(cf. 1981). - Natuurtijdschriften

13

Odonalologica

147-157

(!):

February

18.

1984

Regions of taxonomic disjunction in Australian Odonata and other freshwater insects

J.A.L. Watson¹ and G.

1

Division

of

Theischinger

G.P.O. Box

Entomology, CS1RO,

²

1700, Canberra,

A.C.T.

2601, Australia 2

Leawarra

20,

Street, Engadine,

Received

The

montane

chain

ecological

and

Odonata,

Plecoptera

of eastern

physiographic and

October 25,

Australia

boundaries

the Carnarvon

the northern

of New

highlands,

tablelands

near

South

gap

with

at

least

Wales;

species-pairs,

between the

are

regions

Paluma

where

Range

southern

and the northern limit

disjunctions

and

four

taxonomic discontinuities in

Gorge (Queensland); the

Canberra. The taxonomic

the level of closely related

climatic

the

1983

includes

coincide

Megaloptera:

Hungella (Queensland);

N.S.W.

Australia

2233,

of

of the southern

are, in most cases, at

probably

and

margin

or

below

the outcomes of pleistocene

fluctuations.

INTRODUCTION

Broad outlines for ago.

T1LLYARD

a

zoogeography

(1914,

of Australian Odonata

1917) recognised

southern

continental fauna among the

added

complement

a

the

Australian

of faunal elements

has

on

the

to

an

which

Although

altered the

major

of

long old, was

the

re-

interpretation

faunal components

persisted (cf. WATSON, 1981).

L1EFT1NCK which include and

(1949)

Libellulidae

ABBEY,

documented the

representatives

of many

(WATSON,

increased the number of &

two

sketched

importance

north.

radically

southern fauna, the concept of

were

dragonflies,

from the

-establishment of the Gondwana concept has

placed

basic

1980;

species

WATSON

1981).

importance

of the

families, particularly Although

recent

northern elements, the

known from northern Australia &

disclosed any that conflict with the

THE1SCHINGER,

generalisations

that

Coenagrionidae

studies

1984),

emerged

have

(e.g. they

greatly

WATSON have

not

from Lieftinck’s

148

J.A.L. Watson & G.

work,

add

or

substantially

will, therefore,

them (cl.

to

concentrate

the

on

Theischinger

WATSON, 1981, 1982). In this paper

we

of the old, southern Australian

zoogeography

Odonata. As

WATSON

(1981)

comprise slightly the

following

ridae,

Synthemistinae,

Chlorolestidae,

(the

and

which

excepted),

in

quarters

Australia,

genera Aeshna

and

the

small

widespread

are

the

in

particularly

or

chain

montane

the

in

as

water,

or

and

bogs

seepages,

(Megapodagrionidae)

distributions

are

affinities

uncertain (WATSON,

are

WATSON

broadly

(1981,

zoogeography ancient

also

and

dulia

in

some

groups

Austroaeschna

Hemigomphus

Western

and

Land];

Synthemis

whose

but whose

zoogeographic

between

There

the

ecology,

is evidence

implying

and

[Synthemis

and

Argiolestes

in

Synthemiopsis

in

the

the

of

separation

recent

cf.

Till,

in

of several

L1EFT1NCK,

Tasmania;

Tasmanian

forms

(Burm.)

crossed the low,

(cf.

of

to

in

cyane

affinis

Watson in the north-west of

Ischnura

heterosticta

1913;

isthmus that is

Tasmania with the Australian mainland until

Procordulia

have been isolated very

T1LLYARD,

sandy

and

Watson

[Austroagrion

and

1982)

Austrogomphus gordoni

others

in south-western Australia;

(Selys)

Austrocordulia territoria Thei. and

more

Lathrocor-

Austroaeschna

Watson,

tasmanica

Further groups appear

eustalacta

probably

A.

and

separation

younger

hesperia

lateralis

and

”m” and

coeruleum auctt;

Australia].

particularly

which

sp.

Till,

of

breed in genera,

two

Hesperocordulia

the

Petalura

Till.,

region

species other

Archipetalia

armiger (Till.),

Austrogomphus

hardyi

in the south-west;

(Selys)

New Caledonia;

Australia];

minimus

mainland

south-western

1977, 1981).

isolation of

south-western

(=

in

”

anacantha Till, and

(Selys)

of

but

allies

(Amphipterygidae),

relationships Odonata.

possibly.

those

eastern

these

Hemigomphus

[eg-Argiolestes

Arnhem

do

its

have their head-

Almost all these

of

”

Tasmania;

1974,

discussed

1982)

speciation

geographical

New Guinea and,

southern and

these all and

eastern

outlier

an

Diphlebia

and

Of

in the Arnhem Land

species, 1982).

of

fringe

with

south-east,

Petalu-

Gomphomacromiinae,

in the north,

coastal

and include

Brachytroninae,

(Hemigomphus

only

occur

and

have

(1984)

dragonfly fauna,

Pentathemis.

and

the Northern Territory (WATSON, 1981,

Argiolestes

WATSON

excepted),

gomphids

Australia and another, with many fewer

flowing

&

origins, including Gondwanaland,

Neopetaliinae,

Ictinogomphinae

the

Pentathemis

Aeshna,

have southern

to

than 40% of the Australian

more

groups:

Gomphidae

THE1SCHINGER

and

shown, Odonata that appear

some

recently,

(Burm.)

ALLBROOK,

thought

to

and

1979),

have connected

12,000 years ago (KEAST,

1981). All these from

cases

congeners

clearly

involve

populations

elsewhere in Australia

by

that

are,

extensive

waters.

However, it is becoming apparent that there

regions

of taxonomic

disjunction

in

effect, insular, isolated

regions lacking are

suitable fresh

other, much less evident

in the Australian Odonata,

specifically

in the

Taxonomic

Great

Dividing

Range,

generally

coast,

Gondwana

relics,

mountain chain that

a

far

not

inland. Other

various

e.g.,

in Australian

disjunction

149

Odonata

parallels

the

freshwater insects and

Plecoptera

eastern

that

Megaloptera

are

Australian also

THE1SCH1NGER, 1983a, 1983b) show similar taxonomic disjunction in these

still

Our

regions.

of the

disjunctions

are

their

clear

of

knowledge

but

four that

enough

significance

documented

1981;

some

involved is

fragmentary,

areas

likely

(ZW1CK,

be

can

These

I).

(Fig.

are:

the

(1)

gap between the

luma

Range

Pa-

19° S)

(ca

(Fig. l.l)andEungella(ca 21°

S) (Fig.

1.2), Queens-

land; the Carnarvon

(2)

25°

S,

Gorge (ca

E) (Fig.

148°

1.3),

Queensland; the

(3)

southern

of

margin

the northern tablelands of New

South

Wales,

approximately

32° S

at

(Fig.

1.4); the

(4)

northern

of

margin

the

southern

highlands

(the

Australian

Alps

the

mountains

Australian

36° S We these

Capital

between

tory),

(Fig.

now

areas

and

of

the

Terri-

35°

and

1.6).

examine each in

of

turn.

Fig. THE

PALUMA RANGE

ties.

I.

of'eastern

Map

N.S.W.

Territory; Ql AND EUNGELLA VIC.

=

The

Paluma

are

Range

Eungella

approximately

major

block

Cooktown

of

(ca

(Fig.

(Fig.

Mountains;

I

=

=

4

Paluma =

showing

Wales;

Queensland:

=

Gorge; 6

Australia, South

S.A.

relevant

N.T. =

Range;

Barrington

South

2

=

locali-

Northern

-

Australia; 3

Eungella;

lops;

5

=

=

Blue

Canberra.

1.2)

350 km apart.

Paluma marks the southern

northern Queensland

I5°50’S).

I)

Victoria.

Carnarvon

1.1) and

New

=

Eungella

boundary

of the

rainforest that extends north almost

lies

in

the

northernmost of

a

series

to

of

150

J.A.L. Watson &

G.

Theischinger

Table 1

Odonata, Plecoptera

and

with

Megaloptera -Eungella;

of distribution

limits

’'vs" indicates

the

at

gap,

Paluma

Range-

species-pairs

Species Species occurring: occurring: North North

References

Paluma Patuma

from

At At

ODONATA:

Argiolestes Argiolesles

or

south

from Eungella from

Megapodagrionidae

aureus Till. aureus

Argiolestes Argiolesles calcaris

near near

sp. sp.

O’Farrell & O’Farrell

A. A.

Fraser

Theischinger,

in prep.

Chlorolestidae

Episynlestes Watson

cristatus

vs

& Moulds

Synlestes tropicus Synlesles

Episynlestes

sp. sp.

near

E.

Theischinger & Watson,

cris tatus us cristal

Till.

vs

in prep. prep.

Synlestes selysi Synlesles

Till. Till.

Theischinger & Theischinger & Watson, Watson, in

prep.

Amphipterygidae Diphlebiaeuphaeoides Diphlebia euphaeoides

vs

Till. Till.

coerulescens Diphlebia coerulescens

1980; STEWART, 1980;

Till. Till.

Watson, unpubl.

Gomphidae Gomphidae doddi Austrogomphus Austrogomphus doddi

Till.

Watson,

in prep.

Petaluridae Petalura

ingentissima

Watson, unpubl.

Till. Till. Aeshnidae Aeshnidae Austroaeschna Auslroaeschna

Austroaeschna Auslroaeschna

forcipata forcipala

sigma

Thei.

THEISCHINGER, THEISCHINGER,

Till. Till,

1982a, 1982a,

unpubl. unpubl.

Austroaeschna Auslroaeschna

weiskei weiskei

A Austroaeschna uslroaeschna

pulchra pulchra

Till.

(Forster) (Förster)

Corduliidae

Archaeophya magnifica magniftca

& THEISCHINGER &

Thei. & & Thei.

WATSON, WATSON,

Watson

Pseudocordulia Till. Till.

WATSON,

PLECPPTERA: PLECpPTERA; Dinotoperla

1978 1978

THEISCHINGER & & THEISCHINGER

elliptica elliplica

1978 1978

Gripopterygidae

cardaleae

Thei.

Dinotoperla eungella

Thei.

Dinotoperlaparabrevipennis Dinotoperla parabrevipennis

THEISCHINGER,

1982b


1982b

Thei. Thei.

Illiesoperla Illiesoperla

sp. sp.

Illiesoperla llliesoperla

cerberus cerherus

"b” "b”

vs

Thei.

MEGALOPTERA: Archichauliodes rchichauliodes A

llliesoperla llliesoperla mayi (Perk.)

Theischinger, unpubl.

llliesoperla franzeni (Perk.) llliesoperlafranzeni ( Perk.)

THEISCHINGER,

1982b 1982b

THEISCHINGER,

1983a


1983a. 1983a,

Corydalidae Corydalidae

phaeoscius phaeoscius

A Archichauliodes rchichauliodes

Riek Riek

Protochauliodes Protochauliodes

kirramae

vs

Thei. Thei.

Protochauliodes Protochauliodes P.

substantial, isolated

patches

Species

near

unpubl.

of rainforest

woodland dominated of Odonata,

sp. sp.

kirramae

Wales. The region between Paluma and

sclerophyl

deceptor deceplor

Kimmins

by

Plecoptera

that

species

and

extend southwards into New South

Eungella of

is

relatively arid,

and

supports

Eucalyptus.

Megaloptera

with known distributional

Taxonomic

limits lying

-pairs

side

on one

however,

species

more

the

on

congeners

and

ingentissima

others

(e.g.

magnifica)

WATSON,

of

that,

other

(P.

if

side

related of

it.

related

South

Wales

and

aeschna

forcipata

(Watson

&

A.

and

to

Some

elliptica)

species

[A. chrysoides

weiskei)

THEISCHINGER & WATSON

east

low, and

P.

Till.,

appear

Archaeophya

a

few

north-

”c”

(cf.

Austro-

(e.g.

close

no

or

sp.

relatives

GORGE

discussed the Odonata of Carnarvon

(1979)

better-watered,

of

waters

the at

seasonal;

gorge

Gorge

are

Injune (25°SI’S,

at

an

oasis in

and

Megaloptera

endemic

margin

an

outlier of the

region

an area

of south-

of which lies

WATSON,

between

148°34’E),

some

1979).

The

where the rainfall is Carnarvon

approximately

580

Gorge

mm,

and

II

Table

Plecoptera

&

(THEISCHINGER

Carnarvon

montane

the inland

and the coastal ranges, the annual rainfall averages

Odonata,

the

Till, respectively);

Queensland

have

in

only

Austrogomphus

to

Petalura

(e.g.

doddi and

and

are,

affinities with

relatives

circularis

respectively];

Queensland (cf. WATSON, 1974),

permanent

species

close

which contains permanent streams. It harbours

odonate fauna characteristic of the

km

northern have

the gap. There

remote

Theischinger, unpubl. data).

Gorge (Fig. 1.3),

130

only

from south-eastern

CARNARVON

-eastern

astride

have

Till, and

adamsi Fraser A.

listed in Table I. Three species-

are

stand

all,

at

151

Odonata

Austrogomphus

aureus,

closely

1974)

Australian

Megaloptera

pulcherrima

Argiolestes

are

New

-eastern

one

Pseudocordulia

northern rainforests

in

the other of this gap

or

of Odonata and

disjunction

to Carnarvon

Gorge,

and

their

closest coastal

congeners

Endemic Endemie

Allied coastal coastal

species

ODONATA:

species

References

Aeshnidae

Austroaeschna Ausiroaeschna

muelleri

Austroaeschna Ausiroaeschna

hr a pulchra pule

Till. Till.

THEISCH1NGER. THEISCHINGER,

1982a

Thei.

Telephlebia sp.”u” Telephlehia sp."u"

Telephlebia iryoni Telephlebia tryoni

Till.


Corduliidae

Eusynthemis Eusymhemis

deniseae

Thei. Thei.

?Eusynthemis 1 Eusymhemis virgula

THEISCHINGER, THE1SCHINGER,

1977 1977


1982b

(Selys) (Selys) PLECOPTERA: PLECOPTERA:

Dinotoperla Dinoloperla

Gripopterygidae

earnarvonensis carnarvonensis

Thei.

Illiesoperla Illiesoperla

sp. sp.

"c" "c”

Illiesoperla mayi (Perk.), Illiesoperla mayI I. franzeni /. franzeni

MEGALOPTERA: MEGALOPTERA:

Archichauliodes rieki Archichauliodes rieki Thei.


(Perk.)

Corydalidae Corydalidae rehiehauliodes A Archichauliodes

neoguuiferus neoguttiferus

Thei.


1983a

152

J.A.L. Watson &

Tambo

at

146°

(24°53’S,

approximately

490

The

of

occurrence

Theischinger

inland

15’E),

of

Carnarvon 152°

Bundaberg (24° 52’S.

mm.

average annual rainfall of almost

an

G.

1,100

21’E),

it

averages

the coast, has

mm.

endemic taxa, all distinct

apparently

Gorge,

east on

at

the

species-group

level, in Odonata, Plecoptera and Megaloptera is documented in Table 11. Four of Odonata

species

Episynlestes

those from Carnarvon the

example, of

species

Gorge.

or

pigmentation

icteromelas

Selys,

Eusynthemis

nigra

Argiolestes Fraser and

populations

between coastal

and

Some other insect groups show similarendemism. Carnarvon

Gorge

carnarvonensis

(Hill),

surrounding

area

termite,

widely-distributed from

(Till.), Synlestes tillyardi

show differences in size

(Till.),

For

mentioned in the Table,

not

albicauda

Nasutitermes

southern Australian

south-western Australia

to

species

harbours close

a

N. exitiosus

south-eastern

extreme

an

endemic

relative of the which

(Hill),

Queensland

ranges

(HILL,

1942).

THE NORTHERN

TABLELANDS OF NEW

The northern tablelands of New South Wales main mountain others

being

south-west southern Hunter

of

in

and

the

(Fig.

and

1.5)

southern

highlands

and

the

to

with

a

few

of the

Hunter

the

of the

high country

ranging

Valley.

consistently

The

species

northern tablelands

to

Eungella

distinguishable

The

taxa

showing

forms,

known

to

the

Plecoptera

tablelands

Barrington Tops (ca

or

southern

highlands;

evidently inhospitable

the

that of

differing

as

some

reaching

S)

the southern

between these and

closely

larvae

32°

farther north,

have related southern

beyond)

relationship

occur

allied

or

the

species-pairs

adults, that have

to

not

recognition.

at

with the there is

species

to

The

section).

next

at or

about the Hunter

Valley

are

listed

species-pair, Austroaeschna sigma and A. obscura,

together,

occur

northern

section.

one

plain contiguous

Among

from

distributionallimits

in Table ! 11. Members of

coastal

levels of

vary,

been accorded nomenclatorial

inland

the northern side of the

1.4). Several northern tablelands species (some of which

Queensland,

are

(see

ranges,

fauna characteristic of the northern tablelands

counterparts that range north to the Blue Mountains, side

to

the

Dividing Range,

associated

of the northern tablelands lies close

Valley,

extends south

commonly (Fig.

Mountains

Sydney,

margin

River

Blue

WALES

the northernmost of three

are

in the southern half of the Great

regions

the

SOUTH

to

Watagan, Hunter a

near

Morisset

for

the

be found south of the

intervening

33°

S),

on

the

Valley.

tendency

for them. These

(ca

region,

which

species-pairs

is

are

nearest

Blue

counterparts

Mountains,

some

375 km

of

in the

wide,

documented in the

is

next

Taxonomic

in

disjunction

Plecoptera

and

Megaloptera

with

limits

"vs" indicates

153

Odonata

III

Table

Odonata,

Australian

of distribution

closely

related

at

or

near

the

Hunter

Valley;

forms

Species occurring: References North

Hunter Valley from Hunter Valley

ODONATA: ODONATA:

Argiolestes us alpinus a!pin

South South

from front

Blue

Mis

Megapodagrionidae

sp.

near near

A.

sp. ”i” sp.

Argiolestes

Till. Till.

Theischinger,

unpubl. unpubl.

sp. Argiolestes Argiolestes sp.

lecaris ca calcaris

OTarrell & & O’Farrell

near near

A.

vs vs

calcaris

Argiolestes Argiolestes

Fraser Fraser

O’Farrell & O’Farrell &

Theischinger, Theischinger.

unpubl. Chlorolestidae Fraser Fraser

lestes lillyardi Synlestes Syn tillyardi

vs

(hornless larvae)

Synlestes Synlestes liilyarcii tillyardi

Theischinger

(horned larvae) (horned larvae)

unpubl.

& & Watson, Watson,

Amphipterygidae Amphipterygidae

Diphlehia Diphlebia tillyardi lillyardi

lestoides lest aides

vs

Fraser Fraser

Diphlebia Diphlehia lestoides lestoicles

l. 1.

STEWART,

1980 1980

(Selys) (Selys)

Aeshnidae Aeshnidae Austroaeschna sigma Thei. Auslroaeschna sigma

vs

obscura ohscura

THEISCHINGER,

1982a 1982a

subapicalis suhapieaUs

THEISCHINGER,

1982a 1982a

sagittata sagittata

THEISCHINGER,

1982a 1982a

guttata guttata

Theischinger

Austroaeschna Auslroaeschna Thei. Thei.

Austroaeschna uslroaeschna A Thei.

subapicalis suhapieaUs

vs vs

(northern form) (northern

Notoaeschna Notaaeschna

Austroaeschna A uslroaeschna

(southern (southern form)

geminata

vs

Thei.

Notoaeschna Notaaeschna

(Martin) (Martin) Corduliidae Corduliidae

Eusynthemis

vs

guttata guttata

Eusynthemis

& Watson, Watson,

"

”aurolineata” "aurolineala

(Till.)

(Selys) (Selys)

Eusynthemis brevistyla hrevislyla

vs

”subjuncta” ’(Till.) "suhjunela" (Till.) Austrocordulia uslrocordulia A Till, Fill,

s.

Eusynthemis brevistyla hrevislyla s. (Till.) (Till.) s.

refracta réfracta

vs

(short spine (short spine larva)

unpubl.

str.

Austrocordulia Austrocordu/ia

refracta réfracta

(long (long spine larva) larva)

PLECOPTERA: PLECOPTERA:

Eustheniidae Eusthcniidae

St enoper la Stenoperla wongoonoo Thei.

vs

Stenoperla

Theischinger

& &

Watson. Watson,

unpubl.

sir. str.

kuna

Thei. T hei.

THEISCHINGER & & WATSON,

1984

THEISCHINGER,

1983b 1983b

Gripopterygidae cobra Dinotoperla Dinotoperla cobra

Thei. Thei. cf.

Dinotoperlaparabrevipennis Dinotoperlaparahrevipennis

Tab.

IV

THEISCHINGER. THEISCHINGER.

1982b


1982b 1982b


1982b 1982b

Thei.

monteithi monleithi

Nehoissoperla Neboissoperla Riekoperla rugosa

sp. sp.

near near

Thei.

R.

cf. Tab. cf. Tab. IV IV vs

Riekoperla

rugosa

Thcischinger, Theischinger, unpubl.

(Klmmins) (Kimmins)

Trinoioperla Trinotoperla yeoi

Perk. Perk.

cl. cf.

lab. Tab.

IV IV

THEISCHINGER. 1 HEISCHINGER, 1982b 1982b

Austropcrlidac Auslroperlidae cf.

Austroheptura picta (Rick) M EG A1. OPTER MEGAl.OP A: TERA: A rchic haul iodes Archichauliodes

i/erus neogun neoguttiferus

Archichauliodes A n hii hau Hades Kimmins

vs

I1 hei. hei. dei eptor deceptor

Tab. Tab.

IV IV

Thcischinger. Theischinger. unpubl.

Corydalidac Corydaliduc Archichauliodes Archichauliodes

guttiferus guttifeats

THEISCHINGER. THKISC'HINCiER.

1983a 1983a

plomleyi

THEISCHINGER.

I9X3H 1983b

(Walker) A Archichauliodes rchichauhodes

Kimmins Kimmins

J.A.L. Watson & G.

154

THE SOUTHERN

highlands

The southern and

surround

its

highest

snow-covered in winter

to

include the

peak,

there

species

are

which, As

nearby.

congeners

like

are

in the

region

Walls

34° S, south of the Blue South Wales this

those

of

of

variability

the

of the Great

Mountains,

distribution,

at

IV

lists

the

southern

the north. All the southern

closely

the

region

the Hunter 2-3°

Valley);

there are

no

fauna

approximately coast

of New

However, despite

be faunal

discontinuity

of Odonata,

at

and

Plecoptera

those confined to the

(including species

north of Canberra that do

highland

at

the south

34° 50’S. to

close

southern

other forms, and their counterparts

as

species, except

on

have

the

1.6).

species

well

as

appears

(Fig.

highland

related northern congeners

at or near

of

high country beyond

Dividing Range,

and in rainforest

there often

Megaloptera, including high alpine to

tablelands,

Plecoptera

approximately

is

1,500-1,800

distinctively high alpine

northern

many

high country

about

lower altitudes. In addition,

the north, in the

to

about the latitude of Canberra (35° IT’S) Table

at

at

in Australia,

areas

The

also apparent outliers of the southern

Minnamurra,

near

component of

a

mentioned above,

the Hunter River. There

Kanangra

alpine

(2,228 m).

close counterparts

no

have their closest relatives far

highlands

substantial

most

well below the tree-line, which is

many of which have

species,

HIGHLANDS

Mt Kosciusko

The freshwater insect fauna includes

m.

Theischinger

high alps,

have

with known southern limits

of these old southern genera in

species

have close relatives in the southern

not

highlands.

DISCUSSION

Three of these four the Carnarvon South

regions

Gorge, and

Wales,

the

characterised

by

species-pairs.

The fourth,

appears

to

be

of taxonomic

the southern northern

margin limit

taxonomic differences

deeper

the gap

in that

species

disjunction

of

at

in old southern genera

—

of the northern tablelands of New the

or

between

southern

highlands

below the level of

the

Paluma

Range

—

closely and

are

related

Eungella,

from the northern side often have

no

close

southern relatives.

Extrapolating of

disjunction

in

from the

represented

(WATSON, -westem

the

in

Australia and the A.

Tasmanian forms

events

eastern

and

northern

placed

on

similar levels

[e.g., Austroagrion

the

presumably

Australia

by

A.

cyane in

parental watsoni

form Lieft.

1981; L1EFTINCK, 1982); the Argiolestes pusillus complex in south-

formation of these of

that have been

in Australia

south-eastern Australia and

south-western and now

interpretations

Odonata elsewhere

griseus complex

taxonomically

that took

of the

of Ischnura heterosticta and

place during

close

pairs

can be

east

(WATSON, 1977); and

Synthemis eustalacta], interpreted

as

the Pleistocene and Holocene.

the

consequences

Certainly, they

Taxonomic

disjunction

in

Odonala,

Plecoptera

Megaloptera

lands of New South

with

northern

Wales,

155

Odonata

IV

Table and

Australian

limits

and close

of distribution

northern

in

the southern

high-

congeners

Species occurring: Species occurring: In,

or

south from. from.

North North

southern southern highlands highlands

ODONATA:

Argiolestes Fraser Fraser

s. s.

of highlands,

or or

Megapodagrionidae Mega pod agrionidae

calcaris calcaris

O’Farrell O’Farrell &

str. str.

Argiolestes Argiolestes

References

perialpine perialpine

Theischinger, Theischinger,

unpubl.

griseus

vs vs

intermedius Till. Till.

Argiolestes Selys Selys

( sensu

O’Farrell O’Farrell &

g. griseus

Tillyard,

1913)

Theischinger,

unpubl.

Aeshnidae Austroaeschna

atrata atrat a

vs vs

Martin

Austroaeschna

subapicalis

THEISCHINGER, THEISCHINGER, 1982a 1982a

parvistigma parvistigma

1982a THEISCHINGER, THEISCHINGER, 1982a

obscura Thei. a Thei. obscur


Thei.

Austroaeschna

vs. vs« Austroaeschna

flavoßavo-

maculata Till. maculata

Martin

Austroaeschna Austroaeschna

multimulti-

vs

Austroaeschna Austroaeschna

punctata (Martin) Austroaeschna inermis


Martin brevicauda Telephlehia brevicauda Telephlebia

vs

Till. Till.

Telephlebia Telephlehiagodeffroyi godeffroyi

Theischinger, unpubl. unpubl.

Selys Selys

PLECOPTERA; PLECOPTERA:

Gripopterygidae Gripopterygidae

brevipennis Dinotoperla brevipennis

vs vs

Kimmins

Dinotoperla parabrevipennis Dinotoperla parabrevipennis

THEISCHINGER,

1982b

THEISCHINGER,

1982b,

Thei.* Thei.*

eucumbene Dinotoperla eucumbene

McL.

unpubl. unpubl. hirsuta Dinotoperla hirsuta

McL.

Theischinger, unpubl. unpubl.

kershawi McL. Eunoloperla Eunotoperla kershawi

Leptoperla Leploperla

near near

sp.

L. L

Theischinger, unpubl. unpubl. vs vs

Thei. Thei. truncata Leptoperla Leploperla truncata

Theischinger, Theischinger, unpubl. unpubl.

albicincta Thei.

Neboissoperla alpina Riekoperla

McL. McL.

tuberculata McL. tuherculaia

vs

vs

Neboissoperla Riekoperla Riekoperla

sp.

monteithi Thei.* THEISCHINGER, near

R.

Theischinger, Theischinger,

1982b

unpubl.

tubercalata tuhercalata

Trinotoperta Trinotoperla

McLELLAN,

irrorata

Till.

1971;

Theischinger, unpubl. unpubl. Theischinger,

Trinotoperla montana

vs

Trinotoperla yeoi

Perk.*

THEISCHINGER,

1982b 1982b

Riek

Trinotoperla nivata

vs vs

Kimmins

Trinotoperla Trinotoperla sp. sp.

near near

T. T

Theischinger, Theischinger, unpubl. unpubl.

nivata

Austroperlidae Austroperlidae Acruroperta Acruroperla

atra

(Samal) (Samal)

unpubl. Theischinger, unpubl.

illiesi Austroheptura illiesi Auslroheptura

vs vs

Austroheptura picta Auslroheptura

(Riek)* (Riek)*


Hynes Notonemouridae Auslrocercella Austrocercella

tillyardi tillyardi

Theischinger, Theischinger, unpubl.

(Kimmins) (Kimmins) MEGALOPTERA: Archichauliodes

Corydalidae Corydalidae THEISCHINGER, 1983a THEISCHINGER, 1983a

anagaurus

Riek

*

Species

Tab. III).

found

south

to

the southern

margin of

the northern tablelands of New South

Wales

(cf.

156

J.A.L.

have

must

occurred

highlands occurred,

after

and

Australian

coastal

late

Theischinger

Miocene,

after the

established

when

[cf.

which, it

be

can

in which

Pleistocene, creating refugia 1981).

Unfortunately,

Australia.

timing

evidence of

increasing We

are,

of the

therefore, that

events

on

KEAST

could

unable to

to

the

has

(1981)

cyane more

during

(cf. WATSON,

pointed

the

out,

and

relatively incomplete,

confidently

argue

isolation and

of Odonata (and other freshwater

populations

in climate

occur

for

southern

Austroagrion

changes

The

which,

in climatic trends in different of parts

diversity

led

level

South Australia. The

climatic record of the Australian Pleistocene is still there is

eastern

(ed.), 1981].

sea

flooded the

argued,

eastern

speciation

as

in

and

ago,

disjunctions, however, probably depended

1977; KEAST,

rise

of the

which the present

papers in KEAST

12-13,000 years

along

uplift

the

Pliocene, during

followed the

presumably

plain

G.

&

from south-western Australia into

marked the

were

disjunctions

isolated Tasmania

example,

spread

the

probably

patterns of zonal climate least-marked

Watson

about the

taxonomic in the

insects)

nature

divergence

eastern

or

of

mountain

chain.

Clearly,

which

resemble,

Although (though

of

of the gaps

Plecoptera

Australian small in

seem

or

terms

it

close

their sites of

to

of the

must

(e.g.

ecological

present

on

in earlier

WATSON, of

vagility

1981).

many Odonata

be borne in mind that wide

for stream-dwellers

that, despite their potential for prolonged,

may remain

of

regions

at

dragonflies

Megaloptera),

disadvantageous

be

may

in

speciation

some

dispersal and

of

not

occur

represent, in effect, the "coasts” of ecological "islands”. They

smaller scale, the extensive discontinuities focussed

on a

discussions

disjunctions

the

nowever,

discontinuity

(WATSON,

powerful flight,

emergence (WATSON

et

1981, 1982)

adult Odonata

al.,

1982).

REFERENCES

ALLBROOK, HILL.

G.F.,

I’..

Industrial KEAST, A.,

Junk, A.,

Research.

Otlnnula.

genus

1981.

M.A..

patterns,

/«