fore,

ongoing

present

mostly

not

Ficus spp,

mahogany

It affects

*987)

distribution of

of

the

a

of

species

biogeogra-

The

data originate

period

by

within

its

in

from

August-Seplember

collected in or

absence

inside

the of

given

a

determined

range.

will be and AH

iable

if

described

erroneous

(1987)

any

by its

patchi-

depends on

which

thoroughly ebony

(cf. Wiens,

stress

the

1992).

the forest and

in

surveying any

was

Brockelman

the distribution of

forest

conducted by

the

author

September 1998-January

June

leaf

other recorded

These

findings

literature,

In

(excluding

on

were

presence

by surveying

the forest from vantage 206

all,

those

presence

days

in

were

spent

where neither I

areas

While

species).

the

1999

the

forest

of ebony leaf

areas

monkeys

interviewing local inhabitants in Bahasa

were

supplemented

information

museums,

otherwise. are

listed

area

the

and

Areas in

from

with

county

which

in

leaf

ebony

and in

names

of the

data

derived from

collected specimens stored

a

west

which it

of habitat

type

ebony leaf monkeys

in

author, unless

monkeys

to east

is

that

area

For each

sequence.

presented, are

given, the

collected in

either

area

nearest

to the

Abbreviations

specimens dam,

the

are

site

the described

are:

Netherlands;

number

for the

ZMA:

RMNH:

the Netherlands and

a

short

status

listed,

as

are

and

the

Specimens collected

itself

or

the described

of collection.

employed

stored

area

stated

observed

were

is situated is

if any, which have been collected.

were

in

from personal correspondence with other

by province

description

institutions

Zoological Natural

(many

no

access

which

at

Museum

Museum skins have

number);

History Museum, London, UK;

ZRC:

the

Amster-

of Natural

only

MZB;

a

col-

Museum

Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia; BMNH:

Natural

Zoological Reference

Collection, Singapore. Note that

pri-

mapping of species’

over a

data

2000. The

assessed

was

over

edge).

the

additional

1999-February

monkeys

by scanning

areas

Some

Kangean.

or forest

gathered by

isolated

need for accurate

monkeys

Indonesia.

lector’s

importance of publishing on

the

assess

leaf

has been in-

interpretation of that pattern

and detailed data

vates. The

or

patterns

distributional pattern

There-

ecology

ebony leaf monkey, the

to

surveys

and

period

History, Leiden, a

the

on

area.

Ecological

accuracy of the distributional data

based:

descrip-

is essential.

March-September 1994, June-July 1995,

1997 and

ebony

points (hill tops

records of

evenness

distribution

changes

Lombok.

of 16 months in

specimens,

is

the

(Jablonski,

species ultimately

species

species

and

occurrence

alysis

eorrectly

rd

the number of

graphical range

bess

ls

probability

and

of extinction

and different sizes of range

determine The

unit of ecology

species’

monitor

Methods

ripe (Kool, 1993; Kartikasari,

geographic distribution of a species is perhaps

Phy.

(1996).

a

study

distribution of

Bali and

Java,

the

the fundamental

11

attempts

of

an accurate

observers. All records listed are those of the

The

0n

paper

geographical on

various

an

an

additional information on

1986).

8eo

of

part

and conservation status of

consumed.

are

macrophylla, and acacia Acacia leuco-

it is

range, and status occurrence

as

Gaston

to

spe-

been

recently

assessment

tion of its range of

nor

source, and often

and

(1998)

proper

estimating

have

over-

see

seasonality,

1991; 94% Djuwantoko

in most colobines,

food

Jones

Java, Bali, Madura,

59% Supriatna

As

by

Furthermore, for the

in

error

distributions

cies-range-size discussed

of

sources

processes

and

1992). Indeed, although

diet consists

and 67%

Dirgayusa,

in

habitat type

of their

(55%

selection

Kool,

potential

biogeographic

species assemblages, and

able to cope

unnutricious food source, in their diet (for view

down

1968; Kay

species

amount of

diges-

break

to

Martucci,

This makes the

substantial

a

and

ah,

fore-stomach

a

possess

et

Like

plantations.

ebony leaf monkeys tive

on

1986;

1988; Brotoisworo and Dirgayusa,

1993; Djuwantoko

in

of local

structure

conservation status and in order

the species’ et

ranges, their relevance to

larger than those

some areas

discussed

patches of forest,

in fact constitute of

and that

ebony

leaf

numerous

monkeys

are

not

V.

160

Fig.

I.

Geographical distribution

Lombok. auratus

where

Indonesia.

has

been

The

map

recorded.

individuals of the

of

ebony

shows

Note

areas

that

on

leaf

Nijman

Ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus

monkey Trachypithecus

covered

this

-

scale

with natural

many have

erythristic pelage morph

small

been

forest

areas

auratus

(after

(E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,

RePPProT

of forest do not

recorded.

Area

auratus in Indonesia

1990),

and the

show. The

numbers

stippled

correspond

1812)

areas

with

line

Java, Bali, and

on

where

Trachypithecus

includes

the area from

descriptions in

the

Chapter

Results.

by

definition

present throughout the entire

within forest above

ebony leaf monkeys

may

area.

Furthermore)

of West

Province

Java

(including

DKI

Jakarta)

prefer certain parts

others,

Localities presence from

areas

of

from

where information

individuals

of the

was

erythristic pelage morph,

direct observations, from hearsay

biologists working

in the

received about

area,

as

well

evidence

as

or

localities

erythristic specimens have been collected,

are

1.

Ujung Kulon

the

either

from other

from where

indicated.

County: Pandeglang. Habitat: of old est

in

Ujung Kulon is

a more

than 750 km

2

area

secondary lowland forest, with primary forthe

secure

higher parts. The peninsula

from

mainland

logging

part

is

and

is

relatively

encroachment,

threatened

but

by surrounding

the

culti-

Results vation. Status: The For

the

geographic

location of of the

cussed in this section, discussed in

a west

see

to east

areas

Fig. I. All localities

sequence, and

are

disare

classed

zone

and

species is present mainly in the coastal

along

(Hoogerwerf, leaf

the

rivers,

but

also in the interior

1970). Hoogerwerf observed ebony

monkey mainly in the peninsular

by province. reserve;

but

the

species

is

also

the part of

present

on

the

Contributions

mainland

on

Ruhiyat,

1991).

Reucang

or

Specimens

Zoology,

to

Mt.

69

-

(3)

2000

Honje (Gurmaya The

species

Panaitan island collected:

is

al1992;

et

not

161

present

1970).

(Hoogerwerf,

Niur:

on

MZB 6694.

(Sept. the

van

on

the

Danau, Mt. Karang and

Counties: Habitat:

Pandeglang,

substantial

of fresh

area

adjacent .

evera

°f

l thousands

in two

present

Gunung Tukung

of hectares on

Mt.

near fhe

swamp 2

while ,

patches

Nature

Cede

in

as

while

low-

c.

30 km

ranging from c. Status: A small

2

of montane forest

1000-1778

100

recreation for-

Curug Gendang waterfalls, Carita. c.

1346

m

observed

was

Altingia

recorded

1998)

tall Mt. Pulosari,

c.

foray into

to

excelsa

plantation. the

6 km

Aseupan (Oct. 1995). The species is present

in the swamp forests of Ranca Danau and hill for-

1996),

and

Tekung Cede (Melish well

as

Karang (April

in

as

Dirgayusa,

the montane forests

1995: S.

van

Balen in litt.

Specimens collected: Ujungtebu:

On

remains

m.

were

of Mt.

1998),

ZRC 4382.

3. Dungus

County: Habitat:

Iwul and

Yanlapa

Bogor. Dungus

Iwul

is

a

small

relict

patch of

primary forest (9 ha) surrounded by rubber Hevea plantation

brasiliensis

Despite

its size the

(MacKinnon

reserve

is

et

al.,

significant

observed

rain

forest

left

on

Java

(Whitten

et

1982).

as

the few remnants of low altitude lowland

number of groups or

species

south-east

the

Reserve.

of disturbed

Aseupan,

fowland forest is protected

• Karang

Hear

is

forest remain

,and a

170 km 2

water

250 km

c.

group

Balen (in litt.,

est of Mt.

of forest with the last

forest in Ranca Danau totalling an°ther

Aseupan

Serang.

Fragmented patches

remaining

Mt.

one

Rasamala

adjacent

S.

of Mt. 2- Ranca

1997);

al.,

one

of

tropical 1996).

tl

me e

waterfalls,

as

well

as

near

entrance of the recreation

the

guard post

forest

at

Carita

Yanlapa is

a

slightly larger (32 ha)

consisting of lowland rainforest

nature reserve,

on

red

clay soil,

V.

162

relatively

(MacKinnon Status: of

protected

well

al.,

et

and used for scientific

in lit!.

only

rubber

surrounding

1998; Whitten

ebony

leaf

et

by

study

single

a

In

1996).

monkeys

are

foray Balen

van

Yanlapa, but

present,

Balen,

van

group

occasionally

plantation (S.

al.,

leaf monkeys (S.

grizzled

Ebony leafmonkey Trachypithecus

1973

respectively is

Cibanteng

which

ebony leaf monkeys,

into the

-

1982).

Iwul is inhabited

Dungus

Nijman

not

also

litt., 1998).

in

cent

is

of the

populations Reserve

Banten.

Bogor,

Habitat: The Halimun National Park land and hill forest from 500 et

al., 1982). The park

some

m

and large

tea

The

of its size the

in

area

western

group in

Mt. Salak:

a

group

group

forest

southeastern was

van

heard

collected:

Specimens Leuwilang:

MZB

RMNH; Cisalak;

groups

reserve;

S.

1998).

Balen (in

van

observed

was

Ratu

6694,

Mt. Salak: ZMA

MZB 558;

Bolang;

one

1998).

(Sept.

MZB

Jasinga:

and

1997)

(Aug.

Kawa

2344,-5;

one

feeding in river valley

slopes

near

significant

Balen in litt.

of 7 individuals

rain

montane

the

on

(S.

(e.g., virtue

by

likely different

regularly observed by

litt., 1998); lower

1989

a

area.

(1992) reported of

of the Halimun

part

Aug.

Kool

most

Park

1986), and

il-

in

species

leaf

ged and sparsely

areas

monkeys

4380;

have

6.

Mt.

Mt.

tion forest, and is and

one

lies

between

larger

Cibantcng this

area

more

this

partially

scattered

rugged the

into

and

sparsely

smaller,

forest block. The altitudinal range

sea

level

and

Nature Reserve

and the

than 8500

in

c.

700

m

a.s.l.

Game Reserve

ha)

established

were

The

the northern part of

Cikepuh

in

to

Leuwang

ZRC

Ratu;

1909.1.5.14,-15,-16,-17.

Gede-Pangrango,

Puncak,

Megamendung,

Counties: Bogor,

Sukabumi,

Habitat: The Mt.

Gede-Pangrango

Cianjur.

known

volcanoes,

through

the Puncak area, with the

to

the south and

south

Telaga

of

the entire

is enclosed in the

Pangrango m

National Park,

a.s.l., encroachment

ture,

hunting,

threats.

area

is

much

in

a

Although virtually 15,000 ha Cede/

ranging from

from

but the

threatened

on

its

impose

area

with

1995), the forests 1994),

(Aug.

survives

on

(together 1925 and

area.

resorts a

and

some-

moderately

dis-

Ebony leaf monkeys have been observed

Cibulau

most

350

summit.

number of localities,

(Aug.

a

part of the

holiday

estates. Mt. Pancar is m

agriculcontinu-

forms

remaining

by

i.e., Pasir

1994), above Selabintana (Sept. (June

500-3019

surrounding

Telaga Warna

tea

runs

pass

Gede-Pangrango

and other activities

The

A

Warna Nature Reserve and

to the northeast.

area

well-

two

are

Bogor.

Megamendung

ha nature reserve,

1876,

status of protec-

several

number of

a

Javan southern coast

Pancar

Status:

in

rug-

Furthermore,

area.

intermittedly

BMNH

Ciwangi:

5327,

MZB

Kulon

area

present

within this

Specimens collected: Teluk Pelabuan

ous

Sukabumi.

populated

to

Sancang [11].

turbed forest

Habitat: The forests

areas

West

what isolated hill of 800

Jampang

Game

the southern

on

survive in

may

Cikepuh

encroachment of

County:

Cikepuh

from Citirem

probably

are

populated

along the

from

possibly

studied

1987 in the forests of Ciogong

ebony leaf monkeys forest

(1994)

the

village of Sindabarang

3\88;

560.

5.

in

large number of forest

a

patches of primary

Balen (in litt., 1998) recorded ebony

van

Ebony

coast.

adja-

known

well

a

probably harbours

species.

sighting of four,

the

is

National

MacKinnon

of the

population the

the Halimun

1991;

Ruhiyat,

1000-1200

threats to the

ebony leaf monkey

inhabitant of

out-

2211

a

hunting and

enclaves,

estate

with ,

surrounding agricul-

legal gold mining form major Status:

2

being situated

vegetated above the

line. Encroachment from

ture

(MacKinnon

Mt. Salak is

park boundaries. The

tall volcano, well

m

proper totals 400 km

additional lowland forest

side the

m

1929

to

low-

covers

with

and found them present

the

near

1982).

grassland.

Ladjar and Simanjuntak

Status:

al.,

et

Game Reserve. The habitat

mostly secondary forest

forest and

leaf monkeys in Feb.

Mt. Salak

Counties: Sukabumi,

(MacKinnon

coastal lowland forest, and is

larger Cikepuh

to

Cibuaya. S. Mt. Halimun and

4.

a

in Indonesia

auratus

likely

Telaga

Taman Safari Cisarua

Warna

1997), and

Mt. Pancar

to be

near

an

(July

Pogor (June

1997), Cibodas

(Sept. isolated

1995).

present throughout

1997),

near

population

The

species is

the entire forest

Contributions

Specimens collected: 18.1; Cikaso:

MZB

MZB

Cikujang:

69

Zoology,

to

Mt.

(3)

2000

-

Pancar: Mt.

8008;

163

BMNH

Pangrango: RMNH;

6693; Cibodas:

BMNH

1949.423,

1954.62, MZB; Sindanglaja: collected by and

1907.6.

Robinson

Kloss (1919).

8.

Sanggabuana

Counties: Purwakarta Habitat: The forests of

comprise of c. which

have been

(MacKinnon 7. Muara

Gembong,

Muara

Angke-Kapuk, Tanjung

Sedan Counties:

Habitat:

DKI

Bekasi, Muara

the mouth of the Citarum

Jakarta.

In

est

left,

was

1984

mangrove

River,

60

c.

1000 ha of

1981 at least

by

a

some

area

at

east

of

km

formangrove had been

areas

verted into rice fields, settlements and fish and

1987 the

by

forest

destroyed (Supriatna Angke-Kapuk 15.4

ha,

forest

in

nature

river

a

of

Rudyanto, Status:

its

leaf

Angke

(1987)

and

(Supriatna

north

during and

et

Tanjung

and

fish

of

coast

it is very

and

especially

et

leaf

of ebony

increased

The

its

ah,

(proposed)

nature reserve,

mangrove and swamp

1982) appeared

be

to

of the

along

dramatically

1D93).

if the north

additional gretably

°ne

coast

populations these will

another,

extinction.

that

was

known

forest (MacKinnon

(van

devoid of

Balen

of West Java still

of

ebony

be small

leaf

et

ah,

holds

monkey,

and isolated

making them especially

c.

three Javan endemics

do

occur

is

reported

to

be

1997);

comm.

by

present small

num-

1986 (S.

van

1998).

9.

North

Parahyangan

Counties;

highlands

lectively known many, and

Sumcdang, Purwakarta.

Bandung,

Habitat: The

around

the

as

hyang: Gods).

Bandung

Parahyangan

(from

Perahu is the most well known. includes

some

the Mt.

including

Status: The in

Tapomas Hunting Nature

is has been

species

and Mt.

Burangrang

1982). Wiltjes-Hissink

leaf

monkeys

on

Rombang

&

on

Mt.

further-

reserves,

Reserve

(1250

Reserve

(2700

reported

to be present

ha).

et

slopes of Tangkuban

1700

at

m

a.s.h, whereas

Rudyanto (1999) report the

species

of the

Tangkuban

area

(1953) observed ebony

the southern

Lembang

para:

Tapomas (MacKinnon

ah,

Perahu above

The

interesting (proposed)

ha), and Burangrang

col-

The northern part includes

number of tall volcanoes of which the

more

are

presence

Manglayang.

Specimens collected: Subang: ZRC 4374,-5.

dissapeared

completely

trees

from

ranging

Despite being somewhat dis-

species

Balen in lift.

10. South

find any

is covered with

ber of individuals observed in Oct.

Counties:

to

forest

important for the conservation

Manullang (pers.

piece of forest that

hard

dosed forest and/or tall

to

ebony

Macaca

conversion

shrimp ponds

shrimp ponds

of Java,

of

1984). Silvius

The

at

The

1989).

macaques

ah,

into

leaf

currently there

al.,

recreation forest

a

area

area.

Status: B.O.

is

all

as

Jati Lahur

2500 ha of

is centered around the artificial

Lahur. area

primates

in the

>ght be suitable for ebony leaf monkeys. Mauk,

l°r

re

et

the last decades. Most tall trees

another

et

&

individuals,

populations

long-tailed

Sedari.

mtensification die

but ,

left

report of the presence

in

mangroves

largely

(Rombang

groups of up to 30

supports small

monkeys

monkey

et

pro-

Gembong, the ebony

fascicularis (MacKinnon ah

large

presently

individuals knr 2

forest

of

a

the Muara

density of 20

Muara

with

1999).

In

hardly

ha

Jati

or

totalling

(MacKinnon

8200

is

Muara

is covered

forest

mangrove

monkey lived in

1TI

delta a

completely

reserve

area

wich

nature reserve,

devoid

>s

small

a

ponds,

The

1989).

1984). Tanjung Sedari is

posed

a

ah,

west of Jakarta. The

mangrove ah,

is

almost

were

et

con-

of

turbed, the

1982).

as

The

lowland

and

1291,

to

lake

Jakarta.

Gembong is

proposed

ah,

disturbed

mostly 150

et

Sanggabuana

ha, approximately

5000

from

vulnerable

Parahyangan Bandung,

Garut,

and

Cianjur.

Habitat: The extensive mountain forests south of form

Bandung locally ally

forest in

1200

m

a

more

intersected

a.s.l.

the

or

less

continuous block, and roads.

plantations

area

is forest

A number of nature

reserves

tablished in the area, of which the most ones

are

Mt. Tilu

(8,000 ha),

ha) and Kawah Kamojang being

less

important

importantly,

Mt.

(8,000

reserves

are

c.

es-

important

Simpang (15,000 ha), six others

because of small

four new

Gener-

is extant above

sizes;

more

have been proposed

164

V.

the area,

across

ha, ranging et

ah,

totalling

coverage of almost

a

from 300 to 2182

m

a.s.l.

-

Nijman

Ebony leafmonkey Trachypithecus

70,000

(MacKinnon

Status:

Ruhiyat (1991) reported

keys

be

at

present

a

number of sites

South

Mt.

Papandayan, Kawah Kamojang,

observations and above.

MacKinnon be

to

made in

were

Mt.

present

et

also

areas

al.

the forest

Most

Mt.

if

1200

at

near

not

m

all

a.s.l.

reported the

(1982)

on

Tilu,

Mt.

Simpang. Prob-

area

in

isolated

numerous

RMNH; Tirta-

forest at

1100

c.

(July

northern the

2157

180

in

Leuweung Sancang

a.s.l. The

area

mangroves, beach

al„

level to

primary rain forest

forest and

parts

heavily damaged by illegal et

sea

a

covered with sand dunes,

limestone. The outer

on

contains

area

ranging from

is

tree

of the

reserve

are

cutting (MacKinnon

Ruhiyat (1991) reported the species

present in the

area.

Further information is

to be

not

yet

available.

covered

of Ceremai;

posed

as

Status: Status: ence

of

c.

tall volcano south

12,000 ha of forest

recreation forest

ebony

leaf

presence

which may have

have been

(MacKinnon

There have There have been

reports the

m

no

reports

monkeys,

et

on

al.,

pro-

1982)

the the prespres-

Napier (1985)

but

of twelve skulls from Cirebon,

originated

from this

mountain.

Specimens collected: Cirebon: RCS(OM) 870.43(A) (G) (Napier

local officers of

to

1985).

The

to

et

457

a

ah,

ha

ah,

38

a

large

dry

the

by

evergreen forest

1996). Karangnini

Cikabuyatan river,

been

patch of forest of

designated

600-1704 Altingia

Mt. Sawal

m

as

a.s.l.

excelsa

a

c.

wildlife

the and

area

comprise of

an

5400 ha, which have reserve.

consist

Podocarpus

species

as

imbriacata and

largely

the

inter-

valley of which

covered with mixed forest.

Status:

Pangandaran

has been the location where

number of researchers leaf

monkey

have colllected

very

nature were

reserve

fully habituated

three

to

park

and

the presence of humans

to

are

relative

large in

other West Javan localities. In

groups

were

observed

Cikabuyatan

River (Sept.

Specimens

collected:

Province

of Central

at

the

Java

15.

mouth of the

Pangandaran:

BMNH

Kalipucang:

BMNH

(including

DI

Segara Anakan-Nusa Kambangan Cilacap.

com-

Karangnini

1997).

Yogyakarta)

Counties:

adjacent

different groups observed

(Sept. 1997). Group sizes parison

1983;

1994). The species is

and in the tourist at least 5

on

1991; Kool, 1993; Kool

Croft, 1992; Megantara, common

data

Brotoisworo,

(e.g.,

Dirgayusa,

Ranging from

contains tree

are

while

stands,

Mt. Sawal

on

reserve

area

of beach forest and teak forest. The latter is

is

of

tourist

ha

nature

Counties: Ciamis.

isolated

uplifted

corner

of the

Magogany

the remainder consists of rather et

of

Parts

1982).

Teak and

500 ha

c.

southeastern

consists

area

1909.1.5.4,-5,-6(a),-7;

Habitat: The forests

present

RMNH.

1909.1.5.18.

13.

is

species

small

a

at the

peninsula

with

(Whitten

and

Majalengka. 3078

the

Ciamis

Tasikmalaya,

Brotoisworo and

a

trees

on

reserve.

(MacKinnon

ebony 12. Mt. Ceremai Counties:

recorded

not

the

departement

park, adjacent

a

Habitat: Mt. Ciremai is

species

patch of Acacia

a

was

Pangandaran is

Java.

sected

1982).

Status:

and in

secondary

a

Pangandarang-Karangnini

West

reserve

not

of Mt. Sawal

slopes

slopes, but according

forestry

limestone

Garut.

ha nature

recorded in

was

the southern

The

or

known.

not

a.s.l

m

fauna

situated in

a.s.l, whether

m

Specimens collected: Ceringrin:

14.

I 1. Leuweung Sancang

Habitat: The

on

1995).

Habitat:

County:

1982). Ceringrin

species

patch,

Counties:

Cibeureum: RMNH.

RMNH;

The

Status:

is

populations.

Specimens collected: Pengalengan: sari;

for both flora and

area

al.,

et

troughout the

ably, ebony leaf monkey is present throughout the entire

(MacKinnon

forest remains is

mon-

throughout

Halu,

(Mt. Patuha).

Patenggang

species

i.e.

Parahyangan,

leaf

ebony

the

Telaga

valuable

a

the lowlands below 200

1982).

to

may be

in Indonesia

auratus

Contributions

to

69

Zoology,

(3)

-

2000

Habitat: Sagara Anakan is the shallow southern

bay

which the

the

on

Citanduy, consists

area

of mangrove and tidal swamp

complex

a

into

Java

and other rivers flow. The

Cibereum, of

of

coast

165

2

for-

ests.

South of the

Nusa

Kambangan. The island largely is under con-

trol of the Prison

tice, on

three

as

the 300 km

lies

area

Service of the

the island

8000

c.

situated

are

ha of

largely

undisturbed lowland forest remains.

Status: leaf

Erftemeijer

monkeys

individuals inland

in

groups after

(1988)

in the

observed the

having spent On

1997).

reported

ebony 10

to

‘better’ forest areas, i.e., further Near

on

small

a

Kambangan

1997)

(Sept.

ebony leaf monkeys observed, but the species

no

was

known

of Klacis.

to

if

of,

most

all,

not

of the

Apparently the species

have been made Status:

villagers all

occurs

over

the island. collected:

Cilacap:

BMNH

bolong:

ZRC 4.377.

Jumblang:

2094;

MZB

1909.1.5.8,-9,-11,-12,-13; Karang-

Seitre,

species

this

is

ha

(MacKinnon

et

area

valuable

most

(MacKinnon Status: One °n

Mt.

as

1982);

to

ct

area

al.,

nature

the south

was

reserve

the

plantations,

to

regarded

c.

area

is

the east

as

of

one

in Central

Java

8 individuals

c.

eastern

No

1994).

part of

was

observed

the Pembarisan

further information

is

available.

Mt.

18.

Brebes,

legal, Pemalang,

Purbolinggo.

111

011

The 3418

m

mountain. On

eastern

a.s.l. Mt.

1994;

June

a.s.l.

(June

c.

1995). The forests

on

Blambangan, where of

1995). MZB

Curugilang:

6690,-91,-92;

RMNH.

Banjarnegara. On

Habitat:

these mountains small

natural forest, or

surrounded

area

lies from

of

fragments

by either

ground

open

pine plantations, remain. The altitudinal c.

range

350-1000

m

a.s.l. Status:

and

Linsley

Nawimar (1994

1995) reported

forest block

on a

the

slope

species

in

Brandon-

be present

to

of the Tambra

in

river, south

Argus confluence.

19. Mts

Dieng

Counties:

Pekalongan, Batang, Tenaggung,

Mt. Slamet is Java’s second

the wetter southern

slope

forest

disappeared

Currently the forest above Slamet

are

a

proposed

m

slopes

a.s.l.

below 1000

nature

m

On

Wono-

sobo, Banjarnegara. Habitat: The mountains north and northwest of the

Dieng plateau

are

still

block of natural forest

covered

a

on

1930s)

area

low

above

1000

the

m

forested above

slopes

in.

range

from

the forest

(partly

Coffea spp. plantation abandoned

are

the eastern

extensive

an

the northern foot-

Lumping above Linggo,

former coffee

in the

with

covering the total

lowland to upper montane. On

by

extensive forest remains down to 700

the

&

Cupu-Simembut

County:

(MacKinnon

Counties: Banyumas,

Habitat:

on

(Seitre

observed between altitudes

RMNH;

above 1500

Mt. Slamet

tallest

plantations

a.s.l.

m

in oak-laurel

above

slopes

were

m

Kalikidang:

the

'7.

present

Specimens collected: Kaligua:

hills of Mt.

1982).

group of

(July

a

remaing forest

Segara, in the

fountains

non-volcanic soils,

extensive Pine

by

lowland

under-explored on

proposed al.,

by Teak forest. The the

eastern

2,200-2,800

of the

severly

rainforest

bordered

(April-Aug.

also

three groups

1500

and observed above Baturaden at

a.s.l.

was

c.

Brebes. In

13.000

m

at

1996).

have been observed

monkeys

slopes

1990);

700-800

Jones,

16. Mts Pembarisan

and hill

southern

pro-

lower elevations

at

both in natural forest and in Damar

a

Habitat:

1982), while

ah,

et

forests

(Nijman and Sozer,

leaf

Ebony

of the forests in this

Specimens

Counties:

the

hill

in the mangrove forests

day

Nusa

three

Kabujatan,

retreating

include

to

the upper

in groups of up

Segara Anakan.

were

(Sept.

al.

et

to be present

posals

the

of Jus-

Minsitry

highly secured prisons

the island. On

island of

15,000 ha (MacKinnon

of Mt. Prahu,

The forest totals 1000

et

al.,

a.s.l.

m

is

a

c.

300

25,500 ha,

proposed

reserve

game

forest

only

of which

1982). Currently the is unprotected

while

m,

in the east,

area

be-

managed

Ministry of Forestry (Perum Perhutani), but

proposals western

to

part

protect of the

(Nijman and Sozer,

the area

lowland forests have been

put

1996). Main threats

to

in

the

forward the

area

1900

are

a.s.l.

Pinus Linggo and the conversion into rubber, pine

reserve

of

planned

merkusii,

or

logging of the lowland forest

damar Auracaria

spp.

near

plantations.

166

V.

Status: A number of groups out

westernpart

of the

observed

were

lowland and lower

the

montane

1999-Fcb.

present in the as

The

species

astated

and

in

the

but

the

Pagilaran

at

Balen,

occurrence

and T.

auratus in

1300-1500

c.

Densities at the lowland forests the order of 20 individuals

be

to

the

on

comata

plantation

reported

was

reported

of mixed groups of P.

parts (Sept.

near

knr

2

a.s.l.

m

Linggo

are

(Nijman and

in

van

1998).

Specimens

Pagilaran;

RMNH.

the western

of Java’s

one

County:

Habitat: A small on

cliff

a

near

tourist

resort.

Status:

One

observed, present.

patch

on

the

a

said

is used

area

as

of humans

monkeys

few other groups

observed

was

and seemed

a

feeding

a

was

21.

23.

et

is

area

al„

nature

to

What

recorded in Oct.

slopes (F. Arga

nearby,

likely

1998

on

Narata and

1998), and ebony in

most

near

m,

and

leaf

this

Semarang a c.

5,500

species has beeh

Ungaran’s

Sugihartono,

monkey have

Sugihartono,

western

pers.

comm.

been collected

Gendangan.

Merapi and

Counties:

Slemen

Mt.

(DI

MZB 6695.

Yogyakarta),

of this

peaks

Colo,

dormant volcano

covered with

et

H.V.J.

are

a

collected

Sody

ebony leaf monkeys

According

here,

macaques

were

the forests

near

but

present. the

slopes of

tion that the

were

m

15,000 ha

Mt. ral

Merbabu

forest,

a

are

et

proposed

ah,

seem

Merapi

as

a

1982). The to

nature

two

a.s.l.

The

reserve

females

During

at

two

in the forest above were

seemingly

local inhabitants

to

to occur

cultivated.

proposed

1994; July 1995)

(Aug.

mostly

a.s.l. The lower,

are

altitude of 550

at an

m

on

sec-

al., 1982).

though the forest

eastern

complex

Mt. Murio

on

no

c.

of the

parts

observed, still

al-

suitable.

ebony leaf monkeys

nowadays only long-tailed On 3

July 1995 while in

Jalong coffee plantation

Mt. Murio

we

ebony leaf monkey species

on

the

received informa-

was

is

still present

in

not observed

by

me.

Magelang,

24.

RMNH

Cepu

County:

Habitat: The twin volcanoes c.

pers.

Merbabu

Blora, Sukoharjo.

(MacKinnon

m

Pati

Jepara, Kudus,

Specimens collected: Pangonan: Mt.

1500

c.

present throughout

Narata and

these forests, but the

Specimens collected: Gendangan:

22.

at

Murio

(MacKinnon

(MacKinnon

reserve

Mt.

a

In

patches of forest

Merapi

central

used was

slopes

the

1982).

Status:

Arga

Habitat: The

surveys

as

of

species is probably

Pangonan

proposed

1994,

1994).

(July 1995) ebony leaf monkeys

600-1602

RMNF1.

Habitat: This small isolated volcano

ha

very

1998).

Mt.

forests

Roto:

1500

year

be present in small

(F.

in

eruption (June

ondary forest from

Salatiga.

is covered with forest above

to the

the

Ungaran

Counties:

to

The

Status: Mt.

permanent

a

slopes above Kaliurang

are

1994).

(May

Specimens collected: Candi

long whereas

by

Merapi is situated north of

Java’s northern coast

might

near

habituated

partially

devastated

monkeys have been observed

the northwestern

area

slopes,

secondary forest

leaf

ebony

likely only

The group

presence

The

Mt.

prior

following

Counties:

of group

most

waterfall

of isolated

are

leaf

the southern

few months

comm.

waterfall.

southern

larger cities, Yogyakarta, and is

Ebony

Status:

dev-

eruption

an

the

for recreational purposes.

attractive

the

Sewn

slopes

outflow of lava.

on

Temanggung.

on

slopes have been deforested since

a.s.l. 20. Ceruk

forest

most of the forest to the east. The northern

spared

were

collected:

part

of the

Indonesia

auratus in

In November 1994

Merapi.

the

forests of Mt. Prahu

montane

upper

well. Bartels (1937)

of Mt.

through-

1998-Jan. 1999; July

1995; Sept.

2000).

Ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus

in

montane forest in the central and eastern

1994; June-July

-

forest

mountains,

Dieng

Nijman

have

recreation

southern

little

situation similar

and Merbabu

to

forest

slopes of

remaining

natu-

the northern side

Blora.

Habitat: The

region

of teak forests,

is

secondary

Status:

its vast extend

which often alternate with

patches of alang-alang and

known for

Imperata cylindrica

small grass

vegetation.

Djuwantoko

et ah

(1994) studied

the feed-

Contributions

ing behaviour

ing

in the

remains

in

69

(3)

of

to be

Cepu, reported

but the

solved,

number of

a

167

in

the for-

(1941), resid-

Cepu. Rappard

the teak forests

present in

2000

-

ebony leaf monkeys

near

village

monkeys

be

of

plantations

ests

Zoology,

to

27.

Mt.

Penanggunang-Mt.

Counties:

The

ebony leaf

Habitat:

nearby.

The status

presently

species

is

on

likely

(isolated) forest

to

areas.

coffee

Modjokerjo,

a

25.

Mt. Lawu

Counties: Habitat:

plantations,

Lawu

tween Central and

the

is

tourist attraction. A

reserve

has been

Ebony

southern tween

and

upper

c.

21,000 ha large

proposed (MacKinnon

leaf

monkey

southeasten

1800-2400

a.s.l.

m

slopes of

forested. The volcano is

popular

Status:

the border be-

on

East Java. The

mountain remain

et

at

(Aug.

1994;

north of

groups

On

June-July

Mt. Lawu; RMNH.

m

galek, Ponorogo. complex

four

comprises

summits of which the Liman is the tallest (2563 a

-s.l.).

°f the a'id

Forest fires area

are

occur

on

The lower southeastern slopes of

forested,

Patches

are

while

a

two

small are

reserves (MacKinnon

eys

A

were

ln

the

m

areas,

observed

a.s.l

(July

in planted

Specimens

slopes. are

the

secondary

ha

forest,

al.,

the

near

collected:

Sigogor (190 nature

in

ebony leaf the

mon-

eastern

and

between altitudes of 1,300was

nature

and acacia

Madiun:

observed

reserves,

as

stands.

BMNH

at

2250

bang:

m

BMNH

1300-1700

a.s.l.

m

and at

1500

on

1997,

slopes (Sept.

the

Nov.

erythristic pelage colour area.

Kawarasan:

1938.3.14.2,

RMNH;

Rem-

1954.57; Arjuno:

MZB

BMNH

1938.

1731, -2, ZRC 4378, -9; Mojokerto: 11.30.12; Pugeran:

1250

a.s.l. at the northern

Ondo(k) waterfalls,

of the

collected:

Specimens

red individuals.

observed in the low-

have been recorded in the

morph

Hindu

highest percentage

springs of Cangar,

Batu

for

1997). This is

village ofTretes, between

southern and southeastern

28.

MZB 3620.

Mt. Kawi-Kelud

Counties:

Malang, Blitar,

1938.1 I.

Kediri.

Habitat: Some 50,000 ha of continuous forest between the volcanoes of Mt. Kawi

ranging nature

from 300

reserve

suffers

to

2806

m

(MacKinnon

of the

description

1995). The species

pine

on

game

1982).

mainly

area

Mt.

large

were

the

near

more

1997), between

the hot water

a.s.l.

the

Centre

still

scattered

long-time registered

et

primary forests of both

as

30.9.

amidst

number of groups of

northern part of the

‘>600

Mt. Wilis

the other parts

proposed 45,000

) and Picis (28 ha),

Status:

the upper

trees

bushes, and plantations. The forests

Mt- Wilis

* la

in

of forest remain

rcgrowth,

reserve,

while

m

regularly and large parts

covered with shrubs and small

sparse Casuarina forest

w ell

near

a.s.l. and the saddle

1998). Individuals

mountain

with

a.s.l.

m

fair number of

PPLH

and

one or

Arjuno groups

Lalijiwo

1653

at

a

the

near

Education,

containing

slopes (Aug.

Java

Madiun, Nganjuk, Kediri, Tuban, Treng-

The

Pananggunang

observed

area

reserves,

largely covered in

the summit

to

probably the locality

On Mt.

is

Pananggunang is situated

temples of Candi Colotundo (Aug.

Mt. Liman-Wilis

Habitat:

5,000 ha of Arjuno Mt.

be-

near

Counties:

nature

Environmental

land forests

26.

parts of the

existing

the

on

m

of East

600

Mt.

were

of groups

Province

c.

area

degrees of distur-

small

Arjuno, and remains

forest from

ah, 1982).

varying

three

by far the largest.

Status:

altitudes

slopes

is

nature

observed

were

a

1995) Specimens collected:

in

of which the almost

situated

Arjuno

partly degrading lowland, hill

1992). Only

protection

Pasuruan.

Mt.

partly regenerating former

and montane forest in

have

Karanganyar. Mt.

Kawi and

Mt.

mozaic of

bance (Smiet,

Arjuno

Malang,

area

see

and Mt. Kelud

a.s.l. et

is

al.,

Smiet

a

proposed

1982).

For

(1992). The

a

area

heavily from forest fires.

Status: Three groups observed at altitudes between 1200 and

ban

1700

Rondo,

(1896) reported

species

m

Mt.

on

near

have been

Specimens

the waterfalls of Cu-

(Sept.

1997).

Kohlbrugge

specimens from Lawang. The

has been collected

Individuals of the

RMNH.

a.s.l.

Kawi

throughout

the

area.

erythristic pelage colour morph

reported from in the collected:

Blitar:

area.

MZB

3372;

Batu:

168

V.

29.

and P.

Mts Kidul

Counties:

-

Nijman

Ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus

and

Sempu

Malang.

ebony

of

summit.

Malang

covered with

are

undisturbed

important

most and

have been

ah,

1996;

proposed

Bekkering

protection

as

hunting

1982). The

and

the 57,000 ha Mt. Bromo

Park. The island of meters of

the

a

et

and

separated by

a

road from

Tcngger Semeru National situated

is

Sempu

coast of

the

few hun-

a

and

Lebakharjo

forests, and has been designated

as

a

1998).

in

Three

1989

(S.

Lebakhardjo groups

the

near

van

na-

of ebony leaf

village

Balen

the rain forest

adjacent

species

to

area.

seems

to

monkey

litt.,

in

have been

wardens in

reported on

P.

to

the

occurrence

of

in

colour

pelage

be present

Balekambang and Nursahid et

on

local

by

al.

(1996)

erythristic individu-

collected:

Wonokoio;

Mt.

on

Counties:

Luma-

jang.

31.

known

for

Caldera, cano

Mt.

mountain

tane

spectacular

sand

Bromo.

ered with

with

as

10 km

wide

m

the active

squats

a.s.l.

Its

well

as

in the

species

roundings

on

the

vol-

Java’s tallest

slopes

are

cov-

mon-

Casuarina forests.

Van Bemmel-Lenneman and

monkeys

Tengger

undisturbed lower and upper

(1940) reported

the

sea

National Park is best

The Mt. Semeru is

rising 3,676 some

forests

Status:

Bromo-Tengger

its

its

Nusa

occurrence

van

of

Bemmel,

specimens

R.

Nursahid

species

the

the spe-

be

to

(pers.

common

Musa

Habitat:

size,

Barung Jember.

County:

10 km

has been

a

Barung

is

island

an

It

occurs

relatively

high up,

Smeroehoeve

is covered in deciduous forest and since

reserve

(MacKinnon

1920

significant

a

et

at

2100

al.,

threat

to

the island and most marketable timber has been removed

(Whitten

Whitten

Status:

al.,

et

al.

et

1996) and

(1996)

al. (1982) reports the presence of

keys

MacKinnon et

ebony leaf

mon-

the island.

on

32.

Daerah

Counties:

Tinggi Yang

Probolinggo,

Habitat: The

Jember.

Bondowoso,

comprise of

Yang highlands

dulating plateau between 1,700 and 2,400 vegetation of the plateau

enclosed

partially

are

Threats

and grassy

to

the

area

ing of the grasslands, and exercises

to be

monkey species

was

present

of the

erythristic

recorded in the

14,500

et

The for-

ha wildlife

poaching, burn-

of the

ah,

area

for mili-

1982).

(1982) report ebony leaf

on

the

Yang Plateau.

to be present

reported

gan, west of the

a

use

ber:

MZB

Besuki:

the m

sur-

a.s.l.,

33.

plateau (Aug.

on

Mt. Lainon-

pelage colour morph have been area.

6698; Pegunungan

Putih,

The

1997). Individuals

Yang;

MZB

Mt.

Beser

RMNH.

Pasir

un-

a.s.l.

mainly consist of meadows.

include

(MacKinnon

MacKinnon et al.

Status:

in

an

m

Specimens collected: Jember-Pugcr RMNH; Bemmel

ebony leaf

in

in

eastern

Tengger mountains, and noted that

of the

ha

6,000

c.

of the southern coast of the

Java.

part of

tary

Habitat: The

van

on

Specimens collected: Tosari; RMNH.

reserve.

Probolinggo, Malang, Pasuruan,

mor-

Semeru’s western slopes.

Casuarina forests

RMNH.

Semeru

Bromo-Tengger-Mt.

pelage

erytristic

and

park

1998) reported

comm.

Semeru’s

Beudels & Hardi (1980) list

for the national

cies

number of

abundant than the melanic

were more

1940). Kohlbrugge (1896) reported from Puspo.

ests

30.

Individuals of the

phs apparantly

The

Sempu.

Specimens

monkeys

a

died at

entire

(he

throughout

erythristic

reported

as

1997), and the

(Aug.

be present

Individuals of the

morph

it

of

observed

Balekambang, both in the beach forest

near

that had

1982). Timber theft posses

Observed in Oct.

Pujiharjo

recorded

(1940)

ah,

through plantations,

reserve.

Status:

als

cutting

(MacKinnon

is connected area

et

1990). Only

Balekambang, receive

threats

major

area

secondary forest

Bantur

(Whitten

reserves

and Kucera, near

Java,

on

leaf

the summit of the Semeru.

morph (van Bemmel-Lenneman and

cov-

of the

two

forest

recreation forest. Wood

a

form

as

The

respectively

of lowland

areas

few hundred hectares

ture

forest.

13,000 and 5,000 ha, constitute

ering

dred

rain

and Bantur forests,

Lebakharjo

large stands of

some

lowland

near

up

der Veen

van

Habitat: The Kidul mountains on the southern coast

largely

higher

even

Also

in Indonesia

auratus

Mt.

Ringgit and

Counties: Bondowoso,

Panarukan.

Jem-

1927;

Contributions

Habitat: Pasir Putih is the

fringes of

some

be found. These forest duous forests km

one

Mt.

wide strech

Mt.

Ringgit

been

proposed

Just

are

while

and Mt. Beser

are

Status: Ebony

leaf

Mt.

on

species is 6

over

very

Setiawan,

areas

ah,

et

Pasir

and in

Mt. in

as

should

and

in

Ringgit

1997). The

Ringgit (Aug. 1997); in

teak forest,

dense

35.

Mts

Ijen

Counties:

Habitat: The ha

2,560

pers.

local

which

1996),

comm.

and

was

reserves

ha)

in

Park

in the

ha)

(MacKinnon

northeast

al.,

et

Status: A number of

of the

sea

50,000

level to 1223

Park; it is the last I'gers

specimens have been collected

BMNH

sari:

36.

BMNH

m

a.s.l.

area

ranging

from

has the status of national

where the presence of Javan et

al., 1982).

a

small

Status: beach

BMNH

keep threatening the integrity of

but encroachment from the outer

The national area

of

park

is

road from the

Hoogerwerf

the

densities

Suryono

species

rela-

secondary for-

most

are

reported

in

Sukamade.

Supriatna

in Meru

2

.

likely

National

ebony

Bismark and et

al1988)

1996) illustrated

ebony leaf monkey in the

Park, forest.

leaf

Seidensticker and

(1980 in Whitten et al.,

each and hill

705,-6; ZRC

704,

1954.57,-8,-9;

monsoon

Taman-

totalling 25,000

forest centered

on

m). There

inside the volcano crater, with beach

fair number of groups observed

to

up

to

1997).

(Aug.

near

25 individuals

The

park, including

species

were

occurs

not

near

near

occurs

MZB

6696,-7,-9,

most

Bama. The in the

BMNH

Specimens collected: Bajulmati:

the

throughout

and M. Tyson, pers. comm.,

Kosambikamp:

Bekol.

uncommon

Baluran, but is perhaps

Mt.

easily observed in the beach forest

(S. Hedges

in the

along the road from

Bama,

Bekol, and in the savannah

erythristic pelage colour morph to be

Beteri, and reported

of 20 individuals km'

unevenness of

petiri

MZB

park

1998). 1954.61;

6700.

especially in the surround-

Alat and

(1980

the

a

Ijen Mountains.

(1972)

to be common,

of Bandi

studied

impor-

throughout the greater part of the National

■nonkeys lngs

this

separated by

plantations,

Status: Ebony leaf monkeys

ark.

MZB

III:

ZRC 4376.

1954.60,

forests

sides

present

morph

area.

1954.56,

moist forest

A

Groups

a

pelage

In-

forest and mangroves.

abandoned,

est and

colour

and the extensive coastline is covered

being

narrow

adjacent sites.

Baluran

Wonorejo

tively

some

Counties: Besuki.

is

ha lowland forest

has been confirmed (MacKinnon

area.

as

erythristic

4372; Sodong Jerok:

Baluran National

to

Specimens collected: Kendeng Ungup-ungup:

Raung (60,000

1982).

have been recorded in the

The former coffee plantation enclave is presently

tant

Mt.

Merapi

More im-

the dormant volcano of Mt. Baluran (1250

Jember, Banyuwangi.

This

tiny

Ijen

reserves.

Meru Betiri and Maelang

to

both at Ungup-ungup, dividuals

Kawah

proposed for

are

the southwest

(70,000

of

three

Habitat: The Baluran National Park

inhabitants.

34. Meru Beteri Counties:

Ampera,

only partly protected by the

reserve

and

Ungup-ungup, portant

is

area

nature

ha with savannah and

Habitat:

Bondowoso,

Banyuwangi,

Jember.

dry deciduous forest. The erythris-

Setiadi,

confirmed by

re-

na-

pelage colour morph is present (I. Setiawan

A. Prima

on

1982).

Putih,

comm.

pers.

common on

c.

have been observed

near

groups, observed

shrubs, tic

I.

1997,

a

4000 ha has

c.

the teak forests between Pasir Putih and Mt.

(Aug.

by

Java. On

proposed

Beser

monkeys

mangrove forests

can

the few

among

wildlife reserve, both

as

on

the

The forest

managed together (MacKinnon

the

outside

forest still

of teak forest.

on

169

connected with the deci-

Ringgit

2000 ha has been

c.

reserve,

Java.

of deciduous forest left

areas

ture

2000

-

mangrove

Mt. Beser

Ringgit and

maining

be

Mt.

on

(3)

popular tourist beach

a

northern coast of East

village

in

69

Zoology,

to

indicating

a

Meru

preference

for

37.

Alas

Purwo

Counties: Besuki.

Habitat: Alas Purwo (or

wangi Selatan) serve

ranging

driest part reserve

from

of Java.

sea

level

to

360

Presently the et

major threat

Appelman

Blambangan,

or

Banyu-

62,000 ha lowland forest

a

(MacKinnon

forms the Status:

is

ah, to

m

area

a.s.l. is

a

re-

in the nature

1982). Wood cutting

the habitat.

(1939)

recorded

ebony

leaf

170

V.

in small numbers.

monkeys (1972)

the

Pantjur

on

species

was

and

western

rather

1990 at Gucur

May

pelage

van

Balen,

colour

morph

and M.

Tyson,

in

the

1989

Anyar, both in

auratus in Indonesia

Ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus

Amlapura, species

the

on

eastern

be

might

in

present

other

Hence, the of

the

BMNH

13.

parts

interior of Bali.

mountanous

collected:

Specimens

of Bali.

part

Danau

Bratan:

3.6.1.

ncarTrianggulasi (May

lilt., 1998). The erythristic in the park

occurs

pers.

in Nov.

Pasar

near

species

near

noted that

Observed

natural and teak forest, and

1990) (S.

but

coast,

rare.

-

Likewise, Hoogerwerf

the presence of the

reported

Nijman

comm.,

(S. Hedges

Island

of Lombok

1998). 40.

Mangsit

Mts

Counties: Lombok Barat Island

Habitat:

of Bali

Small

of

patch

lowland forest

the

on

western coast of Lombok. Status:

38.

Bali

No

information available, but

had been collected in Counties:

Jembrana,

Habitat: The Bali a

Barat National Park consists

mangroves,

of

types, including (disturbed) and mixed

41.

Mt.

Habitat: The

park

covers

proper

an

of

area

19,000

just

proposed extension

the

to

east

an

Status:

to

The

an

area

species

of 77,000

area

Despite

failed

to

the

throughout

especially

the

on

Prapat Agung Peninsula (S.

et

in litt.

Balen,

al. (1993)

1989). According

to

Wheatley

extensive

the Bali Barat National Park may have

on

the

It

island.

ment refered

included the

is

the national

to

park’s

leaf

ebony

monkeys

clear whether their state-

not

eastern

collected:

Specimens

of

population

park

proper

or

that it

extension. E

9,

27,35,38,39,77.

Mt.

montane for-

Artha,

once

1941,

the

park has

the

national

park

of

is

the

only

the mountain-

complex covering

part

Lombok (MacKinnon

the southern

on

1990, the

species

south of Bayan (S. al.

primary forest

and

1982).

in the forests

May

dense

very

the northern and northeastern

on

forest

van

ebony leaf monkeys

slopes

was

of Mt. 1400

up to

found

Balen in litt.

at

m

600

Rinjani, a.s.l. In a.s.l.

m

1998). Kitchener

(1990) reported ebony leaf monkeys

common on

Buleleng, Tabanan.

or

Habitat: Relative undisturbed moist hill, sub-montane and

forest

montane

on

volcanic lakes and totals include the three

volcanic

recent

The existing three nature reserve

soils.

to

be

1762 ha. An extension

reserves

to

have been

one

Status:

proposed

Pocock

large

available.

Wheatley

on

monkeys

on

from this

the

near

et

area

locality. al.

No

(1993)

presence

dry forest

on

as

cov-

ha)

1982).

Mt.

on

groups of

one

Rinjani.

Specimens collected: Sembalun:

MZB

6688; Sapit;

MZB 6689.

E.

further details

furthermore of

ebony

42.

re-

leaf

the mountains near

Suranadi

Counties: Lombok Barat Habitat: Suranadi is c.

subspecies

specimens collected by

possible

the

et

al.,

described

(1935)

stresemanni based

Stresemann,

(MacKinnon

Lombok, and observed

individuals

two

centered around

are

ering the whole Batukau complex (c. 20,000

ported

cov-

Batukau

Counties:

to

largely

Status: Horst (1935) recorded

et

39.

the

between Sewala and Pusuk

RMNH

Senclang:

least

northern

ous

the last viable

ha, of

its excistence since

Nevertheless,

part. van

of 40,000

preserve

at

cover,

year,

Tengah and Timor

ha.

recorded

was

1985).

1939.1143.

would est.

it

increase

BMNH

Gunung Rinjani National Park

ha, but ers

inclusion of the

species

(Napier,

Rinjani.

forest,

monsoon

sub-montane forests. The national

some

as

1896

Specimens collected: Mangsit:

Counties: Lombok well

June

Buleleng.

of forest

large variety

savannah, as

the

Barat

25 km east of the

a

small (52

capital city

ha) recreation park Mataram. The

comprises of mixed moist forest in around water

a

water

protection

source

and

Status: Seen in groups of one group

1990).

is

(MacKinnon

consisting of

or

a

small

important

for

and Artha, two, with the

5 individuals

area

patch local

1982).

largest

(Kitchener

et

ah,

Contributions

to

Zoology,

(3)

69

2000

-

171

Discussion

to the above mentioned

ferring

ported the possible Habitat and range

a

Figure

1

shows the natural forest

lands of Java,

coastal

ing

two

many

smaller forest areas, includ-

fringes of mangrove forest, do

from where the

areas

Undoubtedly, areas

not

the

accurate

the of

leaf

ebony

on

degree

severe

of

of the

genus

P.

on

well

in the

comata

ranges

far east

as

Java

but include this

far east

as

not

occur

Bali

on

The islands of Java and Bali

Sunda Shelf, while the transition

total

regions.

has restricted In

having

Pp.

Macaca

that

contact

cies

was

leaf

the

with

the Lesser

with

are

almost

the

The

et

(Hartert,

Kangean

1896), that the spe-

Alternatively, have been

might

n °rth

c.

leaf

Islands on

125 km

of Bali.

the

possibility

recent

a

are

the

east

monkeys a

group

eastern

of rather isolated

edge

van

possible

the islands.

of the Sunda

of Madura and

Bergmans and

monkeys

the

on

colo-

1987).

Eudey,

Islands, and reported

ebony

Kangean

suggested,

al. (1982) observed black

hinds situated

Shelf,

macaques

certainly introduced by Balinese

species

Presence of

and

Tarsier

Bree

c.

125 km

(1988),

re-

on

macaques

by

1982), but

heard. The

1997.

and

were

ebony

no

pelage of long-

Island is

Kangean Java,

ebony

visited

I

macaques

darker than

described

was

than brown with

grey (rather

of

days in August

ah,

et

seen or

on

island,

long-tailed

of

humans.

reddish

a

as

or

greyish gloss), often looking blackish under field conditions. For is

pigmented

and

long-tailed known

a

phenomenon

and

Nias:

1985;

Noordwijk,

van

Bawean:

the

island, leaf

ebony

claimed

the

and Dr call

species

van

Ir H.H. de

having

not

1903; Local

familiar with

monkeys

do

the

on

Islands. In conclusion,

ebony leaf monkeys

likely

the

not

present

on

they

were

distant past. The reports of‘black

bly

or

likely ebony

and

1982; Bergmans refer

leaf

long-tailed

to

rather dark

pelage coloration

island of Madura

arid

and

virtually

(Whitten veying area

the

of forest

monkeys

forest found

to

Jrengik

offer

island was

most

well.

in

August

the

have

can

were

a

likely absent from is

very

long disappeared

1997

of

presence

remnants

the southern

ah,

likely

the island.

no

coast

sur-

suitable

the island, and

on

received. Few

on

et

most

The island

forest has

found

indicating

was

are

as

are

monkeys possi-

which

on

most

nor

1996). During three days of

al.,

et

on

formation

and

all

are

present in the

Bree, 1988),

macaques,

re-

Kangean

monkeys’ (de longh

van

Ebony leaf monkeys the

1997) not

Kangean Islands

there any indications that

the

on

comm.

1999)

Bali,

or

present

(pers.

longh (in litt. leaf

Schaik

van

1949).

were

was

Helvoort

ebony

seen

is-

Miller,

from mainland Java

monkeys

that

small

forestry departement

of which

some

be darker

on

Sody,

inhabitants and officers of the on

to

macaques

the Sunda Shelf (e.g., Simuelue:

on

Karimunjawa

monkey is the only colobine

Lombok.

longh

Is-

restricted

tarsiers

Sulawesi,

a

Strait

Sunda

largely

only

nizer has been considered (e.g., De

providing

not

Wallacea. It has been

A. Everrett

on

the

reaching into Sulawesi and the Lesser

ranges into

Rajahs that

region,

Ebony

brstly by

on

Wallacea,

water of the Lombok

reached

spp,

Sundas.

Although

Malesia, primates

to the Sundaic

of

was

island. Both B.

Lombok.

situated

part

Lawu,

(Nijman,

between the Oriental and Aus-

barrier, the deep

lands.

are

Lombok forms

zone

tralian faunal

°n

Mt.

as

or

island,

Presbytis.

the border of Central and East Java

1997), but does

range

the Greater

as

of the genus range

on

tailed

island

(cf. de long

monkey

lands

species.

Trachypithecus

Bali,

as

effect

erroneously restrict the

Sundas, excluding Lombok, as

having

leaf

Kangean

five consecutive the

Throughout

dark

populations its

monkeys

the

on

those from mainland

of the spe-

of

leaf

the islands

on

clearify the distribution

to

attempt

numerous

clearly illustrates

fragmentation

Oates et al. (1994) of the

it

monkey, possibly

the survival

forty-

listing prob-

account

cies’ distribution. Furthermore,

ls

not show

species might be present in other

fairly

a

an

Kangean for

species has been recorded.

yet surveyed, but the present

ably gives

In

re-

species

speculated about the introduction

number of mammals

the is-

on

the scale used. The map also indicates the

at

s

cover

Bali and Lombok (after RePPProT

1990). Note that

and

Kangean

observations,

of the

presence

no

ebony

inleaf

of mangrove

between

Nipah

to small and the trees too stunted

suitable habitat.

Ebony leaf monkey, however, do islands of the coast

Sempu,

near

the

occur

on

the

several hundreds of meters off

Lebakhardjo and

Bantur forests

172

V.

[29 in the

is situated

scenarios

can

exclusive.

Firstly,

and Nusa

Barung

tions from to

provide

the

of which is

none

be considered relict

can

a

time when the

a

‘land

bridge’

level

sea

was

populalower

Java

deep strait, this relict population

by

a

must

as

relahave

become isolated somewhere at the end of the last

glacial period,

at

least

Sempu the separation Secondly, by to

while

YBP,

for

somewhat later. may be dated have been introduced

species might

Ships might have transported the animals

man.

the islands, where it was,

erately, to

the

8-10,000

set free.

Thirdly,

accidentally

the

species

delib-

or

has been able

(re)colonize suitable islands without the help of from

anytime

man,

separated

up

the

time the islands

leaf

the

is very

day.

present

frequent

already noted that “this the banks

on

carried down

trees

leaf

conveyed from

to

island

forests

monkeys might have spread

than sufficient

time

it

occurs

sea

level

similar climate other

and

colonize

vegetation,

an

and

island

the

fire

forests

leaf

seems

to

occupy

to be

is

species

forests, and the relative (although

the Lombok

Strait

secondary

with

Strait),

this

possibility

forest

acacia

ever, these

ruled

out

Van der Zon (1978) and MacKinnon (1986;

present

in

often

near

human settlements.

considered its habitat to be lowlands

Davies (1994), in contrast,

1987)

well

as

m

Medway

m

a.s.l.,

(1970)

a.s.l. Bennett and

claim

that the

species

is restricted to coastal and riverine habitats. In fact,

species

occurs

from beach forests

over

a

wide range of habitats,

and swamp

forests to

dry

de-

ciduous forests, and from mangrove, riverine, and lowland rain forest

3,500

m

a.s.l.

to

certain

a

to

survive

de-

as

some

in

man-made

spp,

rasamala

Altingia

and teak

13, 14,

plan-

17, 24, 26, 33]. Often,

how-

plantations

forests up upper montane

situated

are

areas

are

adjacent

to other

[e.g., 2, 13, 24, 33], while

intersected e.g.,

diverse forest type

monkeys

are

to

can

be found

ral) cent

‘trapped’

keys or

are

can

or

in small

move

out

near

these natural

some

populations

fragments as

there is

of

(natu-

no

adja-

[e.g., 3, 20], Although the species

has been observed in

generally it

[14, 17]. Typically, ebony

Alternatively

forest, unable to forest left

by (river) valleys with

found in

mangrove,

inland forest from the

up to almost 2,000

with

seems

Hevea brasiliensis

forest remnants.

swamp, and lowland rainforest up to 1500

for-

montane

a

leaf

be

upper

cope

Acacia

natural forest

a more

to

(almost)

forest open types,

and beach

others

reported the species

be

to

seem

more

no

priori.

the

to

types

of the straits

cannot be

junghuhni

dry decidu-

terrestrial.

more

able

in the

in

forests such as damar Auracaria spp, pine Pinus

more

Bali

at

a

broader that the

is

range,

more

tations [2, 3, narrowness

as

of habitat disturbance. It

merkusii,

mangrove

part of its

to

and

In the rain forest environ-

monkeys

(competiting) colobine could exclude it. Given

species ability

a.s.l.

m

Casuarina

well

as

[33, 36, 38],

excelsa, rubber the

Cemara

dry dccidious forest and

The

10]

the eastern and southeastern

strictly arboreal, while in the

it

2,500

at

of

pockets 2, 5,

higher volcanoes [27, 28, 30, 41],

[26, 27, 32],

ebony

in

occurs

pockets of rain forest both

on

resistant

forests

ment

on

which

on

of the

slopes

in the

[34] and

It

and in the fresh

In the western half of the

In the eastern

19].

both

Java.

from sealevel [1,

ranging

larger

Anakan [ 15],

distributed in the

widely

17,

Segara

waterways

[2].

the upper montane forests above [6,

in the

as

east to

ice-age there has been

to

is

rain forest

gree

Lombok. Since the last

it

well

as

of

area

of Central

coast

remnants of

northern coast of West

[7, 33],

rivers and

along

island,

ebony

naturally

the

on

water swamp forests

est,

by floods." Similarly,

forests

south

the

on

of rivers, and

island

con-

Ebony

types.

monkey occur(red) in the small

e.g.,

have been may

to cope with

of forest

large variety

a

Java and East Java

became

long-tailed

For

in

mangrove

ous

to

macaques Wallace (1869)

species

live

to

mangrove and swamp

islands. As Nusa

to the

Barung is separated from mainland tive

Sempu

on

ability

siderable amounts of leaves in its diet allows them

mutually

ebony leaf monkeys

Probably the species’

Nusa

10 km of the south-

account for the presence of the spe-

these islands,

on

auratus in Indonesia

Ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus

of the eastern part of Java. At least three

ern coast

cies

1], and

Figure

account and in

area

Barung [31], which

-

Nijman

a

wide range of forest areas,

be assumed that

dependent

another, and that

on

ebony leaf

natural forest

large

in

one

mon-

form

stands of monocultures

offer little if any suitable habitat for the

species.

Contributions

to

Zoology,

69

(3)

2000

-

173

PI-1. Three individuals of the erythristic pelage morph leaf

monkey Trachypithecus

1812),

Taman

Safari

auratus

Zoo, Cisarua,

of ebony

(E. Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, West Java

1999.

PI. II. of

Melanie

cies,

Distribution of the erythristic pelage morph

of

species

are

the

the

more

common

morph (PI. HI), hitherto East

Java.

erythristic an

d

Pfeffer

states that the albeit w erf

s

(1965)

individuals

absent from

East

to

(1972)

be

Java.

erythristic

more

has

melanic

erroneously

;

the Ce

may

also have

erythristic pelage

ntral

ported

parts

II),

colour

reported

in West Java

Whitten et al.

(1996)

in Central and East East

occurs

Java.

[ ],

adult reddish-colored individuals °ted..,”

the

Hooger-

statement that “In Central and East

Java another subspecies

n

pelage

common

in

only from the

among

were

which

regularly

given the impression that

morph

of Java. In fact,

cage) and erythristic pelage morph

police

erythristic

Arjuno]

(E. Geoffrey Saint1999. In

Indonesia,

primates, including formally protected for

sale,

in

station. Note that the

over

auratus

West Java

considerable

illegal primate

distances

pelage morph

is more than

this particular

as

by

trade

spe-

in

front

includes

the nearest site

where

[Mt. Penanggunang-Mt

occurs

1000 km

case

road

from

Bogor.

been recorded in

only

occurs

common

1 and

of

openly offered

transports

besides

in

Hilaire, 1812), Taman Topi, Bogor, many

The erythristic pelage colour morph (PI.

(foreground

ebony leafmonkey Trachypithecus

also

they

easternmost

occurs

in

have been

i.e., the Mt.

to

Mts

Kidul

southeastern and

north

northern to

roughly in the northwest by and the

[27]

tip

of the island

coast

in

and Blitar

Alas

and

the

Mt.

east

[28]

to

Purwo

back

via Pasir Putih and Mt.

the

[37],

along

the

Ringgit [33]

Penanggunang (see Figure

erythristic pelage morph may be

certain areas, it

inhabitants

at

of

surroundings

[29],

Balekambang

Baluran [36],

to

1). Although

in

near

Rembang [27] and

rare

part of East Java,

bordered

Modjokerto south, via Wonosalam

the re-

area

Penanggunang

living in the

was

area.

fairly large numbers in

generally known The

to

morph is present

the collections

of the

V.

174

Nijman

-

auratus in Indonesia

Ebony leafmonkey Trachypithecus

in

Balekambang,

only

probably

colour the

while in

morph,

small propor-

a

tion of the individuals is of the

erythristic pelage

e.g., those found in

others,

surroundings of the temples of Candi Colotundo,

near

Trawas

on

Mt.

of the individuals Bemmel

van

colour age melanic

Van Bemmel-Lenneman and

(1940)

the

reported be

to

morph

15-20% up to

Penanggunang,

are.

pelage morph

more

erythristic

Mt.

Semeru

place

without the

on

pel-

than

common

the

[30],

Acknowledgements

The

could not have taken

surveys

of the Indonesian General

Institute

for Nature Conservation of

the Ministry

Forestry and

Dr P.J.H. Jenkins

to all

van

Bree

Drs Boeadi

Museum to

access

of various sort I

University

under their for

WWF-IP), Melanie

Trachypithecus Safari

pelage

auratus

morph

ebony

leaf

monkey

(E. Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, 1812), Taman

West Java

Zoo, Cisarua,

of

1999.

visited,

museums

indicating

a

collector’s

of R.

Wilis-Liman

[26]

type.

erythristic

individuals,

inhabitants

or

Hence,

hood

runs

erythristic

nor

[25]

were

officers of the

the western

range of the

Various surveys

and Mt. Lawu

to

to

forestry departments.

boundary of the distribution

erythristic pelage morph in all likeli-

east of Mt.

Wilis-Liman.

Currently,

individuals have been recorded

large teak stands under-explored.

east

If

of

Cepu [24], but the

no

in the area

Dr.

T.

Narata and Balen

van

Geissmann

Hochschule

Southhampton),

R.

Dr

S.

International

van

Helvoort

R.

(Dept.

Animal

Dr C.J. Hazevoet

Sozer

and

comments

support

on

was

an

A.V,

Amsterdam,

in

the

the

for

I.

the

Programme) and

thanked

Dr.

for

Stichting

Ir.

H.H.

providing

Kangean Islands.

Dr.

of Amster-

Historia Natural, Lisboa),

of the

made

constructive

manuscript. Financial

Faculty of Biology, University

Tropics (Treub-maatschappij), the Netherlands

and

A.P.

Setiawan

Society for the Advancement of Research

tion for International

ting),

Indonesia

reviewer

versions

received from

of

de

(Museu

fiir

Hedges

Reijngoud,

Behaviour, University

anonymous

previous

S.

Manullang (formerly

of the

informationon the black monkeys

of

help

(Institute

(ISP/ZMA),

are

or

Sugihartono

Hannover),

B.A.

Sozer

Dr P.

(Agricultural

Sujatnika (BirdLife

Dr.

to

acknowledged

Tyson (Manchester Metropolitan University).

dam),

they known

are

and

Mt.

failed to find

Arga

Dr S.

Nursahid (KSBK, Malang),

and

like

sharing records

M.

H. Albrecht

bias towards the rarer

to: F.

Setiadi (YPAL, Bandung),

de longh

various

grateful

Wageningen),

(University

For

care.

providing other information,

Yogyakarta),

Tierartzliche

Zoologie,

III.

am

would

and Dr C. Smeenk

of Natural History, Leiden)

specimens

(Kutilang IBC,

I

(Zoological Museum, Amsterdam),

Trachypithecus auratus,

PI.

of whom

(Museum Zoologi, Bogor),

(Natural History Museum, London),

(National for

gratitude.

my

Protection (PKA),

Crops (MOFEC) and the

Estates

regional forestry departements, express

and Forest

cooperation

the Directorate

for Sciences (LIPI),

Nature Protection

Het Kronendak. Dr

his help throughout

the

(Van

P.J.H.

Founda-

Tienhoven

van Bree

Stich-

is thanked

project.

is

present, the northern boundary

would be extended

References

considerably.

Erytristic individuals have not been recorded from either Bali

they

occur

Lombok, and

or

on

not

the island of Nusa

have been recorded of Mts Kidul

it is

on

known whether

Barung [31], They

the island of Sempu, south

Appclman wild

in

FJ.

In certain

populations, e.g., those

Het

schiereiland

Poerwo;

Balen,

S van,

tot

bosch

In; 3 Jaren Indisch

leven, Elfde jaarverslag (1936-1938).

Vereeniging

[29],

1939.

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