Chapter (1)

15 downloads 0 Views 2MB Size Report
Gland is an organ in an animal's body that release substances into the ... o Types: (1) Exocrine glands carry its secretion to a cavity inside the body as salivary ..... There are some glands, the pituitary gland does not control its secretions directly but it ..... o The main function of which is to regulate carbohydrates (Glucose) ...
‫‪BIOLOGY‬‬ ‫)‪Unit (I‬‬

‫‪Structure and function of living organisms‬‬

‫اٌزشوُت واٌىظُفخ فٍ اٌىبئٕبد اٌحُخ‬

‫‪In plant‬‬

‫‪In man‬‬ ‫(دعبء لجً اٌّزاوشح)‬

‫ال اٌه إال اهلل اٌحٍُُ اٌىشَُ ‪ -‬ال اٌه إال اهلل اٌعًٍ اٌعظُُ ‪ -‬ال اٌه إال اهلل سة اٌعشش اٌعظُُ‪ ،‬اٌٍهُ أً‬ ‫اسبٌه فهُ إٌجُُٓ‪ ،‬وحفظ اٌّشسٍُٓ‪ ،‬وأٌهبَ اٌّالئىخ اٌّمشثُٓ‪ ،‬واْ رجعً ٌسبٍٔ عبِشاً ثزوشن‪،‬‬ ‫ولٍجٍ ٍُِئ ًب ثخطُزه‪ ،‬وأسشاسٔب ٌؽبعزه‪ ،‬فأٔذ حسجٍ ؤعُ اٌىوًُ‪ ،‬أه عًٍ وً ضٕئ لذَش‪.‬‬

‫(ههجء دوو ث‪٠ٛ‬يثٌٗر)‬ ‫ث‪ ٞ٨ٜٛ‬أ‪ ٬٣‬ثّض‪٪‬ههضٖ ‪ٟ‬ج ٌٓأس‪ٟ٩ ،‬ج ُ‪٠٨‬ش‪ٟ٩ ،‬ج فِلش‪ٌُ ،‬هر إ‪ ٬ٛ‬ه‪٤‬و فجؽضٮ إ‪،٦ٰٛ‬‬ ‫ث‪ ٖ٣‬ه‪ ٚٗ ٬ٜ‬شب ٓوٯٌ ‪٩‬فْذ‪٤‬ج ثهلل ‪٣٩‬و‪ ٞ‬ث‪.ٰٚٗ٪ٛ‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

Chapter 6 Hormonal coordination in living organisms ‫قٰز‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٤‫٘جة‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬٬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ْْٰ ث‬٤‫ض‬ٜٛ‫ث‬

I- Plant Hormones. II- Animals Hormones : - Discovery - Hormonal regulation in Man - Characteristics of Hormones - Glands in Man: 1- Pituitary. 2- Thyroid. 3- Parathyroid 4- Adrenal (suprarenal). 5- Pancreas. 6- Gonads (ovary and testis). 7- G.I.T. hormones.

Plants Hormones (Auxins)

Definition - Discovery -

The importance of auxins - Action:

Definition of Auxins:  Are chemical substances (plant hormones) secreted by the living cells; (not special glands).  Secreted from the cells of the growing points of root and stem and the buds. ٞ‫ذٌثه‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ّ‫ْج‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ً‫ؾي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٚ٘ٛ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫ج‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ٠ٔٛ‫ث‬

 Affect the functional processes in places other than where they are secreted.  Acts as coenzymes in tropism and growth. ٪٠٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ضقجء‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫جس‬٠‫َٯ‬٣‫ْجهوثس ثأل‬ٟ ٚ٠‫ دو‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ص‬ Discovery of Auxins : Role of Boysen Jensen: ‫ثىَسٓ جٕس‬  He is the first who discover auxins. He explained phototropism of a growing point in view of auxins (plant hormones). . ‫ء‬٪‫ؼ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪‫ق‬٣ ّ‫ْج‬ٛ‫ضقجء ث‬٣‫ج ث‬٨‫ ٯٌِْ د‬١‫ثّضـجم ث‬٩ )‫جس‬٤ْٰٗ٩‫ذجصٰز (ثأل‬٤ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ثشجً ث‬٢ٟ ٙ٩‫) ث‬9191( ِ٤‫ ؽ‬٢ْ‫ٯ‬٪‫ٯوضذٌ د‬

2

 He proved that the receptor region (growing tip of coleoptiles) secrete chemical substances (auxins) as indol acetic acid, which transmitted from it to the responding region (region of curvature) causing its bending. ‫ـٔز‬٤ٟ( ‫ـٔز ثالّضؾجدز‬٤ٟ ٬ٛ‫ج ث‬٨٤ٟ ٚٔ‫ض‬٤‫ٰٖ) ص‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫غ ث‬٠‫ ف‬ٙ٩‫و‬٣‫ٰجةٰز (ث‬٠ٰٗ ‫جهر‬ٟ ٌٍِ‫ْجّ ص‬ٜٛ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫ج‬٤ٛ‫ز ث‬٠ٔٛ‫ ث‬٬٧٩ ٙ‫ـٔز ثالّضٔذج‬٤ٟ ١‫ُٔو ثعذش ث‬ . ‫ج‬٨‫جة‬٤‫ق‬٣‫صْذخ ث‬٩ ) ‫جء‬٤‫ق‬٣‫ثال‬

 Plants have no special glands to secrete hormones (auxins) but they are secreted by the tip of the coleoptiles and buds and affect other parts of the plant. ْ‫جؿ‬٤٠ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٩ ‫ٯؤعٌ ُٮ‬٩ – ٞ‫ذٌثه‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫ج‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ٠ٔٛ‫قٰز ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ )‫جس‬٤ْٰٗ٩‫جس (ثأل‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ صٌٍِ ث‬ٚ‫ ًوه مجطز د‬٦ٛ ِٰٛ ‫ذجس‬٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ . ٫ٌ‫ثألم‬

The importance of auxins: 1. Regulate plant growth, by activation or inhibition. ‫ضغذٰؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫شٰؾ ث‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ذجس دج‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ص‬. 2. Organize the development of different tissues. ‫ج‬٨‫ه‬٪٤‫ص‬٩ ‫ْؾز‬٣‫ ثال‬٪٠٣ ‫ صضجدن‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ص‬ 3. Control flowering of flowers; formation and ripening of fruits; and Leaf fall. . ّ‫ًث‬٩‫صْجٓؾ ثأل‬٩ ‫ج‬٨‫صْجٓـ‬٩ ً‫ج‬٠‫غ‬ٛ‫ؼؼ ث‬٣٩ ً‫ج‬٧ٍ‫هو صِضـ ثأل‬٪ٟ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫صضق‬

4. Affect the functions of all plant tissues. . ‫ذجس‬٤ٛ‫ْؾز ث‬٣‫مالٯج ث‬٩ ‫ٰن‬٠‫كِٰٰز ُٮ ؽ‬٪ٛ‫ٰجس ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫صؤعٌ ه‬

5. By it man can control plant growth. . ‫ذجس‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ‫ ُٮ ثمؼجم‬ٞ٘‫ضق‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثال‬٢٘٠‫ص‬

Action of auxins : ٢ْٰٗ‫ ثأل‬ٚ٠‫ه‬ - Help some enzymes in growth of plants due to its binding with protein molecules. . ٢ٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ن ؽَٯتجس ث‬ٟ ‫ج‬٧‫ضٰؾز ثصقجه‬٣ ٪٠٤ٛ‫ٰجس ث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ‫ز‬ٟ‫ج‬٨ٛ‫جس ث‬٠‫َٯ‬٣‫ْجهور دوغ ثأل‬ٟ

3

Animal Hormones

Definition - Discovery - Hormonal regulation in Man - Characteristics of Hormones - Glands in Man

Definition of Hormones:

The hormone is as a chemical substance synthesized and secreted by an endocrine gland and transported by the blood to another organ where it affects the function and the growth of this organ. ‫ر‬٪٠٣٩ ٦‫كِٰض‬٩ ٬ٜ‫ج ٯؤعٌ ه‬ٟ ‫ هجهر‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ آمٌ ث‬٪‫ هؼ‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ؿٌٯْ ث‬٢‫ ه‬ٚٔ‫ض‬٤‫ص‬٩ ‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ هثم‬١٪٘‫ٰجةٰز صض‬٠ٰٗ ‫جهر‬ٟ ٪٧ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ . ‫ظوً صٌيٯضز‬ٟ٩

Most of the effects of hormones

are in the form of stimulation of other glands or

organs. .٫ٌ‫ ًوه أم‬٩‫شٰؾ أهؼجء أ‬٤‫ دض‬ٝ٪ٔ‫قَِ فٰظ ص‬٠ٛ‫م ث‬٪٤ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ صؤعٌٰثس ث‬ٞ‫ول‬ٟ

Discovery of animal hormones: 1. Cloud Bernar: ً‫ج‬٣ٌ‫ه د‬٪ٜٗ  He discovers animal hormones.  He studied the liver function 1855.  He considered the stored sugar in the liver as an internal secretion and the bile as an external secretion. . ‫٘ذو‬ٜٛ ‫ ثًُجٍ مجًؽٮ‬٪٧ ‫ظٌِثء‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ – ‫ٮ‬ٜ‫وثم‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥ٍ‫ ثٌُث‬٪٧ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ومٌ ُٮ ث‬٠ٛ‫ٌْ٘ ث‬ٛ‫ثهضذٌ ث‬٩ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٩ 9511 ٬ُ ًُ‫ه‬

2. Starling: Studied the pancreas; and he found that ‫ؼ‬٤ًٛ‫ّضج‬  The pancreas starts to secrete the pancreatic juice directly after the arrival of food to the duodenum even after the nerve supply was cut.  He concluded that there must be a non nervous stimulation for the pancreas.  He discovered that the mucus membrane lining the duodenum secrete chemical substances from which it pass to the blood to stimulate the pancreas to secrete the pancreatic juice.  He named these substances (Hormones), a Greek word which means activators. ٙ‫ دوو ٓـن ثالصظج‬٬‫ هشٌ فض‬٬٤‫ ثالع‬٬ٛ‫وور ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٌيثء‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ط‬٩ ً٪ُ ‫ز‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٦‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ٯٌٍِ هظجًص‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ؽو ث‬٩ 9191 ‫ؼ‬٤ًٛ‫ّضج‬ ‫ثه‬٪ٟ ٌٍِ‫ هشٌ ٯ‬٬٤‫الع‬ٛ ٢‫ذـ‬٠ٛ‫نجؿٮ ث‬٠ٛ‫ٌشجء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ط‬٪‫ ص‬- ‫وظذٮ‬ٛ‫ ًٌٰ ث‬٦ٰ‫ذ‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫هج‬٪٣ ٕ‫ج‬٤٧ ١‫ضؼ ث‬٤‫ٌ٘ٯجُ – ثّض‬٤‫ذ‬ٜٛ ‫وظذٮ‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ٮ‬٣‫ج‬٣٪‫ِق ٯ‬ٛ ٪٧٩ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٰجةٰز‬٠ٰ٘ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ٬٠ّ ، ‫ز‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٦‫ ثٌُثٍ هظجًص‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٦٨‫ذ‬٤‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ُض‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ صظ‬٬‫ فض‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫صٌْ٭ ُٮ ث‬ . ‫شـز‬٤٠ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ج‬٤‫و‬ٟ

Hormonal regulation in Man:  The scientists were able to know the functions of hormones through: 1. The study of symptoms resulted from enlargement or removal of one of the endocrine glands (in Man and animals). 4

2. The study of the chemical structure of the extract of endocrine glands, and their effect on different vital activities. :ْ‫ ؿٌٯ‬٢‫جس ه‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٩ ٢ٟ ٌٰ‫٘غ‬ٛ‫وٌُز ث‬ٟ ٬ٛ‫جء ث‬٠ٜ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ط‬٪‫ص‬ .‫ج‬٨ٛ‫ أّضتظج‬٩‫جء أ‬٠‫ ًور ط‬ٞ‫ضٰؾز صؼن‬٣ ١‫ث‬٪ٰ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫ أ‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ٜ‫ٌ ه‬٨‫ صل‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ هًثّز ثألهٌثع ث‬-9 . ‫ِز‬ٜ‫نض‬٠ٛ‫ٯز ث‬٪ٰ‫ق‬ٛ‫ٰجس ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ أع‬٬ٜ‫ضوٌٍ ه‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٌور‬ٛ‫نالطز ث‬ٛ ٬‫ٰجة‬٠ٰ٘ٛ‫ضٌٰٗخ ث‬ٛ‫ هًثّز ث‬-2

Characteristics of Hormones: 1. Hormones are organic substances. Some hormones are proteins; others are amino acids, or steroids (lipid derivatives). ٩‫ٰز أ‬٤ٰٟ‫جع ثأل‬٠‫ٌٗذجس دْٰـز ٗجألف‬ٟ ٢ٟ ٌ‫ذوغ ثٱم‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ؤو‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ١٪٘‫ج ٯض‬٨‫ٯز دوؼ‬٪‫ٰجةٰز هؼ‬٠ٰٗ ‫ثه‬٪ٟ ٬٧ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ .)‫ٰز‬٤٧‫ثه ه‬٪ٟ( ‫ٯوثس‬٩ٌٰ‫أّض‬

2. Secreted by an endocrine gland, transported by the blood to another organ. 3. Hormones are secreted in very small amounts in micrograms (1/1000 milligram). .)ٝ‫ٰؾٌث‬ٜٜٟ 9999/9( ٝ‫ؽٌث‬٩ٌٰ٘٠ٛ‫ز صٔوً دج‬ٰٜٜٓ ‫ٰجس‬٠٘‫جس صٌٍِ د‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬

4. Any increase or decrease in the amount of secretion of any hormone leads to disturbance in the functions and results in pathological changes and symptoms characteristic for this hormone. 5. Hormones perform the following functions: a. Keep the balance of the internal environment of the body (homeostasis). . )٬ٜ‫وثم‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ز (ثألصَث‬٠ٰ‫ل‬٤‫ص‬٩ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٜٛ ٬ٜ‫وثم‬ٛ‫ػن ث‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ (أ) ص‬: ‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٪ٛ‫ أهثء ث‬٬ُ ٚ‫غ‬٠‫ صض‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ فٰجر ثأل‬٬ُ ‫ٰز ٗذٌٰر‬٠٧‫جس أ‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ

b. Body growth. c. Sexual maturity. d. Metabolism (utilization of food). e. Control human behavior and his emotional and intellectual development. .٫ٌِٰ٘‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ِ‫وجؿ‬ٛ‫ر ث‬٪٠٣٩ ١‫ْج‬٣‫ٕ ثأل‬٪ّٜ

f- In cooperation with the nervous system it Control the activity of biological processes in the body (physical, sexual and psychological). . ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ن ث‬ٟ ١٩‫ضوج‬ٛ‫ِْٰز دج‬٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ْٰز‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٰز‬٠ْ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ثف‬٪٤ٛ‫ ٗج‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٯز‬٪ٰ‫ق‬ٛ‫ٰجس ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٣ ٬ٜ‫ ه‬٢٠ٰ٨‫ص‬

g- Coordination between various tissues and organs of the body with each other. . ‫ن دوغ‬ٟ ‫ج‬٨‫ دوؼ‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ثهؼجء ث‬٩ ‫ْؾز‬٣‫َ أ‬ٜ‫نض‬ٟ ٢ٰ‫ د‬ٟٚ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْْٰ ث‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬

h- Coordination between the animal's body and the outer environment. . ٬‫نجًؽ‬ٛ‫قٰؾ ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫د‬٩ ١‫ث‬٪ٰ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ْٞ‫ ؽ‬٢ٰ‫ْْٰ د‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬

6. Most of the effects are in the form of stimulation of other gland or organs. Glands in Man:  Gland is an organ in an animal's body that release substances into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland).  There are 3 types of glands in the Human body: 1. Exocrine glands (duct glands): )‫ٯز‬٪٤ٔٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ (ث‬٬‫نجًؽ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ىثس ثألٌُثٍ ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ o Consists of: (1) secretary part, and (2) duct or a system of ducts which carries the secretion either to a cavity inside the body as salivary glands and digestive glands, or to outside the body as the sweat glands. 5

o Types: (1) Exocrine glands carry its secretion to a cavity inside the body as salivary glands and digestive glands. (2) Exocrine glands carry its secretion to outside the body as the sweat glands. o Not provided with plenty of blood. o The activity of these glands not affected by each other. o Most of their secretions contain enzymes. o Sites affected by its secretion usually near the gland. 2. Endocrine glands (Ductless glands): )‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ (ث‬٬ٜ‫وثم‬ٛ‫ٌوه ىثس ثألٌُثٍ ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ o Ductless glands i.e. have no specific ducts. o Secrete hormones directly to blood → so it secrete limited amount of hormones continuously. To perform its function perfectly; as any increase or decrease in amount of hormones will leads to diseases. ‫ج‬٨ِ‫كجة‬٩ ٫‫ صؤه‬٬٘ٛ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩ . ً‫ٌث‬٠‫قوهر دجّض‬ٟ ‫ٰجس‬٠٘‫جس د‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ثٌُثٍ ث‬ٞ‫يث ٯض‬ٛ ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ج‬٨‫صظذ‬٩ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫جء صٌٍِ ث‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٢ٟ َٜ‫ٌػٰز صنض‬ٟ ‫ج ٓو ٯْذخ ثهٌثػج‬٠ٟ ‫كِٰز‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٙ‫ أمضال‬٬ٛ‫ٖ ث‬ٛ‫ ى‬٫‫ٔض ّٰؤه‬٣ ٩‫ أ‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ثىث ٍثه ثٌُثٍ ث‬٦٣‫ج أ‬٠ٗ . ٦‫ؽ‬٩ ٢ْ‫ أف‬٬ٜ‫ه‬ .ٌ‫ ٱم‬١٪ٌٟ٧

o Endocrine glands has rich network of blood vessels because it carries its secretion directly to blood, as it has no specific ducts carries its secretions. ‫٭‬٪‫ج ال صقض‬٨٣‫ذجشٌرً فٰظ ث‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ج ُٮ ث‬٨‫جء صظخ ثٌُثٍثص‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫ ثأل‬٢ٟ ‫ٰز دشذ٘ز‬٤ً ١٪٘‫ج ص‬٠‫جء هثة‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ . ‫ج‬٨‫ج ثٌُثٍثص‬٨ٛ‫ثس مجطز صظخ مال‬٪٤ٓ ٬ٜ‫ه‬

o The activity of some glands may be affected by each other. o They secrete hormones. o Sites affected by its secretion may be far from the gland. 3. Mixed glands: o Consists of an exocrine and an endocrine part. o Such as the, stomach, duodenum, testis, and ovary.

1- Pancreas: (1) Exocrine gland because it produces pancreatic juice that reach to the site of its work in the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. (2) endocrine gland because it produces the hormone glucagon from the alpha cells of islets of Langerhans, and the hormone insulin from beta cells of islets of Langerhans, which pass to the blood directly.

‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٌ٘ٯجّٰز‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫جر ث‬٤ٔٛ‫ هشٌ هذٌ ث‬٬٤‫ج ُٮ ثإلع‬٨ٜ٠‫ػن ه‬٪ٟ ٬ٛ‫ إ‬ٚ‫ضٮ صظ‬ٛ‫ٌ٘ٯجّٰز ث‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫وظجًر ث‬ٛ‫ ٯٌٍِ ث‬٦٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ ‫ ًور‬: ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ًَ‫ مالٯج دٰضج ُٮ ؽ‬٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٩ ، َ٣‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ؾ‬٣‫ِج ُٮ ؽًَ ال‬ٛ‫ مالٯج أ‬٢ٟ ١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٦٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ‫ ًور ال‬، ‫ٰز‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ق‬ٛ‫ث‬ . ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬، َ٣‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ؾ‬٣‫ال‬

2- Stomach : (1) exocrine gland because it secretes gastric juices from the glands in the mucous wall . (2) endocrine gland because it secrete Gastrin hormone to the blood directly. 6

٢‫ؾجّضٌٯ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ج ص‬٨٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ‫ ال‬، ‫ج‬٨ٛ ٢‫ذـ‬٠ٛ‫نجؿٮ ث‬٠ٛ‫ؾوثً ث‬ٛ‫ٯز ُٮ ث‬٪٤ٓ ‫ ًوه‬٢ٟ ‫ووٯز‬٠ٛ‫وظجًر ث‬ٛ‫ج صٌٍِ ث‬٨٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ ‫ ًور‬: ‫وور‬٠ٛ‫ث‬ . ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ُٮ ث‬

3- Duodenum: (1) Exocrine gland : because it secretes intestinal juice in its cavity. (2) endocrine gland because it produces secretine and cholecystokinine hormones to the blood directly.

ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪‫ْْٰض‬ٛ٪٘ٛ‫ ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ٌْ٘ٯض‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٦٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ‫ ًور ال‬، ٦ِ‫ٯ‬٪‫ٯز ُٮ صؾ‬٪‫و‬٠ٛ‫وظجًر ث‬ٛ‫ ٯٌٍِ ث‬٦٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ ‫ ًور‬: ٌ‫ هش‬٬٤‫ثإلع‬ . ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ

4- Testis: (1) Exocrine gland because it secretes seminal fluid in the vas deference . (2) endocrine gland because it secrete androgens hormones (testosterone + Andro- sterone) to the blood directly from the interstertial cells.

١٩ٌٰ‫ضْضْٰض‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧( ‫جس‬٤ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫جس ثأل‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ج ص‬٨٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ‫ ًور ال‬، ‫ذٌدل‬ٛ‫جر ث‬٤ٓ ‫٭ ُٮ‬٪٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ْجة‬ٛ‫ج صٌٍِ ث‬٨٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ ‫ ًور‬: ‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ث‬ . ‫ٰز‬٤ٰ‫ذ‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ) ُٮ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ ثأل‬،

5- Ovary: (1) Exocrine gland because it produces eggs to the fallopian tube. (2) Endocrine gland because it produces oestrogens hormones (oesterogen & progesterone) from Graafian follicle and then corpus luteum to the blood directly.

، ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌٰ‫جس (ثإلّض‬٤ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌٰ‫جس ثإلّض‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٦٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ‫ ًور ال‬، ‫ح‬٪ٛ‫جر ُج‬٤ٓ ‫ٯؼجس ُٮ‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ٯٌٍِ ث‬٦٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ ‫ ًور‬: ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ث‬ . ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ثألطٌِ ُٮ ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ز ؽٌثٍ ع‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ ف‬٢ٟ ) ١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬

Comparison between duct and endocrine glands: Duct glands Contains secretary part + excretory ducts. Pour their secretions to either: (A) within the body (inside the digestive tract), such as salivary glands and other digestive glands. or (B) outside the body such as the sweat glands. Secrete digestive juices containing enzymes or excretory substances such as sweat. Not provided with plenty of blood.

Endocrine glands

Glands do not have their own ducts. Pour its secretions in the blood directly. Such as the pituitary; thyroid and adrenal glands.

Secrete hormones.

Endocrine glands has rich network of blood vessels because it carries its secretion directly to blood, as it has no specific ducts carries its secretions. The activity of these glands not affected by each The activity of some glands may be affected by other. each other. Most of their secretions contain enzymes. They secrete hormones. Sites affected by its secretion usually near the Sites affected by its secretion may be far from the gland gland.

7

The Endocrine system ‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؽ‬

Definition - Endocrine vs. Nervous System – Types of endocrine glands

Definition:

 In animals, all body functions are under nervous and hormonal control.

.٬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ٘‫ضق‬ٛ‫) ث‬2( . ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ٘‫ضق‬ٛ‫) ث‬9( : ‫ صقش ّٰـٌر‬١٪٘‫ِز ص‬ٜ‫نض‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٩

The endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly in the blood stream. Any increase or decrease in the amount of secretion of any hormone leads to disturbances in the functions and results in pathological changes and symptoms characteristic for this hormone. Endocrine glands are present only in animals. Endocrine vs. Nervous System Nervous System

Endocrine System

Neurons release neurotransmitters

Endocrine cells release hormones

A neurotransmitter acts on specific cell right next to it.

Hormones travel to another nearby cell or act on cell in another part of the body.

Neurotransmitters have their effects within Hormones take minutes or days to have their effects. milliseconds. The effects of neurotransmitters are shortThe effects of hormones can last hours, days, or years. lived. Performs short term crisis management

Regulates long term ongoing metabolic function

Neurotransmitter acts on specific cell right Hormone can travel to another nearby cell or it can act on next to it. another part of the body.

– Nervous coordination is much faster than hormonal coordination. Because nervous system regulates the neural responses that reach through the various sense organs (which are in direct contact with the nervous system). ‫ ؿٌٯْ أهؼجء‬٢‫ ه‬ٚ‫ضٮ صظ‬ٛ‫وظذٰز ث‬ٛ‫ ثالّضؾجدجس ث‬ٞ‫ل‬٤‫وظذٮ ٯ‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ أل‬. ‫ٮ‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ضآًٍ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٰ‫وظذٮ أٌّم د٘غ‬ٛ‫ضآًٍ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬) ‫وظذٮ‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ذجشٌ دج‬ٟ ٙ‫ ثصظج‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬١٪٘‫ضٮ ص‬ٛ‫ث‬٩( ‫ِز‬ٜ‫نض‬٠ٛ‫قِ ث‬ٛ‫ث‬

8

Types of endocrine glands in man: o The Human body contains many endocrine glands, each of which secretes one or a group of hormones. o Examples : 1- Pituitary: below the brain. 2- Thyroid: in the neck. 3- Parathyroid gland: in the neck. 4- Thymus gland: present in the chest of children. 5- Adrenal (suprarenal): above the kidneys. 6- Pancreas (island of pancreas). 7- Gonads (ovary and testis). 8- G.I.T hormones.

9

1: Pituitary gland (hypophysis gland) (Master gland) )‫ٌوه‬ٛ‫ٰز (ًةْٰز ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬

 It is considered as the master gland, because it controls the function and the secretion of most of the endocrine glands. ٌ‫صؤع‬٩ ‫ج‬٧ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ؿٌٯْ ث‬٢‫ز ه‬ٜ٠ٗ‫جء دؤ‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ ؽ‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ج صضق‬٨٣‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ٩ٌ‫جٯْض‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫ٌوه أ‬ٛ‫ٰز ّٰور ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫صوضذٌ ث‬ .‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ثٌُثٍ دٰٔز ث‬٬ُ

 Site: It is located beneath the brain and in connection with the hypothalamus (link between nervous system and endocrine system). .) ‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ ؽ‬٩‫ أ‬٬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ْْٰ ث‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ د‬ٚ‫ط‬٪ٛ‫ٔز ث‬ٜ‫جه (ف‬٨٠ٛ‫ دضقش ث‬ٚ‫صضظ‬٩ ‫ل‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ِّٚ‫ٌور أ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ‫ صٔن‬: ‫ج‬٨٣‫٘ج‬ٟ

 The gland consists of 2 parts: A) Adenohypophysis: ٫‫ٌو‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ o Consists of the anterior lobe and the middle lobe. ٬‫ّـ‬٪ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ١٪٘‫ٯض‬ B) Neurohypophysis: ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ o Consists of the posterior lobe and a part of the brain called the infundibulum (a stalk connecting the gland to the brain). ‫ن‬٠ٔٛ‫ٍ دج‬٩ٌ‫و‬٠ٛ‫ل ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ؾَء‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ١٪٘‫ٯض‬

Hormones of the Adenohypophysis (the anterior lobe): - Adenohypophysis consists of the anterior and middle lobe of the pituitary gland. - Hypothalamus contains type of nerve cells (neurosecretory cells) with short axons pour its secretion (releasing hormones) in network of blood vessels, to reach to adenohypophysis of pituitary → stimulate secretion of trophic hormones. ٢ٟ ‫ شذ٘ز‬٬ُ ‫ج‬٨‫نالٯج أٌُثٍثص‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ‫صظخ‬٩ ً‫ج طٌٌٰر ؽوث‬٧ً٩‫قج‬ٟ ، ‫ل‬٠ٛ‫جه دج‬٨٠ٛ‫ـٔز صقش ث‬٤ٟ ٬ُ ‫هر‬٪‫ؽ‬٪ٟ ‫وظذٰز‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫م‬٪٣ ٕ‫ج‬٤٧ . ‫ٌوه‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٓ‫ذج‬ٛ ‫شـز‬٤٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ضٌٍِ ث‬ٛ ‫ٌوٯز‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٧‫شؾ مالٯج‬٤‫ٰز ُض‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٫‫ٌو‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ج صظ‬٨٤ٟ٩ ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫ثأل‬

10

- Secretes many hormones, they are: 1. Growth Hormone (GH): ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ Function:  It controls metabolism especially protein synthesis, so it controls the physical growth of the body. . ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ٬ُ ٞ٘‫ٖ ٯضق‬ٛ‫دي‬٩ ، ٢ٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰن ث‬٤‫مجطز صظ‬٩ ‫ٰز ثألٯغ‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬: ‫كِٰضز‬٩

Hypo secretion: ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣  Hypo secretion of this hormone during childhood causes Dwarfism, ‫ز‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٛ‫ث‬ Hyper secretion: ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ٍٯجهر ثٌُثٍ ث‬  Hyper secretions during childhood cause Gigantism. ‫ٔز‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ث‬  Hyper secretion of GH in adults (after epiphyseal plate closure) causes Acromegaly : which is characterized : o Soft tissue enlargement of the hands, feet, nose, lips and ears, and a general thickening of the skin. o Soft tissue swelling of internal organs, heart, kidneys. o Generalized expansion of the skull . o Protrusion of jaw and enlargement of the tongue and teeth gapping. o Enlargement of extrimities because of regrowth of distant parts of long bones as hands , feet, fingers and facial bones. . ٦‫ؽ‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫هلج‬٩ ‫ثألطجدن‬٩ ٝ‫ثألٓوث‬٩ ‫ز ٗجألٯو٭‬ٜ‫ٯ‬٪‫ـ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ذوٰور ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫ ثألؽَثء ث‬٪٠٣ ‫ ثألؿٌثٍ دْذخ صؾوٯو‬ٞ‫صؼن‬

11

Q - G.R. There is no increase in the length of man if there is an increase in the secretion of growth hormone after puberty. A – Because elongation of bone stop ; so growth of distant parts of bone increase  enlargement of extremities and bones of the skull which is known as the Acromegally (localized gigantism). . ‫ عذَ حذوس صَبدح فٍ ؼىي اإلٔسبْ إرا حذصذ صَبدح فٍ إفشاص هشِىْ إٌّى ثعذ اٌجٍىغ‬: ًٍ‫ ع‬ّٞ‫ج ٯوٌٍ دج‬٠ُٰ ‫ز‬٠‫ؾ‬٠‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ هلج‬٩ ٍ‫ ثألؿٌث‬ٞ‫ ُضضؼن‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ذوٰور ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫ ثألؽَثء ث‬٪٠٣ ‫ٰجً َُٰٯو‬ٛ٪‫ ؿ‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ َٓ٪‫ دْذخ ص‬-‫ػ‬ . ) ‫ػوٰز‬٪٠ٛ‫ٔز ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ٮ ( ث‬ٛ‫ٰؾج‬ٟ٩ٌٗ‫ثأل‬

Dwarfism

Gigantism

In childhood Hyposecrtion Hypersecretion Cause Cause Dwarfism Gigantism

Acromegally

In adults Hypersecretion Cause Acromegaly. The bone increase in growth and enlarged of hand, feet, fingers and bones of face

2. Pituitary Trophins: ‫ٌوه‬ٜٛ ‫ز‬٨‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬  A group of hormones that affect the activity and secretion of other glands.  They include: a) Thyrotrophin (thyroid stimulating hormone) (T.S.H). ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ Stimulate the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin. )٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ج (ث‬٨‫جص‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫وًٰٓز ألٌُث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫شؾ ث‬٤‫ٯ‬ b) Adreno-cortico-trophic hormone (A.C.T.H): ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٔشٌر ث‬ٛ ‫ذز‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ Stimulate the adrenal (suprarenal) cortex to secrete its hormones (cortisone). c) Gonadotrophic hormones: )‫ْٰز‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ (ث‬ّٚ‫ج‬٤٠ٜٛ ‫ز‬٨‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ Which affect the function of gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males). This group includes: 1) Follicle stimulating hormone (F.S.H): ‫ٯظالس‬٪‫ق‬ٜٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ o Function: 12

- In females : (1) help for the growth of the ovarian follicles and formation of Graafian follicles.)‫جػؾز‬٣ ‫ز‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ز ؽٌثٍ (ف‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ ف‬٬ٛ‫ج ث‬٨ٜ‫ٯ‬٪‫صق‬٩ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ٯظالس ث‬٪‫ ف‬٪٠٣ ٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫( ٯو‬2) sexual development . - In males : help for the formation of seminiferous tubules, spermatozoa, and prostate gland. ‫ّضجصج‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ص‬٩ ‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٯز‬٪٤٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣‫ث‬٪ٰ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ص‬٩ ‫نظٰز‬ٜٛ ‫ٯز‬٪٤٠ٛ‫ذٰذٰذجس ث‬٣‫ ثأل‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ٯْجهو ه‬ o Hypo secretion  - In male children : do not reach sexual maturity because FSH hormone is necessary for sexual maturity; as it is responsible for the formation of seminiferous tubules and sperms production. ‫ٯز‬٪٤٠ٛ‫ٰذٰجس ث‬٣‫ ثأل‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ص‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬ٟ ٦٣‫ فٰظ أ‬٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ى ث‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ط‬٪ٜٛ ٫ً٩ٌ‫ ػ‬FSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ى ث‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ال ٯظ‬ ‫ٯز‬٪٤٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣‫ث‬٪ٰ‫ق‬ٛ‫ضجػ ث‬٣‫إ‬٩

- In female children : Do not reach to sexual maturity because it grow ovarian follicles to mature Graafian follicle , which secrete the hormone estrogen which is responsible for the appearance of the female sexual characteristics such as large mammary glands and regulation of the menstrual cycle. ‫ز‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ ف‬٬ٛ‫ج ث‬٨ٜ‫ٯ‬٪‫صق‬٩ ٬‫غ‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ٯظالس ث‬٪‫ ف‬٪٠٣ ٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬FSH ١٪ٌٟ٧ ١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ى ث‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫الصظ‬ ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ص‬٩ ‫غوٯٰز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ٗذٌ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ٬‫غ‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫ْٰز‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ظِجس ث‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٪٨‫ ك‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ ثإلّض‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جػؾز) ث‬٣ ‫ز‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ؽٌثٍ(ف‬ ‫ظ‬٠‫ـ‬ٛ‫ًر ث‬٩‫ه‬

- In adult female : Stop menstrual cycle, because menstrual cycle begins by FSH, which grow ovarian follicles to mature Graafian follicle , which secrete the hormone estrogen which is responsible for development of the lining of the uterus and re-feeding with blood vessels after the previous cycle. ‫ج‬٨ٜ‫ٯ‬٪‫صق‬٩ ٬‫غ‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ٯظالس ث‬٪‫ ف‬٪٠٣ ٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬FSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٟ َِٰ‫ظ صذوأ دضق‬٠‫ـ‬ٛ‫ًر ث‬٩‫ ه‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ‫ظ‬٠‫ـ‬ٛ‫ًر ث‬٩‫ٔـجم ه‬٣‫ث‬ ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫ج دجأل‬٨‫إهجهر صٌيٯض‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ز ث‬٣‫جء دـج‬٠٣‫ إ‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ ثإلّض‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جػؾز)ث‬٣ ‫ز‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ز ؽٌثٍ(ف‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ ف‬٬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ْجدٔز‬ٛ‫ًر ث‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫دوو ث‬

o Hyper secretion  regular menstrual cycle in females. 2) Luteinizing Hormone (L.H.): ٌِ‫ ثألط‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٜٛ ‫ذز‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ o Function: - In females: (1) stimulates the formation of corpus luteum. ٌِ‫ ثألط‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫( ٯقَِ ص‬2) Sexual development. - In males: help for formation and secretion of the interstitial cells in the testes (andogens). ‫يٌٗٯز‬ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰز‬٤ٰ‫ذ‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ثٌُثٍ ث‬٩ – ‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٰز‬٤ٰ‫ذ‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ص‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬ٟ - The F.S.H and L.H hormones are important for sexual maturity ٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ؼؼ ث‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬as they are responsible for secretion of male and female sex hormones. o Hypo secretion  Disturbance in sex organs ‫ٌِه‬ٜٛ ٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫ثمضال‬. o Hyper secretion  early development of sex organs ‫ٌِه‬ٜٛ ٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫ج‬٠‫ ٌّهز أٗض‬. 3) Prolactin: ٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ذز ألٌُثٍ ث‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ o Function: - In females: (1) Stimulates milk formation and secretion from mammary glands (Breasts). (2) Stimulates the secretion of the hormone Progesterone from the Corpus luteum. o Hypo secretion  Decrease mike formation in breast. o Hyper secretion  Increase milk formation in breast.

13

Removal of the adeno-hypophysis of the pituitary gland leads to: ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٫‫ٌو‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ إٍث‬.9

1. Delay individual growth due to absence of growth hormone. 2. Disrupt the endocrine system such as: (a) Delay thyroid function, leading to decrease secretion of thyroxin (due to the absence of thyroid stimulating hormone TSH). (b) Delay function of adrenal cortex, leading to decrease secretion of hormones such as cortisone (due to the absence of ACTH). (c) Delay function of the gonads, as a result of the absence of hormones, FSH and LH and prolactin. ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ضٰؾز ًٰجح‬٣ ‫ٌِه‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ٰٚ‫صوـ‬.9 ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ضٰؾز ًٰجح ث‬٣(٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬ٝ‫ هو‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫كِٰز ث‬٩ ٰٚ‫(أ)صوـ‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ ؽ‬ٰٚ‫صوـ‬. 2 ‫ضٰؾز ًٰجح‬٣(١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫ج‬٨‫جص‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬ٝ‫ هو‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫كِٰز ٓشٌر ث‬٩ ٰٚ‫)(ح)صوـ‬TSH‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫شؾ‬٤٠ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ضٰؾز ًٰجح‬٣ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩ ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ٬ٛ‫ٌِه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ال ٯظ‬٫‫ أ‬ّٚ‫ج‬٤٠ٛ‫كِٰز ث‬٩ ٰٚ‫)(ػ)صوـ‬ACTH‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٔشٌر ث‬ٛ ‫شؾ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ ٢ٰ‫الٗض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩LH٩FSH‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧

14

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is more important than the posterior lobe because: - The anterior lobe is glandular lobe secrete the following hormones : (1) Growth hormone which controls the metabolism of food and protein synthesis, so it control the growth of the body. (2) Hormones stimulating other endocrine glands , as TSH ; ACTH ; FSH ; LH and prolactin. - While the posterior lobe is a neural lobe ; hormones released from it was formed in the hypothalamus , these hormones affect only the non-glandular tissue such as muscles of the uterus and nephron tubes. ١٪ٌٟ٧)9٢ٟ ٚٗ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ ُض ًو‬٢‫ هذجًر ه‬٪٧ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٪٫ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٨‫ ُظ‬٢ٟ ٞ٧‫ٰز أ‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ٯوضذٌ ث‬ ٫ٌ‫جء ثألم‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٜٛ ‫شـز‬٤ٟ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧)2(ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ٬ُ ٞ٘‫ٖ ٯضق‬ٛ‫دي‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰن ث‬٤‫صظ‬٩ ٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ٰجس ثألٯغ ث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ث‬ ٢ٰ‫الٗض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩LH٩FSHٚ‫غ‬ٟ ّٚ‫ج‬٤٠ٜٛ ‫شـز‬٤٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٔشٌر ث‬ٛ ‫شؾ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫شؾ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫ْؾز‬٣‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫جس صؤعٌ ُٔؾ ه‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧٩ ُ‫ج‬ٟ‫عال‬٪‫ٰذ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٦٤ٟ ‫ صنٌػ‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ص‬ٞ‫ ٯض‬٬‫ ٯوضذٌ ُض هظذ‬٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٠٤ٰ‫*د‬ ١٩ٌِ٤ٛ‫جدٰخ ث‬٣‫ث‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ هؼالس ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫ًٌٰ ًوٯز‬

Hormones of the Neuro- hypophysis (the posterior lobe):  Neurohypophysis consists of the posterior lobe and a part of the brain called the infundibulum (a stalk connecting the gland to the brain).  Hormones of this part are secreted from type of nerve cells in the hypothalamus reach the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of pituitary gland) through the infundibulum after which they are secreted to the blood stream.  This means that hormones exit from neurohypophysis are formed in hypothalamus; i.e. Neurohypophysis of pituitary acts as storage for these hormones. ، ‫ر‬٩ٌِ٠ٛ‫وظذٰز ث‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫صوٌٍ دج‬٩ ‫ل‬٠ٛ‫جه دج‬٨٠ٛ‫ـٔز صقش ث‬٤ٟ ٬ُ ‫هر‬٪‫ؽ‬٪٠ٛ‫وظذٰز ث‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌ‫م آم‬٪٣ ‫ج‬٧ٌٍِ‫ؾَء ص‬ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ز أّجّج‬٤‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ص‬ٞ‫ٰز ٯض‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ صنٌػ‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ ث‬٫‫ٰز أ‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫وظذٰز‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٨‫جٯجص‬٨٣ ٬٨‫ض‬٤‫ص‬ .‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ ‫ ُٔؾ‬١َ‫ن‬٠ٗ ٚ٠‫ٰز ٯو‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ ث‬٫‫ِ أ‬ٟ‫عجال‬٪‫ٰذ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ

15

 These hormones are: 1) Anti- diuretic hormone (A.D.H) ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ؼجه ألهًثً ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫(ث‬Vasopressin‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫أل‬ٛ ‫ٔجدغ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫) ث‬: o Function: - This hormone called ADH because it decreasing the volume of urine excreted as it increases the re-absorption of water from the kidney tubules. - It is called Vasopressin because it constricts blood vessels  increases blood pressure. o Hypo secretion: - Deficiency of ADH  loss of large amount of water in urine due to inability to reabsorb water from the kidney tubules  frequent urination and thirst. - Decrease blood pressure. o Hyper secretion : - Decrease amount of urine. 2) Oxytocin: ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ‫ذز‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ o Function: - Regulate uterine contraction and increases it during delivery (labour). . ٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ثمٌثػ ث‬ٚ‫ ثؽ‬٢ٟ ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫جء ه‬٤‫ج دشور أع‬٧‫ٯَٯو‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ظجس ث‬ٜٔ‫ ص‬ٞ‫ل‬٤‫ٯ‬

- Gynacologests ‫ٰو‬ٛ٪‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ْج‬٤ٛ‫ أؿذجء ث‬use this hormone to accelerate the birth of a baby by stimulating strong contractions of uterine muscles. - Stimulates the release of milk from mammary glands with the beginning of lactation ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫( ث‬milk letting hormone). o Hypo secretion: - Difficult labour. - Difficult lactation. ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫دز ث‬٪‫طو‬ o Hyper secretion: - Facilitate labour. - Response of breast to lactation . ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٰٜ٠‫و‬ٛ ٫‫غو‬ٛ‫ثّضؾجدز ث‬ Removal of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland of a pregnant woman leads to: ٟٚ‫ٌأر فج‬ٟ‫ٰز ال‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫إٍث‬

1. Absence of ADH hormone  excretion of large amounts of water in the urine  dehydration 2. Drop in blood pressure 3. At labour : she need to be injected with extract of posterior lobe of the pituitary gland to stimulate the contraction of the uterine muscles to descent the fetus due to absence of oxytocin. 4. Decrease amount of breast milk during lactation due to lack of oxytocin. ٍ‫ؾِج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ن إلهًثً ث‬٣‫ج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ضٰؾز ًٰجح ث‬٣ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰجس ٗذٌٰر‬٠ٗ ‫إمٌثػ‬.9 ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ػٌؾ ث‬٬ُ ‫نِجع‬٣‫ث‬.2 ‫ٌٰجح‬ٛ ‫لٌث‬٣ ٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٩َ٤ٛ ‫ٔذجع‬٣‫ال‬ٛ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫شٰؾ هؼالس ث‬٤‫ض‬ٛ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ض ث‬ٜ‫ْضن‬٠‫ج د‬٨٤ٔ‫ ف‬٬ٛ‫الهر صقضجػ ث‬٪ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫ه‬. 1 ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ ٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫ٔض ثأل‬٣ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ أع‬٫‫غو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫وُوز‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ‫نِجع‬٣‫ث‬.4

Injection of a pregnant woman with extract of posterior lobe of the pituitary gland leads to abortion:

16

- Because extract of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland contains oxytocin which stimulate the muscles of the uterus to contract and increase it strongly, leading to descent of the fetus. ٫٪‫ٰز ٯقض‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ‫جع‬٨‫ٰز ٯقوط إؽ‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ْجهُ دنالطز ث‬ٛ‫ٌ ث‬٨‫ش‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٟٚ‫ٌأر فج‬ٟ‫ ث‬٢ٔ‫ف‬. ٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٩َ٣ ٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ‫ج دشور‬٧‫ٯَٯو‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ظجس ث‬ٜٔ‫شؾ ص‬٤‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ه‬

Q- G.R. Imbalance in the neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland (or in the hypothalamus) leads to severe thirst. ‫شوٯو‬ٛ‫وـش ث‬ٛ‫ج دج‬٠‫ٌٯغ هثة‬٠ٛ‫ِ) ٯشوٌ ث‬ٟ‫عجال‬٪‫ٰذ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٩‫ٰز(أ‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٜٚ‫ط م‬٩‫و فو‬٤‫ه‬

A- Because ADH hormone is secreted by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus. If this cells damaged , this hormone not formed, which leads to loss of large amounts of water → thirst. ‫يث‬٧ ١٪٘‫ الٯض‬٦٣‫َ ُئ‬ٜ‫ج ص‬٨ُٰ ‫ِ ُئىث فوط‬ٟ‫عجال‬٪‫ٰذ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫هر‬٪‫ؽ‬٪ٟ ‫ٌٍِر‬ٟ ‫ مالٯج هظذٰز‬٥ٌٍِ‫ ص‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ؼجه إلهًثً ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ .‫شوٯو‬ٛ‫وـش ث‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ٯشوٌدج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ج ٯؾو‬٠ٟ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰجس ٗذٌٰر‬٠ٗ ‫ ُٔو‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬

Hormones affecting the breast: Hormone Estradiol Prolactine Oxytocin

Gland secrete it - Graafian follicle in ovary. - Placenta during pregnancy. Adenohypophysis of pituitary gland (anterior and middle lobe). Neurohypophysis of pituitary (posterior lobe)

Action of hormone on the breast - Enlargement of breast at puberty . - Milk secretion after labour. - Help in rush of milk from mammary gland in response to suckling.

Q- G.R. Secretion of milk from the mammary glands of lactating woman? A- due to secretion of Prolactin from adenohypophysis part of pituitary gland which stimulate secretion of milk, and oxytocin hormone from neurohypothysis part of the pituitary gland which stimuate rush of milk from the mammary glands in response to suckling process. . ‫ٌػن‬٠ٛ‫ْٰور ث‬ٜٛ ‫غوٯٰز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ إٌُثٍ ث‬: ٜٚ‫ه‬ . ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٌو٭‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧٩ ( Prolactin ) ٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ إلٌُثٍ ث‬٦‫ذ‬٤ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ دْذخ إٌُثٍ ث‬ ‫ٰخ‬ٜ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٩َ٣ ٩‫وُجم أ‬٣‫شؾوجً ُٮ ث‬ٟ ً‫ أعٌث‬٦ٛ (Oxytocin) ٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫ أ‬٬٠ْ‫جً آمٌ ٯ‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ٰز ٯ‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫وظذٮ‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ج أ‬٠ٗ . ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ ‫ٰز ثّضؾجدز‬٤‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ

Q – G.R. Extract of the posterior lobe of pituitary gland of cattle is useful in cases of difficult labour. A - because it contains a hormone oxytocin that causes contractions of the involuntary muscle of uterine wall, which causes labour (birth). . ‫ضوغٌر‬٠ٛ‫الهر ث‬٪ٛ‫جشٰز ُٮ فجالس ث‬٠ٜٛ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫ِٮ‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ صِٰو مالطز ث‬: ٜٚ‫ ه‬) ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫نجع ( ث‬٠ٛ‫ي٭ ٯْذخ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬، } ٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫ { أ‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ؾوثً ث‬ٛ ‫الإًثهٯز‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ‫ٔذجع ث‬٣‫ْذخ ال‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫٭ ه‬٪‫ج صقض‬٨٣‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬

NB * There are some glands, the pituitary gland does not control its secretions directly but it is controlled by the level of material it regulate , for example: 1. Parathormone is controlled by the level of calcium in the blood (when calcium in the blood decreases the secretion of Parathormone increase ; when calcium level in the blood increase secretion of calcitonin increase).

17

2. Insulin level is controlled by the level of blood glucose (when blood glucose increase , insulin increase and when glucose level in blood decrease both glucagon and adrenaline increase . 3. Adrenaline secretion is controlled by emotion, fear ,sports and so on. :‫ز‬ٟ‫ج‬٧ ‫الفلجس‬ٟ ٪٧ ‫ أّجّج‬٢٨‫ إٌُثٍثص‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢٘ٛ٩ ٢٨‫جص‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ٢٧ٍ‫ إٌُث‬ٙ‫وو‬ٟ ٬ُ ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ‫ًر‬٪‫ٰز دظ‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ٘‫ٌوه ال صضق‬ٛ‫جٕ دوغ ث‬٤٧* :ٙ‫غج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ‫ ّذ‬٬ٜ‫ج ُو‬٨٠‫ل‬٤‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جهر ث‬٠ٛ‫ صٌَٰٗ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ‫ج‬ٟ‫و‬٤‫ ه‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ٯَٯو إٌُثٍ ث‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫نِغ ث‬٤‫ج ٯ‬ٟ‫و‬٤‫(ه‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ٪٧ ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ٬ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ث‬.9 )٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ٯَٯو إٌُثٍ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ٯَٯو ث‬ ٚٗ ‫ٍ ٯَٯو‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫نِغ ث‬٤‫ج ٯ‬ٟ‫و‬٤‫ه‬٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ٯَٯو ثأل‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ج ٯَٯو ؽ‬ٟ‫و‬٤‫(ه‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ٪٧ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ٪ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ث‬.2 )٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ثألهًٯ‬٩ ١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫٘يث‬٧٩ ‫ٌٯجػز‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٍ٪‫ن‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ فجالس ثال‬٪٧ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ إٌُثٍ ثألهًٯ‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ث‬.1

2: The Thyroid Gland ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬

   

Site : The gland lies in the neck in front of and in close contact with the trachea. The colour is slightly red. The gland consists of two lobes connected together by an isthmus. It is surrounded by connective tissue.

Right lobe

isthmus

Left lobe

Its function:  The gland secretes the 2 hormone 1- Thyroxin hormone: ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧  Iodine is essential for the formation of this hormone. Function :  It has many effects on different parts of the body. For example: 1) Stimulates physical and mental growth and development. ‫ٰز‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٰز‬٣‫ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪ٔٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ‫ذز‬٤‫ٯ‬ 2) It affects the basal metabolic rate. ‫ ُٰز‬ٞ٘‫ٯضق‬٩ ‫ ثألٯغ‬ٙ‫وو‬ٟ ٬ٜ‫ٯؤعٌ ه‬ 18

3) It increases the absorption of carbohydrates (Glucose) from the intestine. ‫ٯجس‬٪‫ش‬٤ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ٯقَِ ث‬ 4) It maintains healthy skin and hair. ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٟ‫ ّال‬٬ٜ‫ٯقجُق ه‬ Hypothyroidism: ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٬ُ ‫ٔض‬٣ o Hypothyroidism is the decrease in the secretion of the thyroxin hormone from the gland. o The symptoms resulted depends on the age: a) Hypothyroidism in children: o It leads to a condition called Cretinism. o Cretinism is characterized by: 1- Retardation in physical and mental growth associated with large head, short stature, and short neck. 2- Permanent mental retardation. and 3- Does not reach sexual maturity.

Comparison between Dwarfism and cretinism: ‫جءر‬٠ٔٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ز‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٛ‫) ث‬9(

Dwarfism Causes: Length of the individual Head and extremities Mental powers Sexual maturity

Cretinism

Growth hormone deficiency in childhood Dwarf (short).

Thyroxin hormone deficiency in childhood

Proportional with the length

No proportional; characterized by a large head and short neck Mental retardation. Does not reach sexual maturity

Short

Sound mental power Sexually mature

b) Hypothyroidism in adults: o It causes a condition called Myxoedema. o Myxodema is characterized by: 1- Dry skin, 2- Loss of hair, 3- Decreased mental and physical activity, 4- Weight gain, and obesity, 19

5- Decreased basic metabolic rate and cold intolerance, 6- Decreased heart beats, and rapid fatigability. 7- Tiredness with the least effort because myxoedema caused by lack of the hormone thyroxin, which controls the metabolism of food , so its deficiency leads to reduced amount of energy liberated from food  reduces the number of heart beats  so the amount of blood reach the muscle become insufficient , so the patient tired quickly with minimal effort. ‫ٰجس‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ٦‫ج ّذذ‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ ١‫ه أل‬٪٨‫ؾ‬ٟ ٚٓ‫ج)أل‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫(ث‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣ ‫ٌٯغ‬ٟ ‫دضوخ‬ ‫جّذز‬٤ٟ ٝ‫ٰجس ه‬٠ٗ ٚ‫خ ُال صظ‬ٜٔٛ‫ هوه ػٌدجس ث‬ٜٚٔ‫ج ٯ‬٠ٟ ‫ٌيثء‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ضقًٌر‬٠ٛ‫ـجٓز ث‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ‫ٔض‬٣ ٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ ٯؤه‬٦‫ٔظ‬٣ ٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫دج‬٩ ٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ثألٯغ ث‬ .‫ه‬٪٨‫ؾ‬ٟ ٚٓ‫ دؤ‬ٝ‫ٰٔج‬ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫ٌٯغ دٌْهز ه‬٠ٛ‫ٖ ٯضوخ ث‬ٛ‫ي‬ٛ ‫وؼالس‬ٜٛ

Comparison between acromegally and mixoedema: Cause External features

Metabolism Heart rate

Acromegally Increased growth hormone after puberty 1. Enlargement of the facial bones 2. Renewed growth in distant parts of long bones as hands, feet and fingers. Normal so tolerate cold Normal

Mixoedema Decrease thyroxin hormone after puberty 1. Dry skin and loss of hair. 2. Delay mental and physical activity (idiocy) 3. Increased body weight to the degree of obesity. Decrease so can not tolerate cold Decrease so person gets tired quickly.

o Treatment of hypothyroidism: 1- Regular consultation of a specialist. 2- Administration of Thyroxin or gland extracts. Hypothyroidism in childhood Name of disease : Cretinism ‫اٌمّبءح‬

Hypothyroidism in adults * Myxodema

Symptoms:1- Retardation in physical and mental growth. 2-Large head – short stature ٌ‫ٓظ‬ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬-short neck. 3- Permanent mental retardation.

Symptoms:1- Dry skin. ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ؽِجٍ ث‬ 2- Loss of hair. ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٜٓ 3- Decreased mental and physical activity. .٬٠ْ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٤ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣

4- Weight gain and obesity . ‫ٌِؿز‬٠ٛ‫ز ث‬٤٠ْٛ‫وًؽز ث‬ٛ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ٩ ‫ٍٯجهر‬

‫ج‬٠‫ هثة‬٬ٜٔ‫َ ه‬ٜ‫صن‬

5- Decreased basic metabolic rate and cold ٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ػ ث‬٪‫ؼ‬٤ٛ‫ صؤمٌ ث‬intolerance.

4- Delay in sexual maturity.

.‫هر‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ ُال ٯضق‬٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ‫غ‬٠‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ‫ؽ‬٪‫ذ‬٧

6-Decrease heart beats and rapid fatigability. . ‫ٌٯغ دٌْهز‬٠ٛ‫ٯضوخ ث‬٩ ‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ ػٌدجس ث‬ٚٔ‫ص‬

Treatment: is by regular consultation of specialist and by administration of thyroxin or thyroid gland extracts ‫وًؽٰز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ْضنجص ث‬ٟ

20

Hyperthyroidism: o It is enlargement of the gland (goiter)  swelling in front of the neck. o Protrusion of the eye balls  Exophthalmic goiter: ٬‫ك‬٪‫ ؽق‬ٞ‫صؼن‬ o Causes: It results from hyper secretion of thyroxin (hyperthyroidism). o Hyperthyroidism is the increase in the secretion of the thyroxin hormone. o Age: Appear in adult. o Its symptoms : 1- Enlargement of the gland ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٞ‫ صؼن‬with protrusion of the eye balls ٢ٰ٤ٰ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ف‬٪‫ؽق‬. 2- Increase in food oxidation and metabolic rate; which leads to  3- Loss of weight. 4- Increase in heart beats and nervous irritability. o Its treatment: 1- Surgical removal of a part of the gland. 2- Use medications to suppress the gland (anti- thyroid drugs). 3- Radioactive iodine to destroy the hyperactive cells.

Summary: Decrease thyroxin Increase thyroxin

During childhood Cretinism Exophthalmic goiter

Adulthood Myxoedema

Goiter: ‫رعخُ اٌغذح اٌذسلُخ‬  It is the enlargement of the thyroid gland associated with abnormal activities of the gland.  Symptoms of goiter is different according to : 1- Rate of the activity of the thyroid gland (increase or decrease secretion). 2- The age at which the gland is disturbed (childhood or adult).  Types of Goiter : There are two types of Goiter: 1) Simple goiter: ‫ دْٰؾ‬ٞ‫صؼن‬ o Causes: It occurs due to Iodine deficiency in food, water, and air. o Age : Appear in childhood and adult. o Symptoms: enlargement of the thyroid gland. o Treatment: involves administration of Iodine supplement in food. 2) Exophthalmic goiter: ٬‫ك‬٪‫ ؽق‬ٞ‫صؼن‬ 21

Comparison between simple goiter and exophthalmic goiter: Causes Age Symptoms

Treatment

Simple goiter Iodine deficiency in food, water, and air. Appear in childhood and adult. - Enlargement of the thyroid gland. - May be associated hypo secretion.

Exophthalmic goiter Increase in the secretion of the thyroxin hormone. Appear in adult. 1- Enlargement of the thyroid gland  swelling in front of the neck. 2- Protrusion of the eye balls 3- Increase in food oxidation and metabolic rate; which leads to  4- Loss of weight. 5- Increase in heart beats and nervous irritability. - Administration of Iodine supplement 1- Surgical removal of a part of the gland. in food. 2- Use medications to suppress the gland (anti- If hypothyroid: thyroxin hormone. thyroid drugs). 3- Radioactive iodine.

2- Calcitonin hormone: ٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ Function :  It decreases the Calcium level in the blood as it prevents withdrawal of calcium from the bones.  Calcitonin (secreted from thyroid gland) and parathormone (secreted from parathyroid gland) plays an important role in preserving the calcium level in the blood to normal. Hypo secretion: - Osteoporosis of bone. ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫شجشز ث‬٧ Hyper secretion: - Decrease level of blood calcium. Removal of the thyroid gland of a woman leads to: ‫ هالػ‬٢ٟ ٦‫ج صٔضٌف‬ٟ٩ ‫ٌأر‬ٟ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ إٍث‬.2

A- Decrease level of thyroxin hormone  myxoedema its symptoms: (1) Dry skin and scanty hair. (2) Delay mental and physical activity. (3) Increased body weight to the degree of obesity. (4) Decrease level of metabolism cold intolerance. (5) Decrease heart rate. and the person gets tired quickly Treatment: give the patients thyroxin hormones or thyroid extracts. ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ‫)ؽِج‬9‫ ثألهٌثع‬ٚ٠‫صش‬٩ ‫ٌز‬ٛ‫ٌأر دج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ج أل‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ‫ً أهٌثع‬٪٨‫ ك‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ صؤه‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٬ُ ‫ٔض شوٯو‬٣ ‫ ُال‬٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ‫غ‬٠‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ‫ؽ‬٪‫ذ‬٧)4(.‫ٌِؿز‬٠ٛ‫ز ث‬٤٠ْٛ‫وًؽز ث‬ٛ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ٩ ‫)ٍٯجهر‬1(.٬٠ْ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٔض‬٣)2(.ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜٓ٩ ‫شنض دٌْهز‬ٛ‫ٯضوخ ث‬٩ ‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ ػٌدجس ث‬ٚٔ‫)ص‬1(.‫هر‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ٯضق‬ .‫ج‬٨‫ظجص‬ٜ‫ْضن‬ٟ ٩‫وًٰٓز أ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٌٯؼز‬٠ٛ‫إهـجء ث‬:‫والػ‬ٛ‫ث‬

22

3: The Parathyroid Glands.

 They are four small separate lobes, two on each side of the thyroid gland. . ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫خ‬٣‫ ؽج‬ٚٗ ٬ٜ‫ ه‬١‫ج‬٤‫ز – أع‬ٜ‫ِظ‬٤ٟ ‫ أًدن أؽَثء‬٢ٟ ١٪٘‫ ًور صض‬٬٧

 It is may be difficult to see the parathyroid glands because they are surrounded by the thyroid glands and its size is small (the size of a grain of wheat). ) ‫ـ‬٠ٔٛ‫ فذز ث‬ٞ‫ج طٌٌٰ ( ُٮ فؾ‬٨٠‫ فؾ‬٩ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫قجؿز دج‬ٟ ‫ؽو‬٪‫ج ص‬٨٣‫جً أل‬٣‫وًٰٓز أفٰج‬ٛ‫ٌوه ؽجًثس ث‬ٛ‫ور ث‬٧‫شج‬ٟ ‫ٓو ٯظوخ‬  They secrete a hormone called Parathormone. ١٪ًٟ٪‫دجًثع‬

 The amount of parathormone depends on calcium level in the blood where secretion of parathormone increases when the Calcium level in the blood is below normal. . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ؽ‬٪‫ذ‬٧ ‫ن‬ٟ ‫ ثألٌُثٍ ٗغٌٰث‬١٪٘‫ – فٰظ ٯ‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٬ٜ‫و ه‬٠‫ ٯٌٍِ صوض‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ‫ٰز‬٠ٗ

Function of Parathormone: o It timulate withdrawal of calcium from the bones. It plays an important role in regulating the Calcium and phosphorus level in the blood. o The amount of calcium ions in the blood regulate parathormone secretion from parathyroid gland as following: (1) Increase amount of calcium ions in the blood  decrease secretion of parathormone and increase secretion of calcitonin hormone  decrease the percentage of calcium in the blood. (2) Decrease amount of calcium ions in the blood  increases secretion of parathormone  increase the level of calcium by withdrawal it from the bones. ‫ٰز‬٠ٗ ‫و ٍٯجهر‬٤‫) ه‬9( : ٬‫ج ٯؤص‬٠ٗ ‫ؾجً هًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ٰز أٌُث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬ٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬٧ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪‫ٰز أٯ‬٠ٗ . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ مِغ‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٬٘ٛ ٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٯَٯو‬٩ . ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ أٌُث‬ٚٔ‫ ٯ‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪‫أٯ‬ ٢ٟ ‫ ؿٌٯْ ّقذز‬٢‫ ه‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ ًُن‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٬٘ٛ ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ ٯَٯو ثٌُث‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪‫ٰز أٯ‬٠ٗ ‫ٔض‬٣ ‫و‬٤‫) ه‬2( . ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ث‬

o Calcitonin (secreted from thyroid gland) and parathormone (secreted from parathyroid gland) plays an important role in keeping the calcium level in the blood to normal.

23

Comparison between calcitonin hormone and Parathormone: Source Stimulus of its secretion Action

calcitonin hormone Thyroid gland increase calcium in the blood

Parathormone Parathyroid gland Decrease calcium in the blood

Reduce calcium in the blood and prevents its withdrawal from bone

Increase calcium in the blood and withdrawal of calcium and phosphorus from the bones that become fragile and prone to bending and fracture.

Q- Osteoporosis (lack of calcium in the bones) may occur in human due to deficiency of a specific hormone or increase of another hormone. What are these hormones; locate its sources and method of work of each of them? ٢ٰ٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫يٯ‬٧ ٌٗ‫ أمٌ أى‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٩‫ أ‬٢ٰ‫و‬ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٤ٛ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ )ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣(ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫شجشز ث‬٨‫ د‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ٓو ٯظجح ثإل‬ ‫ج؟‬٠٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ٚ٠‫ؿٌٯٔز ه‬٩ ‫ج‬٠٧‫ إٌُثٍث‬١‫٘ج‬ٟ ‫فوه‬٩

A- The two hormones are: 1. Calcitonin hormone: secreted by the thyroid gland. It prevents withdrawal of calcium from the bones. So lack of this hormone facilitates the withdrawal of calcium from the bones making them fragile. 2. Parathormone hormone: secreted from parathyroid glands . It stimulate withdrawal of calcium from the bones. So increase this hormone  increase withdrawal of calcium from bones making them fragile, easily breakable. :‫ج‬٠٧ ١‫ج‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ ّقخ‬٢ٟ ٚ٨ْ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ١‫ إى‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ن ّقخ ث‬٤٠‫ ٯ‬٦٣‫ أ‬٦‫كِٰض‬٩٩ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬:٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .9 ٦‫ش‬٧ ‫ج‬٨ٜ‫ج ٯؾو‬٠ٟ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٚ٠‫ صو‬٦‫ ٍٯجهص‬١‫ إى‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ صقَِٰ ّقخ ث‬٪٧ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ‫كِٰز‬٩٩ ‫ؾجًثس هًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬٩ ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .2 ٌْ٘ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ٨ّ ‫شز‬٧ ‫ج‬٨ٜ‫ ُضؾو‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫َٯو‬٠ٛ‫ ّقخ ث‬٬ٜ‫ه‬

Hypo secretion of parathormone (Hypoparathyroidism) : o Leads to decrease level of calcium in blood ; which leads to: a) Painful convulsions and muscle spasms.. ‫ز‬٠ٛ‫ؤ‬ٟ ‫ٰز‬ٜ‫ؾجس هؼ‬٤‫صش‬ b) Increase excitability of the nervous system. ‫ ّذخ‬ٚٓ‫ًر أل‬٪‫غ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٌؼخ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ٌّهز ثأل‬ Hyper secretion of parathormone (Hyper-parathyroidism): o Leads to increase level of calcium in blood ; which leads to: (a) Increase in the Calcium level in blood; because most of the Calcium is released from bones. (b) Osteoporosis ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫شجشز ث‬٧ due to withdrawal of calcium and phosphorus from the bone; so the bones become fragile ‫شز‬٧ and liable for bending ‫جء‬٤‫ق‬٣‫ ث‬and fracture ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬. Q- G.R. Increased secretion of Parathormone make bones breaks easily? A – Because it convert calcium salts deposited in the bone to salts dissolved in the blood, leading to increase in the level of calcium in blood  weak bone hardness and expose them to break.. ‫ز ؟‬ٛ٪٨ْ‫ٌْ٘ د‬ٜٛ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ٯوٌع ث‬١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ ٍٯجهر أٌُث‬: ٜٚ‫ه‬ َ‫ ُٰؼو‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ضز‬ٜٓ٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ْذضز‬٣ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫الؿ ىثةذز‬ٟ‫ أ‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ضٌّذز‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫الؿ ث‬ٟ‫ أ‬ٚ‫ٯ‬٪‫ضق‬ٛ -‫ػ‬ . ٌْٜ٘ٛ ‫ج‬٨‫ٯوٌػ‬٩ ‫ج‬٨‫طالدض‬

24

Hyper secretion (Hyperparathyroidism) a) Increase in the calcium level in blood b) Most calcium is released from bone so the bones becomes fragile and liable for bending and fracture

Hyposecrtion (Hypoparathyroidism ) a) Painful convulsion and muscle spasms due to the decreased calcium in blood b) Increased excitability of nervous system

Comparison between Calcitonin and parathormone: Secreting gland Stimulus for secretion Action

Calcitonin Thyroid gland Increase calcium level in blood

Parathormone Parathyroid gland Decrease calcium level in blood

Decrease calcium level in blood. Prevent its absorption from bone.

Increase calcium level in blood. Withdrawal of calcium & phosphorus from bone , so the bones becomes fragile and liable for bending and fracture

Relation between PTH level and blood calcium: - The amount of parathormone depends on the ratio of calcium level in the blood. - Increase level of blood calcium leads to hypo secretion of parathormone till a certain level, parathormone remains constant. - When the calcium level in the blood is below normal  Secretion of PTH increase.

– Parathyroid glands are called bone glands, because they secrete Parathormone that regulates calcium in the bones and blood. . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٞ‫ل‬٤‫ي٭ ٯ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ج ص‬٨٣‫ أل‬. ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ًوه ث‬ّٞ‫وًٰٓز ث‬ٛ‫ٌوه ؽجً ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ْ ه‬ٜ‫ ٯـ‬-

Q - G.R. Osteoporosis may occurs due to deficiency of a specific hormone or increase in other hormone. A - Decrease of the hormone calcitonin, or increase of hormone Parathormone, leads to decrease in calcium in bones and its increase in blood which causing osteoporosis. . ٌ‫ آم‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٩‫ أ‬٢ٰ‫و‬ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٤ٛ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫شجشز ث‬٨‫ د‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ ٓو ٯظجح ثإل‬ٜٚ‫ ه‬‫ج ٯْذخ‬٠ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬٦‫ ٍٯجهص‬٩ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣ ‫ج‬٠٨ُٰ ‫ ٯقوط‬١‫ضج‬ٛ‫ فج‬، ١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٩‫ أ‬٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ -‫ػ‬ . ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫شجشز ث‬٧

25

4: The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands. ‫اٌغذح اٌىظشَخ أو فىق وٍىَخ‬

 Site: Two glands, each is located above one of the two kidneys. . ٢ٰ‫ٰض‬ٜ٘ٛ‫ّ أفو ث‬٪ُ ‫ج‬٠٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ‫ صٔن‬١‫ ٗلٌٯضج‬١‫ج ًوصج‬٠٧ : ١‫٘ج‬٠ٛ‫ث‬

 Structure: Each gland consists anatomically and physiologically of two regions: an outer cortex and an inner medulla. : ٬ٜ‫وثم‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫) ث‬2( . ‫ٔشٌر‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬٠ْ‫ ٯ‬: ٬‫نجًؽ‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫) ث‬9( . ‫ؽٰز‬٪ٛ٪ِْٰٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ضشٌٯقٰز‬ٛ‫جفٰز ث‬٣‫ صج‬٢ٟ ٢ٰ‫َٰص‬٠‫ض‬ٟ ٢ٰ‫ـٔض‬٤ٟ ٢ٟ ١٪٘‫ ًور صض‬ٚٗ .‫نجم‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬٠ْ‫ٯ‬

Cortex Medulla

Hormones of the cortex: o Adrenal cortex secretes many hormones called steroid hormones. Which can be classified into three groups of hormones : 1) Glico-corticoids: ‫ٌْ٘ٯز‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫هز ث‬٪٠‫ؾ‬ٟ o Include Cortisone and Cortico-sterone, o The main function of which is to regulate carbohydrates (Glucose) metabolism in the body. 2) Mineralo-corticoids: ‫ٰز‬٣‫وو‬٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫هز ث‬٪٠‫ؾ‬ٟ o Include Aldosterone . o Function: Aldosterone plays an important role in balance of mineral metabolism in the body. o This hormone increases re-absorption of Sodium and increases the excretion of Potassium form the kidney tubules  increase sodium in blood and decrease potassium in blood. o Hypo secretion: decrease Na and increase K. o Hyper secretion: increase Na and decrease K. 3) Sex hormones: ‫ْٰز‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫هز ث‬٪٠‫ؾ‬ٟ 26

o Sources : 1- The main source is the testes in males and the ovaries in females. 2- Adrenal cortex: secrete hormones has an activity similar to male hormones (testosterone) and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone). o They include : 1- The male sex hormone is Testosterone. 2- The female sex hormones are Estrogen and Progesterone. o Tumorous or any condition leads to unbalance secretion of sex hormones from adrenal cortex and that secreted from testes or ovaries  increase in the level of sex hormone above normal. It leads: 1- Musculanization ‫ز‬ٛ٪‫ٌؽ‬ٛ‫ً طِجس ث‬٪٨‫ ك‬in females and feminization ‫ْجء‬٤ٛ‫ً طِجس ث‬٪٨‫ ك‬in males. 2- Atrophy of gonads in both sexes. ٢ْٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ٗال ث‬٬ُ ‫ْٰز‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٪٠‫ػ‬ NB  Tumorous of suprarenal cortex leads to : 1- Unbalance secretion of sex hormones from adrenal cortex and that secreted from testes or ovaries  increase in the level of sex hormone above normal. It leads: A- Musculanization ‫ز‬ٛ٪‫ٌؽ‬ٛ‫ً طِجس ث‬٪٨‫ ك‬in females and feminization ‫ْجء‬٤ٛ‫ً طِجس ث‬٪٨‫ ك‬in males. B- Atrophy of gonads in both sexes. ٢ْٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ٗال ث‬٬ُ ‫ْٰز‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٪٠‫ػ‬ 2- Unbalance of sodium and potassium ratio in blood due to increase secretion of aldosterone hormone. 3- Unbalance in carbohydrates metabolism due to increase secretion of cortisone.  Removal of both suprarenal glands leads to death: Because suprarenal cortex is essential for life as it play an important role in: 1- Regulation of metabolism. 2- Regulation water and salt balance in the body. 3- Play a vital role in resistance of diseases. ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫) ص‬9( : ٬ُ ‫ج‬ٟ‫ج‬٧ ‫ًث‬٩‫وخ ه‬ٜ‫ج ص‬٨٣‫قٰجر أل‬ٜٛ ‫ًٯز‬٩ٌ‫٘لٌٯز ػ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ٓشٌر ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ٥‫ُج‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫٘لٌٯز ٯؤه‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ز ٓشٌر ث‬ٛ‫أٍث‬ . ‫ٌثع‬ٟ‫أل‬ٛ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٟ٩‫ٔج‬ٟ ٬ُ ‫ٯج‬٪ٰ‫ًث ف‬٩‫وخ ه‬ٜ‫) ص‬1( . ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫الؿ‬ٟ‫ثأل‬٩ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١‫َٰث‬ٟ ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫) ص‬2( . ٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ثألٯغ ث‬

Q- What is the gland that secretes steroid hormones? A- Adrenal cortex, the pituitary gland, and the gonads (ovaries in women, testis in men). Q – G.R. Appearance of masculine characters in some adult females. A- because of an imbalance between sex hormones secretion by the gonads and sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, which has an activity similar to male hormones (testosterone) and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone). Comparison between ADH hormone and aldosterone hormone. Source Action

ADH hormone pars nervosa of the pituitary gland 1. Decrease amount of urine through water reabsorption in renal tubules. 2. Constriction of blood vessels causing high blood pressure

Aldosterone Adrenal cortex 1. Maintaining mineral balance in the body. 2. Re-absorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the kidneys. .

27

Hormones of the medulla: ‫نجم‬٤ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ o Medulla secretes two hormones: Adrenaline (epinephrine) and nor adrenaline (norepinephrine) which are responsible for the vital activities in the body. o The 2 hormones are secreted when the individual is subjected to emergency situations as in fear ٍ٪‫ن‬ٛ‫ ث‬, fight ٌ‫ص‬٪‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬, and excitation ‫ ثألعجًر‬, and during muscular exercises. o Functions of Adrenaline and Nor adrenaline: 1- Liver: Increase the sugar (Glucose) level in blood by increasing the breakdown of Glycogen stored in the liver and muscles into Glucose. 2- Heart: Increase the rate and force of contraction of the heart to increase the amount of blood pumped to brain and muscles. 3- Arteries: (1) Dilatation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles to increase flow of blood to the muscles. (2) Constriction of blood vessels (Reduces blood flow) to the skin and the intestines (3) Increases blood pressure. 5- Respiratory system: (1) widens the bronchioles. (2) Increase rate of respiration to increase amount of oxygen required for aerobic respiration and energy production . 6- Eye: Dilates the pupils. 7- Muscles : Increases blood flow to the muscles. 8- Stomach and intestine: relaxation of its walls. 9- Blood clotting : accelerates blood coagulation, 10- Spleen: The spleen releases more blood cells into the circulation, which increases the blood's ability to transport oxygen. o All this changes  flow of large amount of blood carrying glucose and oxygen to muscles  enable the muscles to take their demands of energy needed for contraction. NB - This Hormones not secreted under the influence of stimulating hormones from the pituitary gland. - Hormone adrenaline has the same effects as the sympathetic nervous system. - Sites of adrenaline and noradrenalin secretions: 1- Adrenaline Hormone secreted from the adrenal medulla. 2- Noradrenalin secreted from two places: (1) the adrenal medulla. (2) As neuro transmitter secreted from terminal arborization to the synaptic cleft. . ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ذز‬٤ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٰ‫جس الصٌٍِ صقش صجع‬٣٩ٌ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ .٫٩‫ذغج‬٠ْٛ‫ ث‬٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ِِ صجعٌٰثس ث‬٣ ٦ٛ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ ثأله‬١٪ٌٟ٧ : ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ًأه‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ أٌُثٍ ثأله‬٢ٗ‫ج‬ٟ‫أ‬ . ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣ ٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ ثأله‬١٪ٌٟ٧ . ٬٘‫ضشجد‬ٛ‫شْ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫جٯجس ثألهظجح ث‬٨٣ ٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ أ‬٬‫ هظذ‬ٚٓ‫ج‬٣ ٌ‫ٯوضذ‬٩ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣ : ‫ج‬٠٧ ٢ٰ٣‫٘ج‬ٟ ٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ُذ‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ًثه‬٪٤ٛ‫ج ث‬ٟ‫أ‬

- Effect of adrenaline (epinephrine) injection is the same effect as sympathatic nerves because sympathatic stimulation  stimulate adrenal medulla  secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline . And stimulate release of noradrenaline from nerve endings as a neurotransmitter. So Sympathatic works by adrenaline and noradrenaline.

28

‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣ ‫شؾ‬٤‫ ٯ‬٫٩‫ذغج‬٠ْٰٛ‫وظخ ث‬ٛ‫ إعجًر ث‬١‫ أل‬٫٩‫ذغج‬٠ْٰٛ‫وظخ ث‬ٛ‫ صؤعٌٰ ث‬٦ِْ٣ ٪٧ )٢‫ٌِٯ‬٤ٰ‫ (ثألد‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثألهًٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٔ‫صؤعٌٰ ف‬ ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٫٩‫ذغج‬٠ْٰٛ‫وظخ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ إى‬٬‫ هظذ‬ٚٓ‫ج‬٤ٗ ‫جٯجس ثألهظجح‬٨٣ ٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ػ ث‬٩ٌ‫شؾ م‬٤‫ٯ‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ صٌٍِ ثألهًٯ‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثألهًٯ‬ٙ‫ مال‬٢ٟ

Q- Explain the effect of injection of the hormone adrenaline on: blood vessels in the skin and muscle - eye - urinary bladder - liver - intestine. . ‫وجء‬ٟ‫٘ذو – ثأل‬ٛ‫ٰز – ث‬ٛ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬٣‫غج‬٠ٛ‫ – ث‬٢ٰ‫و‬ٛ‫وؼالس – ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫ ثأل‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ ثأله‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٔ‫ػـ صؤعٌٰ ف‬٩

A- As sympathetic nervous system. Q- G.R. Secretes adrenaline hormone in large quantities during childbirth. ‫ٰجس ٗذٌٰر‬٠٘‫الهر د‬٪ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ أع‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثألهًٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬

A- Because the mother is in a state of fear and emotion during the birth, so adrenaline release to convert glycogen of the liver and muscles into glucose, which supply the mother with energy to face the fear and supply muscles of the abdomen and uterus with energy to make it to contract vigorously to help expulsion of the fetus. ٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬ٜٚ‫ ٯق‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫الهر ُٰنٌػ ثألهًٯ‬٪ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ أع‬ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫إ‬٩ ٍ٪‫ز م‬ٛ‫ فج‬٬ُ ١٪٘‫ ص‬ٝ‫ ثأل‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ .٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ إمٌثػ ث‬٬ُ ‫ضْجهو‬ٛ ‫ر‬٪ٔ‫ٔذغ د‬٤‫ج ص‬٨ٜ‫ؾو‬ٛ ‫ـجٓز‬ٛ‫ دج‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢‫ذـ‬ٛ‫و هؼالس ث‬٠‫ٯ‬٩ ٍ٪‫ن‬ٛ‫ز ث‬٨‫ثؽ‬٪٠ٛ ‫ـجٓز‬ٛ‫ دج‬ٝ‫و ثأل‬٠‫ٯ‬

5: The Pancreas

 Pancreas is a mixed gland with exocrine and endocrine secretions, because: 1- The exocrine secretion is in the form of pancreatic juice secreted from pancreatic acini through pancreatic duct into the duodenum. 2- Endocrine secretion: is in the form of hormones secreted directly to blood from groups of cells called Islets of Langerhans (discovered by Boul Langerhans) which contain two types of cells: (a) Alpha cells: Small in number and secrete a hormone called Glucagon. - Functions of glucagon: o It antagonizes the action of insulin where it increases the glucose level in the blood through the conversion of glycogen stored in the liver only to glucose, (like adrenaline). - Hypo secretion  Decrease blood sugar. - Hyper secretion  Increase blood sugar. (b) Beta cells: Represents the majority of cells and secrete a hormone called Insulin. - Functions of insulin: o It decrease the glucose level in the blood through: (1) It stimulates the oxidation and utilization of glucose by the cells where it is important for transport of all monosaccharide (except fructose) across the cell membrane to be used. ‫ ؽوًث‬ٞ٨ٟ (2) It stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen (to be stored in the liver and muscles) or to lipids. o The hormone plays 2 opposite roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates, one anabolic and the other catabolic to achieve one function. 29

1. Its anabolic role in carbohydrate metabolism: insulin stimulate convertion of blood glucose to glycogen or fat stored in liver or muscles, or other body tissues. 2. Its catabolic role in carbohydrate metabolism: it stimulate glucose oxidation in the cells, as it is necessary in two processes : (1) Passage of monosaccharides (except fructose) through cell plasma membrane into the cytoplasm of cells. (2) activates especial enzymes found in the cytoplasm of cells which convert glucose into glucose-6phosphate. ‫ج‬٨٤‫ صنَٯ‬ٞ‫ ٯض‬١٪٧‫ ه‬٩‫ أ‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬ٙ٪‫ دضشؾٰن صق‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ ٯ‬:‫ٰوًثس‬٧٪‫ٌ٘د‬ٛ‫ أٯغ ث‬٬ُ ‫جء‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ فج‬٬ُ ٥ً٩‫ال ه‬٩‫ أ‬-.9 ٫ٌ‫ ثألم‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْؾز ث‬٣‫ أ‬٬ُ ٩‫وؼالس أ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫٘ذو أ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٢ٰ‫ٰض‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٫ً٩ٌ‫ ػ‬٦٣‫ٍ فٰظ أ‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ أْٗور ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ٯقظ مالٯج ث‬٦٣‫ ُئ‬:‫ٰوًثس‬٧٪‫ٌ٘د‬ٛ‫ أٯغ ث‬٬ُ ٝ‫و‬٨ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ فج‬٬ُ ٥ً٩‫ٰج ه‬٣‫ عج‬-.2 ٝ٪ٔ‫)ٯ‬2(‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٍٝ‫دال‬٪‫ ّٰض‬ٚ‫ هثم‬٬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٍٟ‫ذال‬ٛ‫ ثألًشٰز ث‬ٙ‫ مال‬٢ٟ )ٍ٪‫ٌِٗض‬ٛ‫جهوث ث‬ٟ(‫ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯز‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٩ٌ٠ٛ ٫ً٩ٌ‫)ػ‬9‫ج‬٠٧ ٢ٰ‫ض‬ٟ‫ج‬٧ ‫ِّجس‬٪ُ 6 ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٛ٪‫صق‬٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٜٛ ‫ٰز ٌُِْر‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ صو‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٍٝ‫دال‬٪‫ ّٰض‬٬ُ ‫ؽو‬٪‫جس مجطز ص‬٠‫َٯ‬٣‫شٰؾ إ‬٤‫دض‬

- Hypo secretion  Diabetes mellitus; and disturbance in glucose and fat metabolism. - Hyper secretion  decrease blood sugar.  The two hormones (insulin and glucagons) are responsible for the regulation of Glucose level in the blood and keep it constant at a level ranging from 80 – 120 mgm/100 cm3 blood. Where insulin converts glucose to glycogen to be stored in the liver and muscles; while glucagons converts glycogen to glucose in the liver.

- Decrease in the secretion of Insulin o Leads to a disease called Diabetes Mellitus ٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬:  Symptoms : it is characterized by : 1- Disturbance in the metabolism of carbohydrates (Glucose) and lipids: decrease insulin  blood glucose cannot pass to inside cells for aerobic respiration to liberate energy required for body activities  accumulation of glucose in blood till reach certain level it excrete in urine (so it is called diabetes mellitus). 2- Increase Glucose level in the blood (more than 120 mg/100cm3). 3- Abnormal appearance and excretion of Glucose in urine. 30

4- Excretion of a large volume of water  continuous thirst sensation and excessive urination. 5- Diabetic coma: because absence of insulin  blood glucose cannot pass to brain cells  brain can not use glucose  coma.  Treatment of diabetes: ‫ فجؽجس‬1 A- Insulin injection in order to reduce the percentage of blood glucose to normal level (80-120 mg / 100 cc of blood) in two ways: 1. Stimulate glucose oxidation in cells and tissues of the body as it is necessary for the passage of sugars through the cell membrane to inside cell to be used. 2. Control the relationship between stored glycogen and blood glucose , as it stimulate convertion of glucose into glycogen or fatty substances stored in the liver, muscle or other tissues of the body. :٢ٰٔ‫ ؿٌٯ‬٢‫ٖ ه‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ )ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ّٞ999/ٞ‫ؾ‬ٟ929-59(٬‫ـذٰو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٛ‫وو‬ٟ ٪‫ق‬٣ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ْذز ؽ‬٣ ‫ٰنِغ‬ٛ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩* ‫ ًشجء‬ٙ‫ مال‬٢ٟ ‫ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯز‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٩ٌ٠ٛ ٫ً٩ٌ‫ ػ‬٦٣‫ِز فٰظ ث‬ٜ‫نض‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْؾز ث‬٣‫ث‬٩ ‫ مالٯج‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫شؾ) أْٗور ث‬٤‫ (ٯ‬٬ٜ‫قظ ه‬ٛ‫ث‬.9 ٦ٟ‫ ثّضنوث‬٢٘٠‫ ٯ‬٬‫ج فض‬٨ٜ‫ هثم‬٬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ث‬ ١َ‫ صن‬٦ٰ٤٧‫ثه ه‬٪ٟ ٬ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫ أ‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ ٯشؾن صق‬٪٨ُ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٌِه دج‬٤٠ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ١َ‫ن‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫والٓز د‬ٛ‫ دج‬ٞ٘‫ضق‬ٛ‫ث‬.2 ٫ٌ‫ ثألم‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْؾز ث‬٣‫ أ‬٩‫وؼالس أ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ

B- Modifying eating habits and increasing physical activity to reducing blood sugar levels. C – Oral drugs: improve the effectiveness of the body's natural insulin, reduce blood sugar production, increase insulin production and inhibit blood sugar absorption. Q – G. R. Diabetic patient suffers from frequent urination, accompanied with thirst. A - because increase level of glucose in the blood leads to the need to remove it from the body with the urine dissolved in a large amount of water , so patient urinate frequency with loss of large amount of water  thirst . . ٌ٠‫ْض‬٠ٛ‫وـش ث‬ٛ‫ح دج‬٪‫ظق‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ضذ‬ٛ‫ٌثس ث‬ٟ ‫ صووه‬٩ ً‫ صٌ٘ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٌْ٘٭‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ ‫ٮ‬٣‫ ٯوج‬: ٜٚ‫ ه‬‫ٌٯغ هوه‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫جء ُٰضذ‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰز ٗذٌٰر‬٠ٗ ‫يثح ُٮ‬ٟ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ن ث‬ٟ ٦‫ إلمٌثؽ‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ فجؽز ث‬٬ٛ‫ ٯؤه٭ إ‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ُٮ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ ثًصِجم‬١‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ . ٌ٠‫ْض‬ٟ ٚ٘‫وـش دش‬ٛ‫جء ُٰشوٌ دج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰز ٗذٌٰر‬٠ٗ ‫ ُٔو‬٩ ‫ٌثس‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٰ‫ٗذ‬

Q - G.R. Doctor describes stimulant drugs to the liver for patient with diabetes. A - because diabetic patient suffers from disturbance in the metabolism of carbohydrates, nd fats, and disturbance in the relationship between free glucose in the blood and stored glycogen in the liver . To stimulate the liver to convert glucose into glycogen . ‫٘ذو‬ٜٛ ‫شـز‬٤٠ٛ‫ٯز ث‬٩‫ ثأله‬٢ٟ ‫ٌْ٘٭ ؽٌهجس‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬٠ٛ ‫ـذٰخ‬ٛ‫جً ٯظَ ث‬٠‫ هثة‬: ٜٚ‫ ه‬٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫قٌ ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٢ٰ‫والٓز د‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ٜٚ‫ م‬٩ ، ١٪٧‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩ ‫ٰوًثس‬٧٪‫ٌ٘د‬ٛ‫ ُٮ أٯغ ث‬ٜٚ‫ م‬٢ٟ ‫ٮ‬٣‫ٌْ٘٭ ٯوج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ ١‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ٯ‬٪‫ضق‬ٛ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫شٰؾ ث‬٤‫ض‬ٛ. ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ومٌ ُٮ ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬

Q- G.R. Patients with diabetes are advised to eat honey rich in fructose as a source of energy instead of sugar cane. ٥٩٩٩٩٪ٜ‫ف‬ ‫ٔظخ‬ٛ‫ ٌّ٘ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ـجٓز دوال‬ٜٛ ً‫ظو‬٠ٗ ٍ٪‫ٌِٗض‬ٛ‫ دج‬٬٤ٌٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ق‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬ْٚ‫ ه‬ٙ٩‫ج‬٤‫ دض‬٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ٌػ‬ٟ ‫ظـ‬٤‫ٯ‬

A- Because fructose can enter the cell in absence of insulin and enters in Krebs cycle producing energy so it does not accumulate in the blood. While cane sugar is digested in the intestine producing glucose and fructose , where the glucose can not enter cells in the the absence of insulin, so it accumulates in the blood to become higher than normal (80120 mg / 100 ml blood). 31

‫ْذذج‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٞٗ‫ ال ٯضٌث‬٦٣‫ ُئ‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫دج‬٩ ٦ٓ‫ـج‬ٛ‫ضجػ ث‬٣‫ث‬٩ ِ‫ًر ٌٗد‬٩‫ ه‬٬ُ ٚ‫ٯوم‬٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ًٰجح ثأل‬٬ُ ‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ٍ ٯْضـٰن هم‬٪‫ٌِٗض‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ٬ُ ‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ٍ ال ٯْضـٰن هم‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫فٰظ أ‬٩ )ٍ٪‫ٌُٗض‬٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ضؾج(ؽ‬٤ٟ ‫وجء‬ٟ‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ٦٠‫ؼ‬٧ ٞ‫ ٯض‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ٔظخ ث‬ٛ‫ ٌّ٘ ث‬٦ٛ‫ فج‬٬ُ ‫ج‬ٟ‫ أ‬٦‫ثًصِجه‬ )ٝ‫ ه‬ٟٚ999/ٞ‫ؾ‬ٟ929-59(٬‫ـذٰو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٛ‫وو‬ٟ ٢ٟ ٬ٜ‫ٰظذـ أه‬ٛ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٞٗ‫ ٯضٌث‬٦٣‫ ُئ‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ دج‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ًٰجح ثأل‬

The Fasting and Post-Meal Blood Sugar State - Blood sugar concentrations fluctuate throughout the day, they can be divided into two basic states: (1) post-meal state. (2) Fasting state. (1) The Post-Meal State After eating, glucose absorbed into bloodstream within (1/4 – 1 hour)  increase the concentration of glucose in blood  stimulates insulin  burn them for fuel or store them for future use  so glucose level decrease. (2) The Fasting State: It occurs 2-3 hours after last eaten. liver keeps blood sugar concentration at a normal level by continually releasing small amounts of glucose from stored glycogen by increasing secretion of glucagons hormone and decrease insulin release  increase glucose level to normal ratio ( near 85 mg/dl ) at all times.

Comparison between insulin and ADH: Insulin Beta cell of Islets of Langerhans of pancreas. Decrease glucose concentration in blood

Source Action

Its Deficiency Leads to

% of blood glucose Glucose in urine Water loss in urine

Frequency of urination

More than 120 mgm/100 cm3. Present Large amount of water loosing in urine because loss of glucose in urine associated with loss of water Frequent urination and thirst.

32

ADH Neurohypophysis of pituitary gland. 1- Decrease amount of urine through reabsorption of water from renal tubules. 2- Constriction of blood vessels which leads to increase blood pressure. Normal i.e. equal to 80 - 120 mgm/100 cm3. Not Present Large amount of water loosing in urine due to inability to reabsorb water from renal tubules. Frequent urination and thirst.

Hormones important for glucose metabolism:

Hormones increase blood glucose in blood: Name of hormone Name of gland secrete it Thyroxin Thyroid gland Cortisone Adrenaline and noradrenaline Glucagon

Method of raising blood glucose Stimulates absorption of carbohydrates (glucose) from the gastrointestinal tract Adrenal cortex Regulate carbohydrate metabolism by break down glycogen to glucose. Adrenal medulla Hydrolyse glycogen stored in the liver and muscles to glucose. Alpha cells in the islets of convert glycogen stored in liver only to glucose. Langerhans of pancreas.

33

6: Sex Glands (The Gonads)

Gonads including: 1- Testis: is mixed gland: (1) Exocrine part  formation and production of sperms through vas deference. (2) Endocrine part  male sex hormones (androgens) secreted from interstitial cells; including Testo-sterone and Andro- sterone. 2- Ovary: is mixed gland: (1) Exocrine part  formation and production of ova through special ducts. (2) Endocrine part  female sex hormones (oestrogens) secreted from interstitial cells; including Oestrogen; Progesteron; & Relaxin. Function of gonads:  The main function of gonads (ovaries and testes) is production of gametes (ova and spermatozoa).  They produce and secrete a group of sex hormones responsible for growth of genital organs and the appearance of secondary sexual characters.  Sex hormones are steroids in nature. 1. Male sex hormones: o Also called Androgens : including Testo-sterone and Andro- sterone. o Secreted by the interstitial cells of testes. ‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٰز‬٤ٰ‫ذ‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ o Its function: (1) They are responsible for the growth of the prostate gland and vesicula seminalis ‫ٯز‬٪٤٠ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ط‬٪‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬. (2) Appearance of male secondary sexual characters. o Hypo secretion  - In adult male: sub fertility. . ٚ‫ٌؽ‬ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫ؾجدٰز ه‬٣‫ٔوًر ثأل‬ٛ‫ػوَ ث‬ - In pre-pubertal stage: (1) delay puberty in males (2) Absence of male secondary sexual characteristics . (3) lack of growth of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. ‫ٯز‬٪٣‫غج‬ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ظِجس ث‬ٛ‫ٌ ث‬٨‫ال صل‬٩ ِٚ‫ـ‬ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫ ه‬٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ى ث‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ صؤمٌ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ ٯؤه‬ِٚ‫ـ‬ٛ ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ج ٓذ‬ٟ ‫ز‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ٬ُ ١٩ٌْٰ‫ص‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ًٰجح‬ ‫ٯز‬٪٤٠ٛ‫ٯظالس ث‬٪‫ق‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ّضجصج‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ًور ث‬٪٠٣ ٝ‫ هو‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٗ ‫يٌٗٯز‬ٛ‫ث‬

o Hyper secretion  - In males: Early puberty. ٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ى ث‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌّهز ث‬ - In females : Leads to appearance of male characteristics as deepening of the voice and appearance of hair in face . (b) may lead to atrophy of the sexual glands if there is swelling in the adrenal cortex.

ً٪٠‫ ػ‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ٌأر(ح)ٓو ٯؤه‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ٬ٜ‫ ه‬٦‫ف‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌ‫ً شو‬٪٨‫ك‬٩ ‫س‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬٣٪‫ مش‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫ز‬ٛ٪‫ٌؽ‬ٛ‫ثًع ث‬٪‫ه‬٩ ‫ً طِجس‬٪٨‫ أ)ك‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ٯؤه‬ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ٓشٌر ث‬٬ُ ًٝ٪‫ج ثىث فوط ص‬٧‫و‬٤‫ْٰز ه‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ث‬

2. Female sex hormones: o Called oestrogens; including Oestrogen ; Progesteron ; & Relaxin. o Three hormones are secreted from the ovary: 34

a. Oestrogen (Oestradiol):  It is secreted from the graafian follicle of the ovary.  Function : (1) It helps the appearance of the female secondary sexual characters such as the increase in the size of the breasts. (2) Regulates the menstrual cycle.  Hyposecretion  delay puberty in females. ٬‫غ‬٣‫و ثأل‬٤‫ ه‬٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ى ث‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ صؤمٌ ث‬.  Hypersecretion  Enlargement of breast. b) Progesteron:  It is secreted from the corpus luteum of the ovary (formed after ovulation) and placenta.  Function : (1) It is important during pregnancy as it regulates the vascularity of the uterine wall and prepares it to receive the embryo. (2) Progesterone is responsible for the changes taking place in mammary glands during pregnancy.  Hyposecretion  Abortion ٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جع ث‬٨‫ أؽ‬.  Hyper secretion  maintain embryo in the uterus – regulate pregnancy cycle. . ٚ٠‫ق‬ٛ‫ًر ث‬٩‫ ه‬ٝ‫ضلج‬٣‫ أ‬- ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫أّضٌٔثً ث‬

c) Relaxin:  It is secreted from the corpus luteum, placenta, and uterus.  Function : It causes relaxation of the muscles of the pelvis at the end of pregnancy to facilitate the process of delivery ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ث‬.  Hypo secretion  difficult labour.  Hyper secretion  facilitate the process of delivery. Q - G. R . the ability of relaxin hormone to facilitate birth. A - because it produce relaxation of ligaments at the symphysis pubis of the pelvic bones  expanding the angle of symphysis pubis  expand the pelvis  facilitate exit of the fetus from the uterus. . ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ٨ْ‫ٮ ص‬ٜ‫ ه‬٢ْٰٗ‫ٌٯال‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ ٓوًر‬: ٜٚ‫ه‬ ‫ػ‬٩ٌ‫ م‬ٚ٨ُْٰ ‫ٮ‬٣‫وج‬ٛ‫ٯز ثالًصِجّ ث‬٩‫ّٰن ٍث‬٪‫ع دض‬٪‫ق‬ٛ‫ّٰن ث‬٪‫ض‬ٛ ‫ع‬٪‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ٮ ُٮ هلج‬٣‫وج‬ٛ‫و ثالًصِجّ ث‬٤‫ ثًصنجء ثألًدـز ه‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٦٣‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ . ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬

35

7: Gastrointestinal Hormones.

 The mucous membrane lining the alimentary canal contains : 1- Exocrine glands: secrete digestive juices as salivary glands; gastric glands and intestinal glands. 2- Endocrine function: Scattered cells in mucous membrane secrete a group of hormones which regulate and stimulate the different parts of the alimentary canal to secrete the digestive juices.  Examples of these hormones are: 1. Gastrin: (secreted from the stomach wall). 2. Secretin and cholecystokinin: (secreted from the small intestinal wall).  Hyposecretion  maldigestion.  Hyper secretion  facilitate digestion.

36

‫‪BIOLOGY‬‬ ‫)‪Unit (I‬‬

‫‪Structure and function of living organisms‬‬

‫اٌزشوُت واٌىظُفخ فٍ اٌىبئٕبد اٌحُخ‬

‫‪In plant‬‬

‫‪In man‬‬ ‫(دعبء لجً اٌّزاوشح)‬

‫ال اٌه إال اهلل اٌحٍُُ اٌىشَُ ‪ -‬ال اٌه إال اهلل اٌعًٍ اٌعظُُ ‪ -‬ال اٌه إال اهلل سة اٌعشش اٌعظُُ‪ ،‬اٌٍهُ أً‬ ‫اسبٌه فهُ إٌجُُٓ‪ ،‬وحفظ اٌّشسٍُٓ‪ ،‬وأٌهبَ اٌّالئىخ اٌّمشثُٓ‪ ،‬واْ رجعً ٌسبٍٔ عبِشاً ثزوشن‪،‬‬ ‫ولٍجٍ ٍُِئ ًب ثخطُزه‪ ،‬وأسشاسٔب ٌؽبعزه‪ ،‬فأٔذ حسجٍ ؤعُ اٌىوًُ‪ ،‬أه عًٍ وً ضٕئ لذَش‪.‬‬

‫(ههجء دوو ث‪٠ٛ‬يثٌٗر)‬ ‫ث‪ ٞ٨ٜٛ‬أ‪ ٬٣‬ثّض‪٪‬ههضٖ ‪ٟ‬ج ٌٓأس‪ٟ٩ ،‬ج ُ‪٠٨‬ش‪ٟ٩ ،‬ج فِلش‪ٌُ ،‬هر إ‪ ٬ٛ‬ه‪٤‬و فجؽضٮ إ‪،٦ٰٛ‬‬ ‫ث‪ ٖ٣‬ه‪ ٚٗ ٬ٜ‬شب ٓوٯٌ ‪٩‬فْذ‪٤‬ج ثهلل ‪٣٩‬و‪ ٞ‬ث‪.ٰٚٗ٪ٛ‬‬

‫‪37‬‬

Hormonal coordination

I- Write scientific term for each of the following: : ٍ‫ ) اوزت اٌّفهىَ اٌعٍٍّ ٌىً عجبسح ِّب َأر‬1 (

1 - The second part of systems that control the functions of the body with the nervous system. (Endocrine system). )‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ (ؽ‬. ‫وظذٮ‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ن ث‬ٟ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٩ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫ضٮ صضق‬ٛ‫َر ث‬٨‫ ثألؽ‬٢ٟ ‫ٮ‬٣‫غج‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬-9

2 - Organs that secrete hormones directly into the blood. (Endocrine glands) )‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ضٮ صُظخ ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ ‫ٌٍِر‬ٟ ‫ أهؼجء‬-2

3 - A chemical substance acts as chemical massanges and secreted directly into the blood to stimulate organs or glands. (Hormones) )١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫ ًوه‬٩‫شٰؾ أهؼجء أ‬٤‫ض‬ٛ ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫صٌٍِ ُٮ ث‬٩ ‫ٰجةٰز‬٠ٰٗ ٚ‫ ٌّٗجة‬ٚ٠‫ٰجةٰز صو‬٠ٰٗ ‫جهر‬ٟ -1

4 - The reception area of the stem that secrete chemical substances which are transmitted to the response area (bending zone) and cause it to curve. (Developing tip of the stem). ‫ز‬٠ٔٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫ج‬٨‫جة‬٤‫ق‬٣‫صْذخ ث‬٩ ) ‫جء‬٤‫ق‬٣‫ـٔز ثال‬٤ٟ( ‫ـٔز ثالّضؾجدز‬٤ٟ ٬ٛ‫ إ‬ٚٔ‫ض‬٤‫ضٮ ص‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٰجةٰز‬٠ٰ٘ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ضٮ صٌٍِ ث‬ٛ‫ْجّ ث‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ٙ‫ـٔز ثالّضٔذج‬٤ٟ -4 )ّ‫ْج‬ٜٛ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫ج‬٤ٛ‫ث‬

5 - Materials control the date of flowering the flowers and falling leaves, fruit ripening and falling. (Auxins). )‫جس‬٤ْٰٗ٩‫ (ثأل‬. ‫ج‬٨‫صْجٓـ‬٩ ً‫ج‬٠‫غ‬ٛ‫ؼؼ ث‬٣٩ ّ‫ًث‬٩‫صْجٓؾ ثأل‬٩ ً‫ج‬٧ٍ‫هو صِضـ ثأل‬٪ٟ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫ثه صضق‬٪ٟ -1

6 - Glands secrete and pour their secretions, either within the body or outside the body. (Exocrine glands). )‫ٯز‬٪٤ٔٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ مجًػ ث‬٩‫ أ‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ج هثم‬ٟ‫ج إ‬٨‫صظخ إٌُثٍثص‬٩ ٌٍِ‫ ًوه ص‬-6

7 – Master of glands that controls the endocrine system as a whole. (Pituitary gland). )‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ٦ٜ٠ٗ‫جء دؤ‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ ُٮ ؽ‬ٞ٘‫ي٭ ٯضق‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩ٌ‫جٯْض‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫ٌوه أ‬ٛ‫ ّٰور ث‬-7

8 - The hormone that controls the metabolism, especially protein synthesis and thus controls the growth of the body. (Growth hormone (GH)) )(GH) ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧( . ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫ٖ ٯضق‬ٛ‫دي‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰن ث‬٤‫مجطز صظ‬٩ ‫ٰجس ثألٯغ‬ٜ٠‫ ُٮ ه‬ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -5

9 - A disease in which the elongation of distant parts of the long bones as hands and feet in adults. (Acromegally ) )‫ٮ‬ٛ‫ٰؾج‬ٟ٩ٌٗ‫ (ثأل‬. ٢ٌٰٛ‫ذج‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ٝ‫ثألٓوث‬٩ ‫ز ٗجألٯو٭‬ٜ‫ٯ‬٪‫ـ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ذوٰور ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫ ثألؽَثء ث‬٪٠٣ ‫وٯو‬٠‫ج ص‬٨ُٰ ٞ‫ٌػٰز ٯض‬ٟ ‫ز‬ٛ‫ فج‬-1

10 - Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland stimulater adrenal cortex. (ACTH) )ACTH( . ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ٓشٌر ث‬٦ٰ‫ذ‬٤‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ٯو‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -99

11 - Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland stimulat the thyroid gland. (TSH) )TSH( . ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٰ‫ذ‬٤‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ٯو‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫ٮ‬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -99

12 - Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland stimulate the mammary glands of the breast. (Prolactin) )٢ٰ‫الٗض‬٩ٌ‫ (د‬. ‫غو٭‬ٛ‫ٰز دج‬٤‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٰ‫ذ‬٤‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ٯو‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫ٮ‬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -92

13 – Two important hormones to complete development of sex organs. (LH, F.S.H). )F.S.H ، LH( . ‫ٌِه‬ٜٛ ‫ْٮ‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫ج‬٠‫ٰز ثٗض‬ٜ٠‫ ُٮ ه‬١‫ج‬ٟ‫ج‬٧ ١‫ج‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ -91

38

14 - Hormone secreted by the nervous part of the pituitary gland regulates uterine contractions and increase it strongly during the labour in order to deliver the fetus and is used by doctors to speed up deliveries. ((oxytocin)) ٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ إمٌثػ ث‬ٚ‫ أؽ‬٢ٟ ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫جء ه‬٤‫ج دشور أع‬٧‫ٯَٯو‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ظجس ث‬ٜٔ‫ ص‬ٞ‫ل‬٤‫ٰز ٯ‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫وظذٮ‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍُِ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -94 ))٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫ ( أ‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ‫ذز‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ٰجس ث‬ٜ٠‫إلٌّثم ُٮ ه‬ٛ ‫ ثألؿذجء‬٦ٟ‫ٯْضنو‬٩

15 - The hormone that reduce the amount of urine by re-absorption of water from nephron tubes , and increase blood pressure. (Antidiuretic hormone and constriction of the blood vessels). . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ًُن ػٌؾ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ج ٯو‬٠ٗ ‫جس‬٣٩ٌِ٤ٛ‫جدٰخ ث‬٣‫جء ُٮ أ‬٠ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ ؿٌٯْ إهجهر ث‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ٰٜٚٔ‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ي٭ ٯو‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬-91 )) ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫أل‬ٛ ‫ٔجدغ‬ٛ‫( ث‬٩ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ؼجه إلهًثً ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫(ث‬

16 - The hormone that stimulate rush and passage of milk from the mammary glands in response to the breast feeding process. (oxytocin). ( ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ ‫ٰز ثّضؾجدز‬٤‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰخ‬ٜ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٩َ٣٩ ‫وُجم‬٣‫شؾن ُٮ ث‬ٟ ٌ‫ أع‬٦ٛ ١٪ٌٟ٧ -96 ))٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫أ‬

17 - Hormone its deficiency in childhood results in dwarfism and its increase causes gigantism. (Growth hormone (GH)) )(GH) ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧( . ‫ٔز‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ صْذخ ث‬٦‫ٍٯجهص‬٩ ‫ز‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ فج‬٬ٛ‫ز إ‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬٦‫ٔظ‬٣ ‫ ٯؤه٭‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -97

18 - Vesicular gland, red in colour, and surrounded by connective tissue membrane and composed of two lobes and isthmus between them. (Thyroid) )‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫ج دٌٍك‬٠٨٤ٰ‫ د‬٢ٰ‫ ُظ‬٢ٟ ١٪٘‫صض‬٩ ‫ْٰؼ‬٣ ٢ٟ ‫قجؿز دٌشجء‬ٟ٩ ٌ٠‫ ثألف‬١٪ٜٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ إ‬ٰٚ٠‫ٰز ص‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ ًور ف‬-95

19- Hormone affects the growth and development of mental and physical powers and enter in its composition iodine. (Thyroxin) )٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧( . ‫ه‬٪ٰٛ‫ظٌ ث‬٤‫ ه‬٦‫ ُٮ صٌٰٗذ‬ٚ‫ٯوم‬٩ ‫َِٰٯجةٰز‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪ٔٛ‫ً ث‬٪‫صـ‬٩ ٪٠٣ ٬ٜ‫ ٯؤعٌ ه‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -91

20 - Hormone that stimulates the absorption of carbohydrates from the gastrointestinal tract and maintain the integrity of the skin and hair. (Thyroxin) )٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٟ‫ ّال‬٬ٜ‫ٯقجُق ه‬٩ ‫ٰز‬٠‫ؼ‬٨ٛ‫جر ث‬٤ٔٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٯجس‬٪‫ش‬٤ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ ٯقَِ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -29

21 - Thyroid hormone, which reduce the incidence of calcium in the blood and prevents its absorption from the bone. (Calcitonin) )٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ (ث‬.ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٦‫ضظجط‬ٟ‫ن ث‬٤٠‫ٯ‬٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٰٜٚٔ‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ي٭ ٯو‬ٛ‫وًٰٓز ث‬ٛ‫ٌ ور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -29

22 - A disease caused by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones . (exophthalmic goiter). )‫كٮ‬٪‫ ؽق‬ٞ‫ (صؼن‬. ‫ ًٌٰ ؿذٰوٮ‬ٚ٘‫وًٰٓز دش‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُثؽ ُٮ إٌُث‬٢‫ضؼ ه‬٤‫ٌع ٯ‬ٟ -22

23 - Disease arises due to lack of secretion of the thyroid gland in childhood. (Cretinism). ))ٌ‫ٔظ‬ٛ‫جءر ( ث‬٠ٔٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫ز‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ‫وًٰٓز ُٮ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٔض إٌُثٍ ث‬٣ ‫شؤ دْذخ‬٤‫ٌع ٯ‬ٟ -21

24 - Disease arises due to lack of secretion of thyroid gland in adults, from its symptoms dry skin; lack of hair; lack of physical and mental activity; increase weight of the body to obesity ; low level of metabolism; and can not tolerate cold. (Mixdema). ‫ٮ‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٤ٛ‫ٔض ُٮ ث‬٣٩ ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜٓ٩ ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ؽِجٍ ُٮ ث‬٦‫ أهٌثػ‬٢ٟ٩ ٢ٌٰٛ‫ذج‬ٛ‫وًٰٓز ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٔض إٌُثٍ ث‬٣ ‫شؤ دْذخ‬٤‫ٌع ٯ‬ٟ -24 )‫ج‬٠‫هٯ‬٪ْٰ٘٠ٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫هر‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ٌيثةٮ ُال ٯضق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ‫غ‬٠‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ‫ؽ‬٪‫ذ‬٧٩ ‫ٌِؿز‬٠ٛ‫ز ث‬٤٠ْٛ‫وًؽز ث‬ٛ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ٩ ‫ٍٯجهر‬٩ ‫ٮ‬٠ْ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩

39

II- Write the scientific term of each of the following words: : ٍٍَ ‫ ) اوزت اٌّفهىَ اٌعٍٍّ اٌزٌ َذي عًٍ وً عجبسح ِّب‬2 (

1 - A hormone its secreted quantity depends on the percent of calcium in the blood. (Parathormone) )١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٬ٜ‫ٌٍِر ه‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٦‫ٰض‬٠ٗ ‫و‬٠‫ صوض‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -9

2 - Para thyroid hormone that plays an important role in maintaining the level of calcium in the blood normal. In conjunction with the hormone of the thyroid gland. (Parathormone) ‫ن‬ٟ ٕ‫ٖ دجالشضٌث‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ‫ـذٰوٰز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦‫ووالص‬٠‫ د‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ٬ٜ‫قِجف ه‬ٛ‫جً ُٮ ث‬ٟ‫ج‬٧ ً‫ًث‬٩‫وخ ه‬ٜ‫ي٭ ٯ‬ٛ‫وًٰٓز ث‬ٛ‫ٌوه ؽجًثس ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -2 )١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧

3 - Hormone its deficiency causes irritability, anger for less reason and occurrence of painful muscle spasms. (Parathormone) )١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ (ث‬.‫ز‬٠ٛ‫ؤ‬ٟ ‫ٰز‬ٜ‫ؾجس هؼ‬٤‫ط صش‬٩‫فو‬٩ ‫ ّذخ‬ٚٓ‫ًر أل‬٪‫غ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٌؼخ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ ٯْذخ ٌّهز ثال‬٦‫ٔظ‬٣ ‫ز‬ٛ‫ ُٮ فج‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -1

4 – Mineral element its deficiency in blood cause irritability, anger, for less reason. (Calcium) )ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫ ّذخ‬ٚٓ‫ًر أل‬٪‫غ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٌؼخ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ صْذخ ٌّهز ثال‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬٦‫ْذض‬٣ ‫ٔض‬٣ ‫ٮ‬٣‫وو‬ٟ ٌ‫ظ‬٤‫ ه‬-4

5 - The name of adrenal cortical hormones. (Steroids) )‫ٯوثس‬٩ٌ‫ْض‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ) ‫ٯز‬٪ٜ٠ٛ‫ّ ث‬٪ُ ( ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫جس ٓشٌر ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٬ٜ‫ْ ه‬ٜ‫ي٭ ٯُـ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ّٞ‫ ثال‬-1

6 - A mineral hormone that contributes in maintaining the balance of minerals in the body by re-absorption of salts such as sodium and get rid of excess potassium in the kidneys. (Aldosterone) ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫الؿ‬ٟ‫ضظجص ثأل‬ٟ‫ إهجهر ث‬٬ٜ‫ فٰظ ٯْجهو ه‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ دج‬١‫وجه‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫قِجف ه‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ٞ٧‫ي٭ ٯْج‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٣‫وو‬٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ أفو ث‬-6 )١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ (ثأل‬. ٢ٰ‫ٰض‬ٜ٘ٛ‫َثةو ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ض‬ٜ‫ضن‬ٛ‫ث‬٩

7 – Two emergency hormones which are secreted during fear, anger, excitement, and fighting. They working to increase the percentage of sugar in the blood due to decomposition of glycogen in the liver to glucose. (Adrenaline and nor adrenaline) ٜٚ‫ضٰؾز صق‬٣ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٌْ٘ ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬١‫ال‬٠‫ٯو‬٩ ٙ‫ٔضج‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ثإلعجًر‬٩ ‫ٌؼخ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٍ٪‫ن‬ٛ‫ ُٮ فجالس ث‬١‫ ٯٌٍِث‬١‫يث‬ٜٛ‫ثًا ث‬٪‫ـ‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ -7 )٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ً أهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ (ثألهًٯ‬. ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫٘ذو إ‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬١َ‫ن‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬

8 - Cells in the pancreas secrete the hormone glucagon. (Alpha cells) )‫ِج‬ٛ‫ (مالٯج أ‬. ١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ص‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ْٰؼ ث‬٣ ‫ مالٯج ُٮ‬-5

9 - Cells represent the majority of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas , secretes the hormone insulin. (Beta cells) )‫ (مالٯج دٰضج‬. ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ص‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ْٰؼ ث‬٣ ‫َ ُٮ‬٣‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ؾ‬٣‫ذٰز ؽًَ ال‬ٛ‫ ًج‬ٚ‫غ‬٠‫ مالٯج ص‬-1

10 - Hormone oppose the action of insulin by raising the concentration of glucose in the blood. (Glucagon) )١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ُٮ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٖ دٌُن صٌَٰٗ ث‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ِ٘‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -99

11 - Hormone its deficiency in blood results in diabetes. (Insulin) )٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ (ثأل‬. ‫ٌْ٘٭‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬٠‫ ثألطجدز د‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ إأل‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬٦‫ٔظ‬٣ ‫ ٯؤه٭‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -99

12 - The name given to male sex hormones secreted by interstitial cells of testis . (Androgens) )‫جس‬٤ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ (ثأل‬. ‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ٰز ُٮ ث‬٤ٰ‫ذ‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٧ٌٍِ‫ضٮ ص‬ٛ‫يٌٗٯز ث‬ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ْ ه‬ٜ‫ي٭ ٯُـ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ّٞ‫ ثال‬-92

13 - The name given to female sex hormones and secreted by the ovaries. (Estrogens) )‫جس‬٤ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ (ثألّض‬. ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ج ث‬٧ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬٩ ‫ٯز‬٪‫غ‬٣‫ْٰز ثأل‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ْ ه‬ٜ‫ي٭ ٯُـ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ّٞ‫ ثال‬-91

14 – The other name for estrogen hormone, secreted by the Graafian follicles in the ovary, works on the appearance of sexual characteristics in the female as enlargement of the mammary glands, and regulation of menstruation (PMS). (Estradiol) 40

٬‫غ‬٣‫ْٰز ُٮ ثأل‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫نظجةض ث‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٪٨‫ ك‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ٯو‬٩ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ٯظالس ؽٌثٍ ُٮ ث‬٪‫ ف‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ي٭ ٯ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ ثإلّض‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ٌ‫ أٱم‬ّٞ‫ ثال‬-94 )ٙ٪‫ (ثالّضٌثهٯ‬.) ‫ٌٯز‬٨‫ش‬ٛ‫ًر ث‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ظ ( ث‬٠‫ـ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ص‬٩ ‫غوٯٰز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ٗذٌ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ

15 - Hormone secreted by the corpus luteum, placenta and uterus; and cause relaxation of symphysis pubis at the end of pregnancy to facilitate childbirth. (Relaxin) . ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬ٰٚ٨ْ‫ض‬ٛ ٚ٠‫ق‬ٛ‫جٯز ُضٌر ث‬٨٣ ‫و‬٤‫ٮ ه‬٣‫وج‬ٛ‫ٯْذخ ثًصنجء ثالًصِجّ ث‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ز‬٠ٰ‫ش‬٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٌِ‫ ثألط‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -91 )٢ْٰٗ‫ٌٯال‬ٛ‫(ث‬

16 - A hormone secreted from the stomach and works to activate it to secrete its juice and digestive enzymes. (Gastren) )٢‫ؾجّضٌٯ‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫ز‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫ج ث‬٨‫جص‬٠‫َٯ‬٣‫إ‬٩ ‫ج‬٨‫ج إلٌُثٍ هظجًص‬٨ٰ‫شـ‬٤‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ٯو‬٩ ‫وور‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -96

17 – Two hormones secreted from the small intestine are working to stimulate the secretion of digestive enzymes. (Secretine and Cholecystokinine) )٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪‫ْْٰٰض‬ٛ٪٘ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ٌْ٘ص‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫ز‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫جس ث‬٠‫َٯ‬٣‫شٰؾ إٌُثٍ ثإل‬٤‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬١‫ال‬٠‫وٰٓٔز ٯو‬ٛ‫وجء ث‬ٟ‫ ثأل‬٢ٟ ١‫ ٯٌٍِث‬١‫ج‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ -97

18 - Hormone if its secretion increase in the blood leads to osteoporosis. (Parathormone). )١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫شجشز ث‬٨‫ د‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ ٯُظجح ثإل‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬٥ٍ‫ إىث ٍثه إٌُث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -95

III- G. R. or scientific explanation: : ‫) أسئلة التعليالت والتفسير العلمي‬3(

1 - Gigantism in children. A- due to increased secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the glandular part of the pituitary gland where the hormone controls the metabolic processes, especially protein synthesis and thus controls the growth of the body. . ٙ‫ٔز ُٮ ثألؿِج‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ط ث‬٩‫ فو‬-9 ‫مجطز‬٩ ‫ٰجس ثألٯغ‬ٜ٠‫ ُٮ ه‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ٞ٘‫ٰز فٰظ ٯضق‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫ٌو٭‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ (G.H) ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ دْذخ ٍٯجهر إٌُث‬ . ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫ٖ ٯضق‬ٛ‫دي‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰن ث‬٤‫صظ‬

2 - Pituitary gland is called master of the endocrine glands. A- because it controls the entire endocrine system by hormones such as ACTH which stimulating the adrenal gland, and TSH which stimulating thyroid gland, the hormone LH + FSH which Stimulates sex glands (males and females gonads). . ‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ٰز ًةْٰز ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ْ ه‬ٜ‫ ٯُـ‬-2 T.S.H ١٪ٌٟ٧٩ ، ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬ACTH ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫ج‬٧ٌٍِ‫ضٮ ص‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ؿٌٯْ ث‬٢‫ ه‬٦ٜ٠ٗ‫جء دؤ‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ ُٮ ؽ‬ٞ٘‫ج صضق‬٨٣‫ أل‬ . ) ‫غز‬٣‫ؤ‬٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫يٌٗر‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ّٚ‫ج‬٤٠ٛ‫ْٰز ( ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٜٛ ١‫ج‬٨‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬F.S.H + L.H ‫ج‬٣٪ٌٟ٧٩ ، ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫ذز‬٤٠ٛ‫ث‬

3 - Secretion of milk from the mammary glands of lactating woman. A- due to secretion of Prolactin from adenohypophysis part of pituitary gland which stimulate secretion of milk, and oxytocin hormone from neurohypothysis part of the pituitary gland which stimuate rush of milk from the mammary glands in response to suckling process. . ‫ٌػن‬٠ٛ‫ْٰور ث‬ٜٛ ‫غوٯٰز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ إٌُثٍ ث‬-1 . ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٌو٭‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧٩ ( Prolactin ) ٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ إلٌُثٍ ث‬٦‫ذ‬٤ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ دْذخ إٌُثٍ ث‬ ‫ٰخ‬ٜ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٩َ٣ ٩‫وُجم أ‬٣‫شؾوجً ُٮ ث‬ٟ ً‫ أعٌث‬٦ٛ (Oxytocin) ٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫ أ‬٬٠ْ‫جً آمٌ ٯ‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ٰز ٯ‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫وظذٮ‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ج أ‬٠ٗ . ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ ‫ٰز ثّضؾجدز‬٤‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ

4 - Contractions of uterine muscles during childbirth. A- Due to secretion of oxytocin hormone from the pars nervosa of the pituitary gland, which regulate uterine contractions and increase it strongly during the birth process in order to expel the fetus, so it is often used by doctors to speed up the process of birth. . ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ ُٮ أع‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ )ْٜ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ٔذجػجس ( ث‬٣‫ط ث‬٩‫ فو‬-4

41

‫ظجس‬ٜٔ‫ ص‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ٰز فٰظ ٯو‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫وظذٮ‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ) ٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫ ( أ‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ دْذخ إٌُثٍ ث‬ . ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫إلٌّثم ُٮ ه‬ٛ ‫ ثألؿذجء‬٦ٟ‫ج ٯْضنو‬ٟ ً‫ذج‬ٛ‫يث ًج‬٨ٛ٩ ، ٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ إمٌثػ ث‬ٚ‫ أؽ‬٢ٟ ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫جء ه‬٤‫ج دشور أع‬٧‫ٯَٯو‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ث‬

5 – Occurance of exophthalmic goiter in some individuals. A- due to excessive secretion of thyroxin hormones from thyroid gland; which cause enlargement of thyroid gland and swelling in front of the neck with a bulging of the eyes. . ‫كٮ‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ إطجدز دوغ ثألٌُثه دج‬-1 ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ً‫كج‬٪‫ق‬ٜٟ ً‫ج‬٠‫ج ٯْذخ صؼن‬٠ٟ ‫ ًٌٰ ؿذٰوٮ‬ٚ٘‫ ) دش‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫وًٰٓز ( مجطز ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ دْذخ إٌُثؽ ُٮ إٌُث‬ . ٢ٰ٤ٰ‫و‬ٛ‫ف ُٮ ث‬٪‫ن ؽق‬ٟ ‫ٌٓذز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٮ‬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ؾَء ثأل‬ٛ‫ضِجك ث‬٣‫ث‬٩

6 - Increase secretion of Parathormone makes bones fragile and prone to fracture. A- Because increase Parathormone causes increase the level of calcium in the blood by pulling calcium and phosphorus from so bones become fragile and subject to break easily. . ٌْٜ٘ٛ ‫وٌػز‬ٟ٩ ‫شز‬٧ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٯؾو‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ ٍٯجهر إٌُث‬-6 ‫شز‬٧ ‫ ُضظذـ‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٪ِّ٪ُ٩ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫ ٗج‬٢ٟ ‫َٯجهر‬ٛ‫ٖ ث‬ٜ‫صْقخ ص‬٩ ، ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ صْذخ ثًصِجم‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ٍٯجهر ث‬١‫ أل‬ . ‫ز‬ٛ٪٨ْ‫ٌْ٘ د‬ٜٛ ‫صضوٌع‬٩

7 – Appearance of masculine characters in some adult females. A- because of an imbalance between sex hormones secretion by the gonads and sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, which has an activity similar to male hormones (testosterone) and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone). . ‫ٌز‬ٛ‫ذج‬ٛ‫جط ث‬٣‫ دوغ ثإل‬٬ٜ‫ًر ه‬٪ٗ‫ي‬ٛ‫جس ث‬ٟ‫ً هال‬٪٨‫ ك‬-7 ‫ج ٓشٌر‬٧ٌٍِ‫ضٮ ص‬ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫د‬٩ )ّٚ‫ج‬٤٠ٛ‫نضظز (ث‬٠ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٌٍِر‬٠ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ ص‬٢ٰ‫ د‬ٜٚ‫ط م‬٩‫ دْذخ فو‬ . )١٩ٌ‫ؽْض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ٯز ( ثإلّض‬٪‫غ‬٣‫جس ثأل‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬٩ ) ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫يٌٗٯز (ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ ٦‫شجد‬ٟ ‫شجؽ‬٣ ‫ج‬٨ٛ ‫ضٮ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬

8 - Secretion of adrenaline facing cases of danger , excitement and anger . A- because (1) it increase the level of bood sugar, by breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver to glucose, (2) it increase the rate and force of contraction of the heart and raise blood pressure. All these changes help muscles of the body to obtain energy required for contraction with increase in oxygen consumption. . ‫ٌؼخ‬ٛ‫ ُٮ فجالس ث‬ٝ٪‫ؾ‬٨ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ثال‬٩ ٌ‫نـ‬ٛ‫ز فجالس ث‬٨‫ثؽ‬٪ٟ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ٰب إٌُثٍ ثألهًٯ‬٨‫ ٯ‬-5 ‫ٌّهز‬٩ ‫ر‬٪ٓ٩ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ج ٯو‬٠ٗ ،ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫٘ذو إ‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬١َ‫ن‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٜٚ‫ صق‬٢ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٌْ٘ ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٦٣‫ أل‬ ‫ن ٍٯجهر‬ٟ ‫ٔذجع‬٣‫ال‬ٛ ‫ز‬ٍٟ‫ال‬ٛ‫ـجٓز ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫قظ‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ضٌٌٰثس صْجهو هؼالس ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ٚٗ٩ ، ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ًُن ػٌؾ ث‬٩ ‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ٔذجع ث‬٣‫ث‬ . ٢ٰ‫الٕ ثألْٗؾ‬٨‫ثّض‬

9 - Pancreas is a mixed gland. A- Answer on your own. . ) َ‫ال صوؾ‬٩ ‫ دجهلل‬٢‫ثّضو‬٩ ِْٖ٤‫( أؽخ د‬

. ‫ؽز‬٩‫َه‬ٟ ‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ًور‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬-1

10 – Diabetic patients is always feeling of thirst. A- Because decrease secretion of insulin  increase level of blood glucose than normal  pass in urine  high glucose in urine output is accompanied by large amounts of water,  thirst and frequent urination. . ‫وـش‬ٛ‫جً دج‬٠‫ٌْ٘ هثة‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ٌػ‬ٟ ً٪‫ شو‬-99 ‫ضٰؾز‬٣٩ ، ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚٛ‫ٌ أٯؼجً ُٮ صقج‬٨‫ٯل‬٩ ‫ـذٰوٮ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫وو‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ ه‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ُٮ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ ُضٌصِن‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ٔض إٌُث‬٣ ‫ دْذخ‬ )ٙ٪‫ضذ‬ٛ‫ ( صووه ث‬٩ ‫وـش‬ٛ‫ٌر ث‬٧‫ كج‬٢ٟ ‫ٮ‬٣‫ٌٯغ ٯُوج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ ُئ‬، ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰجس ٗذٌٰر‬٠ٗ ‫ إمٌثػ‬٦‫ي٭ ٯظجفذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٍ ُٮ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫الًصِجم‬

11 - Diabetic patient may suffer from coma . A- Because decrease insulin in the blood  cells can not absorb and consume excess sugar in oxidation and release of energy necessary for vital activity. . ٌْ٘ٛ‫دز ث‬٪‫جً دٌٰذ‬٣‫ٌْ٘ أفٰج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ٌػ‬ٟ ‫ إطجدز‬-99. ‫ـجٓز‬ٛ‫ـالّ ث‬٣‫ث‬٩ ‫ ُٮ ثألْٗور‬٦ٗ‫ال‬٨‫ثّض‬٩ ٦‫ضظجط‬ٟ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ال صْضـٰن ث‬٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ُٮ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ ُضَٯو‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ٔض ثأل‬٣ ‫ دْذخ‬ . ‫٭‬٪ٰ‫ق‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٤ٜٛ ‫ز‬ٍٟ‫ال‬ٛ‫ث‬

42

12 – Nervous coordination is much faster than hormonal coordination. A- because nervous system regulates the neural responses that reach through the various sense organs (which are in direct contact with the nervous system). . ‫ٮ‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ضآًٍ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٰ‫وظذٮ أٌّم د٘غ‬ٛ‫ضآًٍ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬-92 ٌ‫ذجش‬ٟ ٙ‫ ثصظج‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬١٪٘‫ضٮ ص‬ٛ‫ث‬٩( ‫ِز‬ٜ‫نض‬٠ٛ‫قِ ث‬ٛ‫ ؿٌٯْ أهؼجء ث‬٢‫ ه‬ٚ‫ضٮ صظ‬ٛ‫وظذٰز ث‬ٛ‫ ثالّضؾجدجس ث‬ٞ‫ل‬٤‫وظذٮ ٯ‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ أل‬ . ) ‫وظذٮ‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫دج‬

13 - Use of extract of the posterior lobe of the pituitary glands of cattle in difficult labour. A- Due to the presence of oxytocin which stimulate contraction of muscles of the uterus, and stimulate release of milk from the mammary glands for breast feeding. . ‫ضوٌْر‬٠ٛ‫الهر ث‬٪ٛ‫ٰجس ث‬ٜ٠‫جشٰز ُٮ ه‬٠ٜٛ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٜٛ ‫ِٮ‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ مالطز ث‬ٝ‫ صْضنو‬-91 . ‫ٌػجهز‬ٜٛ ً‫ٰز ثّضووثهث‬٤‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰخ‬ٜ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٩َ٣ ‫شؾن ُٮ‬ٟ ٌ‫ أع‬٦ٛ ‫ج‬٠ٗ ، ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ه ث‬٪‫ؽ‬٪ٛ 

14 – Secretion of pancreatic juice on arrival of food to duodenium, does not need nervous connection. A - because Starling discovered that the mucous wall lining of the duodenum secrete chemical substancess (secretine hormone and cholecystokinine hormone ) which pass to the blood directly  stimulate the pancreas to secrete its digestive juice even with cutting any neuronal connection between the pancreas and other organs of the body. . ‫ هظذٮ‬ٙ‫ٮ ثصظج‬ٛ‫ هشٌ ال ٯقضجػ إ‬٬٤‫إلع‬ٛ ٝ‫ـوج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ط‬٩ ً٪ُ ‫ز‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٦‫وظجًص‬ٛ ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ إٌُثٍ ث‬-94 ١٪ٌٟ٧ ، ٢ٰ‫ٌْ٘ٯض‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ { ‫ٮ‬٧ ‫ٰجةٰز‬٠ٰٗ ‫ثه‬٪ٟ ٌٍِ‫ هشٌ ٯ‬٬٤‫إلع‬ٛ ٢‫ذـ‬٠ٛ‫نجؿٮ ث‬٠ٛ‫ؾوثً ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ؼ ثٗضشَ أ‬٤ًٛ‫ ّضج‬١‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ ٢ٰ‫ هظذٮ د‬ٙ‫ن ٓـن أ٭ ثصظج‬ٟ ٬‫ز فض‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٦‫ إٌُثٍ هظجًص‬٬ٜ‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ه‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ صقَِ ث‬٩ ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ } صٌْٰ ُٮ ث‬٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪‫ْْٰض‬ٛ٪٘ٛ‫ث‬ . ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ دجٓٮ أهؼجء ث‬٩ ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬

15 - Pituitary gland is known as the master of all endocrine glands. A - because it secretes hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands such as {TSH hormone that stimulates thyroid hormone; ACTH that stimulating the adrenal cortex, and FSH, LH, that stimulates the gonads}. . } ‫ َؽٍك عًٍ اٌغذح إٌخبُِخ اسُ سئُسخ اٌغذد اٌصّبء { اٌّبَسزشو‬-11 ‫ٔشٌر‬ٛ ‫شؾ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬ACTH ١٪ٌٟ٧ ، ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫شؾ ث‬٤‫ي٭ ٯ‬ٛ‫ ث‬TSH ١٪ٌٟ٧ { ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫ٌوه‬ٛ‫شجؽ دجٓٮ ث‬٣ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫جس صضق‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ج ص‬٨٣‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ . } ّٚ‫ج‬٤٠ٛ‫شـج ث‬٤‫ ٯ‬١‫يث‬ٜٛ‫ ث‬LH ، FSH ‫ج‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ، ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬

16 – Occurance of gigantism in children. A - because of increasing in the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that controls metabolism especially protein synthesis and thus control the growth of man. . ‫ حذوس اٌعٍّمخ فٍ األؼفبي‬-11 ٖٛ‫دي‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰن ث‬٤‫مجطز صظ‬٩ ‫ٰجس ثالٯغ‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫ٮ‬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫َٯجهر ُٮ إٌُث‬ٛ‫ دْذخ ث‬-‫ػ‬ .١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثال‬٪٠٣ ٬ُ ٞ٘‫ٯضق‬

17 - There was no increase in the length of man if there was an increase in the secretion of growth hormone after puberty. A – Because elongation of bone stop ; so growth of distant parts of bone increase  enlargement of extremities and bones of the skull which is known as the Acromegally (localized gigantism). . ‫ عذَ حذوس صَبدح فٍ ؼىي اإلٔسبْ إرا حذصذ صَبدح فٍ إفشاص هشِىْ إٌّى ثعذ اٌجٍىغ‬-11 ّٞ‫ج ٯوٌٍ دج‬٠ُٰ ‫ز‬٠‫ؾ‬٠‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ هلج‬٩ ٍ‫ ثألؿٌث‬ٞ‫ ُضضؼن‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ذوٰور ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫ ثألؽَثء ث‬٪٠٣ ‫ٰجً َُٰٯو‬ٛ٪‫ ؿ‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ َٓ٪‫ دْذخ ص‬-‫ػ‬ . ) ‫ػوٰز‬٪٠ٛ‫ٔز ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ٮ ( ث‬ٛ‫ٰؾج‬ٟ٩ٌٗ‫ثأل‬

18 - The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is more important than the posterior lobe. A - because it produces growth hormone GH, hormones control the activity of other 43

glands such as {TSH hormone that stimulates thyroid hormone; ACTH stimulating the adrenal cortex, FSH & LH that stimulating the gonads}. . ٍ‫ اٌفص األِبٍِ ٌٍغذح إٌخبُِـخ أهُ ِٓ اٌفص اٌخٍف‬-11 ١٪ٌٟ٧ ، ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫شؾ ث‬٤‫ي٭ ٯ‬ٛ‫ ث‬TSH ١٪ٌٟ٧ { ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫ٌوه‬ٛ‫شجؽ دجٓٮ ث‬٣ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫جس صضق‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ، GH ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٦٣‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ . } ّٚ‫ج‬٤٠ٛ‫شـج ث‬٤‫ ٯ‬١‫يث‬ٜٛ‫ ث‬LH ، FSH ‫ج‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ، ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٔشٌر ث‬ٛ ‫شؾ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬ACTH

19 - Pituitary gland control secretion of Oestrogens. A - Because it secretes FSH hormone from the anterior lobe , which stimulates the ovary to form graffine follicle that produces oestrogens . And LH from the anterior lobe also which activate the process of ovulation and egg release from Graffin follicle , transforming Graffine follicle to corpus luteum, which secretes the hormone progesterone and oestrogen. . ‫ رزحىُ اٌغذح إٌخبُِخ فٍ إفشاص اإلسزُشوجُٕبد‬-11 ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌٰ‫ضٮ صٌٍِ ثإلّض‬ٛ‫ز ؽٌثٍ ث‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ ف‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ض‬ٛ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ي٭ ٯقَِ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٧ ٩ ‫ٮ‬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ) ٚ‫ط‬٪‫ق‬٠ٛ‫( ث‬FSH ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ج ص‬٨٣‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ ٩ ، ٍ‫ز ؽٌث‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ ف‬٢ٟ ‫ٯؼز‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ صقًٌ ث‬٩ ‫ٯغ‬٪‫ضذ‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫شؾ ه‬٤‫ي٭ ٯ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٧ ٩ ً‫ٮ أٯؼج‬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ) ٌِ‫ظ‬٠ٛ‫ ( ث‬LH ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ص‬ٞ‫ ع‬. . ١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌٰ‫ ثإلّض‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ي٭ ٯ‬ٛ‫ ثألطٌِ ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ز ؽٌثٍ إ‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ ف‬ٙ٪‫صق‬

20 - Secretion of milk from the mammary glands of lactating women. A - because the pituitary gland secretes the hormone prolactin from the anterior lobe which activate secretion of milk as soon as the separation of the fetus from the uterus ( birth). . ‫ٌػوز‬٠ٛ‫ْٰور ث‬ٜٛ ‫غوٯٰز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ إٌُثٍ ث‬-29 . ) ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ ( ث‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ ه‬٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫ِظج‬٣‫ؾٌه ث‬٠‫ د‬٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫شؾ إلٌُثٍ ث‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫الٗض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٮ‬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ٰز ص‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬

21 – Extract of the posterior lobe of pituitary gland of cattle is useful in cases of difficult labour. A - because it contains a hormone oxytocin that causes contractions of the involuntary muscle of uterine wall, which causes labour (birth). . ‫ضوغٌر‬٠ٛ‫الهر ث‬٪ٛ‫جشٰز ُٮ فجالس ث‬٠ٜٛ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫ِٮ‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ صِٰو مالطز ث‬-29 ) ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫نجع ( ث‬٠ٛ‫ي٭ ٯْذخ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬، } ٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫ { أ‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ؾوثً ث‬ٛ ‫الإًثهٯز‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ‫ٔذجع ث‬٣‫ْذخ ال‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫٭ ه‬٪‫ج صقض‬٨٣‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬

22 - Contractions of the uterine muscles during childbirth (labour). A - Contraction occurs to facilitate exit of fetus from the uterus. It is done when the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete hormone oxytocin, which cause contraction of the involuntary muscle of uterine wall. . ) ‫نجع‬٠ٛ‫الهر ( ث‬٪ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ْ ) أع‬ٜ‫ ( ؿ‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ‫ٔذجػجس‬٣‫ط ث‬٩‫ فو‬-22 ‫ي٭‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫ِٮ‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫و إٌُثٍ ث‬٤‫ٖ ه‬ٛ‫ ى‬ٞ‫ ٯض‬٩ ‫ ؛‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ػ ث‬٩ٌ‫ م‬ٚ٨ْ‫ض‬ٛ ‫ٔذجػجس‬٣‫ صقوط ثال‬-‫ػ‬ . ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ؾوثً ث‬ٛ ‫الإًثهٯز‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ‫ٔذجع ث‬٣‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ٯو‬

23 - Occurance of exophthalmic goitre in some individuals. A - because of the increase in secretion of the hormone thyroxin from the thyroid gland. . ‫كٮ‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ إطجدز دوغ ثألٌُثه دج‬-21 . ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫َٯجهر ُٮ إٌُث‬ٛ‫ دْذخ ث‬-‫ػ‬

24 - Osteoporosis may occurs due to deficiency of a specific hormone or increase in other hormone. A - Decrease of the hormone calcitonin, or increase of hormone Parathormone, leads to decrease in calcium in bones and its increase in blood which causing osteoporosis. . ٌ‫ آم‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٩‫ أ‬٢ٰ‫و‬ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٤ٛ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫شجشز ث‬٨‫ د‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ ٓو ٯظجح ثإل‬-24 ‫ج ٯْذخ‬٠ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬٦‫ ٍٯجهص‬٩ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣ ‫ج‬٠٨ُٰ ‫ ٯقوط‬١‫ضج‬ٛ‫ فج‬، ١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٩‫ أ‬٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ -‫ػ‬ . ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫شجشز ث‬٧

44

25 – Parathyroid glands are called bone glands. A - because they secrete Parathormone that regulates calcium in the bones and blood. . ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ًوه ث‬ّٞ‫وًٰٓز ث‬ٛ‫ٌوه ؽجً ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ْ ه‬ٜ‫ ٯـ‬-21 . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٞ‫ل‬٤‫ي٭ ٯ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ج ص‬٨٣‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬

26 - It is may be difficult to see the parathyroid glands. A - because they are surrounded by the thyroid glands and its size is small (the size of a grain of wheat). . ً‫ج‬٣‫وًٰٓز أفٰج‬ٛ‫ٌوه ؽجًثس ث‬ٛ‫ور ث‬٧‫شج‬ٟ ‫ ٓو ٯظوخ‬-26 . ) ‫ـ‬٠ٔٛ‫ فذز ث‬ٞ‫ج طٌٌٰ ( ُٮ فؾ‬٨٠‫ فؾ‬٩ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫قجؿز دج‬ٟ ‫ؽو‬٪‫ج ص‬٨٣‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬

27 – Appearance of masculine features on some adult females as a result of hormonal imbalance. A - This occurs due to increase activity of adrenal cortex, which secretes hormones similar to male sex hormones in their effect. . ‫ٮ‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫ضٰؾز ثالمضال‬٣ ‫ٌز‬ٛ‫ذج‬ٛ‫جط ث‬٣‫ دوغ ثإل‬٬ٜ‫ًر ه‬٪ٗ‫ي‬ٛ‫جس ث‬ٟ‫ً هال‬٪٨‫ ك‬-27 . ‫ج‬٧ٌٰ‫يٌٗٯز ُٮ صؤع‬ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٦‫جس صشذ‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ي٭ ٯ‬ٛ‫٘لٌٯز ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٔشٌ٭‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٣ ‫و ٍٯجهر‬٤‫ٖ ه‬ٛ‫ ٯقوط ى‬-‫ػ‬

28 - Piloerection, pale color of the face, and dilated pupils occurs in cases of extreme fear. A - Due to secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline hormones, from the adrenal medulla . . ٢ٰ‫و‬ٛ‫ ثصْجم فوٓز ث‬٦‫ؽ‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٛ ‫ح‬٪‫شق‬٩ ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ضظجح ث‬٣‫شوٯو ٯالفق ث‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪‫ن‬ٛ‫ ُٮ فجالس ث‬-25 . ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣ ٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًأهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ ث‬٩ ، ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ج ثألهًٯ‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ضٰؾز إلٌُث‬٣ -‫ػ‬

29 - Secretion of adrenaline prepares the body to cope with situations of risk and emotion, and attack in anger. A – Because it works to increase the level of sugar in the blood by convertion of glycogen stored in the liver into glucose, and increase force and rate of heart contraction and increase blood pressure; to help the muscles to get the energy needed for contraction with increase in oxygen consumption. . ‫ٌؼخ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ ُٮ فج‬ٝ٪‫ؾ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٩ ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ ثال‬٩ ٌ‫نـ‬ٛ‫ز فجالس ث‬٨‫ثؽ‬٪٠ٛ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ٰب إٌُثٍ ثألهًٯ‬٨‫ ٯ‬-21 ، ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫٘ذو إ‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬١َ‫ن‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ٯ‬٪‫ دضق‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٌْ٘ ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ فٰظ ٯو‬-‫ػ‬ ‫ن ٍٯجهر‬ٟ ‫ٔذجع‬٣‫ال‬ٛ ‫ز‬ٍٟ‫ال‬ٛ‫ـجٓز ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫قظ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫وؼالس ه‬ٛ‫ْجهور ث‬٠ٛ ‫ ؛‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ًُن ػٌؾ ث‬٩ ‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ٔذجع ث‬٣‫ ٌّهز ث‬٩ ‫ر‬٪ٓ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٩ . ٢ٰ‫الٕ ثألْٗؾ‬٨‫ثّض‬

30 - Doctor describes stimulant drugs to the liver for patient with diabetes. A - because diabetic patient suffers from disturbance in the metabolism of carbohydrates, nd fats, and disturbance in the relationship between free glucose in the blood and stored glycogen in the liver . To stimulate the liver to convert glucose into glycogen . ‫٘ذو‬ٜٛ ‫شـز‬٤٠ٛ‫ٯز ث‬٩‫ ثأله‬٢ٟ ‫ٌْ٘٭ ؽٌهجس‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬٠ٛ ‫ـذٰخ‬ٛ‫جً ٯظَ ث‬٠‫ هثة‬-19 ٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫قٌ ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٢ٰ‫والٓز د‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ٜٚ‫ م‬٩ ، ١٪٧‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩ ‫ٰوًثس‬٧٪‫ٌ٘د‬ٛ‫ ُٮ أٯغ ث‬ٜٚ‫ م‬٢ٟ ‫ٮ‬٣‫ٌْ٘٭ ٯوج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ ١‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ٯ‬٪‫ضق‬ٛ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫شٰؾ ث‬٤‫ض‬ٛ. ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ومٌ ُٮ ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬

31 – Diabetic patient suffers from frequent urination, accompanied with thirst. A - because increase level of glucose in the blood leads to the need to remove it from the body with the urine dissolved in a large amount of water , so patient urinate frequency with loss of large amount of water  thirst . . ٌ٠‫ْض‬٠ٛ‫وـش ث‬ٛ‫ح دج‬٪‫ظق‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ضذ‬ٛ‫ٌثس ث‬ٟ ‫ صووه‬٩ ً‫ صٌ٘ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٌْ٘٭‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ ‫ٮ‬٣‫ ٯوج‬-19 ‫ٌٯغ هوه‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫جء ُٰضذ‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰز ٗذٌٰر‬٠ٗ ‫يثح ُٮ‬ٟ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ن ث‬ٟ ٦‫ إلمٌثؽ‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ فجؽز ث‬٬ٛ‫ ٯؤه٭ إ‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ُٮ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ ثًصِجم‬١‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ . ٌ٠‫ْض‬ٟ ٚ٘‫وـش دش‬ٛ‫جء ُٰشوٌ دج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰز ٗذٌٰر‬٠ٗ ‫ ُٔو‬٩ ‫ٌثس‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٰ‫ٗذ‬

45

32 - Diabetic patient suffer from coma. A - result of an imbalance in the secretion of insulin from the pancreas, leading to severe change in the proportion of glucose in the blood and the occurrence of fainting. . ٌْ٘ٛ‫دز ث‬٪‫ٌْ٘ دٌٰذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ٌػ‬ٟ ‫ ٯظجح‬-12 . ‫جء‬٠ً‫ط ثإل‬٩‫فو‬٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ُٮ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ صٌٌٰ شوٯو ُٮ‬٬ٛ‫ج ٯؤه٭ إ‬٠ٟ ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ُٮ إٌُثٍ ثأل‬ٜٚ‫ضٰؾز م‬٣ -‫ػ‬

33 - Insulin works to lower glucose in the blood. A - because it stimulates the passage of monosaccharides especially glucose (except fructose) to the cells to break down the sugars to produce energy. And stimulates the liver to store glucose in the form of glycogen (animal starch), which reduce the level of glucose in the blood until it reaches the normal {100 mg glucose / 100 cm3 of blood}. . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ُٮ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ٌّ٘ ث‬٣ ‫ مِغ‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬-11 ، ‫ـجٓز‬ٛ‫ضجػ ث‬٣‫ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯز إل‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫و‬٨‫ض‬ٛ ‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ٍ ) إ‬٪‫ٌِٗض‬ٛ‫ج هوث ث‬ٟ ( ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯز مجطز ث‬ٛ‫ٌثً ث‬ٟ‫ ٯقَِ إ‬٦٣‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ُٮ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ مِغ‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ج ٯو‬٠ٟ ، ) ‫ٮ‬٣‫ث‬٪ٰ‫ق‬ٛ‫شج ث‬٤ٛ‫ ( ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٧ ٌ٠ٰٛ٪‫ًر د‬٪‫ٍ ُٮ ط‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ صنَٯ‬٬ٜ‫٘ذو ه‬ٛ‫ ٯقَِ ث‬٩ . } ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ 1ّٞ 999 / ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬ٞ‫ؾ‬ٜٟ 999 { ‫ـذٰوٮ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫وو‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ إ‬ٚ‫ صظ‬٬‫ج فض‬٨‫و ثًصِجه‬٤‫ه‬

34 - Pancreas, stomach, duodenum , testis, and ovary are mixed glands . A - the pancreas: (1) Exocrine gland because it produces pancreatic juice that reach to the site of its work in the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. (2) endocrine gland because it produces the hormone glucagon from the alpha cells of islets of Langerhans, and the hormone insulin from beta cells of islets of Langerhans, which pass to the blood directly. Stomach : (1) exocrine gland because it secretes gastric juices from the glands in the mucous wall . (2) endocrine gland because it secrete Gastrin hormone to the blood directly. Duodenum: (1) Exocrine gland : because it secretes intestinal juice in its cavity. (2) endocrine gland because it produces secretine and cholecystokinine hormones to the blood directly. Testis: (1) Exocrine gland because it secretes seminal fluid in the vas deference . (2) endocrine gland because it secrete androgens hormones (testosterone + Andro- sterone) to the blood directly from the interstertial cells. Ovary: (1) Exocrine gland because it produces eggs to the fallopian tube. (2) Endocrine gland because it produces oestrogens hormones (oesterogen & progesterone) from Graafian follicle and then corpus luteum to the blood directly. . ‫كِٰز‬٪ٛ‫ؽز ث‬٩‫َه‬ٟ ‫ذٰغ ) ًوه‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬، ‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ ث‬، ٌ‫ هش‬٬٤‫ ثإلع‬، ‫وور‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬، ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ { ث‬-14 ‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٌ٘ٯجّٰز‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫جر ث‬٤ٔٛ‫ هشٌ هذٌ ث‬٬٤‫ج ُٮ ثإلع‬٨ٜ٠‫ػن ه‬٪ٟ ٬ٛ‫ إ‬ٚ‫ضٮ صظ‬ٛ‫ٌ٘ٯجّٰز ث‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫وظجًر ث‬ٛ‫ ٯٌٍِ ث‬٦٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ ‫ ًور‬: ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬-‫ػ‬ ًَ‫ مالٯج دٰضج ُٮ ؽ‬٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٩ ، َ٣‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ؾ‬٣‫ِج ُٮ ؽًَ ال‬ٛ‫ مالٯج أ‬٢ٟ ١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٦٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ‫ ًور ال‬، ‫ٰز‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ق‬ٛ‫ث‬ . ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬، َ٣‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ؾ‬٣‫ال‬ ٢‫ؾجّضٌٯ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ج ص‬٨٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ‫ ال‬، ‫ج‬٨ٛ ٢‫ذـ‬٠ٛ‫نجؿٮ ث‬٠ٛ‫ؾوثً ث‬ٛ‫ٯز ُٮ ث‬٪٤ٓ ‫ ًوه‬٢ٟ ‫ووٯز‬٠ٛ‫وظجًر ث‬ٛ‫ج صٌٍِ ث‬٨٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ ‫ ًور‬: ‫وور‬٠ٛ‫ث‬ . ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ُٮ ث‬ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪‫ْْٰض‬ٛ٪٘ٛ‫ ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ٌْ٘ٯض‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٦٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ‫ ًور ال‬، ٦ِ‫ٯ‬٪‫ٯز ُٮ صؾ‬٪‫و‬٠ٛ‫وظجًر ث‬ٛ‫ ٯٌٍِ ث‬٦٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ ‫ ًور‬: ٌ‫ هش‬٬٤‫ثإلع‬ . ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ١٩ٌٰ‫ضْضْٰض‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧( ‫جس‬٤ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫جس ثأل‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ج ص‬٨٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ‫ ًور ال‬، ‫ذٌدل‬ٛ‫جر ث‬٤ٓ ‫٭ ُٮ‬٪٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ْجة‬ٛ‫ج صٌٍِ ث‬٨٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ ‫ ًور‬: ‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ث‬ . ‫ٰز‬٤ٰ‫ذ‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ) ُٮ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ ثأل‬، ، ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌٰ‫جس (ثإلّض‬٤ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌٰ‫جس ثإلّض‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٦٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ‫ ًور ال‬، ‫ح‬٪ٛ‫جر ُج‬٤ٓ ‫ٯؼجس ُٮ‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ٯٌٍِ ث‬٦٣‫ٯز أل‬٪٤ٓ ‫ ًور‬: ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ث‬ . ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ثألطٌِ ُٮ ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ز ؽٌثٍ ع‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ ف‬٢ٟ ) ١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬

35 - The ability of relaxin hormone to facilitate birth. A - because it produce relaxation of ligaments at the symphysis pubis of the pelvic 46

bones  expanding the angle of symphysis pubis  expand the pelvis  facilitate exit of the fetus from the uterus. . ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ٨ْ‫ٮ ص‬ٜ‫ ه‬٢ْٰٗ‫ٌٯال‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ ٓوًر‬-11 ‫ػ‬٩ٌ‫ م‬ٚ٨ُْٰ ‫ٮ‬٣‫وج‬ٛ‫ٯز ثالًصِجّ ث‬٩‫ّٰن ٍث‬٪‫ع دض‬٪‫ق‬ٛ‫ّٰن ث‬٪‫ض‬ٛ ‫ع‬٪‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ٮ ُٮ هلج‬٣‫وج‬ٛ‫و ثالًصِجّ ث‬٤‫ ثًصنجء ثألًدـز ه‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٦٣‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ . ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬

IV- Choose the correct answer . What is the cause if possible: : ٓ‫) اخزش اإلجبثخ اٌصحُحخ ِع ثُبْ اٌسجت إْ أِى‬4(

1 - Concentration of urine is affected by hormone: (constricted blood vessels - cortisone estrogen - calcitonin ). . ) ٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ – ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ – ثألّض‬١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫( اٌمبثط ٌألوعُخ اٌذِىَخ – ث‬: ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ثّـز‬٪‫ د‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ صضؤعٌ هًؽز صٌَٰٗ ث‬-9

2 – Iodine is necessary in diet of human because it enters in the composition of the hormone ….. (thyroxin - Parathormone - calcitonin - adrenaline). – ٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ – ث‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫( اٌضُشووسُٓ – ث‬: ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ُٮ ص‬ٚ‫ ٯوم‬٦٣‫ أل‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثإل‬ٝ‫ه دـوج‬٪ٰٛ‫ظٌ ث‬٤‫ٌُ ه‬٪‫ً٭ ص‬٩ٌ‫ؼ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ -2 . ) ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ثألهًٯ‬

3 - If the pancreas was removed from an experimental mouse, symptoms that arise after the operation: (diabetes - Goiter - idiocy - dwarfism). . ) ‫ز‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٛ‫ز – ث‬٧‫ذال‬ٛ‫ٯضٌ – ث‬٪‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ( اٌجىي اٌسىشٌ – ث‬: ‫ٰز‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫جشتز دوو ث‬٤ٛ‫ ثألهٌثع ث‬٢٠ُ ‫ضؾجًح‬ٛ‫ ُؤً ث‬٢ٟ ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ إىث أٍٯ‬-1

4 - Which of the following does not belong to the hormone insulin (a) It is produced only in adults. (b) the lack of secretion causes diabetes. (c) Produced from certain cells in the pancreas. (d) Controls the level of glucose in blood. . ‫ٌْ٘٭‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ‫ ٯْذخ‬٥ٍ‫ٔض إٌُث‬٣ – ‫ ح‬. ُٓ‫أ – َٕزج فمػ فٍ األفشاد اٌجبٌغ‬ . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ دج‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ٌّ٘ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫ه – ٯضق‬

‫ ؟‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٮ ال ٯنض‬ٜ‫ج ٯ‬٠ٟ ‫ أ٭‬-4 . ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ز ُٮ ث‬٤ٰ‫و‬ٟ ‫ مالٯج‬٢ٟ ‫ضؼ‬٤‫ػ – ٯ‬

5 - The hormone that goes against the work of parathyroid glands hormones (calcitonin thyroxin - aldosterone - progesterone) ) ١٩ٌ‫ؽْٰض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ – ث‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ – ثأل‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫( اٌىبٌسُزىُٔٓ – ث‬: ٪٧ ‫ؾجًهًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٚ٠‫ ه‬٦ٜ٠‫ي٭ ٯؼجه ه‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬-1

6 - Increase secretion of Parathormone leads to: (osteomalacia - enlarged liver and spleen - Increased blood sugar - gastric and duodenal ulcer). ) ٌ‫ هش‬٬٤‫ثالع‬٩ ‫وور‬٠ٛ‫ – ٌٓفز دج‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ – ٍٯجهر ٌّ٘ ث‬ٙ‫ـقج‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫( ٌُٓ اٌعظبَ – صؼن‬: ٬ٛ‫ ٯؤه٭ إ‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ ٍٯجهر إٌُث‬-6

7 - The gland, which if its secretions increase leads to early puberty for males is … (adrenal - pituitary - thyroid - parathyroid) ) ‫ؾجًهًٰٓز‬ٛ‫وًٰٓز – ث‬ٛ‫ٰز – ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫( اٌىظشَخ – ث‬: ‫ٮ‬٧ ً٪ٗ‫ي‬ٜٛ ٌ٘‫ذ‬٠ٛ‫ى ث‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ج ٯؤه٭ إ‬٧ٍ‫ضٮ إىث ٍثه إٌُث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬-7

8 - Any of the following functions do not belong to the thyroid gland. (control amount of urine - control growth of the body - regulation of metabolism – regulation of calcium level) ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ٰجس ثألٯغ – ص‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ – ص‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫ضق‬ٛ‫ ( اٌزحىُ فٍ وُّخ اٌجىي – ث‬. ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٰز ال صنض ث‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ أ٭‬-5 )ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣

9 - Any of the following occurs as a response to fear or nervous stress (a) increase level of glucose in blood. (b) increase secretion of insulin from the pancreas. (c) Decrease secretion of adrenaline. (d) increase blood flow to the skin. ‫ح) ٯَهثه‬

. َ‫وظذٮ ؟ أ ) َضداد ِسزىي اٌجٍىوىص فٍ اٌذ‬ٛ‫وظذٮ ث‬ٛ‫ؼٌؾ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫ٍ أ‬٪‫ن‬ٜٛ ‫ ثّضؾجدز‬٩‫ أ‬ٚ‫ج ٯؤصٮ ٯقوط ٌٗه ُو‬٠ٟ ‫ أ٭‬-1 . ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ إ‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ ه ) ٯَهثه ٌّٯج‬. ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ إٌُثٍ ثألهًٯ‬ٚٔ‫ػ) ٯ‬ . ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫إٌُثٍ ثأل‬

10 - The hormone that induces contraction of the muscle wall of the uterus during childbirth is produced by the gland (pituitary - adrenal - pancreatitis - Thyroid) ) ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌ٘ٯجُ – ث‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫٘لٌٯز – ث‬ٛ‫( إٌخبُِخ – ث‬: ‫ٌور‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥ٌٍِ‫الهر ص‬٪ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ أع‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٜٛ ‫ٮ‬ٜ‫وؼ‬ٛ‫ؾوثً ث‬ٛ‫ٔذجع ث‬٣‫ي٭ ٯْضقظ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬-99

11 - Exophthalmic goiter arises as a result of increased secretion of hormone ... (thyroxin - Growth - cortisone - Parathormone). 47

. ) ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ – ث‬١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ – ث‬٪٠٤ٛ‫( اٌضُشووسُٓ – ث‬... ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ضٰؾز ٍٯجهر إٌُث‬٣ ‫كٮ‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫شؤ فج‬٤‫ ص‬-99

12 - The gland which stimulate the mammary glands to secrete milk after birth is ... (the pituitary - adrenal - parathyroid – ovaries). ) ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ؾجًهًٰٓز – ث‬ٛ‫٘لٌٯز – ث‬ٛ‫( إٌخبُِخ – ث‬... ‫ٮ‬٧ ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ دوو ث‬٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫غو٭ إلٌُثٍ ث‬ٛ‫ٰز دج‬٤‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٰ‫ذ‬٤‫ دض‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ضٮ ص‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬-92

13 - The adrenaline .... (a) Stimulate the body to do activity necessary to meet the danger. (b) show some sexual characteristics. (c) increase the body's resistance to infection. (d) stimulate the liver to convert glucose into glycogen. ‫ْٰز‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ظِجس ث‬ٛ‫جً دوغ ث‬٨‫ح ) إك‬

. ‫أ ) رٕجُه اٌجسُ ٌٍمُبَ ثبٌٕطبغ اٌالصَ ٌّىاجهخ اٌخؽش‬ . ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ٍ إ‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ٯ‬٪‫ضق‬ٛ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٰ‫ذ‬٤‫ه) ص‬

.... ‫ دـ‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثألهًٯ‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ ٯ‬-91 . ٫٩‫وو‬ٜٛ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٟ٩‫ٔج‬ٟ ‫ػ ) ٍٯجهر‬

14 - Maintaining the integrity of skin, hair and stimulate absorption of carbohydrates are from the function of ….. (thyroid - pituitary - pancreatic - adrenal cortex) ‫ٌ٘ٯجّٰز – ٓشٌر‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰز – ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫( اٌذسلُخ – ث‬... ‫ٌور‬ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٩ ٢ٟ ‫ٯجس‬٪‫ش‬٤ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫صقَِٰ ث‬٩ ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٟ‫ ّال‬٬ٜ‫قجُلز ه‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬-94 ) ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬

V- Miscelleneous questions : ‫هز‬٪٤‫ض‬ٟ٩ ‫ز‬ٟ‫ز هج‬ٜ‫) أّت‬1(

1 - Mention five different functions of hormones in human life. (a) Equilibrium and balance the body's internal situation. (b) Growth of the body. (c) Physical maturity. (d) Metabolism. (e) Human behavior and development of emotional and mental pattern. . ١‫ْج‬٣‫جس ُٮ فٰجر ثإل‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ ‫ِز‬ٜ‫نض‬ٟ َ‫كجة‬٩ ‫ْز‬٠‫ ثىٌٗ م‬-9 ) ‫ـ‬٧( . ‫ٌيثةٮ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ‫غ‬٠‫ض‬ٛ‫( ه ) ث‬. ‫ٮ‬٠ْ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ػ ث‬٪‫ؼ‬٤ٛ‫ (ػ ) ث‬. ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ )‫ (ح‬. ٦٠ٰ‫ل‬٤‫ص‬٩ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٜٛ ‫ٮ‬ٜ‫وثم‬ٛ‫ػن ث‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ثصَث‬٩ ١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ ( أ ) ص‬ .‫ضٌِٰ٘٭‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫وجؿِٮ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥٪٠٣٩ ١‫ْج‬٣‫ٕ ثإل‬٪ّٜ

2 – What results in increased secretion of the pituitary gland before and after puberty? - Before puberty: gigantism. - After puberty: Acromegally : enlargement of extrimities because of regrowth of distant parts of long bones as hands , feet, fingers and facial bones. ‫ى ؟‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫دوو ث‬٩ ٚ‫ٰز ٓذ‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ٍٯجهر إٌُثٍ ث‬٢‫ضؼ ه‬٤‫جىث ٯ‬ٟ -2 . ‫ٔز‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ٌر ث‬٧‫ط كج‬٩‫ فو‬: ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬ ‫ثألطجدن‬٩ ٝ‫ثألٓوث‬٩ ‫ز ٗجألٯو٭‬ٜ‫ٯ‬٪‫ـ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ذوٰور ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫ ثألؽَثء ث‬٪٠٣ ‫ ثألؿٌثٍ دْذخ صؾوٯو‬ٞ‫ فٰظ صضؼن‬، ‫ٮ‬ٛ‫ٰؾج‬ٟ٩ٌٗ‫ ثأل‬: ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫دوو ث‬ . ٦‫ؽ‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫هلج‬٩

3 – Write a brief on hormones of the adrenal cortex. It is divided into three groups: A) Glucocorticoids: cortisone and corticosterone (regulate carbohydrates metabolism). B) Mineralocorticoids l: the most important is aldosterone, which re-absorption of sodium and get rids of excess potassium in the kidneys and thus keep the balance of minerals in the body. C) Sex hormones: testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females. They lead to appearance of musculine symptoms in female, and feminine symptoms in males. if there is imbalance between them and the sex hormones secreted from the gonads (testes and ovaries). . ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٔشٌر ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٢‫نضظٌر ه‬ٟ ‫ذير‬٣ ‫ ثٗضخ‬-1 : ‫ٮ‬٧ ‫هجس‬٪٠‫ؾ‬ٟ ‫ عالط‬٬ٛ‫ إ‬ْٞٔ٤‫ ص‬ . ) ‫ٯجس‬٪‫ش‬٤ٛ‫ أٯغ ث‬١‫ج‬٠‫ل‬٤‫( ٯ‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪ٰ٘‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ث‬٩ ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ ث‬: ‫ٌْ٘ٯز‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫هز ث‬٪٠‫ؾ‬ٟ ) ‫أ‬

48

٢ٰ‫ٰض‬ٜ٘ٛ‫َثةو ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ض ث‬ٜ‫ٯن‬٩ ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ي٭ ٯوٰو ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ج ثأل‬٨٠٧‫ أ‬: ‫ٰز‬٣‫وو‬٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫هز ث‬٪٠‫ؾ‬ٟ )‫ح‬ . ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ دج‬١‫وجه‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ٖ ٯقِق ص‬ٛ‫دي‬٩ ً٪٨‫ ك‬٬ٛ‫ٮ صؤه٭ إ‬٧٩ ، ‫جط‬٣‫ ُٮ ثإل‬١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ثإلّض‬٩ ً٪ٗ‫ي‬ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ ث‬: ‫ْٰز‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫هز ث‬٪٠‫ؾ‬ٟ ) ‫ػ‬ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ (ث‬ّٚ‫ج‬٤٠ٛ‫ج ث‬٧ٌٍِ‫ضٮ ص‬ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫د‬٩ ‫ج‬٨٤ٰ‫ د‬ٜٚ‫ إىث فوط م‬ٙ‫ٌؽج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫عز ه‬٪٣‫ثأل‬٩ ‫جط‬٣‫ ثإل‬٬ٜ‫ز ه‬ٛ٪‫ٌؽ‬ٛ‫أهٌثع ث‬ .)

4 - Mention the names of hormones that perform the following: (A) Control food metabolism when secreted from the pituitary gland. (Growth hormone (G.H)) (B) Helps to get rid of difficult situations as cases of anger and emotion. (Adrenaline and noradrenaline) (C) Activates the rush and descent of milk in response to suckling process. (oxytocin)) : ‫ج ٯؤصٮ‬٠‫ د‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ضٮ ص‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫جء ث‬٠ّ‫ ثىٌٗ أ‬-4 ))G.H( ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧( . ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٥ٍ‫و إٌُث‬٤‫ٌيثء ه‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ‫غ‬٠‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ْٰـٌر ه‬ٛ‫( أ ) ث‬ )٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًأهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ (ثألهًٯ‬. ‫شوٯو‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ثال‬٩ ‫ٌؼخ‬ٛ‫ظوذز ٗقجالس ث‬ٛ‫ثَٓ ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ض‬ٜ‫ضن‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫(ح) ٯْجهو ه‬ ))٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫ ( أ‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ ‫ٰخ ثّضؾجدز‬ٜ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٩َ٣٩ ‫وُجم‬٣‫شؾ ث‬٤‫(ػ ) ٯ‬

5 - How scientists know the functions of the endocrine glands and hormones. - Examine the symptoms resulting from enlargement or glands and remove it. - Study structure of glands extract and its effects on vital activities ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٪ٛ ‫جء‬٠ٜ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ط‬٪‫ َٰٗ ص‬-1 ‫ج‬٨ٛ‫ ثّضتظج‬٩‫ ث‬٥‫ٌو‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ صؼن‬٢‫ ه‬٦‫جصؾ‬٤ٛ‫ دِقض ثالهٌثع ث‬٦‫ٯ‬٪ٰ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦‫شـ‬٣‫ ثال‬٬ٜ‫ج ه‬٧ٌ‫ثع‬٩ ‫ٌوه‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦‫ صٌٰٗخ مالط‬٦ّ‫ دوًث‬-

6 - Write a brief about diabetes milletes ? A – Causes : due to lack of insulin; Symptoms : increases blood sugar ; Increases urine sugar; accompanied with excretion of large quantity of water in the urine ; and thirst ٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ٢‫ ه‬٥‫ذي‬٣ ‫ أٗضخ‬-6 ‫ هـش‬- ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٥ٌٰ‫جء ٗذ‬ٟ ٦ٰ٠ٗ ‫ ثمٌثػ‬٦‫ ٯظجفذ‬- ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ٯَٯو ٌّ٘ ث‬- ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ٯَٯو ٌّ٘ ث‬- ‫ذج‬ٛ‫ ًج‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ٔض ثال‬٣ ٦‫ضٰؾ‬٣ -‫ػ‬

7 - What the figure shows 1) Write the names of the parts numbered 1 to 8 2) Write the names of endocrine glands shown and the location of each. 3) What is the master gland? and why? 4) What is the gland that are found in children only. (Answer : thymus) 5) What is the gland that human can live without it? 6) What is the gland that secretes steroid hormones. [adrenal cortex, the pituitary gland, and the gonads (ovaries in women, testis in men)].

7) What is the mixed gland ? Why? 8) What is the gland that lack of its secretion in childhood causes disease cretinism. 9) What is the gland that its secretions cause constriction of uterine muscles during childbirth. 10) What are the glands that participate in the metabolism of sugars (carbohydrates)

49

‫‪ِ -1‬برا َىظح اٌطىً اٌّمبثً‬ ‫اوزت أسّبء األجضاء اٌّشلّخ ِٓ ‪ 1‬إًٌ ‪1‬‬ ‫اوزت أسّبء اٌغذد اٌصّبء اٌّىظحخ وثُٓ ِىلع وال ِٕهب‬ ‫ِٓ هً سُذح اٌغذد وٌّبرا ؟‬ ‫ِب هً اٌغذح اٌزً رىجذ فٍ األؼفبي فمػ‬ ‫ِب هً اٌغذح اٌزً َسزؽُع أْ َعُص ثذؤهب اإلٔسبْ‬ ‫ِب هً اٌغذح اٌزً رفشص هشِىٔبد اسزشوَذاد‬ ‫ِب هً اٌغذح اٌّطزشوخ ؟ وٌّبرا ؟‬ ‫ِب هً اٌغذح اٌزً َسجت ٔمص افشاصهب فٍ ِشحٍخ اٌؽفىٌخ ِشض اٌمّبءح‬ ‫ِبهً اٌغذح رسجت افشاصارهب أمجبض ععالد اٌشحُ فٍ أصٕبء اٌىالدح‬ ‫ِب هً اٌغذد اٌزً رطزشن فٍ اَط اٌسىشَبد ( إٌطىَبد )‬

‫?‪8- What these figures represent‬‬ ‫‪A- Write the name of parts number 1 : 5.‬‬ ‫‪B- Symptoms of increase and decrease secretions of part 2 and part 4 .‬‬ ‫‪ِ -1‬برا َىظح اٌطىً اٌّمبثً‬ ‫اوزت أسّبء األجضاء اٌّشلّخ ِٓ ‪ 1‬إًٌ ‪1‬‬ ‫اروش أعشاض صَبدح ؤمص افشاصاد اٌجضء سلُ ‪ 2‬و اٌجضء سلُ ‪4‬‬

‫?‪9- What these figures represent‬‬ ‫‪A- Write the name of parts number 1 : 2.‬‬ ‫‪B- Compare between part 1 and part 2 : as regard secretions and function.‬‬ ‫‪ِ -1‬برا َىظح اٌطىً اٌّمبثً‬ ‫اوزت أسّبء األجضاء اٌّشلّخ ِٓ ‪ 1‬إًٌ ‪2‬‬ ‫لبسْ ثُٓ اٌزشوُت ‪ ِٓ 2، 1‬حُش اإلفشاص ‪ ،‬واٌىظُفخ‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫إٌفُس‬

I- Chose the correct answer: ‫ضووه‬٠ٛ‫ز ثالفضٰجً ث‬ٜ‫أّت‬:‫ال‬٩‫أ‬

1. Gland responsible for the activity of the thyroid gland is ........... (a) Corpus luteum. (b) The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Parathyroid. ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ٰز (ػ)ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬- ٌِ‫ ثألط‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬...........٬٧ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٣ ٢‫ز ه‬ٛ٪‫ْت‬٠ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬.9 ‫ؾجًهًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫(ه)ث‬

2. Gland which stimulates the mammary glands for milk secretion after labour. (a) Corpus luteum. (b) The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Parathyroid. ‫ِض‬ٛ‫ٰز (ػ)ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ثألطٌِ (ح)ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫(أ)ث‬..……٬٧ ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ دوور ث‬٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫غوٯٰز إلٌُثٍ ث‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٰ‫ذ‬٤‫ دض‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬.2 ‫ؾجًهًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٰز (ه)ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ث‬

3. Gland responsible for rush and descent of milk from the mammary glands in response to feeding …. (a) Corpus luteum. (b) Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Parathyroid. ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ثألطٌِ (ح)ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٌػجهز (أ)ث‬ٜٛ ‫ٰز ثّضؾجدز‬٤‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰخ‬ٜ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٩َ٣٩ ‫وُجم‬٣‫ ث‬٢‫ز ه‬ٛ٪‫ْت‬٠ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬.1 ‫ؾجًهًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٰز (ه)ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫(ػ)ث‬

4. Gland responsible for regulating the changes that occur in the mammary glands during pregnancy… (a) The corpus luteum (b) the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Parathyroid. ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ثألطٌِ (ح)ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ (أ)ث‬ٚ٠‫ق‬ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫غوٯٰز أع‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ صقوط‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ضٌٌٰثس ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ص‬٢‫ز ه‬ٛ٪‫ْت‬٠ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬.4 ‫ؾجًهًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٰز (ه)ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫(ػ)ث‬

5. Dwarfism arises as a result of................ (a) Increasing growth hormone before puberty. (b) The lack of growth hormone before puberty. (c) Increase the thyroxin hormone before puberty. (d) The lack of the hormone thyroxin before puberty. ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ى (ػ) ٍٯجهر‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )‫ى (ح‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫(أ)ٍٯجهر‬................‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ‫ز‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫شؤ فج‬٤‫ص‬.1 ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )‫ى (ه‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ث‬

6. Gigantism arises as a result of ............... (a) Increasing growth hormone before puberty. (b) The lack of growth hormone after puberty. (c) The lack of the hormone thyroxin before puberty. (d) The lack of the hormone thyroxin before puberty. ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )‫ى (ػ‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ دوو ث‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )‫ى (ح‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ (أ)ٍٯجهر‬...............‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ‫ٔز‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫شؤ فج‬٤‫ص‬.6 ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )‫ى (ه‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ث‬

7. A state of cretinism (idiocy) occurs as a result of ................. (a) Increase growth hormone before puberty. (b) Lack of growth hormone before puberty. (c) Lack of the thyroxin before puberty. (d) Lack of thyroxin after puberty. ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )‫ى (ػ‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )‫ى (ح‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ (أ)ٍٯجهر‬.................‫ضٰؾز‬٣ )‫ز‬٧‫ذال‬ٛ‫جءر(ث‬٠ٔٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫شؤ فج‬٤‫ص‬.7 ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ دوو ث‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )‫ى (ه‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ث‬

8. Mixoedema arises as a result of ............ (a) Increase growth hormone before puberty. (b) Lack of growth hormone before puberty. (c) Lack of thyroxin before puberty. (d) Lack of the thyroxin after puberty.

51

١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )‫ى (ػ‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )‫ى (ح‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ (أ)ٍٯجهر‬............‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ‫ج‬٠‫هٯ‬٪ْٰ٘٠ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫شؤ فج‬٤‫ص‬.5 ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ دوو ث‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )‫ى (ه‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ث‬

9. Simple goiter of the thyroid gland occurs as a result of............. (a) Increasing growth hormone before puberty. (b) Lack of growth hormone before puberty. (c) Lack of calcium in the blood. (d) Lack of iodine in food and water. ‫ٔض‬٣)‫ى (ػ‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )‫ى (ح‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ (أ)ٍٯجهر‬.............‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫ج دْٰـج‬٠‫ٯقوط صؼن‬.1 ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٌيثء‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ه‬٪ٰٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣)‫ (ه‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ث‬

10. It is necessary to the availability of iodine for human food as it is............. (a) Prevents the formation of blood clots in the blood vessels. (b) Enters in formation of thyroxin. (c) Enter in the formation of Parathormone. (d) Activates white blood cells. ‫ٰز‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٚ‫هٰز (ح)ٯوم‬٩‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫ـز ث‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ن ص‬٤٠‫(أ)ٯ‬.............٦٣‫ أل‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثال‬ٝ‫ه دـوج‬٪ٰٛ‫ظٌ ث‬٤‫ثٌُ ه‬٪‫ ص‬٫ً٩ٌ‫ؼ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ.99 ‫ذٰؼجء‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫شؾ ٌٗٯجس ث‬٤‫ (ه)ٯ‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ص‬٬ُ ٚ‫ (ػ)ٯوم‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ص‬

11. Underweight with increased heart rate and nervous irritability and swelling on both sides of the neck are the symptoms of.............. (a) Increase growth hormone before puberty. (b) Decrease growth hormone after puberty. (c) Increase of the thyroxin (d) Decrease thyroxin after puberty. ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ‫ٌِؿز‬ٟ ‫(أ)ٍٯجهر‬..............‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ‫ أهٌثع‬ٚ‫غ‬٠‫ٌٓذز ص‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ذ‬٣‫ ؽج‬ًٝ٪‫ص‬٩ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ٰؼ ث‬٨‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ن ٍٯجهر ػٌدجس ث‬ٟ ١ٍ٪ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣.99 ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ دوو ث‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣)‫ (ه‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ‫ٌِؿز‬ٟ ‫ى (ػ)ٍٯجهر‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ دوو ث‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣)‫ى (ح‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ث‬

12. A woman suffering from an excessive increase in weight, dry skin, scanty hair, lack of physical and mental activity and decrease heart rate are symptoms of: (a) lack of the hormone insulin (b) lack of the hormone thyroxin (c) diabetes. (d) Mixed (e) both a & c. (f) Both b & d . ٚ٠‫ ٯقض‬٦٣‫ ُئ‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫خ دج‬ٜٔٛ‫ػٌدجس ث‬٩ ٬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬٠ْ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٔض‬٣ ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜٓ٩ ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ؽِجٍ ث‬١ٍ٪ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٌِؿز‬ٟ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٢ٟ ٬٣‫ٌأر صوج‬ٟ‫ث‬.92 ‫ػ‬،‫ أ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( ‫ج‬٠‫هٯ‬٪ْٰ٘٠ٛ‫ٌع ث‬٠‫ (ه)د‬٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬٠‫ (ػ)د‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٤‫ (ح)د‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٤‫ (أ)د‬:‫ج‬٨‫إطجدض‬ ‫ه‬،‫ ح‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩(

13. A man suffering from enlarged bones of the face, and distant parts of the long bones, as hands, feet, fingers are symptoms of.............. (a) Deficiency of hormone thyroxin (b) increase of growth hormone. (c) Mixdema. (d) Acromegally. (e) Both a & c. (f) Both b&d. ‫ظجدج‬ٟ ١٪٘‫ ٯ‬١‫ أ‬ٚ٠‫ ٯقض‬٦٣‫ثألطجدن ُئ‬٩ ٝ‫ثألٓوث‬٩ ٫‫ز ٗجألٯو‬ٜ‫ٯ‬٪‫ـ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ذوٰور‬ٛ‫ثألؽَثء ث‬٩ ٦‫ؽ‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ هلج‬ٞ‫ صؼن‬٢ٟ ٬٣‫ ٯوج‬ٚ‫ًؽ‬.91 ‫ػ‬،‫ أ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( ٬ٛ‫ٰؾج‬ٟ٩ٌٗ‫ٌع ثأل‬٠‫ج (ه)د‬٠‫هٯ‬٪ْٰ٘٠ٛ‫ٌع ث‬٠‫ (ػ)د‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ (ح)دَٯجهر‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٤‫(أ)د‬..... .........‫دــ‬ ‫ه‬،‫ ح‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩(

14. A child with healthy mental power, and the size of the head and neck proportionate to his length, but suffers from short length, it is likely that it suffer from ... (a) deficiency hormone thyroxin. (b) lack of growth hormone , (c)cretinism , (d) dwarfism, (e) both a & c , (f) both b & d . ............‫ظجدج ح‬٠٣٪٘‫ ٯ‬١‫ أ‬ٚ٠‫ ٯقض‬٦٣‫ ُئ‬ٙ٪‫ـ‬ٛ‫ ٓظٌ ث‬٢ٟ ٬٣‫ ٯوج‬٢٘ٛ٩ ٦ٛ٪‫ن ؿ‬ٟ ‫جّخ‬٤‫ض‬ٟ ‫ٌٓذز‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ُ‫ٌأ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫فؾ‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪ٔٛ‫ ث‬ّٰٜٞ ِٚ‫ؿ‬.94 ‫ه‬،‫ ح‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩( ‫ػ‬،‫ أ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( ‫ز‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬٠‫جءر (ه)د‬٠ٔٛ‫ٌع ث‬٠‫ (ػ)د‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٤‫ (ح)د‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٤‫(أ)د‬

15. A child suffering from mental retardation with the large size of the head, short neck and short body length, it is likely to be infected with............... (A) deficiency hormone thyroxin (B) lack of growth hormone (C) disease cretinism (D) disease, dwarfism (E) each of a, c (F) all of b, d . ...............‫ظجدج دــ‬ٟ ١٪٘‫ ص‬١‫ أ‬ٚ٠‫ ٯقض‬٦٣‫ ُئ‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ٓظٌ ؿ‬٩ ‫ٌٓذز‬ٛ‫ٓظٌ ث‬٩ ُ‫ٌأ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ن ٗذٌ فؾ‬ٟ ٬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫َ ث‬ٜ‫ضن‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٬٣‫ ٯوج‬ِٚ‫ؿ‬.91 ‫ه‬،‫ ح‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩( ‫ػ‬،‫ أ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( ‫ز‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬٠‫جءر (ه)د‬٠ٔٛ‫ٌع ث‬٠‫ (ػ)د‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٤‫ (ح)د‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٤‫(أ)د‬

16. A man suffering from frequent urination; continuous thirst, in spite of lack of sugar in the urine, it is likely to be suffered from …(a) increase of the hormone aldosterone . (b) 52

Lack of the hormone insulin. (c) Lack of the ADH hormone. (d) Increase of hormone Parathormone. ١‫ أ‬ٚ٠‫ ٯقض‬٦٣‫ ُئ‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌّ٘ ‫ه‬٪‫ؽ‬٩ ٝ‫ هو‬٢ٟ ًٌٞٛ‫ٌثً دج‬٠‫وـش دجّض‬ٛ‫ً دج‬٪‫شو‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٙ٪‫ضذ‬ٛ‫ٌثس ث‬ٟ ‫ هوه‬٬ُ ‫ٌِؿز‬ٟ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٢ٟ ٬٣‫ ٯوج‬ٚ‫ًؽ‬.96 ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ (ه)دَٯجهر‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ن إلهًثً ث‬٣‫ج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٤‫ (ػ)د‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٤‫ (ح)د‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ظجدج (أ)دَٯجهر‬ٟ ١٪٘‫ٯ‬ ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ث‬

17. An individual suffering from decrease level of sodium in the blood and its increase in urine; and increase potassium in the blood and its deficiency in urine, it is likely to be suffered from............... (a) Lack of the hormone aldosterone. (b) Lack of the ADH hormone. (c) Increase of ADH hormone. (d) Increase of hormone Parathormone . ‫ظجدج‬ٟ ١٪٘‫ ٯ‬١‫ أ‬ٚ٠‫ ٯقض‬٦٣‫ ُئ‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٦‫ٔظ‬٣٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٍٯجهر ث‬٩ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٦‫ٍٯجهص‬٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣ ٢ٟ ٬٣‫ٌُه ٯوج‬. 97 ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ن إلهًثً ث‬٣‫ج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ (ػ)دَٯجهر ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ن إلهًثً ث‬٣‫ج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٤‫ (ح)د‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٤‫ (أ)د‬...............‫دــ‬ ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫(ه)دَٯجهر‬

18. A Woman showing muscline signs; it is due to ........... (a) imbalance between the hormones of ovaries and adrenal cortex hormones. (b) Injection with the hormone testosterone. (c) Injection with the hormone estrogen. (d) Both a & b . (E) Both a & c . ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫جس ٓشٌر ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧٩ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٰ‫ د‬ٜٚ‫(أ)م‬...........٬ٛ‫ٖ ٯٌؽن ث‬ٛ‫ ى‬١‫ز ُئ‬ٛ٪‫ٌؽ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬ٟ‫ج هال‬٨ٰٜ‫ٌ ه‬٨‫ٌأر صل‬ٟ‫ث‬.95 ‫ػ‬،‫ أ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( ‫ح‬،‫ أ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)‫ (ه‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ ثألّض‬١٪ٌٟ٨‫ش د‬٤ٔ‫ (ػ)ف‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨‫ش د‬٤ٔ‫(ح)ف‬

19. An individual suffering from high level of calcium in the blood, softening and curvature of the bone, it is likely to be due to ............ (a) imbalance between the hormones the ovaries and adrenal cortex hormones. (b) Increase the hormone Calcitonine. (c) Deficiency of Parathormone . (d) Increased Parathormone . (e) Both b & c . ٢ٰ‫ د‬ٜٚ‫ (أ)م‬............‫ دْذخ‬١٪٘‫ ٯ‬١‫ أ‬ٚ٠‫ ٯقض‬٦٣‫ ُئ‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ُ٪ٔ‫ص‬٩ ٢ٰٛ ‫ه‬٪‫ؽ‬٩ ‫ن‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ ثًصِجم‬٢ٟ ٬٣‫ٌُه ٯوج‬.91 ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ (ه)ٍٯجهر‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣)‫ (ػ‬٢ٰ٣٪‫ْض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫٘لٌٯز (ح)ٍٯجهر‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫جس ٓشٌر ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧٩ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ػ‬،‫ ح‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ث‬

20. An individual the level of blood sugar in his blood is 220 mg/100 cm3 and suffer from frequent urination and thirst, it may be due to........... (a) Lack of the hormone insulin. (b) Absence of beta cells of islets of Langerhans. (c) Lack of the hormone glucagons. (d) Absence of alpha cells of islets of Langerhans . (e) Both a & b . (f) Both c & d . ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣)‫ (أ‬...........‫ دْذخ‬١٪٘‫ ٯ‬٦٣‫وـش ُئ‬ٛ‫ً دج‬٪‫شو‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٙ٪‫ضذ‬ٛ‫ ٗغٌر ث‬٢ٟ ٬٣‫ٯوج‬٩ 1ّٞ999/ٞ‫ؾ‬ٟ229 ٦ٟ‫ ه‬٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ٌُه‬.29 ‫ح‬،‫ أ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( َ٣‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ؾ‬٣‫ؾًَ ال‬ٛ ‫ِج‬ٛ‫ (ه) ًٰجح مالٯج ث‬١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣)‫َ (ػ‬٣‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ؾ‬٣‫ؾًَ ال‬ٛ ‫ (ح)ًٰجح مالٯج دٰضج‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ثأل‬ ‫ه‬،‫ ػ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩(

21. The amount of urine decrease and its concentration increase by.............. (a) Increase oxytocin hormone. (b) Lack of the ADH hormone. (c) Increase of the estrogen hormone. (d) Increase calcitonin hormone. ‫ن‬٣‫ج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٤‫ٯز (ح)د‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫أل‬ٛ ‫ٔجدغ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ (أ)دَٯجهر ث‬...................٥ٌَٰٗ‫ج صَٯو هًؽز ص‬٠٤ٰ‫ د‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ٚٔ‫ص‬.29 ٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ (ه)دَٯجهر‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ ثألّض‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ (ػ)دَٯجهر‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫إلهًثً ث‬

22. The hormone adrenaline has the following effects, except.............. (a) Stimulate the body to do the activity necessary to confront the danger. (b) Increase heart rate and breathing. (c) Reduced peristalsis movement of the intestines. (d) Reduced secretions of the digestive tract. (e) Constriction of blood vascular of skin. (f) Conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver. (g) Relaxation of blood vessels in the muscle. ‫ ػٌدجس‬ٙ‫وو‬ٟ ‫نـٌ (ح)ثًصِجم‬ٛ‫ز ث‬٨‫ثؽ‬٪٠ٛ ٍٝ‫ال‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٤ٛ‫ دج‬ٝ‫ٰٔج‬ٜٛ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٰ‫ذ‬٤‫ (أ)ص‬................‫جهوث‬ٟ ٬ٜ‫ج ٯ‬٠‫ د‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثألهًٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٝ٪ٔ‫ٯ‬.22 ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٯز دج‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫ٔذجع ثأل‬٣‫)ث‬٥( ‫ٰز‬٠‫ؼ‬٨ٛ‫جر ث‬٤ٔٛ‫نِجع إٌُثٍثس ث‬٣‫وجء (ه)ث‬ٟ‫أل‬ٛ ‫هٯز‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫قٌٗز ث‬ٛ‫نِجع ث‬٣‫ِِ (ػ)ث‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ث‬ ‫وؼالس‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫ذْجؽ ثأل‬٣‫٘ذو (ٍ)ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ٯ‬٪‫)صق‬٩(

53

23. Hormone, which causes contraction of the muscles of the uterus during childbirth is.......... (a) Oxytocin which secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (b) Vasopressin hormone which is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) Oxytocin which is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Estrogen secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex. ‫ِض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ (أ)ث‬..........٪٧ ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ أع‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ٔذجع هؼالس ث‬٣‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬.21 ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬٩ ٢ّٰ٪‫ ثألْٰٗض‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ٰز (ػ‬ٟ‫نج‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ٯز ث‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫أل‬ٛ ‫ٔذجع‬٣‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ٰز (ح)ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ثأل‬ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٓشٌر ث‬٩ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ٰز (ه)ثألّض‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ

24. Hormone which works to secrete milk after birth is .......... (a) Hormone stimulating muscles of the uterus which is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (b) Prolactin hormone which is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) Oxytocin hormone which is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Estrogen secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex. ‫ٌور‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ (أ)ث‬..........٪٧ ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ دوو ث‬٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ إٌُثٍ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬.24 ‫ٌور‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬٩ ٢ّٰ٪‫ ثألْٰٗض‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ٰز (ػ‬ٟ‫نج‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثال‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫الٗض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ٰز (ح‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ث‬ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٓشٌر ث‬٩ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ٰز (ه)ثألّض‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ث‬

25. Hormone, which works on release of milk during lactation is............. (a) Hormone stimulating for muscles of the uterus which is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (b) Prolactin hormone which is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) Oxytocin hormone which is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Estrogen secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex. ‫ِض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ (أ)ث‬.............٪٧ ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ٰخ أع‬ٜ‫ق‬ٛ‫وُجم ث‬٣‫ث‬٩ ٙ٩َ٣ ٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬.21 ‫ِض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬٩ ٢ّٰ٪‫ ثألْٰٗض‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ٰز (ػ‬ٟ‫نج‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثال‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫الٗض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ )‫ٰز (ح‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ثأل‬ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٓشٌر ث‬٩ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ٰز (ه)ثألّض‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ث‬

26. Hormone, which works on gradual growth of the mammary glands during pregnancy is ............(a) Progesterone hormone secreted by the placenta and corpus luteum . (b) Prolactin hormone which is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) Oxytocin hormone which is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Relaxin hormone secreted from placenta in ate months of pregnancy ‫ز‬٠ٰ‫ش‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١ٌٰ‫ؽْٰض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ (أ‬............٪٧ ٚ٠‫ق‬ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫غوٯٰز أع‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٜٛ ٬‫ضوًٯؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬.26 ‫ِض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬٩ ٢ّٰ٪‫ ثألْٰٗض‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ٰز (ػ‬ٟ‫نج‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثال‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫الٗض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ )‫ ثألطٌِ (ح‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٚ٠‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ً ثألمٌٰر‬٪٨‫ش‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ز‬٠ٰ‫ش‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬٩ ٢ْٰٗ‫ٌٯال‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ٰز (ه‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ث‬

27. Hormone that causes relaxation of symphysis pubis at the end of pregnancy is: (a) estrogen. (b) Progesterone. (c) Relaxin. (d) Cortisone. ١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْٰض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ (ح‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ ثألّض‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ (أ‬:٪٧ ٚ٠‫ق‬ٛ‫جٯز ُضٌر ث‬٨٣ ‫و‬٤‫ ه‬٬٣‫وج‬ٛ‫ ٯْذخ ثًصنجء ثالًصِجّ ث‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬.27 ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ (ه‬٢ْٰٗ‫ٌٯال‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫(ػ‬

28. From the hormones secreted by the stomach lining, which stimulate the stomach to secrete digestive juice (HCl and pepsin) is............ (a) Gastren . (b) Secretine . (c) Cholecystokinine . (d) Calcitonin. ١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ (أ‬............٪٧ )٢ْٰ‫ذذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ HCl(‫ز‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫ج ث‬٨‫وور إلٌُثٍ هظجًص‬٠ٛ‫شؾ ث‬٤‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫وور‬٠ٛ‫ج ؽوثً ث‬٧ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ.25 ٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ (ه‬٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪‫ْْٰٰض‬ٛ٪٘ٛ‫ (ػ)ث‬٢ٰ‫ٌْٰ٘ص‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ (ح‬٢‫ؾجّضٌٯ‬ٛ‫ث‬

29. From the hormones secreted by the wall of the small intestine, which stimulate the secretion of digestive juices is .............(a) Gastren . (b) Secretine .(c) Cholecystokinine . (d) all of the above . (e) both a & b . (f) both b & c . ٢‫ؾجّضٌٯ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ (أ‬.............٪٧ ‫ز‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫وظجًر ث‬ٛ‫شؾ إلٌُثٍ ث‬٤‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫وٰٓٔز‬ٛ‫وجء ث‬ٟ‫ج ؽوثً ثأل‬٧ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ.21 ‫ػ‬،‫ ح‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩( ‫ح‬،‫ أ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( ْ‫ج ّذ‬ٟ ٚٗ)‫ (ه‬٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪‫ْْٰٰض‬ٛ٪٘ٛ‫ (ػ)ث‬٢ٰ‫ٌْٰ٘ص‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫(ح‬

54

30. All of the following hormones are steroids, except............ (a) Sex hormones. (b) Aldosterone. (c) Cortisone. (d) Parathormone . (e) Testosterone. (f) Progesterone. ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ (ه)ث‬١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ (ػ)ث‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ْٰز (ح)ثأل‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ (أ)ث‬............‫جهوث‬ٟ ‫ٯوٯز‬٩ٌ‫ٰز ّٰض‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ٚٗ.19 ١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْٰض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫)ث‬٩( ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫)ث‬٥(

31. Examples of androgens are (a) adrenaline and noradrenalin. (b) Testosterone and androsterone . (c) Estrogen and progesterone . (d), cortisone and corticosterone . ١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْٰض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ (ػ)ثألّض‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ثأل‬٩ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ (ح)ث‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ (أ)ثألهًٯ‬٬٧ ‫جس‬٤ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ز ثأل‬ٜ‫غ‬ٟ‫ أ‬٢ٟ.19 ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪ٰ٘‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ث‬٩ ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫(ه)ث‬

32. Adrenal medulla produces hormones ......... (a) Adrenaline and noradrenaline .(b) testosterone and androsterone . (c) Estrogen and progesterone . (d) Cortisone and corticosterone . ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ (ػ)ثألّض‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ثأل‬٩ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ (ح)ث‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ (أ)ثألهًٯ‬.........‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬.12 ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪ٰ٘‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ث‬٩ ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ (ه)ث‬١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْٰض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩

33. Examples of glucocorticoids hormones is ................. (a) Adrenaline and noradrenaline (b) testosterone and androsterone . (c) Estrogen and progesterone . (d) Cortisone and corticosterone. ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ثأل‬٩ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ (ح)ث‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ (أ)ثألهًٯ‬.................٬٧ ‫ٌْ٘ٯز‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫غ‬ٟ‫ أ‬٢ٟ.11 ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪ٰ٘‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ث‬٩ ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ (ه)ث‬١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْٰض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫(ػ)ثألّض‬

34. Examples of male sex hormones are............ (a) Adrenaline and noradrenaline . (b) Testosterone and androsterone . (c) Estrogen and progesterone. (d) Cortisone and corticosterone. ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ثأل‬٩ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ (ح)ث‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ (أ)ثألهًٯ‬............٬٧ ‫يٌٗٯز‬ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫غ‬ٟ‫ أ‬٢ٟ.14 ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪ٰ٘‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ث‬٩ ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ (ه)ث‬١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْٰض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫(ػ)ثألّض‬

35. Examples of female sex hormones are............ (a) Adrenaline and noradrenaline (b) testosterone and androsterone . (c) estrogen and progesterone . (d) Cortisone and corticosterone. ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ثأل‬٩ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ (ح)ث‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ (أ)ثألهًٯ‬............٬٧ ‫ٯز‬٪‫غ‬٣‫ْٰز ثأل‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫غ‬ٟ‫ أ‬٢ٟ .11 ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪ٰ٘‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ث‬٩ ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ (ه)ث‬١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْٰض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫(ػ)ثألّض‬

36. Examples of mineralocorticoids hormones are................ (a) Adrenaline. (b) Testosterone and androsterone. (c) Aldosterone. (d) Cortisone and corticosterone. ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩ً‫و‬ٛ‫ (ػ) ثأل‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ثأل‬٩ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ (ح)ث‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫(أ)ثألهًٯ‬................٬٧ ‫ٰز‬٣‫وو‬٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫غ‬ٟ‫ أ‬٢ٟ.16 ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪ٰ٘‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ث‬٩ ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫(ه)ث‬

37. Hormone-like action of the hormone adrenaline on the liver glycogen is............ (A) Glucagons. (B) Insulin. (C) Thyroxin. (D) Cortisone. ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ (ػ)ث‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ (ح)ثأل‬١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ (أ)ث‬............٪٧ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثألهًٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٚ٠‫ ه‬٦‫ ٯشذ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬.17 ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫(ه)ث‬

38. The hormone balance minerals in the blood and re-absorption of sodium ions in the nephron of the kidneys are .............. (a) Adrenaline. (b) Hormone inhibitor of diuresis (c) aldosterone. (d) Parathormone . ٢ٰ‫ٰض‬ٜ٘ٛ‫ دج‬١٩ٌِ٤ٛ‫جدٰخ ث‬٣‫ أ‬٬ُ ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪‫ضظجص أٯ‬ٟ‫ إهجهر ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ٯو‬٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ١‫وجه‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ ثصَث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١ ٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬.15 ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ (ه)ث‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ (ػ) ثأل‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ن إلهًثً ث‬٣‫ج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ (ح)ث‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ (أ)ثألهًٯ‬...............٪٧

39. Hormone, which works on reabsorption of water in the renal tubes ….(a) ADH secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (b) Vasopressin hormone which is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) Aldosterone which is secreted from adrenal medulla. (d) Adrenaline secreted from the adrenal medulla.

55

‫ِض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ن إلهًثً ث‬٣‫ج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ (أ)ث‬٢ٰ‫ٰض‬ٜ٘ٛ‫ دج‬١٩ٌِ٤ٛ‫جدٰخ ث‬٣‫ أ‬٬ُ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ إهجهر ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬.11 ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ٰز (ػ)ثأل‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ٯز ث‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫أل‬ٛ ‫ٔجدغ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ٰز (ح)ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ثأل‬ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣ ٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫٘لٌٯز (ه)ثألهًٯ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣ ٢ٟ

40. Hormone, which reduce the calcium in the blood and prevents its withdrawal from the bone …. (a) Parathormone produced by the para thyroid gland. (b) Calcitonin hormone which is produced by parathyroid . (c) Prathormone which is produced by the thyroid gland. (d) Calcitonin hormone which is produced by the thyroid gland. ‫ٌور ؽجًهًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ (أ‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٦‫ن ّقذ‬٤٠‫ٯ‬٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٰٜٚٔ‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬.49 ٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫وًٰٓز (ه‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ؾجًهًٰٓز (ػ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫(ح‬ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥ٌٍِ‫ص‬

41. Hormone which goes against parathyroid hormone is ........... (a) Growth hormone which is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (b) Calcitonin hormone which is secreted from the parathyroid gland. (c) Thyroxin hormone which is produced by the thyroid gland. (d) Calcitonin hormone which is produced by the thyroid gland. ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫(أ‬...........٪٧ ‫ؾجًهًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٚ٠‫ ه‬٦ٜ٠‫ ٯؼجه ه‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬.49 ٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫وًٰٓز (ه‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ؾجًهًٰٓز (ػ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ أٯؼج ث‬٥ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)‫(ح‬ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ث‬

42. Tumour of the adrenal cortex of a man leads to.................. (a) Atrophy of the testicles. (b) Increase activity of the testes. (c) Feminization. (d) Increased male sexual characteristics. (e) Both a & c. (f) both b & d . ٢ٰ‫نظٰض‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٣ ‫ (ح)ٍٯجهر‬٢ٰ‫نظٰض‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٪٠‫ (أ)ػ‬..................٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ٖ ٯؤه‬ٛ‫ ى‬١‫ ُئ‬ٚ‫ٌؽ‬ٛ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ٓشٌر ث‬٬ُ ًٝ٪‫ط ص‬٩‫و فو‬٤‫ه‬.42 ‫ه‬،‫ ح‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩( ‫ػ‬،‫ أ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( ‫يٌٗٯز‬ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ظِجس ث‬ٛ‫عز (ه)ٍٯجهر ث‬٪٣‫ثًع ثأل‬٪‫ً دوغ ه‬٪٨‫(ػ)ك‬

43. increase Parathormone leads to .............. (a) Enlarged facial bones. (b) Increased blood sugar. (c) Increased blood calcium. (d) Increased frequency of urination. (e) Softening and curvature of the bone. (f) Both b & d. (G) Both C & E . ‫ (ه)ٍٯجهر‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫ (ػ)ٍٯجهر ٗج‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ (ح)ٍٯجهر ٌّ٘ ث‬٦‫ؽ‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ هلج‬ٞ‫ (أ)صؼن‬..............٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ ٯؤه‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٍٯجهر‬.41 ٥،‫ ػ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)ٍ( ‫ه‬،‫ ح‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩( ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ُ ث‬٪ٔ‫ص‬٩ ٢ٰٛ)٥( ٙ٪‫ضذ‬ٛ‫ٌثس ث‬ٟ

44. Hormone which has no stimulating effect on the endocrine glands............... (a) ADH (b) oxytocin. (c) TSH (d) ACTH (e) FSH and LH . (f) both a & b (G) both a, b, e . TSH)‫ (ػ‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ‫ٔجدغ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ (ح)ث‬ADH)‫ (أ‬.................‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫شؾ ه‬٤ٟ ٌٰ‫ صؤع‬٦ٛ ِٰٛ ٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬.44 ٥،‫ح‬،‫ أ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)ٍ( ‫ح‬،‫ أ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩( LH٩FSH)٥( ACTH)‫(ه‬

45. Thyroid gland has the following functions except .............. (a) controls calcium level in the blood . (b) body growth and development of mental powers . (c) stimulates absorption of sugars from the intestine . (d) regulates metabolism . (e) controls amount of urine . (f) maintain the integrity of the skin and hair . ‫ٰز‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪ٔٛ‫ً ث‬٪‫صـ‬٩ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣)‫ (ح‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٬ُ ٞ٘‫ (أ) صضق‬...................‫جهوث‬ٟ ‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٪ٛ‫وًٰٓز دج‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ص‬.41 ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٟ‫ ّال‬٬ٜ‫)ٯقجُق ه‬٩( ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ٬ُ ٞ٘‫)ٯضق‬٥( ‫ٰجس ثألٯغ‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬ٞ‫ل‬٤‫وجء (ه)ٯ‬ٟ‫ ثأل‬٢ٟ ‫ٌْ٘ٯجس‬ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫(ػ)ٯقَِ ث‬

46. Cases of fear and emotion, lead to .............. (a) decrease blood glucose . (b) increase blood flow in skin vessels . (c) increasing the hormone adrenaline . (d) increase the hormone insulin . (e) increase saliva . (f) both a & d . ‫و (ػ)ٍٯجهر‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫ أ‬٬ُ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ (ح)ٌّهز صوُْ ث‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫نِجع ؽ‬٣‫(أ)ث‬..............٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج صؤه‬٨٣‫ ُئ‬ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ثال‬٩ ٍ٪‫ن‬ٛ‫ فجالس ث‬٬ُ.46 ‫ه‬،‫ أ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩( ‫وجح‬ٜٛ‫)ٍٯجهر ث‬٥( ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ (ه)ٍٯجهر‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثألهًٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧

47. From hormones that raise blood glucose ................ (a) thyroxin by stimulating absorption of monosaccharide from the gastrointestinal tract . (b) glucagons by converting liver and muscle glycogen to glucose . (c) adrenaline by helping the passage 56

of glucose through the cell membrane . (d) insulin by converting glucose to fatty substances . ‫جر‬٤ٔٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯز‬ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ ؿٌٯْ صقَِٰ ث‬٢‫ ه‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ (أ)ث‬................ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ صٌُن ؽ‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ.47 ً٩ٌ٠ٜٛ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ؿٌٯْ فظ ث‬٢‫ ه‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ٍ (ػ)ثألهًٯ‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬ٚ‫ٯ‬٪‫ ؿٌٯْ صق‬٢‫ ه‬١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٰز (ح)ث‬٠‫ؼ‬٨ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ٰز‬٤٧‫ثه ه‬٪ٟ ٬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ٯ‬٪‫ ؿٌٯْ صق‬٢‫ ه‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ٰز (ه)ثأل‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ ًشجء ث‬ٙ‫ مال‬٢ٟ

48. From the ions that regulate the level of Parathormone in blood ............ (a) calcium ions. (b) sodium ions. (c) potassium ions. (d) all of the above ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪‫ (ح)أٯ‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪‫ (أ)أٯ‬............٬٧ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪‫ ثألٯ‬٢ٟ.45 ْ‫ج ّذ‬ٟ ٚٗ )‫ (ه‬ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪‫(ػ)أٯ‬

49. secretion of insulin Increases by activating beta cells of Islands of Langerhans due to ............. (a) Increase glucose blood (b) TSH (c) decrease of glucose. (d) ACTH . TSH١٪ٌٟ٧ )‫ (ح‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ (أ) ٍٯجهر ؽ‬.............‫ــ‬ٛ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ َ٣‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ؾ‬٣‫ؾًَ ال‬ٛ ‫شجؽ مالٯج دٰضج‬٣ ‫ دْذخ‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ٯَٯو إٌُثٍ ثأل‬.41 ACTH١٪ٌٟ٧)‫ٍ (ه‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣)‫(ػ‬

50. All of the following is from functions of the hormones except ............. (a) balance the body's internal situation and its organization. (b) metabolism and body growth and sexual maturity. (c) human behavior and development of emotional and mental pattern. (d) activates chemical interactions and not affect outputs of interactions . ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣٩ ٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ‫غ‬٠‫ض‬ٛ‫ (ح)ث‬٦٠ٰ‫ل‬٤‫ص‬٩ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٜٛ ٬ٜ‫وثم‬ٛ‫ػن ث‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ (أ)ثصَث‬.............‫جهوث‬ٟ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٩ ٢ٟ ٌ‫ ٯوضذ‬٬ٜ‫ج ٯ‬ٟ ٚٗ.19 .‫ضِجهالس‬ٛ‫ثصؼ ث‬٪٣ ٬ٜ‫ال صؤعٌ ه‬٩ ‫ٰجةٰز‬٠ٰ٘ٛ‫ضِجهالس ث‬ٛ‫شؾ ث‬٤‫ (ه)ٯ‬٫ٌِٰ٘‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ِ‫وجؿ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥٪٠٣٩ ١‫ْج‬٣‫ٕ ثإل‬٪ّٜ)‫ (ػ‬٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ؼؼ ث‬٤ٛ‫ث‬٩

II- Write scientific term of each of the following ‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫وذجًثس ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٰٜ‫ ه‬ٙ‫ صو‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬٠ٜ‫و‬ٛ‫ـ ث‬ٜ‫ظـ‬٠ٛ‫أٗضخ ث‬:‫ث‬

1. Hormone its deficiency in the blood causes increase in emotional and painful muscle spasms. (Parathormone) ‫ز‬٠ٛ‫ؤ‬ٟ ‫ٰز‬ٜ‫ؾجس هؼ‬٤‫صش‬٩ ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ ثال‬٬ُ ‫ ٯْذخ ٍٯجهر‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٦‫ٔظ‬٣ ١٪ٌٟ٧ .9

2. Mixed gland pours its secretions in the beginning of the duodenum. (Pancreas). ٌ‫ هش‬٬٤‫ دوثٯز ثألع‬٬ُ ‫ج‬٨‫شضٌٗز صظخ هظجًص‬ٟ ‫ ًور‬.2

3. Hormone antagonizes insulin action on liver glycogen. (Glucagon). ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬ٚ٠‫ ٯؼجه ه‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .1

4. Hormone resembles glucagons in work on liver glycogen. (Adrenaline) ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬٦ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ ه‬٦‫ ٯشذ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .4

5. Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland antagonizes the action of Prathormone. (Calcitonin) ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًع‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫وًٰٓز ٯؼجه ه‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .1

6. Chemical substance formed inside endocrine glands and transported through blood to another organ. (Hormones) ٌ‫ ثم‬٪‫ هؼ‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ؿٌٯْ ث‬٢‫ ه‬ٚٔ٤‫ص‬٩ ‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ هثم‬١٪٘‫شؾ صض‬٤٠ٛ‫م ث‬٪٤ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰجةٰز‬٠ٰٗ ‫جهر‬ٟ .6

7. Hormone that controls metabolism especially in the process of protein synthesis, (Growth hormone) ٢ٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰن ث‬٤‫مجطز صظ‬٩ ‫ٰز ثألٯغ‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .7

8. Gland secretes a hormone that controls metabolism especially in the process of burning of food and generation of energy. (Thyroid). ‫ـجٓز‬ٛ‫ٰو ث‬ٛ٪‫ص‬٩ ‫ٌيثء‬ٛ‫ مجطز ثفضٌثّ ث‬٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ٰز ثألٯغ ث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ًور ص‬.5

9. Disease arises in adults as a result of imbalance in the thyroid hormones, from the most important symptoms is excessive increase in body weight. (mixoedema). ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ٩ ٬ُ ‫ٌِؿز‬٠ٛ‫َٯجهر ث‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٨‫ أهٌثػ‬ٞ٧‫ أ‬٢ٟ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٬ُ ٜٚ‫ضٰؾز م‬٣ ٢ٌٰٛ‫ذج‬ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫شؤ ه‬٤‫ٌػٰز ص‬ٟ ‫ز‬ٛ‫ فج‬.1

57

10. Monosaccharide, insulin does not control its entry to the cell. (Fructose) ‫ٰز‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٛ٪‫ هم‬٬ُ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬ٞ٘‫ الٯضق‬٫‫ ٌّ٘ أفجه‬.99

11. May result in imbalance between sex hormones produced by the gonads and adrenal cortex . (Swellings in the adrenal cortex). ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٓشٌرث‬٩ ‫ْٰز‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٚٗ ‫ج‬٧ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ د‬ٜٚ‫ ٓو صقوط م‬.99

12. Hormone plays a role in maintaining the balance of minerals in the body (Aldosterone). ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ١‫وجه‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫قِجف ه‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ًث‬٩‫وخ ه‬ٜ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .92

13. Steroids hormones regulate metabolism of carbohydrates in the body. (glucocorticoids Hormones). ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٯز‬٪‫ش‬٤ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ أٯغ ث‬ٞ‫ل‬٤‫ٯوٯز ص‬٩ٌ‫جس ّض‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ .91

14. Hormone stimulates the absorption of carbohydrates from the gastrointestinal tract (Thyroxin). ‫ٰز‬٠‫ؼ‬٨ٛ‫جر ث‬٤ٔٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٯجس‬٪‫ش‬٤ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ ٯقَِ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .94

15. Hormone responsible for growth and development of mental and physical powers (Thyroxin). ‫ٰز‬٣‫ذو‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪ٔٛ‫ً ث‬٪‫صـ‬٩ ٪٠٣ ٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ .91

16. Hormone that makes bones brittle and easily fractured when its level in blood increase. (Parathormone). ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٦‫و ٍٯجهص‬٤‫ٌْ٘ ه‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ٨ّ٩ ‫شز‬٧ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٯؾو‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .96

17. Cells of pancreas secrete insulin. (Beta cells of Islands of Langerhans). ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ٌ٘ٯجُ صٌٍِ ثأل‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ مالٯج دج‬.97

18. Hormone its secretion increases near the end of pregnancy relaxes symphysis pubis to facilitate delivery. (Relaxin). ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ٨ْ‫ض‬ٛ ٬٣‫وج‬ٛ‫ ثًصنجء ثالًصِجّ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬ٚ٠‫ق‬ٛ‫ ٌٓح ث‬٥ٍ‫ ٯَٯو ثٌُث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .95

19. Hormone secreted by the cells of the mucous membrane of stomach regulates its digestive secretions. (Gastrine). ‫ز‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫ج ث‬٨‫ ثٌُثٍثص‬ٞ‫ل‬٤‫وور ٯ‬٠ٛ‫ مالٯج ًشجء ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .91

20. Hormone that helps the formation of seminephrous tubules in testicle and formation of sperm. (FSH). ‫ج‬٨‫ٯز د‬٪٤٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣‫ث‬٪ٰ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ص‬٩ ‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ٯز دج‬٪٤٠ٛ‫ٰذٰذجس ث‬٣‫ ثال‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ ٯْجهو ه‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .29

III- Rewrite the following sentences after correction without change underline words: ‫ مؾ‬٦‫جصقض‬ٟ ٌٌٰ‫ ص‬١٩‫ج ه‬٨‫ٰز دوو صظقٰق‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ؾ‬ٛ‫أهو ٗضجدز ث‬

1. From the most important hormones secreted by the adrenal gland hormone constrict blood vessels. (Neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland). ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫أل‬ٛ ‫ٔجدغ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫٘لٌٯز ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٧ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ٧‫ أ‬٢ٟ .9

2. Noradrenaline hormone helps the body's cells to oxidize glucose to produce energy. (Thyroxin) ‫ـجٓز‬ٛ‫ضجػ ث‬٣‫ٍ ال‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ أْٗور ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ مالٯج ث‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًأهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ ٯْجهو‬.2

3. Cretinism arises as a result of deficiency of growth hormone in children. (Thyroxin). ٙ‫و ثألؿِج‬٤‫ ه‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ‫جءر‬٠ٔٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫شؤ فج‬٤‫ ص‬.1

4. Lack of the hormone glucagons causes diabetes. (Insulin). ٌْ٘ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ‫ ٯْذخ‬١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ .4

5. Testosterone hormone secreted from the testis and pituitary gland. (Adrenal cortex). ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬.1

58

6. Estrogen hormone secreted from ovarian follicles and the pituitary gland. (Adrenal cortex). ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ٯظالس ث‬٪‫ ف‬٢ٟ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ ثألّض‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬.6

7. Thyroid hormone secrete thyroxin and cortisol. (Calcitonin). ٙ٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٟ ٚٗ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ صٌٍِ ث‬.7

8. Aldosterone hormone is from glucocorticoid group, of the adrenal cortex. (Cortisone). ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٔشٌر ث‬ٛ ‫ٌْ٘ٯز‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫هز ث‬٪٠‫ؾ‬ٟ ٢ٟ ٌ‫ ٯوضذ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ ثأل‬.5

9. TSH hormone secreted by the thyroid gland and stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete growth hormone. (Pituitary gland - the thyroid - Thyroxin). ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬٬ٜ‫٘لٌٯز ه‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫شؾ ث‬٤‫ٯ‬٩ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ TSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬.1

10. ACTH hormone secreted from the adrenal gland to stimulate the thymus gland to secrete adrenaline. (Pituitary - adrenal cortex - cortisone). ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ّٰز إلٌُثٍ ثألهًٯ‬٪٠ٰ‫ض‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫شؾ ث‬٤ٰٛ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ACTH١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬.99

IV - : What happens in the following cases (the consequences) )٬ٜ‫ضٌصذز ه‬٠ٛ‫ضجةؼ ث‬٤ٛ‫ٰز(ث‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫قجالس ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫جىث ٯقوط‬ٟ

1. An imbalance between the sex hormones secreted by the testes and that secreted by the adrenal cortex. ٦ٛ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ٓشٌر ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٌٍِر‬٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٚ‫ مظٰز ًؽ‬٢ٟ ‫ٌٍِر‬٠ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ ص‬٢ٰ‫ د‬ٜٚ‫ط م‬٩‫ فو‬.1

A- Appearance of feminine characters in male + Testicular atrophy. ‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٪٠‫ػ‬+‫عز‬٪٣‫ثًع ثأل‬٪‫ ه‬ٚ‫ٌؽ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ٌ ه‬٨‫صل‬

2. Swellings in the adrenal cortex . ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ٓشٌر ث‬٬ُ ‫جس‬ًٟ٪‫ ص‬.4

1. An imbalance between sex hormones secretion by the adrenal cortex and that secreting from the gonads, which leads to appearance of musculine characteristics in females and feminine characteristics in women + atrophy of the gonads. 2. An imbalance in the level of sodium and potassium in the blood due to increase secretion of the aldosterone hormone. 3. An imbalance in the metabolism of carbohydrates due to increase secretion of cortisone. ٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ّٚ‫ج‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٌٍِر‬٠ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫٘لٌٯز ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ٓشٌر ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٌٍِر‬٠ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ ص‬٢ٰ‫ د‬ٜٚ‫ط م‬٩‫فو‬. 9 ‫ْٰز‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٪٠‫ ػ‬٬ٛ‫ٖ ث‬ٛ‫ ى‬٫‫ ٓو ٯؤه‬ٙ‫ٌؽج‬ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫عز ه‬٪٣‫ثًع ثأل‬٪‫ه‬٩ ‫ْجء‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ز‬ٛ٪‫ٌؽ‬ٛ‫ثًع ث‬٪‫ه‬٩ ‫ً طِجس‬٪٨‫ك‬ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬٬ُ ‫٘ذٌٰر‬ٛ‫َٯجهر ث‬ٛ‫ضٰؾز ث‬٣ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٬ُ ٜٚ‫ط م‬٩‫فو‬.2 ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫٘ذٌٰر‬ٛ‫َٯجهر ث‬ٛ‫ضٰؾز ث‬٣ ‫ٯز‬٪‫ش‬٤ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ أٯغ ث‬٬ُ ٜٚ‫ط م‬٩‫فو‬.1

3. Removal of the adrenal cortex ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ز ٓشٌر ث‬ٛ‫ إٍث‬.1

A- death occurs because the adrenal cortex is essential for life as they play an important role in: (a) Regulation of metabolism. (b) Regulation of water and salts baance in the body. (c) play a vital role in the body's resistance to disease. ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١‫َٰث‬ٟ ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫(ح)ص‬٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ ثألٯغ ث‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫(أ)ص‬٬ُ ‫ج‬ٟ‫ج‬٧ ‫ًث‬٩‫وخ ه‬ٜ‫ج ص‬٨٣‫قٰجر أل‬ٜٛ ‫ًٯز‬٩ٌ‫٘لٌٯز ػ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ٓشٌر ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ‫ُجر‬٪ٛ‫صقوط ث‬ ‫ٌثع‬ٟ‫أل‬ٛ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٟ٩‫ٔج‬ٟ ٬ُ ‫ٯج‬٪ٰ‫ًث ف‬٩‫وخ ه‬ٜ‫(ػ)ص‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫الؿ‬ٟ‫ثأل‬٩

4. Removal of the adenohypophysis of the pituitary gland : ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٫‫ٌو‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ إٍث‬.6

59

1. Delay individual growth due to absence of growth hormone. 2. Disrupt the endocrine system such as: (a) Delay thyroid function, leading to lack of secretion of thyroxin (due to the absence of thyroid stimulating hormone TSH). (b) Delay function of adrenal cortex, leading to lack of secretion of hormones such as cortisone (due to the absence of ACTH). (c) Delay function of the gonads, as a result of the absence of hormones, FSH and LH and prolactin. ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ضٰؾز ًٰجح‬٣ ‫ٌِه‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ٰٚ‫صوـ‬.9 ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ضٰؾز ًٰجح ث‬٣(٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬ٝ‫ هو‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫كِٰز ث‬٩ ٰٚ‫(أ)صوـ‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ ؽ‬ٰٚ‫صوـ‬. 2 ‫ضٰؾز ًٰجح‬٣(١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫ج‬٨‫جص‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬ٝ‫ هو‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫كِٰز ٓشٌر ث‬٩ ٰٚ‫)(ح)صوـ‬TSH‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫شؾ‬٤٠ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ضٰؾز ًٰجح‬٣ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩ ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ٬ٛ‫ٌِه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ال ٯظ‬٫‫ أ‬ّٚ‫ج‬٤٠ٛ‫كِٰز ث‬٩ ٰٚ‫)(ػ)صوـ‬ACTH‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٔشٌر ث‬ٛ ‫شؾ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ ٢ٰ‫الٗض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩LH٩FSH‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧

5. Remove the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland of a pregnant woman : ٟٚ‫ٌأر فج‬ٟ‫ٰز ال‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ إٍث‬.7

1. absence of ADH hormone  excretion of large amounts of water in the urine  dehydration 2. Drop in blood pressure 3. At labour : she need to be injected with extract of posterior lobe of the pituitary gland to stimulate the contraction of the uterine muscles to descent the fetus due to absence of oxytocin. 4. Decrease amount of breast milk during lactation due to lack of oxytocin. ٍ‫ؾِج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ن إلهًثً ث‬٣‫ج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ضٰؾز ًٰجح ث‬٣ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰجس ٗذٌٰر‬٠ٗ ‫إمٌثػ‬.9 ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ػٌؾ ث‬٬ُ ‫نِجع‬٣‫ث‬.2 ‫ٌٰجح‬ٛ ‫لٌث‬٣ ٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٩َ٤ٛ ‫ٔذجع‬٣‫ال‬ٛ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫شٰؾ هؼالس ث‬٤‫ض‬ٛ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ض ث‬ٜ‫ْضن‬٠‫ج د‬٨٤ٔ‫ ف‬٬ٛ‫الهر صقضجػ ث‬٪ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫ه‬. 1 ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ ٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫ٔض ثأل‬٣ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ أع‬٫‫غو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫وُوز‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ‫نِجع‬٣‫ث‬.4

6. People injected with ADH (or Vasopressin) )ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ن إلهًثً ث‬٣‫ج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫ٯز(أ‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫أل‬ٛ ‫ٔجدغ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ شنض دج‬٢ٔ‫ف‬

A- Increase blood pressure. ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ثًصِجم ػٌؾ ث‬

7. Removal of the thyroid gland of a woman ? and the proposed treatment? ‫ هالػ‬٢ٟ ٦‫ج صٔضٌف‬ٟ٩ ‫ٌأر‬ٟ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ إٍث‬.5

A- Decrease level of thyroxin hormone  myxoedema its symptoms: (1) Dry skin and scanty hair. (2) Delay mental and physical activity. (3) Increased body weight to the degree of obesity. (4) Decrease level of metabolism cold intolerance. (5) Decrease heart rate. and the person gets tired quickly Treatment: give the patients thyroxin hormones or thyroid extracts. ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ‫)ؽِج‬9‫ ثألهٌثع‬ٚ٠‫صش‬٩ ‫ٌز‬ٛ‫ٌأر دج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ج أل‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ‫ً أهٌثع‬٪٨‫ ك‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ صؤه‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٬ُ ‫ٔض شوٯو‬٣ ‫ ُال‬٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ‫غ‬٠‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ‫ؽ‬٪‫ذ‬٧)4(.‫ٌِؿز‬٠ٛ‫ز ث‬٤٠ْٛ‫وًؽز ث‬ٛ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ٩ ‫)ٍٯجهر‬1(.٬٠ْ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٔض‬٣)2(.ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜٓ٩ ‫شنض دٌْهز‬ٛ‫ٯضوخ ث‬٩ ‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ ػٌدجس ث‬ٚٔ‫)ص‬1(.‫هر‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ٯضق‬ ‫ج‬٨‫ظجص‬ٜ‫ْضن‬ٟ ٩‫وًٰٓز أ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٌٯؼز‬٠ٛ‫إهـجء ث‬:‫والػ‬ٛ‫ث‬

60

8. A significant increase in the activity of the thyroid gland? and what would you suggest treatment? ‫والػ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫جىث صٔضٌؿ‬ٟ٩ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٣ ٬ُ ‫ ٍٯجهر ٗذٌٰر‬.1

A- This lead to exophthalmic goiter. The most important symptoms of the disease include: (1) Enlargement of the thyroid gland and swelling in front of the neck. (2) Bulging of the eyes. (3) Weight loss . (4) Heat intolerance. (5) increase in heart rate. (6) Nourvsness and irritability. Treatment : remove a portion of the thyroid gland. or Medical treatment. ‫ٌع‬٠ٛ‫ أهٌثع ث‬ٞ٧‫أ‬٩ ٬‫ ًٌٰ ؿذٰو‬ٚ٘‫وًٰٓز دش‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬٬ُ ‫ضٰؾز إٌُثؽ‬٣ ٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ٬ٛ‫ٖ ث‬ٛ‫ ى‬٫‫ٯؤه‬ ‫)ال‬4(.ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ٩ ٬ُ ‫ٔض شوٯو‬٣)1(.٢ٰ٤ٰ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ف‬٪‫)ؽق‬2(.‫ٌٓذز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ؾَء ثأل‬ٛ‫ضِجك ث‬٣‫ث‬٩ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫ف‬٪‫ق‬ٜٟ ٞ‫)صؼن‬9ٚ٠‫صش‬ ٬‫ٰؼ هظذ‬٨‫)ص‬6(.‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ ػٌدجس ث‬٬ُ ‫)ٍٯجهر‬1(.‫قٌثًر‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ٯضق‬ ٫ٌ‫ٌٗذجس ؿذٰز أم‬٠‫ د‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ؾز ث‬ٛ‫وج‬ٟ ٩‫وًٰٓز أ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ ؽَء‬ٙ‫ج ثّضتظج‬ٟ‫ إ‬ٞ‫ ٯض‬٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫هالػ ث‬٩

9. FSH Hormone deficiency in male childhood: ِٚ‫و ؿ‬٤‫ه‬FSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬٬ُ ‫ٔض‬٣ .99

A - do not reach sexual maturity because FSH hormone is necessary for sexual maturity; as it is responsible for the formation of seminiferous tubules and sperms production. ‫ٯز‬٪٤٠ٛ‫ٰذٰجس ث‬٣‫ ثأل‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ص‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬ٟ ٦٣‫ فٰظ أ‬٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ى ث‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ط‬٪ٜٛ ٫ً٩ٌ‫ ػ‬FSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ى ث‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ال ٯظ‬ ‫ٯز‬٪٤٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣‫ث‬٪ٰ‫ق‬ٛ‫ضجػ ث‬٣‫إ‬٩

10. Deficiency in the secretion of the hormone FSH in female child ٦ِٜ‫و ؿ‬٤‫ه‬FSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬٬ُ ‫ٔض‬٣.99

A- Do not reach to sexual maturity because it grow ovarian follicles to mature Graafian follicle , which secrete the hormone estrogen which is responsible for the appearance of the female sexual characteristics such as large mammary glands and regulation of the menstrual cycle. ‫ز‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ ف‬٬ٛ‫ج ث‬٨ٜ‫ٯ‬٪‫صق‬٩ ٬‫غ‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ٯظالس ث‬٪‫ ف‬٪٠٣ ٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬FSH ١٪ٌٟ٧ ١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ى ث‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫الصظ‬ ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ص‬٩ ‫غوٯٰز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ٗذٌ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ٬‫غ‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫ْٰز‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ظِجس ث‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٪٨‫ ك‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ ثإلّض‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جػؾز) ث‬٣ ‫ز‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ؽٌثٍ(ف‬ ‫ظ‬٠‫ـ‬ٛ‫ًر ث‬٩‫ه‬

11. Deficiency in the secretion of the hormone FSH in women ‫ٌأر‬ٟ‫و ث‬٤‫ه‬FSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬٬ُ ‫ٔض‬٣.99

A- Stop menstrual cycle, because menstrual cycle begins by FSH, which grow ovarian follicles to mature Graafian follicle , which secrete the hormone estrogen which is responsible for development of the lining of the uterus and re-feeding with blood vessels after the previous cycle. ‫ج‬٨ٜ‫ٯ‬٪‫صق‬٩ ٬‫غ‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ٯظالس ث‬٪‫ ف‬٪٠٣ ٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬FSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٟ َِٰ‫ظ صذوأ دضق‬٠‫ـ‬ٛ‫ًر ث‬٩‫ ه‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ‫ظ‬٠‫ـ‬ٛ‫ًر ث‬٩‫ٔـجم ه‬٣‫ث‬ ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫ج دجأل‬٨‫إهجهر صٌيٯض‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ز ث‬٣‫جء دـج‬٠٣‫ إ‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ ثإلّض‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جػؾز)ث‬٣ ‫ز‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ز ؽٌثٍ(ف‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ ف‬٬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ْجدٔز‬ٛ‫ًر ث‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫دوو ث‬

12. Injection of a pregnant woman in the sixth month with extract of posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ْجهُ دنالطز ث‬ٛ‫ٌ ث‬٨‫ش‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٟٚ‫ٌأر فج‬ٟ‫ ث‬٢ٔ‫ف‬.92

A- Abortion occurs because extract of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland contains oxytocin which stimulate the muscles of the uterus to contract and increase it strongly, leading to descent of the fetus. 61

‫ج‬٧‫ٯَٯو‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ظجس ث‬ٜٔ‫شؾ ص‬٤‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬٫٪‫ٰز ٯقض‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ‫جع‬٨‫ٯقوط إؽ‬ ٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٩َ٣ ٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ‫دشور‬

13. Absence of testosterone hormone in pre-pubertal stage of child ? ِٚ‫ـ‬ٛ ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ج ٓذ‬ٟ ‫ز‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ٬ُ ١٩ٌْٰ‫ص‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ًٰجح‬.91

(1) Absence of male secondary sexual characteristics . (2) lack of growth of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. ‫ٯز‬٪٤٠ٛ‫ٯظالس ث‬٪‫ق‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ّضجصج‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ًور ث‬٪٠٣ ٝ‫ هو‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٗ ‫يٌٗٯز‬ٛ‫ٯز ث‬٪٣‫غج‬ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ظِجس ث‬ٛ‫ٌ ث‬٨‫ال صل‬

14. Increase the secretion of testosterone from the adrenal cortex in the adult woman ‫ٌز‬ٛ‫ٌأر دج‬ٟ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ٓشٌر ث‬٢ٟ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ٍٯجهر إٌُث‬.94

A- Leads to appearance of male characteristics as deepening of the voice and appearance of hair in face . (b) may lead to atrophy of the sexual glands if there is swelling in the adrenal cortex. ً٪٠‫ ػ‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ٌأر(ح)ٓو ٯؤه‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ٬ٜ‫ ه‬٦‫ف‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌ‫ً شو‬٪٨‫ك‬٩ ‫س‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬٣٪‫ مش‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫ز‬ٛ٪‫ٌؽ‬ٛ‫ثًع ث‬٪‫ه‬٩ ‫ً طِجس‬٪٨‫ أ)ك‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ٯؤه‬ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ٓشٌر ث‬٬ُ ًٝ٪‫ج ثىث فوط ص‬٧‫و‬٤‫ْٰز ه‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ث‬

V: G. R. )ٜٚ‫(ه‬٬ٜ‫ج ٯ‬ٟ ٌِْ‫ج ص‬٠‫د‬

1. Release of hormones must be in the required quantities. ‫دز‬٪ٜ‫ـ‬٠ٛ‫ٰجس ث‬٠٘ٛ‫جس دج‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ثٌُثٍ ث‬٢ٟ ‫الدو‬

A- In order to function best, because increase or decrease secretion of hormones will lead to an imbalance in the function, which may cause diseases vary from one hormone to another. ‫ج ٓو ٯْذخ‬٠ٟ ‫كِٰز‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٙ‫ ثمضال‬٬ٛ‫ٖ ث‬ٛ‫ ى‬٫‫ٔض ّٰؤه‬٣ ٩‫ أ‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ثىث ٍثه إٌُثٍ ث‬٦٣‫ أل‬٦‫ؽ‬٩ ٢ْ‫ أف‬٬ٜ‫ج ه‬٨ِ‫كجة‬٩ ٫‫ صؤه‬٬٘ٛ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩* ٌ‫ ٱم‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٟ َٜ‫ٌػٰز صنض‬ٟ ‫أهٌثػج‬

2. Occurrence of dwarfism or gigantism in children . ٙ‫ ثألؿِج‬٬ُ ‫ٔز‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ث‬٩‫ز أ‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٛ‫ط ث‬٩‫فو‬

A- Dwarfism caused by decrease of growth hormone secreted from the glandular part of the pituitary gland during childhood. Gigantism caused by increase growth hormone is childhood. ‫ز‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ ُضٌر ث‬ٙ‫ٰز مال‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٫‫ٌو‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ‫ز صقوط‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* ‫ز‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ٬ُ ‫ أٯؼج‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ضٰؾز ٍٯجهر‬٣ ‫ٔز صقوط‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ج ث‬ٟ‫*أ‬

3. Occuance of acromegally in adults. ٢ٌٰٛ‫ذج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٬ٛ‫ٰؾج‬ٟ٩ٌٗ‫ط ثأل‬٩‫فو‬

A- Due to increased secretion of growth hormone from the glandular part of the pituitary gland after puberty. ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ‫ٰز دوو‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٫‫ٌو‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ضٰؾز ٍٯجهر إٌُث‬٣ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩*

4. Secretion and release of milk from the mammary glands during lactation? or Mention the hormones secreted during lactation ? ‫ٌػجهز دظِز‬ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ صٌٍِ أع‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫أىٌٗ ث‬:٫ٌ‫ًر أم‬٪‫ دظ‬٬‫ ٯؤص‬ٙ‫ْؤث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢٘٠ٟ(‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫غوٯٰز أع‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٦ٛ٩َ٣٩ ٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫إٌُثٍ ث‬ )‫أّجّٰز‬

A- Due to the effect of two hormones: 1. Prolactin: secreted from the glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, works on secretion of milk from the mammary glands. 2. Oxytocin : secreted from the neurohypophysis of pituitary gland, and works on release and rush of milk from the mammary glands in response to the breast feeding process. :٢ٰ٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٰ‫ٖ دْذخ صؤع‬ٛ‫ى‬٩*

62

‫غوٯٰز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ إٌُثٍ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٫‫ٌو‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫الٗض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧.9 ٢ٟ ‫ٰخ‬ٜ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٩َ٣ ٩‫وُجم أ‬٣‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ٯو‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ث‬٩)٢ّٰ٪‫ْٗض‬٩‫(ثأل‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬.2 ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ ‫غوٯٰز ثّضؾجدز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ث‬

5. Occurance of cretinism (or mental retardation) in some children. ٙ‫ دوغ ثألؿِج‬٬ُ )٬ٜٔ‫َ ه‬ٜ‫ صن‬٩‫جءر (أ‬٠ٔٛ‫ط ث‬٩‫فو‬

A- Due to decrease of the thyroxin hormone in childhood. Since thyroxin is responsible for growth and development of mental and physical powers , and controls the rate of metabolism, so its deficiency leads to idiocy, mental retardation, and delay sexual development. ٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬ٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ١‫فٰظ أ‬٩. ‫ز‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ‫ ) ُٮ‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ( ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٣ ‫ٔض ُٮ‬٣ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩ * . ‫ْٮ‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ضؤمٌث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٮ‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫َ ث‬ٜ‫ضن‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ز‬٧‫ذال‬ٛ‫ٮ ث‬ٛ‫ٔظز ٯؤه٭ ث‬٣ ١‫ ثألٯغ ثألّجّٮ إى‬ٙ‫وو‬ٟ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫ٯضق‬٩ ‫ٰز‬٣‫ذو‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫٭ ث‬٪ٔٛ‫ً ث‬٪‫صـ‬٩ ٪٠٣

6. Occurance of mixoedema in some adults. ٢ٌٰٛ‫ذج‬ٛ‫ دوغ ث‬٬ُ ‫ج‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ط ث‬٩‫فو‬

A- due to thyroxin hormone deficiency after puberty. Since the thyroxin is responsible for growth and development of mental and physical power, and controls metabolic rate and maintain the integrity of the skin and hair: so its deficiency leads to …... ) ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ( ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٣ ‫ٔض ُٮ‬٣ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩ * ‫ز‬ٟ‫ٮ ّال‬ٜ‫ٯقجُق ه‬٩ ‫ ثألٯغ‬ٙ‫وو‬ٟ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫ٯضق‬٩ ‫ٰز‬٣‫ذو‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫٭ ث‬٪ٔٛ‫ً ث‬٪‫صـ‬٩ ٪٠٣ ٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬ٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ١‫فٰظ أ‬٩ . ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫دوو ث‬ ) ‫ٌع‬٠ٛ‫ صيٌٗ أهٌع ث‬ٞ‫ٔظز ٯؤه٭ (ع‬٣: ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬

7. Occurance of exophthalmic goiter in some peoples. ‫و دوغ ثألشنجص‬٤‫ ه‬٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ط ث‬٩‫فو‬

A- Due to increase thyroxin hormone . Since thyroxin is responsible for the growth and development of mental and physical power , controls metabolic rate and maintain the integrity of the skin and hair: so increased excretion leads to ……. )٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫وًٰٓز (ٍٯجهر‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٣ ‫شجؽ ُٮ‬٣ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩ * ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٟ‫ٮ ّال‬ٜ‫ٯقجُق ه‬٩ ‫ ثألٯغ‬ٙ‫وو‬ٟ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫ٯضق‬٩ ‫ٰز‬٣‫ذو‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫٭ ث‬٪ٔٛ‫ً ث‬٪‫صـ‬٩ ٪٠٣ ٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬ٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ١‫فٰظ أ‬٩. ) ‫ٌع‬٠ٛ‫ صيٌٗ أهٌثع ث‬ٞ‫ ٍٯجهر إٌُثٍر ٯؤه٭(ع‬:ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ث‬٩

8. Contraction of the muscles of the uterus at birth . ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫ ه‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ٔذجع هؼالس ث‬٣‫ ث‬.2

A- because: Labour is a neurological condition → stimulate neurons in the hypothalamus → form hormone stimulating muscles of the uterus which reaches the neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland → to the uterus. This hormone regulate contractions of the uterus and increases it strongly during labour the exit the fetus. ١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ )‫* (أ‬ ٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ دض‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ِ ث‬ٟ‫عجال‬٪‫ٰذ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٦ٰ‫وظذ‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫شؾ ث‬٤‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ز هظذٰز ث‬ٛ‫ فج‬١٪٘‫الهر ص‬٪ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ فج‬-‫أ‬ .ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ج ث‬٨٤ٟ٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ٌو‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ٯظ‬ .٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ أمٌثػ ث‬ٚ‫ أؽ‬٢ٟ ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫جء ه‬٤‫ج دشور أع‬٧‫ٯَٯو‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ظجس ث‬ٜٔ‫ ص‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ دض‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ٝ٪ٔ‫ د‬-‫ح‬

9. Secretion of the oxytocin hormone during lactation . ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫)أع‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫(ث‬٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬ٞ‫ٯض‬

A- because it release milk from the mammary glands in response to the breast feeding process. ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ ‫ٰز ثّضؾجدز‬٤‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰخ‬ٜ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٩َ٣ ٩‫وُجم أ‬٣‫ ث‬٬ًُ‫شؾوج‬ٟ ‫ صؤعٌث‬٦ٛ ١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩*

63

10. Doctors use the extract of neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland in obstructed labor. ‫ضوٌْر‬٠ٛ‫الهر ث‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ض ث‬ٜ‫ْضن‬ٟ ‫ ثألؿذجء‬ٝ‫ٯْضنو‬

A- because it contains oxytocin hormone which regulate uterine contractions and increase it strongly during birth process in order to exit the fetus. ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫جء ه‬٤‫ج دشور أع‬٧‫ٯَٯو‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ظجس ث‬ٜٔ‫ ص‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ دض‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ٝ٪ٔ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬٫٪‫ ٯقض‬٦٣‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* .٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ إمٌثػ ث‬ٚ‫ أؽ‬٢ٟ

11. Secretes adrenaline hormone in large quantities during childbirth. ‫ٰجس ٗذٌٰر‬٠٘‫الهر د‬٪ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ أع‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثألهًٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬

A- Because the mother is in a state of fear and emotion during the birth, so adrenaline release to convert glycogen of the liver and muscles into glucose, which supply the mother with energy to face the fear and supply muscles of the abdomen and uterus with energy to make it to contract vigorously to help expulsion of the fetus. ٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬ٜٚ‫ ٯق‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫الهر ُٰنٌػ ثألهًٯ‬٪ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ أع‬ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫إ‬٩ ٍ٪‫ز م‬ٛ‫ فج‬٬ُ ١٪٘‫ ص‬ٝ‫ ثأل‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* .٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ إمٌثػ ث‬٬ُ ‫ضْجهو‬ٛ ‫ر‬٪ٔ‫ٔذغ د‬٤‫ج ص‬٨ٜ‫ؾو‬ٛ ‫ـجٓز‬ٛ‫ دج‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢‫ذـ‬ٛ‫و هؼالس ث‬٠‫ٯ‬٩ ٍ٪‫ن‬ٛ‫ز ث‬٨‫ثؽ‬٪٠ٛ ‫ـجٓز‬ٛ‫ دج‬ٝ‫و ثأل‬٠‫ٯ‬

12. Imbalance in the neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland (or in the hypothalamus) leads to severe thirst. ‫شوٯو‬ٛ‫وـش ث‬ٛ‫ج دج‬٠‫ٌٯغ هثة‬٠ٛ‫ِ) ٯشوٌ ث‬ٟ‫عجال‬٪‫ٰذ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٩‫ٰز(أ‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٜٚ‫ط م‬٩‫و فو‬٤‫ه‬

A- Because ADH hormone is secreted by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus. If this cells damaged , this hormone not formed, which leads to loss of large amounts of water → thirst. ‫يث‬٧ ١٪٘‫ الٯض‬٦٣‫َ ُئ‬ٜ‫ج ص‬٨ُٰ ‫ِ ُئىث فوط‬ٟ‫عجال‬٪‫ٰذ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫هر‬٪‫ؽ‬٪ٟ ‫ٌٍِر‬ٟ ‫ مالٯج هظذٰز‬٥ٌٍِ‫ ص‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ؼجه إلهًثً ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* .‫شوٯو‬ٛ‫وـش ث‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ٯشوٌدج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ج ٯؾو‬٠ٟ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰجس ٗذٌٰر‬٠ٗ ‫ ُٔو‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬

13. Patients with diabetes are advised to eat honey rich in fructose as a source of energy instead of sugar cane . ٥٩٩٩٩٪ٜ‫ف‬ ‫ٔظخ‬ٛ‫ ٌّ٘ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ـجٓز دوال‬ٜٛ ً‫ظو‬٠ٗ ٍ٪‫ٌِٗض‬ٛ‫ دج‬٬٤ٌٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ق‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬ْٚ‫ ه‬ٙ٩‫ج‬٤‫ دض‬٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ٌػ‬ٟ ‫ظـ‬٤‫ٯ‬

A- Because fructose can enter the cell in absence of insulin and enters in Krebs cycle producing energy so it does not accumulate in the blood. While cane sugar is digested in the intestine producing glucose and fructose , where the glucose can not enter cells in the the absence of insulin, so it accumulates in the blood to become higher than normal (80120 mg / 100 ml blood). ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٞٗ‫ ال ٯضٌث‬٦٣‫ ُئ‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫دج‬٩ ٦ٓ‫ـج‬ٛ‫ضجػ ث‬٣‫ث‬٩ ِ‫ًر ٌٗد‬٩‫ ه‬٬ُ ٚ‫ٯوم‬٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ًٰجح ثأل‬٬ُ ‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ٍ ٯْضـٰن هم‬٪‫ٌِٗض‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* ٙ٪‫ٍ ال ٯْضـٰن هم‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫فٰظ أ‬٩ )ٍ٪‫ٌُٗض‬٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ضؾج(ؽ‬٤ٟ ‫وجء‬ٟ‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ٦٠‫ؼ‬٧ ٞ‫ ٯض‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ٔظخ ث‬ٛ‫ ٌّ٘ ث‬٦ٛ‫ فج‬٬ُ ‫ج‬ٟ‫ أ‬٦‫ْذذج ثًصِجه‬ٟ )ٝ‫ ه‬ٟٚ999/ٞ‫ؾ‬ٟ929-59(٬‫ـذٰو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٛ‫وو‬ٟ ٢ٟ ٬ٜ‫ٰظذـ أه‬ٛ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٞٗ‫ ٯضٌث‬٦٣‫ ُئ‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ دج‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ًٰجح ثأل‬٬ُ ‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ث‬

14. Diabetic patients are often treated by injecting insulin. ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬٢ٔ‫ؼ دق‬ٛ‫ج ٯوج‬ٟ ‫ذج‬ٛ‫ ًج‬٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ

A- in order to reduce the percentage of blood glucose to normal level (80-120 mg / 100 cc of blood) in two ways: 1. Stimulate glucose oxidation in cells and tissues of the body as it is necessary for the passage of sugars through the cell membrane to inside cell to be used. 2. Control the relationship between stored glycogen and blood glucose , as it stimulate convertion of glucose into glycogen or fatty substances stored in the liver, muscle or other tissues of the body. :٢ٰٔ‫ ؿٌٯ‬٢‫ٖ ه‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ )ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ّٞ999/ٞ‫ؾ‬ٟ929-59(٬‫ـذٰو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٛ‫وو‬ٟ ٪‫ق‬٣ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ْذز ؽ‬٣ ‫ٰنِغ‬ٛ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩* ‫ ًشجء‬ٙ‫ مال‬٢ٟ ‫ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯز‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٩ٌ٠ٛ ٫ً٩ٌ‫ ػ‬٦٣‫ِز فٰظ ث‬ٜ‫نض‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْؾز ث‬٣‫ث‬٩ ‫ مالٯج‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫شؾ) أْٗور ث‬٤‫ (ٯ‬٬ٜ‫قظ ه‬ٛ‫ث‬.9 ٦ٟ‫ ثّضنوث‬٢٘٠‫ ٯ‬٬‫ج فض‬٨ٜ‫ هثم‬٬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ث‬

64

١َ‫ صن‬٦ٰ٤٧‫ثه ه‬٪ٟ ٬ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫ أ‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ ٯشؾن صق‬٪٨ُ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٌِه دج‬٤٠ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ١َ‫ن‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫والٓز د‬ٛ‫ دج‬ٞ٘‫ضق‬ٛ‫ث‬. 2 ٫ٌ‫ ثألم‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْؾز ث‬٣‫ أ‬٩‫وؼالس أ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ

15. Diabetic Patient suffering from frequent urination and thirst ‫وـش‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٙ٪‫ضذ‬ٛ‫ٌ صووه ث‬٧‫ث‬٪‫ ك‬٢ٟ ٬٣‫ ٯوج‬٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ

A- Because excretion of large amount of glucose in urine is accompanied by excretion of large amounts of water, so the patient is suffering from frequent urination and thirst. ٙ٪‫ضذ‬ٛ‫ٌ صووه ث‬٧‫ث‬٪‫ ك‬٢ٟ ٬٣‫ٌٯغ ٯوج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ ُئ‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫جء دج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰجس ٗذٌٰر‬٠ٗ ‫ إمٌثػ‬٦‫ ٯظجفذ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ضٰؾز الًصِجم‬٣* ‫وـش‬ٛ‫ث‬٩

16. Inflammation of the pancreas leads to diabetes mellitus? ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫جدجس‬٨‫ض‬ٛ‫ط ث‬٩‫و فو‬٤‫ ه‬٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬٠‫ثإلطجدز د‬

A- Because inflammation of the pancreas leading to damage of beta cells in islets of Langerhans, leading to decrease in secretion of insulin, causing diabetes. ‫ٌع‬ٟ ‫ج ٯْذخ‬٠ٟ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ إٌُثٍ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫ٔض‬٣ ٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ َ٣‫ج‬٧ ٌ‫ؾ‬٣‫ ؽًَ ال‬٬ُ ‫َ مالٯج دٰضج‬ٜ‫ ص‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ٯؤه‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫جح ث‬٨‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* .٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬

17. Diabetes is characterized by imbalance of glucose and fat metabolism . ١٪٧‫و‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ؤٯغ ث‬٫ُ ٜٚ‫ن‬ٛ‫َٰ دج‬٠‫ ٯض‬٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ

A- Because diabetis is caused by deficiency of the insulin, which allows the passage of glucose into the cell . So lack of insulin → blood glucose can not pass into the cell (to be used in cellular respiration to release energy for the activities of the body), which leads to accumulation of glucose in the blood . Also glucose does not turn into fat. ‫ٔض‬٣ ‫و‬٤‫ ه‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ٰز دج‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ هثم‬٬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٩ٌ٠‫ـ د‬٠ْ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ٦‫ ّذذ‬٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫شـز ث‬٣‫ز أل‬ٍٟ‫ال‬ٛ‫ـجٓز ث‬ٛ‫ إلؿالّ ث‬٫٪ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِِ ث‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ‫ ٯْضنو‬٬٘ٛ(‫ٰز‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ هثم‬٬ٛ‫ً ث‬٩ٌ٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ال ٯْضـٰن ؽ‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ثأل‬ ١٪٧‫ ه‬٬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫أٯؼج ال ٯضق‬٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞٗ‫ صٌث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ )‫ِز‬ٜ‫نض‬٠ٛ‫ث‬

18. Diabetic patient suffering from fainting . ‫جء‬٠ً‫ ثإل‬٢ٟ ٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ ٬٣‫ٯوج‬

A- Because absence of insulin → glucose can not enter the brain cells, so brain cells can not get needed energy through oxidation of glucose in the process of cellular respiration, so fainting occurs. ٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫قظ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ل‬٠ٛ‫ ال صْضـٰن مالٯج ث‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫دج‬٩ ‫ل‬٠ٛ‫ مالٯج ث‬ٙ٪‫ هم‬٢ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ال ٯْضـٰن ؽ‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ًٰجح ثأل‬٬ُ ٦٣‫لٌث أل‬٣ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩* ‫جءر‬٠ً‫ج ُضقوط ثإل‬٨ٛ ٫٪ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِِ ث‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ أْٗور ث‬ٙ‫ مال‬٢ٟ ‫ز‬ٍٟ‫ال‬ٛ‫ـجٓز ث‬ٛ‫ث‬

19. Diabetic patient suffering from high blood glucose than normal . ٬‫ـذٰو‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫وو‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ ه‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ ثًصِجم‬٢ٟ ٬٣‫ ٯوج‬٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬٠‫ٌٯغ د‬٠ٛ‫ث‬

A- Because diabetes caused by lack of the insulin, which allows passage of glucose into the cell, so lack of insulin → (a) blood glucose can not pass into cells. (b) Glucose can not turn to fat This leads to accumulation of glucose in the blood → increased glucose in the blood than normal. ‫ٔض‬٣ ‫و‬٤‫ ه‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ٰز دج‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ هثم‬٬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٩ٌ٠‫ـ د‬٠ْ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ٦‫ ّذذ‬٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* ٞٗ‫ صٌث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ١٪٧‫ ه‬٬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫(ح)أٯؼج الٯضق‬٩ ‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ هثم‬٬ٛ‫ً ث‬٩ٌ٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫(أ)ال ٯْضـٰن ؽ‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ثأل‬ ٬‫ـذٰو‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫وو‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ ه‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ٍٯجهر ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬

20. In diabetic patient, glucose appears in urine tests . ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚٛ‫ صقج‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٌ ث‬٨‫ٌْ٘ ٯل‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ ٬ُ

A- the same previous answer. + when blood glucose increases than normal → pass to the urine. ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ َٙ٤‫ ٯ‬٬‫ـذٰو‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫وو‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ ه‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ج ٯَٯو ؽ‬ٟ‫و‬٤‫ ه‬:‫ج‬٨ٰٜ‫ْجدٔز رصؼَٰ ه‬ٛ‫ِِ ثالؽجدز ث‬٣*

65

21. Pancreas is a mixed gland. ‫شضٌٗز‬٠ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٯوضذٌ ث‬

A- This is because it contains : 1. Exocrine part: its acini secrete digestive enzymes which pass through the pancreatic duct into the duodenum. 2. Endocrine part: Its island of langerhans secrete hormones directly into the blood. :ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٦٣‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* ْ‫ ؿٌٯ‬٢‫ هشٌ ه‬٬٤‫ ثالع‬٬ُ ‫ج‬٨‫ٯظذ‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ مالٯج ف‬ٙ‫ مال‬٢ٟ ‫ز‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٦‫جص‬٠‫َٯ‬٣‫ دئٌُثٍ إ‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ فٰظ ٯ‬:)٬‫نجًؽ‬ٛ‫ٯز (ىثس ثإلٌُثٍ ث‬٪٤ٓ ‫ٌٗور‬.9 ‫ٌ٘ٯجّٰز‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫جر ث‬٤ٔٛ‫ث‬ َ٣‫ج‬٧ ًَ‫ضنظظز صوٌٍ دؾ‬ٟ ‫ مالٯج ًوٯز طٌٌٰر‬٢ٟ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩ ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ دئٌُث‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ٯ‬:‫جء‬٠‫ٌٗور ط‬.2

22. Patient with exophthalmic goiter, characterized by loss of weight , and increase of heart rate or nervous irritability. ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ٰؼ ث‬٨‫ض‬ٛ‫ دج‬٩‫ أ‬٦‫ذ‬ٜٓ ‫ دَٯجهر ػٌدجس‬٩‫ أ‬٦٣ٍ٩ ‫ٔض‬٤‫َٰ د‬٠‫ ٯض‬٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ

A- Because exophthalmic goiter occurs as a result of increase in thyroxin which leads to: 1. Since thyroxin is responsible for growth and development of mental power → so increase the hormone lead to nervous irritability. 2. Since it controls metabolic rate → so increasing the hormone lead to increased rates of catabolism, leading to loss of weight and increase heart rate. ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٬ُ ‫ ٍٯجهر ٗذٌٰر‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫دج‬٩ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٣ ٬ُ ‫ٌِؿز‬ٟ ‫ضٰؾز ٍٯجهر‬٣ ٌ٨‫ ٯل‬٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* :٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫صؤه‬ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ٰؼ ث‬٨‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ صؤه‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ٍٯجهر ث‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ٰز دج‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪ٔٛ‫ً ث‬٪‫صـ‬٩ ٪٠٣ ٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬ٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ١‫فٰظ أ‬.9 ٦‫ذ‬ٜٓ ‫ٍٯجهر ػٌدجس‬٩ ٦٣ٍ٩ ‫ٔض‬٣ ٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ٝ‫و‬٨ٛ‫ووالس ث‬ٟ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ صؤه‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ٍٯجهر ث‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ ثألٯغ دج‬ٙ‫وو‬ٟ ٬ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬٦٣‫فٰظ ث‬.2

23. Mixoedema patient can not tolerate cord while Exophthalmic goiter patient can not tolerate heat. ‫قٌثًر‬ٛ‫ ثًصِجم ث‬٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ ٚ٠‫ج ال ٯضق‬٠٤ٰ‫هر د‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ ٚ٠‫ صق‬ٝ‫هو‬

A- Because mixoedema is caused by decrease of thyroxin, which is produced by the thyroid gland. While exophthalmic goiter caused by increased secretion of thyroxin. Since thyroxin is responsible for controlling metabolism and energy production. So decrease hormones → decrease metabolism and decrease energy production.So patient can not tolerate cold and vice versa in the case of exophthalmic goiter. ٍ‫ ٍٯجهر إٌُث‬٦‫ ّذذ‬٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٠٤ٰ‫وًٰٓز د‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ٦‫ج ّذذ‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* ٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ ٯؤه‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣ ١‫ـجٓز إى‬ٛ‫ضجػ ث‬٣‫إ‬٩ ‫ٰجس ثألٯغ‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ضق‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٪٧ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ١‫فٰظ أ‬٩ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ فج‬٬ُ ِ٘‫و‬ٛ‫دج‬٩ ‫هر‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ ال ٯضق‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ـجٓز دج‬ٛ‫ضجػ ث‬٣‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫نِجع‬٣‫ ث‬٫‫نِجع ثألٯغ أ‬٣‫ث‬

24. Lack of iodine in food and water leads to goiter ? ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ صؼن‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫جء ٯؤه‬٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٌيثء‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ه‬٪ٰٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣

A- Because iodine is used in formation of thyroxin. So iodine deficiency → prevent formation of thyroxin by required quantities , which leads to goitre. ‫ج‬٠ٟ ‫دز‬٪ٜ‫ـ‬٠ٛ‫ٰجس ث‬٠٘ٛ‫ دج‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ١٪٘‫ه ال ٯض‬٪ٰٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣ ‫و‬٤‫ ه‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫دج‬٩ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ص‬٬ُ ٚ‫ه ٯوم‬٪ٰٛ‫ ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ صؼن‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ٯؤه‬

25. Mixoedema patient characterized by increase weight and obesity . ‫ٌِؿز‬٠ٛ‫ز ث‬٤٠ْٛ‫وًؽز ث‬ٛ ٦٣ٍ٩ ‫ج دَٯجهر‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ َٰ٠‫ٯض‬

A- Because mixoedema patient caused by deficiency of thyroxin. Since thyroxin controlled metabolism, so its deficiency decrease catabolism, which increases the body weight, to the degree of obesity. 66

٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ٰجس ثألٯغ ث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٙ٩‫ ثأل‬ٞ٘‫ضق‬٠ٛ‫ ٯوضذٌ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ١‫فٰظ أ‬٩ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ٦‫ج ّذذ‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* ‫ٌِؿز‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٦٤٠ْٛ‫ هًؽز ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ٩ ‫ج ٯَٯو‬٠ٟ ٝ‫و‬٨ٛ‫ٰجس ث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٢ٟ ‫ ٗغٌٰث‬ٜٚٔ‫ ٯ‬٦‫ٔظ‬٣ ١‫ ُج‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫دج‬

26. Myxoedema patients get tired with the least effort . ‫ه‬٪٨‫ؾ‬ٟ ٚٓ‫ج)أل‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫(ث‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣ ‫ٌٯغ‬ٟ ‫دضوخ‬

A- Because myxoedema caused by lack of the hormone thyroxin, which controls the metabolism of food , so its deficiency leads to reduced amount of energy liberated from food  reduces the number of heart beats  so the amount of blood reach the muscle become insufficient , so the patient tired quickly with minimal effort. ‫ٔض‬٣ ٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ ٯؤه‬٦‫ٔظ‬٣ ٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫دج‬٩ ٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ٰجس ثألٯغ ث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ٦‫ج ّذذ‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ ١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* ٝ‫ٰٔج‬ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫ٌٯغ دٌْهز ه‬٠ٛ‫ٖ ٯضوخ ث‬ٛ‫ي‬ٛ ‫وؼالس‬ٜٛ ‫جّذز‬٤ٟ ٝ‫ٰجس ه‬٠ٗ ٚ‫خ ُال صظ‬ٜٔٛ‫ هوه ػٌدجس ث‬ٜٚٔ‫ج ٯ‬٠ٟ ‫ٌيثء‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ضقًٌر‬٠ٛ‫ـجٓز ث‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ‫ه‬٪٨‫ؾ‬ٟ ٚٓ‫دؤ‬

27. Increased secretion of Parathormone makes bones fragile and easily breakable . ٌْ٘ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ٨ّ٩ ‫شز‬٧ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٯؾو‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ٍٯجهر إٌُثٍ ث‬

A- Because increase secretion of Parathormone lead to increase level of calcium in the blood . This excess amount of calcium and phosphorus are withdraw from bones  bone become fragile and subject to bending and fracture easily. ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٪ِّ٪ُ٩ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫ ٗج‬٢ٟ ‫َٯجهر‬ٛ‫ٖ ث‬ٜ‫ ّقخ ص‬ٞ‫ٯض‬٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ ثًصِجم‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ صؤه‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ٍٯجهر إٌُثٍ ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* ‫ز‬ٛ٪٨ْ‫ٌْ٘ د‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫جء‬٤‫ق‬٣‫أل‬ٛ ‫صضوٌع‬٩ ‫شز‬٧ ‫ُضظذـ‬

28. Decrease level of sodium in the blood and its exit in the urine, with increase level of potassium in the blood when adrenal gland diseased. ‫ٌثع‬ٟ‫٘لٌٯز دؤ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫و ثطجدز ث‬٤‫ ه‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ن ثًصِجم‬ٟ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٦‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫م‬٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫نِجع‬٣‫ث‬

A- Because the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone hormone, which plays an important role in maintaining the balance of the metal in the body, by re-absorption of sodium and get red of potassium in the kidneys. So damage of the adrenal cortex  decrease aldosterone  decrease sodium in the blood and its loss in the urine and increase potassium in the blood. ٬ٜ‫ٯْجهو ه‬٩ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ دج‬١‫وجه‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫قِجف ه‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ج‬ٟ‫ج‬٧ ‫ًث‬٩‫وخ ه‬ٜ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫٘لٌٯز ص‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ٓشٌر ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* ٬ُ ٞ٧‫ج ٯْج‬٠ٟ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ ثأل‬ٚٔ‫ٌثع ٯ‬ٟ‫ٔشٌر دؤ‬ٛ‫و إطجدز ث‬٤‫ ه‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ دج‬٢ٰ‫ٰض‬ٜ٘ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ض‬ٜ‫ضن‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫إهجهر ث‬ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ثًصِجم ث‬٩ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٦٣‫ُٔوث‬٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫نِجع ث‬٣‫ث‬

29. Appearance of male characteristics in women and female characteristics in men . ٙ‫ٌؽج‬ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫عز ه‬٪٣‫ثًع ثأل‬٪‫ه‬٩ ‫ْجء‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ز‬ٛ٪‫ٌؽ‬ٛ‫ثًع ث‬٪‫ه‬٩ ‫ً طِجس‬٪٨‫ك‬

A- Due to imbalance between sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and sex hormones secreted by gonads (testes in males and ovaries in female). ‫ٌوه‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٧ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ج ٓشٌر ث‬٧ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ ص‬٢ٰ‫ د‬ٜٚ‫ط م‬٩‫ضٰؾز فو‬٣ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩* )٬‫غ‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٌٗ‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫نضظز (ث‬٠ٛ‫ث‬

30. Increase level of blood glucose during fear. ٍ٪‫ن‬ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫ضٰؾز ه‬٣ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ثًصِجم ؽ‬

A- Because in a state of fear ; large amounts of adrenaline and noradrenaline secreted from the adrenal medulla. They analyze liver and muscle glycogen to glucose  increase blood glucose. ٜٚ‫ صق‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬١‫ال‬٠‫ٯو‬٩ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣ ٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثألهًٯ‬٢ٟ ‫ٰجس ٗذٌٰر‬٠ٗ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬ٞ‫ٍ ٯض‬٪‫ن‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ فج‬٬ُ ٦٣‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ٍ ٌُٰصِن ؽ‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؽ‬

31. Increase adrenaline hormone during emotion and fear. ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ثال‬٩ ٍ٪‫ن‬ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ أع‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثألهًٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٍٯجهر‬

A- Because emotion  activate adrenal medulla , which secretes both adrenaline and noradrenaline in the blood to leads to : 67

1. Increase level of sugar in the blood due to decomposition of stored glycogen in the liver and muscles into glucose. (2) increase the force and rte of cardiac contraction .(3) increase blood pressure. (4) increase rate of breathing. 2- All these changes  flow of large quantities of blood carrying oxygen and glucose to the muscles of the body  so the body get the necessary energy to face the dangers. :٬ٜ‫ ه‬١‫ال‬٠‫ٰو‬ٛ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثألهًٯ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫٘لٌٯز ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣ ‫شؾ‬٤‫ ص‬ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ فجالس ثال‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* ‫ٔذجع‬٣‫ٌّهز ث‬٩ ‫ر‬٪ٓ ‫)ٍٯجهر‬2(ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ١َ‫ن‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٜٚ‫ضٰؾز صق‬٣ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ٍٯجهر‬.9 ِِ٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫وو‬ٟ ‫)ٍٯجهر‬4(ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫)ًُن ػٌؾ ث‬1(‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ث‬ ‫ز‬ٍٟ‫ال‬ٛ‫ـجٓز ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ‫ صقظ‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫دج‬٩ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٢ٰ‫ثألْٗؾ‬٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ز دج‬ٜ٠‫ق‬ٟ ‫ ٗذٌٰر‬ٝ‫ٰجس ه‬٠ٗ ٙ٪‫ط‬٩ ‫ضٌٌٰثس صْجهو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ٚٗ٩* ً‫ز ثألمـج‬٨‫ثؽ‬٪ٟ٩

32. The pituitary glands is the gland master. ٩ٌ‫جٯْض‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫ٌوه أ‬ٛ‫ٰز ّٰور ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫صوضذٌ ث‬

A- Because it controls the entire endocrine system by its secreted hormones , and affect the secretion of the rest of the endocrine glands ; as adenohypophysis secrete ……and neurohypophysis secrete. ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ صيٌٗ ث‬ٞ‫جء ع‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ إٌُثٍ دٰٔز ث‬٬ُ ٌ‫صؤع‬٩ ‫ج‬٧ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ؿٌٯْ ث‬٢‫ز ه‬ٜ٠ٗ‫جء دؤ‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ ؽ‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ج صضق‬٨٣‫*أل‬ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٫‫ٌو‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٧ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬

33. The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is more important than the posterior lobe. ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٨‫ ُظ‬٢ٟ ٞ٧‫ٰز أ‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ٯوضذٌ ث‬

A- Because: The anterior lobe is glandular lobe secrete the following hormones : (1) Growth hormone which controls the metabolism of food and protein synthesis, so it control the growth of the body. (2) Hormones stimulating other endocrine glands , as TSH ; ACTH ; FSH ; LH and prolactin. - While the posterior lobe is a neural lobe ; hormones released from it was formed in the hypothalamus , these hormones affect only the non-glandular tissue such as muscles of the uterus and nephron tubes. ‫ٰن‬٤‫صظ‬٩ ٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ٰجس ثألٯغ ث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧)9٢ٟ ٚٗ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ ُض ًو‬٢‫ هذجًر ه‬٪٧ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩* ‫شؾ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫شؾ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ٫ٌ‫جء ثألم‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٜٛ ‫شـز‬٤ٟ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧)2(ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ٬ُ ٞ٘‫ٖ ٯضق‬ٛ‫دي‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٢ٰ‫الٗض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩LH٩FSHٚ‫غ‬ٟ ّٚ‫ج‬٤٠ٜٛ ‫شـز‬٤٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٔشٌر ث‬ٛ ‫ْؾز‬٣‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫جس صؤعٌ ُٔؾ ه‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧٩ ُ‫ج‬ٟ‫عال‬٪‫ٰذ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٦٤ٟ ‫ صنٌػ‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ص‬ٞ‫ ٯض‬٬‫ ٯوضذٌ ُض هظذ‬٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٠٤ٰ‫*د‬ ١٩ٌِ٤ٛ‫جدٰخ ث‬٣‫ث‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ هؼالس ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫ًٌٰ ًوٯز‬

VI: Various questions : ‫أسئٍخ ِزٕىعخ‬:‫سبدسب‬

(1) Mention the name of one hormone plays 2 opposite roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates, one anabolic and the other catabolic to achieve one function. From what it is secreted ? what its role in both cases? ‫ػـ‬٩ ٦٠ّ‫ج ث‬ٟ ‫ثفور‬٩ ‫كِٰز‬٩ ْٰٔ‫ضق‬ٛ ٝ‫و‬٨ٛ‫ثٱمٌ دج‬٩ ‫جء‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ج دج‬٠٧‫ٯجس أفو‬٪‫ش‬٤ٛ‫ أٯغ ث‬٬ُ ٢‫ضؼجهٯ‬ٟ ٢‫ًٯ‬٩‫وخ ه‬ٜ‫ثفو ٯ‬٩ ١٪ٌٟ٧ ّٞ‫) أىٌٗ ث‬9( .٢ٰ‫ض‬ٛ‫قج‬ٛ‫ ٗال ث‬٬ُ ٥ً٩‫ه‬٩ ٥ٍ‫ إٌُث‬١‫٘ج‬ٟ

A- Is the name of the hormone is insulin. Secreted from beta cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas 1. Its anabolic role in carbohydrate metabolism: insulin stimulate convertion of blood glucose to glycogen or fat stored in liver or muscles, or other body tissues. 68

2. Its catabolic role in carbohydrate metabolism: it stimulate glucose oxidation in the cells, as it is necessary in two processes : (1) Passage of monosaccharides (except fructose) through cell plasma membrane into the cytoplasm of cells. (2) activates especial enzymes found in the cytoplasm of cells which convert glucose into glucose-6phosphate. ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫َ دج‬٣‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ؾ‬٣‫ ؽًَ ال‬٬ُ ‫ مالٯج دٰضج‬٢ٌٍِٟ‫ٯ‬٩.٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثال‬٪٧ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ّٞ‫*ث‬ ٬ُ ‫ج‬٨٤‫ صنَٯ‬ٞ‫ ٯض‬١٪٧‫ ه‬٩‫ أ‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬ٙ٪‫ دضشؾٰن صق‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ ٯ‬:‫ٰوًثس‬٧٪‫ٌ٘د‬ٛ‫ أٯغ ث‬٬ُ ‫جء‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ فج‬٬ُ ٥ً٩‫ال ه‬٩‫أ‬.9 ٫ٌ‫ ثألم‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْؾز ث‬٣‫ أ‬٬ُ ٩‫وؼالس أ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫٘ذو أ‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٢ٰ‫ض‬ٟ‫ج‬٧ ٢ٰ‫ٰض‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٫ً٩ٌ‫ ػ‬٦٣‫ٍ فٰظ أ‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ أْٗور ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ٯقظ مالٯج ث‬٦٣‫ ُئ‬:‫ٰوًثس‬٧٪‫ٌ٘د‬ٛ‫ أٯغ ث‬٬ُ ٝ‫و‬٨ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ فج‬٬ُ ٥ً٩‫ٰج ه‬٣‫عج‬.2 ‫شٰؾ‬٤‫ دض‬ٝ٪ٔ‫)ٯ‬2(‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٍٝ‫دال‬٪‫ ّٰض‬ٚ‫ هثم‬٬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٍٟ‫ذال‬ٛ‫ ثألًشٰز ث‬ٙ‫ مال‬٢ٟ )ٍ٪‫ٌِٗض‬ٛ‫جهوث ث‬ٟ(‫ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯز‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٩ٌ٠ٛ ٫ً٩ٌ‫)ػ‬9‫ج‬٠٧ ‫ِّجس‬٪ُ 6 ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٛ٪‫صق‬٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٜٛ ‫ٰز ٌُِْر‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ صو‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٍٝ‫دال‬٪‫ ّٰض‬٬ُ ‫ؽو‬٪‫جس مجطز ص‬٠‫َٯ‬٣‫إ‬

(2) For a diabetic patient any of the following juices can be taken without causing rise in sugar: sugar cane juice or grip juice or honey. Knowing that sugar cane juice rich in sucrose and grape juice rich in glucose and honey bees rich in fructose. ٝ‫ٔظخ أ‬ٛ‫(هظٌٰ ث‬٦ٟ‫ ٌّ٘ ه‬٬ُ ‫ٖ ثًصِجم‬ٛ‫ ٯْذخ ى‬١‫ أ‬١٩‫ ه‬٦ٛ٩‫ج‬٤‫ ٯض‬١‫ أ‬٢٘٠‫ٰز ٯ‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫وظجةٌ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ أ‬٬ُ ٫ٌّ٘ ٙ٪‫ٌٯغ د‬ٟ ًٕ‫) ثّضشج‬2( ٌْ٘‫ د‬٬٤ً ‫خ‬٤‫و‬ٛ‫هظٌٰ ث‬٩ ٍ٩ٌْ٘ٛ‫ دٌْ٘ ث‬٬٤ً ‫ٔظخ‬ٛ‫ هظٌٰ ث‬١‫ أ‬ٜٞ‫و‬ٛ‫ن ث‬ٟ(ٌِْٰ‫ض‬ٛ‫ن ث‬ٟ ٦‫ظق‬٤‫جىث ص‬٠‫) ُذ‬ٚ‫ق‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬ْٚ‫ ه‬ٝ‫خ أ‬٤‫و‬ٛ‫هظٌٰث‬ )ٍ٪‫ٌِٗض‬ٛ‫ دٌْ٘ ث‬٬٤ً ٚ‫ق‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬ْٚ‫ه‬٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬

1. Sugar cane juice is not recommended because it contains sucrose, which hydrolysed in the intestine by the enzyme sucrase to glucose and fructose. Due to absence of insulin in diabetic patient glucose can not enter the cells to be oxidized . As a result, it is accumulates in the blood, leading to increase in the blood than normal. 2. Similarly, grape juice is not recommended because it contains glucose. 3. Honey bees is recommended because it is rich sugar fructose, which is absorbed and can enter the cells in absence of insulin producing energy without increase glucose level in the patient blood. ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ٌْ٘ٯَ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫َٯ‬٣‫ثّـز إ‬٪‫وجء د‬ٟ‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ٜٚ‫ ٯضق‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٩ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ٌّ٘ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬٫٪‫ ٯقض‬٦٣‫ٖ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ٚ‫ٔظخ ال ٯِؼ‬ٛ‫ هظٌٰ ث‬.9 ٦٣‫ٖ ُئ‬ٛ‫ي‬ٛ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣٩ ‫قٌٓز‬ٛ ‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ هم‬٢ٟ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ُال ٯْضـٰن ث‬٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ ‫و‬٤‫ ه‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثإل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ضٰؾز ًٰجح‬٣٩ ٍ٪‫ٌُٗض‬٩ ٬‫ـذٰو‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫وو‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ ه‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٦‫ ٍٯجهص‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٞٗ‫ٯضٌث‬ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬٫٪‫ ٯقض‬٦٣‫ أل‬ٚ‫خ ال ٯِؼ‬٤‫و‬ٛ‫ هظٌٰ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬٠ٛ‫ دج‬.2 ‫ ثًصِجم‬١٩‫ـجٓز دو‬ٛ‫ضؾج ث‬٤ٟ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ًٰجح ثأل‬٬ُ ‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ٯْضـٰن هم‬٩ ‫ضض‬٠‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪‫ٌِٗض‬ٛ‫ دٌْ٘ ث‬٬٤ً ٦٣‫ أل‬ٚ‫ ٯِؼ‬ٚ‫ق‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬ْٚ‫ ه‬.1 ‫ٌٯغ‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ ه‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٌّ٘ ث‬

(3) Osteoporosis (lack of calcium in the bones) may occur in human due to deficiency of a specific hormone or increase of another hormone. What are these hormones ; locate its sources and method of work of each of them? ٢‫يٯ‬٧ ٌٗ‫ أمٌ أى‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٩‫ أ‬٢ٰ‫و‬ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٤ٛ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ )ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣(ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫شجشز ث‬٨‫ د‬١‫ْج‬٣‫) ٓو ٯظجح ثإل‬1( ‫ج؟‬٠٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ٚ٠‫ؿٌٯٔز ه‬٩ ‫ج‬٠٧‫ إٌُثٍث‬١‫٘ج‬ٟ ‫فوه‬٩ ٢ٰ٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬

A- The two hormones are: 1. Calcitonin hormone: secreted by the thyroid gland. It prevents withdrawal of calcium from the bones. So lack of this hormone facilitates the withdrawal of calcium from the bones making them fragile. 2. Parathormone hormone: secreted from parathyroid glands . It stimulate withdrawal of calcium from the bones. So increase this hormone  increase withdrawal of calcium from bones making them fragile, easily breakable. :‫ج‬٠٧ ١‫ج‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ ّقخ‬٢ٟ ٚ٨ْ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ١‫ إى‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ن ّقخ ث‬٤٠‫ ٯ‬٦٣‫ أ‬٦‫كِٰض‬٩٩ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬:٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -9 ٦‫ش‬٧ ‫ج‬٨ٜ‫ج ٯؾو‬٠ٟ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ث‬

69

ٚ٠‫ صو‬٦‫ ٍٯجهص‬١‫ إى‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ صقَِٰ ّقخ ث‬٪٧ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ‫كِٰز‬٩٩ ‫ؾجًثس هًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬٩ ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -2 ٌْ٘ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ٨ّ ‫شز‬٧ ‫ج‬٨ٜ‫ ُضؾو‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫َٯو‬٠ٛ‫ ّقخ ث‬٬ٜ‫ه‬

(4) Mention the name of hormones increase blood glucose in blood ? Sources of this hormones ? method of increasing glucose level ? ‫ٍ؟‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٜٛ ‫ج‬٨‫ؿٌٯٔز ًُو‬٩ ٌٍِ‫ٌوه ص‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ أ‬٢ٟ٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ٌّ٘ ث‬٣ ‫ صٌُن‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫جء ث‬٠ّ‫) أىٌٗ أ‬4( Name of hormone Name of gland secrete it Method of raising blood glucose Thyroxin Thyroid gland Stimulates absorption of carbohydrates (glucose) from the gastrointestinal tract Cortisone Adrenal cortex Regulate carbohydrate metabolism by break down glycogen to glucose. Adrenaline and Adrenal medulla Hydrolyse glycogen stored in the liver and muscles to noradrenaline glucose. Glucagon Alpha cells in the islets of convert glycogen stored in liver only to glucose. Langerhans of pancreas. ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؿٌٯٔز ًُن ؽ‬ ‫ٰز‬٠‫ؼ‬٨ٛ‫جر ث‬٤ٔٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ)ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٯجس(ث‬٪‫ش‬٤ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ٯقَِ ث‬ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ دضٌْٰ٘ ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٯز دج‬٪‫ش‬٤ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ ثٯغ ث‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ص‬ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ث‬ ٬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ١َ‫ن‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٜٚ‫صق‬ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؽ‬ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫٘ذو ُٔؾ ث‬ٛ‫ دج‬١َ‫ن‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ٯ‬٪‫صق‬

‫ٌور‬ٛ‫ ث‬ّٞ‫ث‬ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٓشٌر ث‬

١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ّٞ‫ث‬ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ث‬ ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ث‬

‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣

٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ثألهًٯ‬ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬

َ٣‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ؾ‬٣‫ ؽًَ ال‬٬ُ ‫ِج‬ٛ‫مالٯج أ‬ ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫دج‬

(5) Mention sources of secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline? and their effect on blood vessels of skin and muscle - eye - the urinary bladder ‫ز‬٣‫غج‬٠ٛ‫ث‬-٢ٰ‫و‬ٛ‫ث‬-‫وؼالس‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫ ثأل‬٢ٟ ٚٗ ٬ٜ‫ج ه‬٠٧ٌٰ‫ج صؤع‬ٟ٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثألهًٯ‬٢ٟ ٚٗ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬٢ٗ‫ج‬ٟ‫) أىٌٗ أ‬1( ‫ٰز‬ٛ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬ Hormone Source Effects Blood vessels Blood vessels of Eye Urinary bladder of skin muscles Adrenaline Secreted from the contraction of Relaxation of Dilatation Relaxation of adrenal medulla. blood vessels Blood vessels in of the eye urinary bladder pupil Noradrenaline From two places: of skin  the muscles   urine storage Adrenal medulla reduces increase inflow of in bladder, in and as amount of blood to the cases of tension, neurotransmitter fighting, exercise blood in it  muscle with its secreted from oxygen and and other. makes skin terminal nutrients needed color pale. arborization of to meet nerve endings to emergency the synaptic cleft . conditions. ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ أ‬٬‫ هظذ‬ٚٓ‫ج‬٣ ٌ‫ٯوضذ‬٩ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣ :‫ج‬٠٧ ٢ٰ٣‫٘ج‬ٟ ٢ٟ ٌٍُِٰ--٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ج ث‬ٟ‫٘لٌٯز&أ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣ ٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫*ٯٌٍِ ثألهًٯ‬ ٬٘‫ضشجد‬ٛ‫شْ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫جٯجس ثألهظجح ث‬٨٣ ٢ٟ

70

‫و شجفذج‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٛ ٚ‫ج ٯؾو‬٠ٟ ‫ج‬٨ُٰ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ٜٚٔ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ج)أ‬٧ٌ‫ ٯؼْٰ ٓـ‬٫‫ج(أ‬٨‫ٔذجػ‬٣‫ٯْذخ ث‬ ‫ز‬ٍٟ‫ثه ًيثةٰز ال‬٪ٟ٩ ٢ٰ‫ أْٗؾ‬٢ٟ ٦ٜ٠‫ج ٯق‬٠‫ز د‬ٜ‫وؼ‬ٜٛ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ثًه ث‬٪‫ ص‬٢ٟ ‫ج ٯَٯو‬٠ٟ ‫ج‬٨‫ذْجؿ‬٣‫ٯْذخ ث‬ ‫ء‬٫ً‫ث‬٪‫ـ‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٩ٌ‫ز ك‬٨‫ثؽ‬٪٠ٛ ٢ٰ‫و‬ٛ‫ّن فوٓز ث‬٪‫ٯ‬ ٥ًٌٰ٩ ٢‫جًٯ‬٠‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٙ‫ٔضج‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٌ‫ص‬٪‫ض‬ٛ‫ فجالس ث‬٬ُ ‫ز‬٣‫غج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ صنَٯ‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٫‫ج(أ‬٨‫ذْجؿ‬٣‫ٯْذخ ث‬

‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫ثأل‬ ٬ُ ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫ثأل‬ ‫وؼالس‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٢ٰ‫و‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ٰز‬ٛ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬٣‫غج‬٠ٛ‫ث‬

(6) Mention the name of the hormone responsible for each of the following and secreted glands: :٥ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬‫ ثألص‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ّٞ‫) أىٌٗ ث‬6(

1. Reduce the sugar glucose in the blood . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ مِغ ٌّ٘ ث‬.9

2. Increase level of calcium in the blood . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ‫ ثًصِجم‬.2

3. Reduce the level of calcium in the blood . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ‫ مِغ‬.1

4. Increase level of sodium and decrease level of potassium in the blood . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫مِغ ث‬٩ ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ‫ ثًصِجم‬.4

5. Increase level of glucose through decomposition glycogen in liver only. ‫٘ذو ُٔؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٜٚ‫ ؿٌٯْ صق‬٢‫ٍ ه‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ‫ ثًصِجم‬.1

6. Hormone secreted by the adrenal gland and raises the blood sugar by decomposition of glycogen in the liver and muscles. ‫وؼالس‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬ٜٚ‫ دضق‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ٯٌُن ث‬٩ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .6

7. Hormone that allows glucose to enter the cell and cellular oxidation . ‫ٯج‬٪ٜ‫ م‬٦‫أْٗوص‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ـ دوم‬٠ْ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .7

8. Hormone works on reabsorption of water in the renal tubules. ‫ٯز‬٪ٜ٘ٛ‫ٰذٰذجس ث‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ إهجهر ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .5

9. Hormone constricted blood vessels and raises blood pressure . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٯٌُن ػٌؾ ث‬٩ ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫ٔذجع ثأل‬٣‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .1

10. Hormone works on protein metabolism and the growth of the body. ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣٩ ٢ٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ أٯغ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .99

11. Hormone responsible for regulating menstruation (month cycle). )‫ٌٯز‬٨‫ش‬ٛ‫ًر ث‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ظ(ث‬٠‫ـ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ص‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ .99

12. Hormone responsible for regulating blood changes in the lining of the uterus to prepare it receive ovum. ‫ٯؼز‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ًٍم ث‬٩ ٙ‫ الّضٔذج‬٥‫ٰوو‬ٛ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٜٛ ٢‫ذـ‬٠ٛ‫ٌشجء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫ضٌٌٰثس ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ص‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ .92

13. Hormone responsible for regulating the changes that occur in the mammary glands during pregnancy . ٚ٠‫ق‬ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫غوٯٰز أع‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ صقوط‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ضٌٌٰثس ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ص‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ .91

14. Hormone causes the relaxation of symphysis pubis at the end of pregnancy to facilitate the birth process. ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬ٰٚ٨ْ‫ض‬ٛ ٚ٠‫ق‬ٛ‫جٯز ُضٌر ث‬٨٣ ‫و‬٤‫ ه‬٬٣‫وج‬ٛ‫ ٯْذخ ثًصنجء ثالًصِجّ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ .94

15. Hormone responsible for growth of the prostate and seminal vesicles + appearance of secondary sex characters in the males. ٌٗ‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٯز‬٪٣‫غج‬ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ظِجصج‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٪٨‫ك‬+‫ٯز‬٪٤٠ٛ‫ٯظالس ث‬٪‫ق‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ّضجصج‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ .91

71

Answer : Action

Name of hormone

Sources

1. Reduce the sugar glucose in the blood

Insulin

2. Increase level of calcium in the blood 3. Reduce the level of calcium in the blood . 4. Increase level of sodium and decrease level of potassium in the blood . 5. Increase level of glucose through decomposition glycogen in liver only. 6. Hormone secreted by the adrenal gland and raises the blood sugar by decomposition of glycogen in the liver and muscles. 7. Hormone that allows glucose to enter the cell and cellular oxidation . 8. Hormone works on reabsorption of water in the renal tubules. 9. Hormone constricted blood vessels and raises blood pressure . 10. Hormone works on protein metabolism and the growth of the body. 11. Hormone responsible for regulating menstruation (month cycle). 12. Hormone responsible for regulating blood changes in the lining of the uterus to prepare it receive ovum. 13. Hormone responsible for regulating the changes that occur in the mammary glands during pregnancy . 14. Hormone causes the relaxation of symphysis pubis at the end of pregnancy to facilitate the birth process. 14. Hormone causes the relaxation of symphysis pubis at the end of pregnancy to facilitate the birth process.

Parathormone Calcitonin

beta cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Para thyroid glands Thyroid gland

Aldosterone

Adrenal cortex

Glucagon

Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas Adrenal medulla

Adrenalin

Insulin Antidiuretic hormone

Beta cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas Pars nervosa of the pituitary gland

Antidiuretic hormone

Pars nervosa of the pituitary gland

Growth hormone

Adenohypophysis of the pituitary gland. Graafian follicle in the ovary

Estrogen Progesterone

corpus luteum in the ovary and placenta

Progesterone

corpus luteum in the ovary and placenta

Relaxin

corpus luteum + placenta + uterus

Testosterone and androsterone

interstetial cells of testis

(7) Mention the name of hormone (hormones), which works on the following elements; and effects of it : :ٚ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ن ىٌٗ ؿذٰوز ث‬ٟ ‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٣‫وو‬٠ٛ‫جطٌ ث‬٤‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫ ثألهؼجء أ‬٬ٜ‫ دظِز أّجّٰز ه‬ٚ٠‫ صو‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس)ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫(ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ّٞ‫) أىٌٗ ث‬7(

1. Bending zone of the stem ّ‫جء ّج‬٤‫ق‬٣‫ـٔز ث‬٤ٟ .9

2. Mammary glands ‫غوٯٰز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬.2

3. Uterus ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ ث‬.1

4. Bone 72

ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬.4

5. Renal tubules ‫ٯز‬٪ٜ٘ٛ‫ٰذٰذجس ث‬٣‫ ثأل‬.1

6. Graafian follicle ٍ‫ز ؽٌث‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ ف‬.6

7. Corpus luteum ٌِ‫ ثألط‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬.7

8. Symphysis pubis. ٬٣‫وج‬ٛ‫ ثالًصِجّ ث‬.5

9. Interstetial cells of testis . ‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٰز‬٤ٰ‫ذ‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬.1

10. Bowel (intestine) ‫وجء‬ٟ‫ثأل‬

.99

ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫ٗج‬

.99

ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ط‬

.92

ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؽ‬

.91

‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؽ‬

.94

11. Blood calcium 12. Blood Sodium. 13. Blood glucose 14. Liver glycogen Answer : Element

Hormone acting on it

Effect of hormone

Bending zone of the stem Mammary glands:

Auxins

curvature of the stem

1. Estrogen 2. Progesterone 3. Prolactin 4. Oxytocin

Uterus

1. Estrogen 2. Progesterone 3. Oxytocin

Symphysis pubis Graafian follicles

1. Relaxin

Corpus luteum

LH

Interstitial cells in testis

LH

1. Enlargement of the mammary glands 2. Regulation of changes that occur in the mammary glands during pregnancy 3. Secretion (production) of milk from the mammary glands 4. Release of the milk from the mammary glands in response to the breast feeding process 1. Development of the lining of the uterus during the menstrual cycle (menstruation) 2. Regulate vascular changes in the lining of the uterus to prepare it for the reception and egg laying 3. Contraction of the muscles of the uterus at birth to expel the fetus. Causes relaxation of symphysis pubis at the end of pregnancy to facilitate the birth process (1) help formation of Graafian follicle and stimulate it to secrete estrogen (2) Release of ovum from Graafian follicle (ovulation) Stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete the hormone progesterone Helps in its formation and stimulate it to secrete male hormones (testosterone and androsterone)

1. FSH 2. LH

73

Bones

(1) Parathormone (2) Calcitonin

Renal tubules

(1) ADH (2) Aldosterone

Intestine

(1) thyroxin (2) Secretine and Cholecystokinine (1) Parathormone (2) calcitonin Aldosterone

Blood calcium Bloosd Sodium Blood glucose

Liver glycogen

(1) Insulin (2) Thyroxin (3) Cortisone (4) Adrenaline and noradrenaline. (5) Glucagon. (1) insulin (2) glucagon (3) adrenaline

(1) Decrease calcium level in the blood  stimulate secretion of Parathormone → withdraw calcium from the bones to maintain the level of calcium in the blood normal. (2) Increase calcium level in blood → stimulate secretion of calcitonine → preventing calcium withdrawal from bone. (1) Reduce the amount of urine through water reabsorption in renal tubules. (2) Absorption of sodium and excretion of potassium from the kidneys. (1) Helps absorption of monosaccharides. (2) Stimulate the digestive tract glands to secrete digestive enzymes. (1) Increase level of calcium in the blood. (2) Decrease level of calcium in the blood Helps re-absorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the kidneys. (1) Decrease blood glucose. (2) & (3)&(4) & (5) : Increase blood glucose .

(1) Increase it as it conver glucose to glycogen (2) Decrease it as it hydrolyse glycogen to glucose (3) Decrease it as it hydrolyse glycogen to glucose

‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ؿذٰوز ه‬ ّ‫ْج‬ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ق‬٣‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫صو‬ ‫غوٯٰز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ٗذٌ ث‬.9 ٚ٠‫ق‬ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫غوٯٰز أع‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ صقوط‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ضٌٌٰثس ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ص‬.2 ‫غوٯٰز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ضجػ)ث‬٣‫ إٌُثٍ(إ‬.1 ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ ‫ٰز ثّضؾجدز‬٤‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰخ‬ٜ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٩َ٣ ٩‫وُجم أ‬٣‫ ث‬.4 )‫قٰغ‬ٛ‫ظ(ث‬٠‫ـ‬ٛ‫ًر ث‬٩‫جء ه‬٤‫ أع‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ز ث‬٣‫جء دـج‬٠٣‫ إ‬.9 ٙ‫ الّضٔذج‬٥‫ٰوو‬ٛ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٜٛ ٢‫ذـ‬٠ٛ‫ٌشجء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫ضٌٌٰثس ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ص‬.2 ‫ٯؼز‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ًٍم ث‬٩ ٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫الهر إلمٌثػ ث‬٪ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫ ه‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ٔذجع هؼالس ث‬٣‫ ث‬.1 ‫ٰز‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬ٰٚ٨ْ‫ض‬ٛ ٚ٠‫ق‬ٛ‫جٯز ُضٌر ث‬٨٣ ‫و‬٤‫ ه‬٬٣‫وج‬ٛ‫ٯْذخ ثًصنجء ثالًصِجّ ث‬ ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ث‬ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ج إلٌُثٍ ثألّض‬٨‫شـ‬٤‫ٯ‬٩ ‫ج‬٨٤‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫) ٯْجهو ه‬9( )‫ٯغ‬٪‫ز ؽٌثٍ(صذ‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ ف‬٢ٟ ‫ٯؼز‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ صقًٌ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫) ٯو‬2( ١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْٰض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬٬ٜ‫ ثألطٌِ ه‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫شؾ ث‬٤‫ٯ‬ ‫ج‬٨‫جص‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ج إلٌُث‬٧َِٰ‫صق‬٩ ‫ج‬٨٤‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ٯْجهو ه‬ )١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ ثأل‬٩ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫يٌٗٯز(ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ َُٰٯو إٌُث‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫نِجع ث‬٣‫و ث‬٤‫)ه‬9( ٬ٜ‫ٰقجُق ه‬ٛ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ُْٰقخ ث‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٦‫ضظجط‬ٟ‫ن ث‬٤٠‫ د‬٦‫ ٯنِؼ‬٦٣‫ ُئ‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫و ثًصِجم ٗج‬٤‫)ه‬2( ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ ؿٌٯْ إهجهر ث‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ٰٜٚٔ‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫) ٯو‬9(

74

‫ج‬٨ٰٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ صو‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ ‫جس‬٤ْٰٗ٩‫ثأل‬ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ ثألّض‬.9 ١٩ٌ‫ؽْض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬.2 ٢ٰ‫الٗض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬.1 ٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫ ثأل‬.4 ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ ثألّض‬.9 ١٩ٌ‫ؽْض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬.2 ٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫ ثأل‬.1

ٌ‫جط‬٤‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫ثألهؼجء أ‬ ‫ذجس‬٣ ّ‫جء ّج‬٤‫ق‬٣‫ـٔز ث‬٤ٟ ‫غوٯٰز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ث‬

٢ْٰٗ‫ٌٯال‬ٛ‫ث‬

٬٣‫وج‬ٛ‫ثالًصِجّ ث‬

ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ث‬

FSH )9( ٍ‫ز ؽٌث‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ف‬ LH )2( LH ٌِ‫ ثألط‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬ LH ‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٰز‬٤ٰ‫ذ‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫)ث‬9( ٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫)ث‬2(

ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ث‬

ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ن إلهًثً ث‬٣‫ج‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫) ث‬9(

‫ٯز‬٪ٜ٘ٛ‫ٰذٰذجس ث‬٣‫ثأل‬

‫ٯز‬٪ٜ٘ٛ‫جدٰخ ث‬٣‫ ثال‬٬ُ ٢ٟ ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ض‬ٜ‫ضن‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫) ٯْجهو ه‬2( ٢ٰ‫ٰض‬ٜ٘ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯز‬ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫) ٯْجهو ه‬9( ‫ز‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫جس ث‬٠‫َٯ‬٣‫ٰز إلٌُثٍ ثإل‬٠‫ؼ‬٨ٛ‫جر ث‬٤ٔٛ‫شٰؾ ًوه ث‬٤‫) ص‬2( ‫ِز‬ٜ‫نض‬٠ٛ‫ج ث‬٨‫هظجًص‬٩ ‫ج‬٠٧ٌٗ‫ّذْ ى‬

١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫) ثأل‬2( ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫) ث‬9( ٩ ٢ٰ‫ٌْٰ٘ص‬ٛ‫) ث‬2( ٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪‫ْْٰٰض‬ٛ٪٘ٛ‫ث‬ ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫) ث‬9( ٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫) ث‬2( ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ثأل‬

٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ض‬ٜ‫ضن‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ إهجهر ث‬٬ٜ‫ٯْجهو ه‬ ٢ٰ‫ٰض‬ٜ٘ٛ‫ث‬ ٦‫جس صٌُو‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ج دٰٔز ث‬ٟ‫ أ‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ٯنِغ ؽ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫فٰو ث‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫(ثأل‬٥ٌٗ‫ّذْ ى‬ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ٯ‬٪‫ دضق‬٦٤‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫) ٯْجهو ه‬9( ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫) ثأل‬9( ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٜٜ‫ٖ دضق‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ٦ٜٜٔ‫) ٯ‬2( ١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫) ث‬2( ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٜٜ‫ٖ دضق‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ٦ٜٜٔ‫) ٯ‬1( ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫) ثألهًٯ‬1(

‫وجء‬ٟ‫ثأل‬ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫ٗج‬ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ط‬ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؽ‬ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؽ‬

(8) Mention the properties of the hormones . ‫جس؟‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫أىٌٗ مظجةض ث‬

)5(

(A) Hormones are organic chemicals, some formed of a protein complex and some formed of simple compounds as amino acids or steroids (fatty substances). (B) Produced in small amounts estimated by microgerams (1 / 1000 mg). (C) Hormones are importance in human life as it performs the following functions: 1. Balance the body's internal situation (internal equilibrium) 2. Body growth 3. Physical maturity 4. Metabolism 5. Human behavior and development of emotional and mental pattern. ٩‫ٰز أ‬٤ٰٟ‫جع ثأل‬٠‫ٌٗذجس دْٰـز ٗجألف‬ٟ ٢ٟ ٌ‫ذوغ ثألم‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ؤو‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ١٪٘‫ج ٯض‬٨‫ٯز دوؼ‬٪‫ٰجةٰز هؼ‬٠ٰٗ ‫ثه‬٪ٟ ٬٧ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫(أ) ث‬ )‫ٰز‬٤٧‫ثه ه‬٪ٟ(‫ٯوثس‬٩ٌٰ‫ثّض‬ )ٝ‫ٰؾٌث‬ٜٜٟ9999/9(ٝ‫ؽٌث‬٩ٌٰ٘٠ٛ‫ز صٔوٯٌ دج‬ٰٜٜٓ ‫ٰجس‬٠٘‫(ح) صٌٍِ د‬ :‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٪ٛ‫ أهثء ث‬٬ُ ٚ‫غ‬٠‫ صض‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ فٰجر ثإل‬٬ُ ‫ٰز ٗذٌٰر‬٠٧‫جس أ‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ )‫(س‬ )٬ٜ‫وثم‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ز(ثالصَث‬٠ٰ‫ل‬٤‫ص‬٩ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٜٛ ٬ٜ‫وثم‬ٛ‫ػن ث‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ثصَث‬٩ ١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ ص‬.9 ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ .2 ٬٠ْ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ػ ث‬٪‫ؼ‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬.1 ٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ‫غ‬٠‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬.4 ٫ٌِٰ٘‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ِ‫وجؿ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥٪٠٣٩ ١‫ْج‬٣‫ٕ ثال‬٪ّٜ .1

(9) Mention the methods used to know the functions of hormones? ‫جس؟‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٪ٛ ٚ‫ط‬٪‫ض‬ٜٛ ‫ش‬ٟ‫ ثّضنو‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ـٌّ ث‬ٛ‫) أىٌٗ ث‬1(

By Studying: 1. Symptoms, which appear on the human or animal due to enlargement or removal of the gland. 2. The chemical composition of the gland extracts and identifies their effects on different biological processes :‫ٖ دوًثّز‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ‫ج‬٨ٛ‫ ثّضتظج‬٩‫جء أ‬٠‫ ًور ط‬ٞ‫ضٰؾز صؼن‬٣ ١‫ث‬٪ٰ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫ أ‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثال‬٬ٜ‫ٌ ه‬٨‫ صل‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ ثألهٌثع ث‬.9 ‫ِز‬ٜ‫نض‬٠ٛ‫ٯز ث‬٪ٰ‫ق‬ٛ‫ٰجس ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ أع‬٬ٜ‫ضوٌٍ ه‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٌور‬ٛ‫نالطز ث‬ٛ ٬‫ٰجة‬٠ٰ٘ٛ‫ضٌٰٗخ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬.2

75

(10) Mention the role of Claude Bernard and Star Lange and Jensen Basn . ٢ْ٤‫ ؽ‬٢ْٰ‫د‬٩ ‫ؼ‬٤ٛ ً‫ّضج‬٩ ً‫ج‬٣ٌ‫ه د‬٪ٜٗ ٢ٟ ٚٗ ً٩‫) أىٌٗ ه‬99(

(1) Claude Bernard studied the functions of the liver and considered sugar stored in it is internal secretion and bile as external secretion. (2) Star Lange: found that: 1. Pancreas secretes its digestive juice at arrival of food from the stomach to the duodenum, even after cut nerve connection between the pancreas and other organs, 2. He concluded that there is a kind other than nervous stimulation. 3. He conclude that the mucous membrane lining of the duodenum secrete substances pass to the blood stream until it reaches the pancreas to stimulate it to secrete digestive juice. 4. He called these chemical messages , hormones, (the Greek word meaning activating substances). (3) Booysen Jensen: The first point to the plant hormones (Auxins) and explain phototropism by auxins distribution, as he proved that the reception area (tip of stem ) secrete chemical substance (indole acetic acid) move from it to the response zone (bending zone) causing its curvature . ٬‫ظٌِثء إٌُثٍ مجًؽ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩)‫ (ح‬٬ٜ‫وثم‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥ٍ‫ إٌُث‬٪٧ ٦ُٰ ٌ‫وم‬٠ٛ‫ٌْ٘ ث‬ٛ‫أ)ث‬ٌ‫ثهضذ‬٩ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٩ ًُ‫جً ه‬٣ٌ‫ه د‬٪ٜٗ* :١‫ؽو أ‬٩:‫ؼ‬٤ٛ ً‫*ّضج‬ ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ د‬٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫ دوو ٓـن ثالصظج‬٬‫ هشٌ فض‬٬٤‫ ثإلع‬٬ٛ‫وور ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٌيثء‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ط‬٩ ً٪ُ ‫ز‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٦‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ٯٌٍِ هظجًص‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬.9 ‫ ثألهؼجء‬٢ٟ ٥ًٌٰ٩ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ ًٌٰ ث‬٦ٰ‫ذ‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫هج‬٪٣ ٕ‫ج‬٤٧ ١‫ضؼ أ‬٤‫ثّض‬.2 ٍ‫ إٌُث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٦٨‫ذ‬٤‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ُض‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ صظ‬٬‫ فض‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ صٰجً ث‬٬ُ ٫ٌْ‫ثه ص‬٪ٟ ٌٍِ‫ هشٌ ٯ‬٬٤‫ألع‬ٛ ٢‫ذـ‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫نجؿ‬٠ٛ‫ٌشجء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ أ‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ط‬٪‫ص‬. 1 ‫ز‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٦‫هظجًص‬ )‫شـز‬٤٠ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫جر ث‬٤‫و‬ٟ ٬٣‫ج‬٣٪‫ِق ٯ‬ٛ(‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٰجةٰز‬٠ٰ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ٌّجة‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ٬٠ّ.4 ١‫ء ُٔو أعذش أ‬٪‫ؼ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪‫ق‬٣ ّ‫ْج‬ٛ‫ضقجء ث‬٣‫ج ث‬٨‫ ٯٌِْ د‬١‫ثّضـجم أ‬٩)‫جس‬٤ْٰٗ٩‫ذجصٰز(ثأل‬٤ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ أشجً ث‬٢ٟ ٙ٩‫ أ‬٪٧ ٌ‫ٯوضذ‬:٢ْ٤‫ ؽ‬٢ْ‫ٯ‬٪‫*د‬ )‫جء‬٤‫ق‬٣‫ـٔز ثال‬٤ٟ(‫ـٔز ثالّضؾجدز‬٤ٟ ٬ٛ‫ج ث‬٨٤ٟ ٚٔ‫ض‬٤‫ٰٖ)ص‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫غ ث‬٠‫ ف‬ٙ٩‫و‬٣‫ٰجةٰز(أ‬٠ٰٗ ‫جهر‬ٟ ٌٍِ‫ْجّ ص‬ٜٛ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫ج‬٤ٛ‫ز ث‬٠ٔٛ‫ ث‬٬٧٩ ٙ‫ـٔز ثالّضٔذج‬٤ٟ ‫ج‬٨‫جة‬٤‫ق‬٣‫صْذخ ث‬٩

(11) Mention the importance of each of the hormones and Auxins ? ‫جس‬٤ْٰٗ٩‫ثأل‬٩ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٚٗ ‫ٰز‬٠٧‫) أىٌٗأ‬99(

(A) The importance of hormones: - hormones are important in human life in performance of the following functions: 1. Balance body's internal situation (internal equilibrium). 2. Body growth. 3. Physical maturity 4. Metabolism 5. Human behavior and development of emotional and mental pattern. (B) The importance of Auxins: 1. Regulation and differentiation of tissue growth . 2. Affecting growth by activation or inhibition . 3. Controls flowering of flowers, falling leaves, and ripening of fruit and its falling. 4. Affecting the vital processes in all cells and tissues of the plant. 5. Control plant growth. :‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٪ٛ‫ أهثء ث‬٬ُ ٚ‫غ‬٠‫ صض‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ فٰجر ثإل‬٬ُ ‫ٰز ٗذٌٰر‬٠٧‫جس أ‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ :‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠٧‫(أ) أ‬ )٬ٜ‫وثم‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫(ثالصَث‬٦٠ٰ‫ل‬٤‫ص‬٩ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٜٛ ٬ٜ‫وثم‬ٛ‫ػن ث‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ثصَث‬٩ ١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ ص‬.9

76

ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ .2 ٬٠ْ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ػ ث‬٪‫ؼ‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬.1 ٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ‫غ‬٠‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬.4 ٫ٌِٰ٘‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ِ‫وجؿ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥٪٠٣٩ ١‫ْج‬٣‫ٕ ثإل‬٪ّٜ .1 :‫جس‬٤ْٰٗ٩‫ٰز ثأل‬٠٧‫(ح) أ‬ ‫ج‬٨‫ه‬٪٤‫ص‬٩ ‫ْؾز‬٣‫ ثأل‬٪٠٣ ‫ صضجدن‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ص‬.9 ‫ضغذٰؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫شٰؾ أ‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ دج‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ صؤعٌ ه‬.2 ‫ج‬٨‫صْجٓـ‬٩ ً‫ج‬٠‫غ‬ٛ‫ؼؼ ث‬٣٩ ّ‫ًث‬٩‫صْجٓؾ ثأل‬٩ ً‫ج‬٧ٍ‫هو صِضـ ثأل‬٪ٟ ٬ُ ٞ٘‫ صضق‬.1 ‫ذجس‬٤ٛ‫ْؾز ث‬٣‫أ‬٩ ‫ٰن مالٯج‬٠‫ ؽ‬٬ُ ‫كِٰٰز‬٪ٛ‫ٰجس ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ صؤعٌ ه‬.4 ‫ذجس‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ‫ إمؼجم‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ضق‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثإل‬٢٘٠‫ ص‬.1

(12) Write brief on : auxins – acromegally – cretinism – myxoedema – exophthalmic goiter. .٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ث‬-ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ث‬-‫ج‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ث‬-‫جءر‬٠ٔٛ‫ث‬-٬ٛ‫ٰؾج‬ٟ٩ٌٗ‫ثأل‬-‫جس‬٤ْٰٗ٩‫ ثأل‬:٢‫ذير ه‬٣ ‫) أٗضخ‬92(

Auxins: 1. Is a chemical substance (plant hormones) secreted by living cells in the developing tips and buds - and affect the functions of other areas (areas of response). 2. These chemicals move from the reception areas (developing tip) to the areas of response (bending zone) causing curvature of stem. 3. The first who discovered it is Jensen Booysen. Examples of auxins are indole acetic acid. 4. The importance of auxin : previously mentioned. ْ‫جؿ‬٤٠ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٩ ٬ُ ٌ‫صؤع‬٩-ٞ‫ذٌثه‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫ج‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ٠ٔٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫قٰز‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ذجصٰز) ص‬٣ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧(‫ٰجةٰز‬٠ٰٗ ‫ثه‬٪ٟ ٢‫ هذجًر ه‬٬٧ .9 )‫جؿْ ثإلّضؾجدز‬٤ٟ(٫ٌ‫ثألم‬ ‫ضقجء‬٣‫ْذذز ثال‬ٟ)‫جء‬٤‫ق‬٣‫جؿْ ثال‬٤ٟ(‫جؿْ ثالّضؾجدز‬٤ٟ ٬ٛ‫ٰز) ث‬ٟ‫ج‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ٠ٔٛ‫(ث‬ٙ‫جؿْ ثالّضٔذج‬٤ٟ ٢ٟ ٚٔ‫ض‬٤‫ٰجةٰز ص‬٠ٰ٘ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ .2 ٰٖٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫غ ث‬٠‫ ف‬ٙ٩‫و‬٣‫ ث‬٪٧ ‫جس‬٤ْٰٗ٩‫ز ثأل‬ٜ‫غ‬ٟ‫ أ‬٢ٟ٩ ٢ْ٤‫ ؽ‬٢ْ‫ٯ‬٪‫ د‬٪٧ ‫ج‬٨ٰٛ‫ أشجً ث‬٢ٟ ٙ٩‫ أ‬.1 ‫ج‬٧ٌٗ‫ّذْ ى‬:‫جس‬٤ْٰٗ٩‫ٰز ثأل‬٠٧‫ أ‬.4

Acromegally: * Is a disease caused by increased growth hormone in adults * It is characterized by : (1) Enlargement of bones of the face. (2) Growth of distant parts of long bones as hand , feet and fingers. ٢ٌٰٛ‫ذج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٢‫ضؼ ه‬٤‫ٌع ٯ‬ٟ ٪٧* ‫ثألطجدن‬٩ ٝ‫ثألٓوث‬٩ ٫‫ز ٗجألٯو‬ٜ‫ٯ‬٪‫ـ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ذوٰور‬ٛ‫ ثألؽَثء ث‬٪٠٣ ‫)صؾوٯو‬2( .٦‫ؽ‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ هلج‬ٞ‫)صؼن‬9(ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫َٰ دؤهٌثع‬٠‫*ٯض‬

Cretinism: * It is a disease arising from decrease of thyroxin in childhood. * It acts on growth of the body and brain maturity . It is characterized by : (1) Short stature, large head, and short neck. (2) Mental maturity of child causing permanent mental retardation. (3) Delay sexual maturity. ‫ز‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ٬ُ )٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫وًٰٓز(ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٔض إٌُثٍ ث‬٣ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ‫شؤ‬٤‫ٌع ٯ‬ٟ ٪٧* ٌٰ‫ ٓظ‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫)ٯذو‬9( :‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫َٰ دجألهٌثع ث‬٠‫ ٯض‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫جءر ث‬٠ٔٛ‫ج ٯوٌٍ دج‬ٟ ٩‫ٔظٌ أ‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ‫ٯْذخ‬٩ ٬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ػ ث‬٪‫ؼ‬٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ٬ٜ‫*ٯؤعٌ ه‬ ٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ػ ث‬٪‫ؼ‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌ‫)صؤم‬1( ٩ ‫ج‬٠‫ٰج هثة‬ٜٔ‫ِج ه‬ٜ‫ صن‬٦ٛ ‫ ٯْذخ‬ِٚ‫ـ‬ٜٛ ٬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ػ ث‬٪‫ؼ‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ٖ ٯؤعٌ ه‬ٛ‫ٗي‬٩)2(‫ٌٓذز ٓظٌٰر‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٌٰ‫ٌأُ ٗذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩

Mixoedema: * It is a disease arises in adults as a result of lack of secretion of the thyroid gland (thyroxin). * The disease is characterized by the following symptoms: (1) Dry skin and loss of hair. 77

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Delay mental and physical activity. Increase body weight to the degree of obesity. Decrease metabolism → cold intolerance. Decrease heart rate . Person tired quickly.

)٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫وًٰٓز(ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٔض إٌُثٍ ث‬٣ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ٢ٌٰٛ‫ذج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫شؤ‬٤‫ٌع ٯ‬ٟ ٪٧* :‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ٌع دجألهٌثع ث‬٠ٛ‫َٰ ث‬٠‫ٯض‬٩* ٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ‫ؽ‬٪‫ذ‬٧)4(.‫ٌِؿز‬٠ٛ‫ز ث‬٤٠ْٛ‫وًؽز ث‬ٛ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ٩ ‫)ٍٯجهر‬1(.٬٠ْ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٔض‬٣)2(.ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜٓ٩ ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ‫)دؾِج‬9( ‫شنض دٌْهز‬ٛ‫ٯضوخ ث‬٩ ‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ ػٌدجس ث‬ٚٔ‫)ص‬1(.‫هر‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ ُال ٯضق‬٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ‫غ‬٠‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬

Exophthalmic goiter: * Resulting from excessive secretion of thyroxin. * Exophthalmic symptoms : 1. Significant enlargement of the thyroid gland, and swelling in front of the neck. 2. Protrusion of the eyes. 3. Accelerate metabolism → increase oxidation of food, food transformation leading to weight loss, increase heart rate, and nerve irritation. .٬‫ ًٌٰ ؿذٰو‬ٚ٘‫)دش‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫وًٰٓز(ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬٬ُ ‫ إٌُثؽ‬٢‫ضؼ ه‬٤‫*ٯ‬ :)٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬٬ُ ‫ٌِؿز‬ٟ ‫(ٍٯجهر‬٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ‫*أهٌثع‬ ‫ٌٓذز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ؾَ ثال‬ٛ‫ضِجك ث‬٣‫ث‬٩ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫كج‬٪‫ق‬ٜٟ ‫ج‬٠‫ٯْذخ صؼن‬.9 ٢ٰ٤ٰ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ف‬٪‫ؽق‬.2 ٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ضق‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٌيثء‬ٛ‫ أْٗور ث‬٬ُ ‫ٖ ٍٯجهر‬ٛ‫ ى‬٢‫ضؼ ه‬٤‫ ٯ‬٥‫و ٍٯجهر إٌُثٍث‬٤‫ ه‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ دج‬٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ ثألٯغ ث‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ١‫فٰظ أ‬٩. 1 ٬‫ٰؼ هظذ‬٨‫ص‬٩ ‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ ػٌدجس ث‬٬ُ ‫ٍٯجهر‬٩ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ٩ ٬ُ ‫ٔض‬٣ ٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ

(13) During labour, mother is in a state of fear and tension. explained the role of the nervous system in this case . ‫ز‬ٛ‫قج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ٬ُ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ً ث‬٩‫ػـ ه‬٩ ٌ‫ص‬٪‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٍ٪‫ن‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ز‬ٛ‫ فج‬٬ُ ٝ‫ ثأل‬١٪٘‫الهر ص‬٪ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫جء ه‬٤‫) أع‬91(

* During labour stimulation of nervous system result in: 1. Stimulation of hypothalamus → oxytocin → contraction of muscles of the uterus → expulsion of the fetus. 2. Stimulate sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla → increase adrenaline → break down of liver glycogen to glucose → to supply energy to patient to meet critical circumstances. :١‫ٖ ُئ‬ٛ‫ي‬ٛ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣٩ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫شؾ ث‬٤‫الهر ٯ‬٪ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫جء ه‬٤‫*أع‬ ‫ٔذجع هؼالس‬٣‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫) ث‬٢ّٰ٪‫ْٰٗض‬٩‫(ثأل‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ‫ٔجدغ‬ٛ‫ع ث‬٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ْٰ ث‬ٜ‫ضن‬ٛ )‫جه‬٨٠ٛ‫جُ(صقش ث‬ٟ‫عال‬٪‫ٰذ‬٨ٛ‫شؾ مالٯج ث‬٤‫ص‬. 9 ٢ٰ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ إمٌثػ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫دشور صو‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضضج‬ٟ ‫ًر‬٪‫ دظ‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ضٌْٰ٘ ؽ‬ٛ ‫ ؽوث‬٫ً٩ٌ‫ؼ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثألهًٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫٘لٌٯز َُٰٯو ٌُث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣٩ ٫٩‫ذجعج‬٠ْٰٛ‫ ث‬٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫شؾ ث‬٤‫ٯ‬.2 .‫قٌؽز‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٩ٌ‫ل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ‫ز‬٨‫ثؽ‬٪٠ٛ ‫ز‬ٍٟ‫ال‬ٛ‫ـجٓز ث‬ٛ‫ دج‬ٝ‫وثه ثأل‬ٟ‫ٍ إل‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩

78

VII: Comparison Questions (compare each of the following) : )٬‫ج ٯؤص‬٠ٟ ٚٗ ٢ٰ‫ د‬١ً‫جس(ٓج‬٣ً‫ٔج‬٠ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ أّت‬:‫ّجدوج‬

(1) Duct glands and endocrine glands. ‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٯز‬٪٤ٔٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ث‬

Duct glands

Endocrine glands

Contains secretary part + excretory ducts. Pour their secretions to either: (A) within the body (inside the digestive tract), such as salivary glands and other digestive glands. or (B) outside the body such as the sweat glands. Secrete digestive juices containing enzymes or excretory substances such as sweat . Not provided with plenty of blood.

Glands do not have their own ducts. Pour its secretions in the blood directly. Such as the pituitary; thyroid and adrenal glands.

Secrete hormones.

Endocrine glands has rich network of blood vessels because it carries its secretion directly to blood, as it has no specific ducts carries its secretions. The activity of these glands not affected by each The activity of some glands may be affected by other. each other. Most of their secretions contain enzymes. They secrete hormones. Sites affected by its secretion usually near the Sites affected by its secretion may be far from the gland gland. ‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ج‬٨‫ثس مجطز د‬٪٤ٓ ‫ج‬٨ٛ ِٰٛ ١‫ٌوه دؤ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ٍ‫ضج‬٠‫*ص‬ ‫ذجشٌر‬ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ج‬٨‫*صظخ أٌُثٍثص‬ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ* ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫*صٌٍِ ث‬

‫ٯز‬٪٤ٔٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ج‬٨‫ثس مجطز د‬٪٤ٓ+ٌٍِ٠ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ٌوه ه‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ٫٪‫*صقض‬ :٬ُ ‫ج‬ٟ‫ج إ‬٨‫*صظخ إٌُثٍثص‬ ‫ٌوه‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫وجدٰز‬ٜٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ)‫ٰز‬٠‫ؼ‬٨ٛ‫جر ث‬٤ٔٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫(دوثم‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫(أ)هثم‬ ٫ٌ‫ٰز ثألم‬٠‫ؼ‬٨ٛ‫ث‬ ‫وٌٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ مجًػ ث‬٩‫(ح)أ‬ ٩‫جس أ‬٠‫َٯ‬٣‫ ثإل‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬٫٪‫ صقض‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ز ث‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫وظجًثس ث‬ٛ‫*صٌٍِ ث‬ ٌّ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫ثه ثإلمٌثؽٰز‬٪٠ٛ‫ث‬

(2) Growth hormone deficiency and increase before puberty. ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٦‫ٍٯجهص‬٩ ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣

* The lack of growth hormone before puberty leads to dwarfism * Increased growth hormone before puberty leads to gigantism ‫ز‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ى ٯؤه‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣* ‫ٔز‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ى ٯؤه‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫*ٍٯجهر‬

(3) Dwarfism and cretinism .‫جءر‬٠ٔٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ز‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٛ‫ث‬ Dwarfism Causes: Length of the individual Head and extremities Mental powers Sexual maturity

Cretinism

Growth hormone deficiency in childhood Dwarf (short).

Thyroxin hormone deficiency in childhood

Proportional with the length

No proportional; characterized by a large head and short neck Mental retardation. Does not reach sexual maturity

Short

Sound mental power Sexually mature

79

‫جءر‬٠ٔٛ‫ث‬ ‫ز‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ٬ُ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )ٌٰ‫(ٓظ‬َٝٓ ‫ٌٓذز‬ٛ‫ٓظٌ ث‬٩ ُ‫ٌأ‬ٛ‫َٰ د٘ذٌ ث‬٠‫جّٔز ٯض‬٤‫ض‬ٟ ًٌٰ ‫ٰز‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪ٔٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ َٜ‫صن‬ ٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ػ ث‬٪‫ؼ‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ال ٯظ‬

‫ز‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ز‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ٬ُ ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )ٌٰ‫ ٓظ‬٫‫(أ‬َُٝ ٦ٛ٪‫ن ؿ‬ٟ ‫جّٔز‬٤‫ض‬ٟ ‫ٰز‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪ٔٛ‫ ث‬ّٰٜٞ ‫ْٰج‬٤‫ؼؼ ؽ‬٤‫ٯ‬

(4) Cretinism and mixoedema . ‫ج‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫جءر‬٠ٔٛ‫ث‬ Dwarfism Causes: Length of the individual Head and extremities Mental powers Sexual maturity

Cretinism

Growth hormone deficiency in childhood Dwarf (short).

Thyroxin hormone deficiency in childhood

Proportional with the length

No proportional; characterized by a large head and short neck Mental retardation. Does not reach sexual maturity

Short

Sound mental power Sexually mature

(5) comparison between cretinism and mixoedema . Mixoedema Causes: External features

Metabolism Heart rate

‫ْذخ‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ٌِه‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ؿ‬ ٍ‫ثألؿٌث‬٩ ُ‫ٌأ‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ٰز‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪ٔٛ‫ث‬ ٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ػ ث‬٪‫ؼ‬٤ٛ‫ث‬

Thyroxin hormone deficiency after puberty. 1. Dry skin and loss of hair. (2) Delay mental and physical activity (idiocy). (3) increased body weight to the degree of obesity. Decrease so he can not tolerate cold Decrease so person gets tired quickly.

‫ج‬٠‫ْٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ث‬ ‫وًٰٓز دوو‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫شجؽ‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٔض‬٣)2(.ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜٓ٩ ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ‫ؽِج‬.9 ‫وًؽز‬ٛ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ٩ ‫)ٍٯجهر‬1(.)‫(دالهر‬٬٠ْ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ٌِؿز‬٠ٛ‫ز ث‬٤٠ْٛ‫ث‬ ‫هر‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ٖ ال ٯضق‬ٛ‫ي‬ٛ ٚٔ‫ٯ‬ ‫شنض دٌْهز‬ٛ‫ٯضوخ ث‬٩ ٚٔ‫ص‬

Cretinism

Thyroxin hormone deficiency in childhood Dwarf (short); has a large head and short neck; mental retardation; did not reach to sexual maturity . Decrease so he can not tolerate cold Decrease so person gets tired quickly.

‫ج‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫جءر‬٠ٔٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ز د‬٣ً‫ٔج‬٠ٛ‫ث‬ ‫جءر‬٠ٔٛ‫ث‬ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ‫ْذخ‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ز‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ٬ُ ٌ‫ٓظ‬٩ ُ‫ٌأ‬ٛ‫َٰ د٘ذٌ ث‬٠‫(ٓظٌٰ)ٯض‬َٝٓ ٬‫نجًؽ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٘‫ش‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٚ‫الٯظ‬-‫ٰز‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪ٔٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ َٜ‫ صن‬٦‫وٯ‬ٛ-‫ٌٓذز‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٬ْ٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ػ ث‬٪‫ؼ‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫هر‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ٖ ال ٯضق‬ٛ‫ي‬ٛ ٚٔ‫ٯ‬ ٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ثألٯغ ث‬ ‫شنض دٌْهز‬ٛ‫ٯضوخ ث‬٩ ٚٔ‫ص‬ ‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ػٌدجس ث‬

(6) Acromegally and mixoedema. Cause External features

Metabolism Heart rate

Acromegally Increased growth hormone after puberty 1. Enlargement of the facial bones 2. Renewed growth in distant parts of long bones as hands , feet and fingers. Normal so tolerate cold Normal

80

Mixoedema Decrease thyroxin hormone after puberty 1. Dry skin and loss of hair. 2. Delay mental and physical activity (idiocy) 3. Increased body weight to the degree of obesity. Decrease so can not tolerate cold Decrease so person gets tired quickly.

‫ج‬٠‫ْٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ دوو ث‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ٌ‫شو‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜٓ٩ ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ‫ ؽِج‬.9 )‫(دالهر‬٬٠ْ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٔض‬٣ .2 ‫ٌِؿز‬٠ٛ‫ز ث‬٤٠ْٛ‫وًؽز ث‬ٛ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ٩ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬.1 ‫هر‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ٖ ال ٯضق‬ٛ‫ي‬ٛ ٚٔ‫ٯ‬ ‫شنض دٌْهز‬ٛ‫ٯضوخ ث‬٩ ٚٔ‫ص‬

٬ٛ‫ٰؾج‬ٟ٩ٌٗ‫ثأل‬ ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ دوو ث‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٍٯجهر‬ ‫ؽز‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ هلج‬٬ُ ٞ‫ صؼن‬.9 ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ذوٰور‬ٛ‫ ثألؽَثء ث‬٪٠٣ ‫ صؾوٯو‬.2 ‫ثألطجدن‬٩ ٝ‫ثألٓوث‬٩ ٫‫ز ٗجألٯو‬ٜ‫ٯ‬٪‫ـ‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫هر‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ٖ ٯضق‬ٛ‫ي‬ٛ ٬‫ؿذٰو‬ ‫ؿذٰوٰز‬

‫ْذخ‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٬‫نجًؽ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٘‫ش‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ثألٯغ ث‬ ‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ػٌدجس ث‬

(7) Simple goiter and exophthalmic goiter. ٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ذْٰؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ث‬ Causes Age Symptoms

Treatment

Simple goiter Iodine deficiency in food, water, and air. Appear in childhood and adult. - Enlargement of the thyroid gland. - May be associated hypo secretion.

Exophthalmic goiter increase in the secretion of the thyroxin hormone.

Appear in adult. 1- Enlargement of the thyroid gland  swelling in front of the neck. 2- Protrusion of the eye balls 3- Increase in food oxidation and metabolic rate; which leads to  4- Loss of weight. 5- Increase in heart beats and nervous irritability. - Administration of Iodine supplement 1- Surgical removal of a part of the gland. in food. 2- Use medications to suppress the gland (anti- If hypothyroid : thyroxin hormone. thyroid drugs). 3- Radioactive iodine.

٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ إٌُث‬٬ُ ‫ٌِؿز‬٠ٛ‫َٯجهر ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ٌٓذز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ؾَء ثال‬ٛ‫ضِجك ث‬٣‫ث‬٩ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫كج‬٪‫ق‬ٜٟ ‫ج‬٠‫ ٯْذخ صؼن‬.9 ٢ٰ٤ٰ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ف‬٪‫ ؽق‬.2 ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ٩ ٬ُ ‫ٔض‬٣ .1 ٬‫ٰؼ هظذ‬٨‫ص‬٩ ‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ ٍٯجهر ػٌدجس ث‬.4 ٫ٌ‫ٌٗذجس ؿذٰز أم‬٠‫ د‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ؾز ث‬ٛ‫وج‬ٟ ٩‫وًٰٓز أ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ ؽَء‬ٙ‫دجّضتظج‬

‫ذْٰؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ه‬٪ٰٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣ ‫ٌور‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ دْٰؾ‬ٞ‫صؼن‬

‫ْذخ‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ثألهٌثع‬

‫ٌيثء‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ه‬٪ٰٛ‫دئػجُز ث‬

‫والػ‬ٛ‫ث‬

(8) Calcitonin hormone and Parathormone: ١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧٩ ٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ Source Stimulus of its secretion Action

calcitonin hormone Thyroid gland increase calcium in the blood

Parathormone Parathyroid gland Decrease calcium in the blood

Reduce calcium in the blood and prevents its withdrawal from bone

Increase calcium in the blood and withdrawal of calcium and phosphorus from the bones that become fragile and prone to bending and fracture.

١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ؽجًثس ث‬ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ٖ دْقخ ث‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ٯو‬ ‫جء‬٤‫ق‬٣‫أل‬ٛ ‫وٌػز‬ٟ٩ ‫شز‬٧ ‫ صظذـ‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ً٪ِّ٪ِٛ‫ث‬٩ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ث‬٩

٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ٍٯجهر ث‬ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٰٜٚٔ‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ٯو‬ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٦‫ضظجط‬ٟ‫ن ث‬٤٠‫ٯ‬٩

81

٦ٛ ‫ٌٍِر‬٠ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ ثإلٌُث‬٦‫ذ‬٤ٟ ٦ٜ٠‫ه‬

(9) ADH hormone and aldosterone hormone. Source Action

ADH hormone pars nervosa of the pituitary gland 1. Decrease amount of urine through water reabsorption in renal tubules. 2. Constriction of blood vessels causing high blood pressure

١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧٩ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ؼجه إلهًثً ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ Aldosterone Adrenal cortex 1. Maintaining mineral balance in the body. 2. Re-absorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the kidneys. .

١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧

ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ؼجه إلهًثً ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ ْ‫ ؿٌٯ‬٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ٰٜٚٔ‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬.9 ‫ٯز‬٪ٜ٘ٛ‫جدٰخ ث‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫إهجهر ث‬ ‫ج‬٠ٟ ‫ٯز‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫ٔذجع ثأل‬٣‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ٯو‬.2 ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٯْذخ ثًصِجم ػٌؾ ث‬

١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫قِجف ه‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ج‬ٟ‫ج‬٧ ‫ًث‬٩‫ ه‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ‫وخ‬ٜ‫ ٯ‬.9 ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ دج‬١‫وجه‬٠ٛ‫ث‬ ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫الؿ‬ٟ‫ضظجص ثأل‬ٟ‫ إهجهر ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ‫ٯْجهو‬٩.2 ٢ٰ‫ٰض‬ٜ٘ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ض‬ٜ‫ضن‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫ث‬

‫ٌٍِر‬٠ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬ ٦ٜ٠‫ه‬

(10) The consequences of lack of insulin the ADH hormone. Source Action

Its Deficiency Leads to

% of blood glucose Glucose in urine Water loss in urine

Frequency of urination

ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ؼجه إلهًثً ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ٬ٜ‫ضٌصذز ه‬٠ٛ‫ضجةؼ ث‬٤ٛ‫ث‬ Insulin ADH Beta cell of Islets of Neurohypophysis of pituitary gland . Langerhans of pancreas. Decrease glucose 1- Decrease amount of urine through concentration in blood reabsorption of water from renal tubules. 2- Constriction of blood vessels which leads to increase blood pressure. More than 120 mgm/100 cm3. Normal i.e. equal to 80 - 120 mgm/100 cm3. Present Not Present Large amount of water loosing in urine because loss of glucose in urine associated with loss of water Frequent urination and thirst.

Large amount of water loosing in urine due to inability to reabsorb water from renal tubules. Frequent urination and thirst.

ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ إلهًثً ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ ّٞ999/ٝ‫ٰؾٌث‬ٜٜٟ919٬ٛ‫ث‬59 ٫٩‫ ٯْج‬٫‫ أ‬٬‫ؿذٰو‬ ّٞ999/ٝ‫ٰؾٌث‬ٜٜٟ929 ٢ٟ ٌ‫أٗغ‬ ‫ؽو‬٪‫الٯ‬ ‫ؽو‬٪‫ٯ‬ ٬ٜ‫ٔوًر ه‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ضٰؾز هو‬٣ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰجس ٗذٌٰر‬٠ٗ ‫ٯِٔو‬ ٬ُ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰجس ٗذٌٰر‬٠ٗ ‫ٯِٔو‬ ‫ٯز‬٪ٜ٘ٛ‫جدٰخ ث‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ إهجهر ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ ُٔوث‬١‫ أل‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬ ‫جء‬ٟ ١‫ ُٔوث‬٦‫ٯظجفذ‬ ‫وـش‬ٛ‫ٯشوٌ دج‬٩ ًٌ٘‫ض‬ٟ ‫وـش‬ٛ‫ٯشوٌ دج‬٩ ًٌ٘‫ض‬ٟ

82

ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ث‬ ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ُٔو ث‬ ٙ٪‫ضذ‬ٛ‫صٌ٘ثً ث‬

(11) Effect of growth hormone, thyroxin, and cortisone on the metabolism of food. Growth hormone Controls metabolism of food, especially protein synthesis so it control the growth of the body

‫ٯز‬٪‫ش‬٤ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ أٯغ ث‬ٞ‫ل‬٤‫*ٯ‬

‫ٌيثةٰز‬ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ أٯغ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٟ ٚٗ ٌٰ‫صؤع‬ Thyroxin hormone Cortisone hormone Control the rate of metabolism . Regulates metabolism of Stimulates absorption of carbohydrates. monosaccharide from the intestine. ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٦ُٰ ٞ٘‫ٯضق‬٩ ٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ ثألٯغ ث‬ٙ‫وو‬ٟ ٬ُ ٌ‫مجطز *ٯؤع‬٩ ‫ٌيثةٰز‬ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ ثٯغ ث‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫*ٯضق‬ ٢ٟ ‫ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯز‬ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫*ٯقَِ ث‬ ٪٠٣ ٬ُ ٞ٘‫ٖ ٯضق‬ٛ‫دي‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰن ث‬٤‫صظ‬ ‫وجء‬ٟ‫ثأل‬ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬

(12) Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla hormones of the adrenal gland .

Stimulant for its secretion

Hormones of Adrenal cortex Steroid (fatty) 1. Mineralocorticoid such as aldosterone. 2. Glucocorticoids such as cortisone. 3. Sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. ACTH hormone secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Function Result of its removal

death of human

Chemical structure Types

‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫نجم‬٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٔشٌر‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ Hormones of adrenal medulla Amino acids Adrenaline and noradrenaline

Eemergency conditions : psychological, neurological and physical state . Does not cause death

‫نجم‬٤ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧

‫ٰز‬٤ٰٟ‫جع أ‬٠‫أف‬ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ثألهًٯ‬

‫وظذٰز‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ِْٰز‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫فج‬ )‫ء‬٫ً‫ث‬٪‫ـ‬ٛ‫ٰز(فجالس ث‬٠ْ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ َ‫كجة‬٩ ‫صيٌٗ دجمضظجً دوغ‬ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ثألهًٯ‬ ١‫ْج‬٣‫س ثإل‬٪ٟ ‫ال صْذخ‬

‫ٔشٌر‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ )‫ٰز‬٤٧‫ٯوٯز(ه‬٩ٌ‫ّٰض‬ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ ثأل‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫ٰز‬٣‫وو‬ٟ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ .9 ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫جس ٌّ٘ٯز‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ .2 ١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْٰض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ ثألّض‬ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ‫ْٰز‬٤‫جس ؽ‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ .1 ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬ACTH١٪ٌٟ٧

83

٬‫ٰجة‬٠ٰ٘ٛ‫ج ث‬٨‫صٌٰٗذ‬ ‫ج‬٨‫ثه‬٪٣‫أ‬

ٍ‫شؾ ثإلٌُث‬٤ٟ

١٪ٌٟ٧ ٚٗ ‫كِٰز‬٩ ً‫صيٌٗ دجمضظج‬

‫كِٰز‬٪ٛ‫ث‬

١‫ْج‬٣‫س ثإل‬٪ٟ

‫ج‬٨‫ض‬ٛ‫ضٰؾز إٍث‬٣

‫ز‬ٜ‫ؾ‬٠ٛ‫ث‬ I- Complete the following: 1 - The pituitary gland is located below ..........While the thyroid gland is located in the front surface of ........ The Islands of Langerhans is located in the ........ (The brain - the neck - the pancreas). – ‫ل‬٠ٛ‫ (ث‬........ ٬ُ ‫ج صٔن‬٨٣‫َ ُج‬٣‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ؾ‬٣‫ج ؽًَ ال‬ٟ‫أ‬........ ‫ـ‬ٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ْــ ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ج صٔن ث‬٠٤ٰ‫ د‬.......... ِّٚ‫ٰز أ‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ صٔن ث‬-9 ) ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ْ – ث‬٤‫و‬ٛ‫ث‬

2 - Increased hormone ......... And hormone ........... ............. leads to curvature and broken bones.(Parathormone - calcitonin). ) ٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ – ث‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ٌْٗ ث‬٩ ‫جء‬٤‫ق‬٣‫ث‬............. ٬ٛ‫ث‬........... ١٪ٌٟ٧٩ ......... ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٫‫ صؤه‬-2

3 - The adrenal cortex produces three groups of hormones group …………group ………..and a group………(glucocorticoids - Mineralocorticoids – sex hormones). ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫هز ث‬٪٠‫ؾ‬ٟ٩........ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫هز ث‬٪٠‫ؾ‬ٟ ٬٧ ‫ٰز‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ‫هجس‬٪٠‫ؾ‬ٟ ‫٘لٌٯز صٌٍِ عالط‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٔشٌر دج‬ٛ‫ـٔز ث‬٤ٟ -1 )‫ْٰز‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬- ‫ٰز‬٣‫وو‬٠ٛ‫ٌْ٘ٯز – ث‬ٛ‫ (ث‬............ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫هز ث‬٪٠‫ؾ‬ٟ٩...........

4 – Vasopressin hormone reduces ............and increases .......... (The amount of urine blood pressure). )ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ – ػٌؾ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ( .......... ‫ًُن‬٩............ ٰٜٚٔ‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ٯز ه‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫أل‬ٛ ‫ٔجدغ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬-4

5 - Male sex hormones including testosterone and ......... secreted from …….. cells in the testis .............(Androsterone - interstitial). )١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ (ثأل‬.‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ............ ‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٠٧ٌٍِ‫ ص‬٢‫يٯ‬ٜٛ‫ ث‬......... ٩ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫يٌٗٯز ث‬ٛ‫ْٰز ث‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٠‫ صش‬-1

6 – Exophthalmic goiter can be treated by using ............. to break down active cells which cause this situation. (Radioactive iodine). )‫شن‬٠ٛ‫ه ث‬٪ٰٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫ز‬ٛ‫قج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٨ٛ ‫ْذذز‬٠ٛ‫شـز ث‬٤ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٞ‫ضقـ‬ٛ............. ٝ‫ دجّضنوث‬٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ٯضٌ ث‬٪‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ هالػ ث‬٢٘٠‫ ٯ‬-6

7 - The hormone that its increase causes increase irritability is ............ (Parathormone) )١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ (ث‬............ ٪٧ ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ ٌّهز ثأل‬٬‫ـذٰو‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫وو‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ صْذخ ٍٯجهصز ه‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬-7

8 - Growth hormone secreted from ........... of the ………..gland. ( anterior lobe pituitary) ) ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ – ث‬٬ٟ‫ِض ثألث‬ٛ‫ (ث‬............. ‫ٌور‬ٜٛ ........... ٢ٟ ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬-5

9 – Enlargement of the Pituitary gland and increase its excretion in children cause the appearance of .......... but if enlargement occurs in adults, it leads to the appearance of ........... (Gigantism - acromegally) ً٪٨‫ل‬ٛ ٫‫ٖ ٯؤه‬ٛ‫ ى‬١‫٘ذجً ُج‬ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫ ه‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ج أىث فوط ث‬ٟ‫أ‬.......... ً٪٨‫ ٯْذخ ك‬ٙ‫و ثألؿِج‬٤‫ج ه‬٧ٍ‫ٍٯجهر أٌُث‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ صؼن‬-1 )ٍ‫ٔز – صؼل ثألؿٌث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ (ث‬...........

10 – Parathyroid glands secrete hormone .......... Which regulates ……. and .......... ........... In the blood. (Parathormone - calcium and phosphorus) )ً٪ِّ٪ِٛ‫ث‬٩ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ – ث‬١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ........... ٩.......... ٫٪‫قض‬ٟ ٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬.......... ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ؽجً ث‬ٛ‫ صٌٍِ ث‬-99

11 - ........... gland is located at the bottom of the brain and called the President of the endocrine glands. (Pituitary) )‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ًةْٰز ث‬٬٠ْ‫ص‬٩ ‫ل‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ِّٚ‫ أ‬٬ُ........... ‫ٌور‬ٛ‫ صٔن ث‬-99

84

II- Choose the correct answer: ‫ثص‬٪ٓ‫ ثأل‬٢ٰ‫ د‬٢ٟ ‫ظقٰقز‬ٛ‫صنٌٰ ثألؽجدز ث‬

1 - The scientist which considered sugar stored in the liver is internal secretion is ..........( Langerhans - Klodbernard - Starling). )‫ؼ‬٤ًٛ‫ ّضج‬- ‫جًه‬٣ٌ‫هد‬٪ٜٗ – َ٣‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ؾ‬٣‫(ال‬.......... ٪٧ ٬ٜ‫ أٌُثٍ هثم‬٪٧ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌ‫وم‬٠ٛ‫ٌْ٘ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ ٯوضذٌ أ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞٛ‫وج‬ٛ‫ ث‬-9

2 - Oxytocin produced by the pituitary gland causes ........( facilitate the process of childbirth – regulate uterine contractions – release of breast milk - all of the above). ٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ – ثهًثً ث‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ظجس ث‬ٜٔ‫ ص‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫الهر – ص‬٪ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬ٰٚ٨ْ‫(ص‬........ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ صٌٍِر ث‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ‫ذز‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ٯْذخ ث‬-2 )ْ‫ج ّذ‬ٟ ٚٗ – ٢ٰ‫غوٯ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ

3 - Mental and physical activity, and heart rate, and metabolism decrease as a result of ......( dwarfism – exophthalmic goiter – mixoedema - cretinism). – ٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ز – ث‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٛ‫(ث‬...... ‫ٌع‬٠‫ضٰؾز ثألطجدز د‬٣ ٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ‫غ‬٠‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫خ‬ٜٔٛ‫ػٌدجس ث‬٩ ٬٠ْ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٚٗ ٚٔ‫ ٯ‬-1 )‫جءر‬٠ٔٛ‫ ث‬- ‫ج‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ث‬

4 – Under normal circumstances the amount of sugar in 100 cm3 of blood is ..........( a) 1020 mg. . (b) 80-120 mg. . (c) 10-20 grams. . (d) 80-120 grams. )‫(ػ‬. . ٝ‫ ؽٌث‬٬ٜٟ 929-59 )‫(ح‬. . ٝ‫ ؽٌث‬٬ٜٟ 29-99 )‫(أ‬.......... ٬٧ ٝ‫ ه‬1 ّٞ 999 ٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ١٪٘‫وجهٯز ص‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٩ٌ‫ل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ -4 . ٝ‫ ؽٌث‬929 - 59)‫(ه‬. . ٝ‫ ؽٌث‬29-99

5 - All of the following hormones are female sex hormones except ...........( relaxin androsterone - progesterone - estrogen). )٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌٰ‫ ثألّض‬- ١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ – ث‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ – ثأل‬٢ْٰٗ‫ٌٯال‬ٛ‫(ث‬........... ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ هوث‬٦‫ع‬٪٣‫جس أ‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌ‫جس صوضذ‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ٚٗ -1

6 - Hormones produced by the corpus luteum , placenta and uterus and the placenta and cause relaxation of symphysis pubis is a hormone .......( estarogen - Aldosterone - relaxin - progesterone). ٙ٪‫ – ثألّضٌثهثٯ‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌٰ‫(ثألّض‬....... ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٪٧ ٬٣‫وج‬ٛ‫ٯْذخ ثًصنجء ثألًصِجء ث‬٩ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ز‬٠ٰ‫ش‬٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٌِ‫ ثألط‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ٯٌٍِر ث‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬-6 )١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬- ٢ْٰٗ‫ٌٯال‬ٛ‫– ث‬

III- Write a scientific concept: : ٬٠ٜ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ٪٨ِ٠ٛ‫أٗضخ ث‬

1 - Four glands found on both sides of the trachea. (parathyroid gland) )‫ؾجً هًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ِوه ث‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫ثةٰز‬٪٨ٛ‫ٔظذز ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ذ‬٣‫ ؽج‬٬ٜ‫ؽو ه‬٪‫ أًدوز ًوه ص‬-9

2 - Small glandular cells in the pancreas secrete the hormone insulin and glucagons and is divided into two types. (Islands of Langerhans). )َ٣‫ج‬٧ٌ‫ؾ‬٣ ‫ (ؽًَ ال‬. ٢ٰ‫ه‬٪٣ ٬ٛ‫ ث‬ْٞٔ٤‫ص‬٩ ١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ص‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ مالٯج ًوٯز طٌٌٰر‬-2

3 - Case of increase bone growth of distant parts as hands , feet and fingers in adults and its enlargement .(Acromegally). )٬ٛ‫ٰؾج‬ٟ٩ٌٗ‫ (ثأل‬. ‫ج‬٨٠‫صؼن‬٩ ٢ٌٰٛ‫ذج‬ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫ثألطجدن ه‬٩ ٝ‫ثألٓوث‬٩ ٫‫ذوٰور ٗجألٯو‬ٛ‫ ثألؽَثء ث‬٪٠٣ ‫ز صؾوٯو‬ٛ‫ فج‬-1

4 - Hormone that helps re-absorption of sodium and get rid of potassium. (Aldosterone). )١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ (ثأل‬. ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ض‬ٜ‫ضن‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٝ٪‫ٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫الؿ ث‬ٟ‫ضظجص أ‬ٟ‫ ثهجهر ث‬٬ٜ‫ ٯْجهو ه‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -4

5 - Hormone that causes relaxation of muscles of the pelvis at the end of pregnancy. (Relaxin) )٢ْٰٗ‫ٌٯال‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ٚ٠‫ق‬ٛ‫جٯز ُضٌر ث‬٨٣ ‫و‬٤‫ ه‬٬٣‫وج‬ٛ‫ ٯْذخ أًصنجء ثألًصِجّ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -1

85

IV- G.R. for each of the following: 1 - Gigantism? A - Due to continuous elongation of bones of extremities due to increase secretion of growth hormone in childhood.. ‫ٔز ؟‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ٌر ث‬٧‫ط كج‬٩‫ فو‬-9 . ‫ز‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ٬ُ ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ثألؿٌثٍ دضجعٌٰ ٍٯجهر ثٌُثٍ ث‬ٝ‫ هلج‬ٙ٪‫ ؿ‬٬ُ ٌ٠‫ْض‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ دْذخ ث‬-‫ػ‬

2 - Ability of the pituitary to reduce the amount of urine? A – Because it secrete antidiuretic hormone , which activates re-absorption of water in the renal tubules, which reduce the amount of urine. ‫ ؟‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ٰٜٚٔ‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ٰز ه‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌز ث‬ٛ‫ ٓوًر ث‬-2 ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ٰٜٚٔ‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ج ٯو‬٠ٟ ‫ٰز‬ٛ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫جدٰخ ث‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ٰز أهجهر ث‬ٜ٠‫شؾ ه‬٤‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ؼجه ألهًثً ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ج صٌٍِ ث‬٨ ٣‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ .

3 - Increased secretion of Parathormone make bones break easily? A – Because it convert calcium salts deposited in the bone to salts dissolved in the blood, leading to increase in the level of calcium in blood  weak bone hardness and expose them to break.. ‫ز ؟‬ٛ٪٨ْ‫ٌْ٘ د‬ٜٛ ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ٯوٌع ث‬١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ ٍٯجهر أٌُث‬-1 َ‫ ُٰؼو‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ضز‬ٜٓ٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ْذضز‬٣ ‫ ٍٯجهر‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ج ٯؤه‬٠ٟ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫الؿ ىثةذز‬ٟ‫ أ‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ضٌّذز‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫الؿ ث‬ٟ‫ أ‬ٚ‫ٯ‬٪‫ضق‬ٛ -‫ػ‬ . ٌْٜ٘ٛ ‫ج‬٨‫ٯوٌػ‬٩ ‫ج‬٨‫طالدض‬

4 - Effect of insulin in the body is opposite to the effect of glucagons? A - because insulin convert glucose in the blood to glycogen stores in the liver. While glucagons converts part of the liver glycogen to glucose in the blood. ‫؟‬١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ هِ٘ أعٌ ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ أعٌ ثأل‬-4 ‫ه‬٪‫ؽ‬٪٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ ؽَء‬ٙ٪‫ ٯق‬١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٠٤ٰ‫٘ذو د‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ١َ‫ ٯن‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ دج‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ٯ‬٪‫ صق‬٬ُ ٞ٧‫ ٯْج‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫٘ذو ث‬ٛ‫دج‬

5 - Feeling of diabetic patient with continuous thirst? A - because diabetic peoples has high glucose level in urine, which is accompanied with excretion of large amounts of water so they feel thirst. ‫ز ؟‬٠‫وـش دظِز هثة‬ٛ‫ٌْ٘ دج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ٌػ‬ٟ ً٪‫ شو‬-1 ‫وٯز‬ٛ ‫ؾو‬٣ ٖٛ‫ي‬ٛ٩ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰجس ٗذٌٰر ؽوث‬٠ٗ ‫ ٯظجفذز ثمٌثػ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ ثًصِجم‬٢ٟ ١٪٣‫ٌْ٘ ٯوج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ٌػ‬ٟ ١‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ . ‫وـش‬ٛ‫ٌ دج‬٠‫ْض‬ٟ ً٪‫شو‬

6 - Dwarfism in some individuals? A - because of lack of secretion of growth hormone in childhood  stop elongation, and weak physical and mental powers. ‫ دوغ ثألٌُثه؟‬٫‫و‬ٛ ‫جء‬٠ٔٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ً فج‬٪٨‫ ك‬-6 . ‫ٰز‬ٜٔ‫و‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٰز‬٣‫ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪ٔٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ َ‫ن ػو‬ٟ ‫ز‬ٟ‫ٔج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ َٔ‫ز فٰظ ٯ‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ ُضٌر ث‬٬ُ ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ٔض ثٌُث‬٣ ‫ دْذخ‬-‫ػ‬

7 - The anterior lobe of pituitary gland is more important than the posterior lobe? A - because the anterior lobe produces hormones stimulating the other endocrine glands, such as STH which stimulate the thyroid gland. And ACTH which stimulate adrenal cortex and (FSH & LH) which stimulate of gonads . Also secretes growth hormone which is the most important hormones of the gland, and secretes prolactine hormone which stimulate breast glands to secrete milk. ‫ ؟‬٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰز‬٠٧‫ٰز أٗغٌ أ‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬-7 )ACTH( ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٩ . ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫شؾ‬٤ٟ )STH( ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٚ‫غ‬ٟ ٫ٌ‫جء ثم‬٠‫ٌوه ط‬ٛ ‫شـز‬٤ٟ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ أل‬-‫ػ‬ ‫ج‬٠ٗ ، ‫ٌور‬ٛ‫ٖ ث‬ٜ‫جس ص‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٞ٧‫ أ‬٪٧٩ ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ٖ ٯ‬ٛ‫ ٗي‬. ‫ٰز‬ّٜ‫ج‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٜٛ ‫شـز‬٤ٟ ٬٧٩ )FSH & LH( ٩ ٢ٰ‫٘لٌٯض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ٌوص‬ٜٛ ‫شؾ‬٤ٟ . ٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ضٌٍِ ث‬ٛ ٫‫غو‬ٛ‫ذز ًوه ث‬٤‫الهر ٯ‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ مجص ٓذ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬

86

V- Correct the error : : ‫جصقضز مؾ‬ٟ ‫ن صغذٰش‬ٟ ‫نـج‬ٛ‫ح ث‬٪‫ط‬

1 – Growing tip of stem is known as the reception area, and produces a chemical substance colchicine, which acts as auxins. (Indole acetic acid). )ٰٖٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫غ ث‬٠‫ ف‬ٙ٩‫و‬٣‫ (ث‬. ٢ْٰٗ٩‫ ثأل‬ٚ٠‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ صو‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ْٰٰ‫ش‬ٛ٪٘ٛ‫ ث‬٬٧ ‫جهر ٰٰٗجةٰز‬ٟ ٌٍِ‫ص‬٩ ٙ‫ـٔز ثألّضٔذج‬٤٠‫ْجّ د‬ٜٛ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫ج‬٤ٛ‫ز ث‬٠ٔٛ‫ صوٌٍ ث‬-9

2 - The most important endocrine gland in the body is thyroid gland because it secretes several hormones that affect the activity of other endocrine glands. (Pituitary). )‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ (ث‬.٫ٌ‫جء ثألم‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٣ ٬ُ ٌ‫ صؤع‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ج صٌٍِ هوهث‬٨٣‫وًٰٓز أل‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬٧ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جء دج‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ٧‫ أ‬-2

3 – Thyroid gland secrete cortisone hormone. (Thyroxin) )٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ (ث‬. ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ صٌٍِ ث‬-1

4 – Estrogen hormone is known as androsteron. (estradiol) .)ٙ٪‫ (ثألّضٌثهثٯ‬. ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ أٯؼج دجأل‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ ثألّض‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍ‫ ٯو‬-4

ٞ‫ٯ‬٪ٔ‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬

I- Choose the correct answer in each of the following: 1 - Gland, which stimulates the mammary glands of the breast milk after the adoption of birth. (A) ovary. (B) the adrenal gland. (C) parathyroid gland. (D) the pituitary gland. )‫ (ه‬. ‫ؾجًهًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ (ؽـ) ث‬. ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ (ح) ث‬. ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ (أ) ث‬. ‫الهر‬٪ٛ‫ دوو ث‬٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫غو٭ إلٌٓثً ث‬ٛ‫ٰز دج‬٤‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٰ‫ذ‬٤‫ دض‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ضٮ ص‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬-9 . ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬

2 - Condition known Bagaymeh arise as a result of: (a) increase the thyroid hormone during childhood. (B) the lack of thyroid hormone during childhood. (C) increase the thyroid hormone after puberty. (D) the lack of thyroid hormone after puberty. ‫جء ُضٌر‬٤‫وًٰٓز ثع‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )‫(ح‬. ‫ز‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫جء ُضٌر ث‬٤‫وًٰٓز ثع‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ (أ) ٍٯجهر‬: ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ‫جءر‬٠ٰٔٛ‫ُز دج‬٩ٌ‫و‬٠ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫قج‬ٛ‫شؤ ث‬٤‫ ص‬-2 . ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫وًٰٓز دوو ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ )‫ (ه‬. ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫وًٰٓز دوو ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ (ؽـ) ٍٯجهر‬. ‫ز‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ث‬

3 - The hormone Aladeranalin b (a) stimulate the body to do the activity necessary to confront the danger (b) stimulate the liver to convert glucose into glycogen (c) show some sexual characteristics. (D) increase the body's resistance to infections and microbes. ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ٯ‬٪‫ضق‬ٛ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٰ‫ذ‬٤‫نـٌ (ح) ص‬ٛ‫ز ث‬٨‫ثؽ‬٪٠ٛ ٍٝ‫ال‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٤ٛ‫ دج‬ٝ‫ٰٔج‬ٜٛ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٰ‫ذ‬٤‫ دـ (أ) ص‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣‫ ثالهًث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٝ٪ٔ‫ ٯ‬-1 . ‫دجس‬٩ٌٰ٘٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٫٩‫وو‬ٜٛ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٟ٩‫ٔج‬ٟ ‫ (ه) ٍٯجهر‬. ‫ْٰز‬٤‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ظِجس ث‬ٛ‫جً دوغ ث‬٨‫(ؽـ) ثك‬

4 - Condition known Balblahh arise as a result of lack of secretion of the hormone: (a) thyroxin (b) growth (c) Alkrotazon (d) Parathormone. . ١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًع‬ٛ‫(ه) ث‬١٩َٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ٘ٛ‫ (ؽـ) ث‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ (ح) ث‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ (أ) ث‬: ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ٔض ثٌُث‬٣ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ‫ز‬٧‫ذال‬ٛ‫ُز دج‬٩ٌ‫و‬٠ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫قج‬ٛ‫شؤ ث‬٤‫ ص‬-4

5 - Influenced by the degree of concentration of the urine hormone (a) hormone clutch of blood vessels (b) cortisone (c) estrogen and (d) calcitonin ٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ (ه) ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ (ؽـ) ثالّض‬١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ٯز (ح) ث‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫أل‬ٛ ‫ٔجدغ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ (أ)ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨‫ د‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ صضؤعٌ هًؽز صٌَٰٗ ث‬-1

6 - The availability of the necessary human element iodine diets because: (a), helps prevent tooth decay (b) disinfectant for the intestines (c) enter into the composition of thyroxin (d) the body needs to produce vitamin D. ‫ ُٮ‬ٚ‫وجء (ؽـ) ٯوم‬ٟ‫أل‬ٛ ٌ٨‫ـ‬ٟ )‫ (ح‬١‫ج‬٤ّ‫ُ ثال‬٪ْ‫ن ص‬٤ٟ ٬ٜ‫ (أ) ٯْجهو ه‬: ٦٣‫ أل‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثإل‬ٝ‫ه دـوج‬٪ٰٛ‫ظٌ ث‬٤‫ثٌُ ه‬٪‫ً٭ ص‬٩ٌ‫ؼ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ -6 . ‫ ه‬٢ٰٟ‫ضجػ ُٰضج‬٣‫ إل‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦‫ (ه) ٯقضجؽ‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ٰز ص‬ٜ٠‫ه‬

7 - Enter the iodine in the composition of the hormone: (a) Albrthormon (b) thyroxin (c) calcitonin (d) adrenaline. . ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ (ه) ثالهًٯ‬٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ (ؽـ)ث‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ (ح) ث‬١٪ًٟ٪‫ذٌثع‬ٛ‫ (أ) ث‬: ١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ه ُٮ صٌٰٗخ‬٪ٰٛ‫ظٌ ث‬٤‫ ه‬ٚ‫ ٯوم‬-7

87

8 - Calcitonin hormone secreted from the gland (a) thyroid (b) pituitary (c) adrenal (d) parathyroid. . ‫ؾجًهًٰٓز‬ٛ‫٘لٌٯز (ه) ث‬ٛ‫ٰز (ؽـ) ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫وًٰٓز (ح)ث‬ٛ‫ٌور (أ) ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬-5

9 - The hormone that encourages Alinveronat to re-absorb the water before leaving with the urine is excreted from: (a) the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (b) the adrenal cortex (c) the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (d) marrow adrenal gland. )‫ٰز (ح‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫ٮ‬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ (أ) ث‬: ٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ن ث‬ٟ ٦‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ م‬ٚ‫جء ٓذ‬٠ٛ‫ضظجص ث‬ٟ‫ ثهجهر ث‬٬ٜ‫جس ه‬٣٩ٌِ٤ٛ‫ي٭ ٯقظ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬-1 . ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣)‫ٰز (ه‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ‫ِٮ‬ٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫٘لٌٯز (ؽـ) ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٓشٌر ث‬

10 - Examples of hormones produced by the corticosteron (c) Aldosteron (d) all of the above.

adrenal cortex: (a) cortisone (b)

)‫ (ه‬١٩ٌ‫ّٰض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ (ؽـ) ثأل‬١٩ٌٰ‫ ّض‬٪ٰ٘‫ًص‬٩ٌ٘ٛ‫ (ح) ث‬١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ (أ) ث‬: ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ج ٓشٌر ث‬٧ٌٍِ‫ضٮ ص‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٣‫وو‬٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫غ‬ٟ‫ ث‬٢ٟ -99 . ْ‫ج ّذ‬ٟ ‫ٰن‬٠‫ؽ‬

11 - The hormone that helps in the absorption of sodium ions in the kidneys is to: (a) parathormone (b) Aloldosteron (c) calcitonin (d) thyroxin. )‫ (ه‬٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ (ؽـ) ث‬١٩ٌ‫ّٰض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ (ح) ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًع‬ٛ‫ (أ) ث‬: ٪٧ ٢ٰ‫ٰض‬ٜ٘ٛ‫ ُٮ ث‬ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪‫ضظجص ثٯ‬ٟ‫ي٭ ٯْجهو ُٮ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬-99 . ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌ‫غجٯ‬ٛ‫ث‬

12 - Androgens are hormones: (a) cortisone and corticosteron (b) estrogen and progesterone (c) testosterone and androstenedione (d) adrenaline and noradrenalin. ٩ ١٩ٌ‫ّٰض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ (ؽـ) ث‬١٩ٌ‫ؽْض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ (ح) ثالّض‬١٩ٌٰ‫ ّض‬٪ٰ٘‫ص‬٪٘ٛ‫ ث‬٩ ١٩َٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ٘ٛ‫ (أ)ث‬: ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٬٧ ‫جس‬٤ٰ‫ ؽ‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ ثأل‬-92 . ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ًثهًٯ‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ (ه)ثألهًٯ‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩ً‫و‬٣‫ثال‬

13 - In one experiment, the researchers removed pancreas of one mice, and note the symptoms arising in this mouse after the operation, what symptoms may have resulted from this experiment ? (A) diabetes, (b) enlargement (c) idiocy (d) dwarfism. ‫ أ٭ ثهٌثع ٓو‬، ‫ٰز‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ِؤً دوو ث‬ٛ‫يث ث‬٨‫جشتز د‬٤ٛ‫ الفق ثالهٌثع ث‬ٞ‫ ع‬١‫ِتٌث‬ٛ‫ذٌ٘ٯجُ دجفو ث‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ دجٍث‬٢ٰ‫ذجفغ‬ٛ‫ ثفو ث‬ٝ‫ضؾجًح ٓج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ ُٮ ثفو‬-91 . ‫ز‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٛ‫ (ه) ث‬٦٧‫ذال‬ٛ‫ (ؽـ) ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ٌْ٘٭ (ح)ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ضؾٌدز ؟ (أ) ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ٢‫ضؾش ه‬٣

14 - Which of the following does not belong to the hormone insulin (a) results from a lack of excretion onset of diabetes (b) controls the level of blood glucose (c) results in specific cells of the pancreas (d) results only in adults (e) has the opposite effect of the impact of the hormone glucagons . ٌّ٘ ٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫ٌْ٘٭ (ح) ٯضق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬٠‫ ثالطجدز د‬٥ٍ‫ز ثٌُث‬ٜٓ ٢‫ضؼ ه‬٤‫ (أ) ٯ‬: ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثال‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٮ ال ٯنض‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ أ٭‬-94 ١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٰ‫ضؤع‬ٛ ِٗ‫وج‬ٟ ٌٰ‫ صؤع‬٦ٛ )‫ـ‬٧( ٢ٌٰٛ‫ذج‬ٛ‫ضؼ ُٔؾ ُٮ ثألٌُثه ث‬٤‫ٌ٘ٯجُ (ه) ٯ‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ز دج‬٤ٰ‫و‬ٟ ‫ مالٯج‬٢ٟ ‫ضؼ‬٤‫ (ؽـ) ٯ‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ دج‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬

15 - The hormone that antagonize the work of parathormone is : (a) thyroxin (b) progesterone (c) calcitonin (d) aldosterone. )‫ (ه‬٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ (ؽـ) ث‬١٩ٌ‫ؽْٰض‬٩ً‫ذج‬ٛ‫ (ح)ث‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ (أ)ث‬: ٪٧ ‫ؾجًهًثٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٚ٠‫ ه‬٦ٜ٠‫ي٭ ٯؼجه ه‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬-91 . ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ثال‬

16 – Mixoedema arises as a result of accumulation of mucoid material beneath the skin due to decrease secretion of hormone ............... After puberty (a) Parathormone (b) thyroxin (c) cortisone (d) growth. )‫ى (أ‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ دوو ث‬............... ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ٔض ثٌُث‬٣ ٢ٟ ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ِّٚ‫نجؿٰز ث‬٠ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٞٗ‫ضٰؾز صٌث‬٣ ‫ج‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ُز ث‬٩ٌ‫و‬٠ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫قج‬ٛ‫شؤ ث‬٤‫ ص‬-96 . ٪٠٤ٛ‫ (ه) ث‬١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ (ؽـ) ث‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ (ح) ث‬١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًع‬ٛ‫ث‬

17 - Parathormone increase the secretion of the hormone leads to the emergence of: (a) osteoporosis (b) enlargement of the liver and spleen (c) ulcers, stomach and duodenum (d) increased blood sugar. )‫ هشٌ (ه‬٬٤‫ثالع‬٩ ‫وور‬٠ٛ‫ (ؽـ) ٌٓؿ دج‬ٙ‫ـقج‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ (ح) صؼن‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰٛ )‫ (أ‬: ً٪٨‫ ك‬٬ٛ‫ ٯؤه٭ ث‬١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ ٍٯجهر ثٌُث‬-97 . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍٯجهر ٌّ٘ ث‬

88

18 - All of the following effects of the hormone adrenaline, except: (a) the high heart rate (b) reduced movement of the intestines medicines (c) the high respiration rate (d) lower blood sugar. ‫وجء (ؽـ) ثًصِجم‬ٟ‫أل‬ٛ ‫ٯز‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫قٌٗز ث‬ٛ‫نِجع ث‬٣‫خ (ح) ث‬ٜٔٛ‫ ػٌدجس ث‬ٙ‫وو‬ٟ ‫ (أ) ثًصِجم‬: ‫جهوث‬ٟ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثالهًٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ‫ٮ صؤعٌٰثس‬ٜ‫ج ٯ‬ٟ ‫ٰن‬٠‫ ؽ‬-95 . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫نِجع ٌّ٘ ث‬٣‫ِِ (ه)ث‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫وو‬ٟ

19 - Hormones of the endocrine gland affect other endocrine glands by stimulation or affect other non glandular tissue. Any of the following hormones affect non-glandular tissues : (a) TSH (b) ACTH (c) FSH + LH ( d) ADH . ‫ُؤ٭‬، ‫ْؾز ًٌٰ ًوٯز‬٣‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ صؤعٌ ه‬٩‫ج ث‬٨‫ ثٌُثٍص‬٦ٰ‫ذ‬٤‫ض‬ٛ ٫ٌ‫جء ثم‬٠‫ ًوه ط‬٬ٜ‫ج ه‬٨‫ٌ صؤعٌٰص‬٨‫ضٮ ٓو ٯل‬ٛ‫جء ث‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ صٌٍِ ث‬-91 ADH )‫ (ه‬FSH + LH )‫ (ؽـ‬ACTH )‫ (ح‬TSH)‫ (أ‬: ‫ٌوٯز‬ٛ‫ْؾز ًٌٰ ث‬٣‫ ُٮ ثال‬٬ٜ‫ٰز صؤعٌ ه‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ

20 - The hormone that induces contraction of the muscle wall of the uterus during childbirth is produced by the gland: (a) adrenal (b) of the pancreas (c) pituitary and (d) the thyroid. )‫ٰز (ه‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌ٘ٯجُ (ؽـ) ث‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫٘لٌٯز (ح) ث‬ٛ‫ (أ) ث‬: ‫ٌور‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥ٌٍِ‫الهر ص‬٪ٛ‫جء ث‬٤‫ ثع‬ٞ‫ٌف‬ٜٛ ‫ٮ‬ٜ‫وؼ‬ٛ‫ؾوثً ث‬ٛ‫ٔذجع ث‬٣‫ي٭ ٯْضقظ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬-29 . ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ث‬

21 - Any of the following functions do not belong to the thyroid gland: (a) control the growth of the body (b) regulation of metabolism (c) control the amount of urine (d) The organization of calcium in the blood. ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫ضق‬ٛ‫ٰجس ثالٯغ (ؽـ) ث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ (ح) ص‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٪٠٣ ‫ ُٮ‬ٞ٘‫ضق‬ٛ‫ (أ) ث‬: ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٰز ال صنض ث‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ أ٭‬-29 . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ دج‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫(ه) ص‬

22 - Any of the following occurs as a reaction or response to stress, fear of Oz: (a) less secretion of adrenaline (b) increases blood flow to the skin (c) increase the level of blood glucose (d) increase insulin secretion from the pancreas. ‫و‬ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ (ح) ٯَٯو ٌّٯج‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٤‫ ثٌُثٍ ثالهًٯ‬ٚٔ‫ (أ) ٯ‬: ‫وظذٮ‬ٛ‫ؼٌؾ ث‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٩‫ٍ ث‬٪‫ن‬ٜٛ ‫ ثّضؾجدز‬٩‫ ث‬ٚ‫ج ٯجصٮ ٯقوط ٌٗه ُو‬٠ٟ ‫ أ٭‬-22 . ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ (ه) ٯَهثه ثٌُثٍ ثال‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ دج‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ‫(ؽـ) ٯَهثه‬

II - Choose from the column (b) the suitable from the column (a) by placing the appropriate number in brackets at the end of the column (a): : )‫ه (أ‬٪٠‫و‬ٛ‫جٯز هذجًثس ث‬٨٣ ‫ ُٮ‬٢ّٰ٪ٔٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ز د‬٠‫الة‬٠ٛ‫وذجًر ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ًٞٓ ‫ػن‬٪‫ٖ د‬ٛ‫ى‬٩ )‫ه (أ‬٪٠‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٦٠‫ج ٯالة‬ٟ ) ‫ه (ح‬٪٠‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٰ‫صن‬

1Column (a))‫ه (أ‬٪٠‫و‬ٛ‫ث‬

Column (b))‫ه (ح‬٪٠‫و‬ٛ‫ث‬

A - Adrenaline hormone secreted from () B - Insulin hormone secreted from () C – Thyroxin hormone secreted from () D - Growth hormone secreted from ()

1 - Thyroid gland. 2 - Adrenal cortex. 3 - Parathyroid gland. 4 - Pituitary gland. 5 - Adrenal medulla . 6 - Testis. 7 - Pancreas.

2– Column (a)

Column (b)

A - thyroid gland is known as () B – pancreas is known as () C - parathyroid gland is known as () D - the adrenal gland is known as ()

89

1 - Emotion gland. 2 – Master gland. 3 – Bone gland. 4 - Activity gland. 5 - Sugar regulating gland. 6 – Gonads.

3– Column (a)

Column (b)

A - The pituitary gland is located () B - The adrenal gland is located () C - The thyroid gland is located ()

1 – below the stomach. 2 – below the brain. 3 – below the larynx. 4 - below the kidneys. 5 - above the kidney

4– Column (a) A – Corticosteron () B - Relaxin () C - Aldosterone () D - Calcitonin () E - Glucagon () F - Cholecystokinine ()

Column (b) 1 - converts stored glycogen into glucose. 2 - secreted by the small intestine. 3 - responsible for growth of the prostate and seminal vesicles. 4 - regulate carbohydrate metabolism in the body. 5 - raise the blood pressure. 6 - balance salts in the body. 7 - reduces the calcium in the blood. 8 - cause relaxation of symphysis pubis at birth.

III- Story problems: 1 – What is the role of the following scientists in discovery of hormones (Boyce JenseStarling - Claude Bernard) ) ً‫ج‬٣ٌ‫ه د‬٪ٜٗ – ‫ؼ‬٤ًٛ‫ِ – ّضج‬٤‫ٯِ ؽ‬٪‫ (د‬: ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ُٮ ثٗضشجٍ ث‬ٞ٨‫جة‬٠ّ‫جء ثالصٰز ث‬٠ٜ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ً ٗال‬٩‫جه‬ٟ -9

2 - A friend was diseased by thyroid disease lead to increased secretion of thyroxin at the same time other friend diseased by lack of secretion of the hormone thyroxin. How you can distinguished between the two? ٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ٌع ثه‬٠‫ٖ د‬ٛ ً‫ ثطٰخ ؽج‬٦ِْ٣ ‫ٓش‬٪ٛ‫ُٮ ث‬٩ ، ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ٍٯجهر ثٌُثٍ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫وًٰٓز ثه‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٌع ُٮ ث‬٠‫ٖ د‬ٛ ْ‫ (ثطٰخ طوٯ‬-2 ‫ج ؟‬٠٨٤ٰ‫َٰ د‬٠‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢٘٠‫ ) َٰٗ ٯ‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ٔض ثٌُث‬٣

3 – Enlargement of thyroid gland leads to appearance of symptoms differs according to the activity of the gland and the stage in which enlargment occurs . Explain this statement explaining the following: (a) site of thyroid gland in the human body. (b) function of thyroid gland in the body. (c) Effect of increased or decreased secretion in the body. . ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٨ُٰ ‫ ٯقوط‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٌور‬ٛ‫شجؽ ث‬٣ ٍ‫َ دجمضال‬ٜ‫ثػقز صنض‬٩ ‫ٌػٰز‬ٟ ‫ً أهٌثع‬٪٨‫ ك‬٬ٛ‫وًٰٓز ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ صؼن‬٫‫ ٯؤه‬-1 ٩‫ج أ‬٧ٍ‫ أعٌ ٍٯجهر أٌُث‬-‫ ػ‬. ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٜٛ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫كِٰز ث‬٩ -‫ ح‬. ١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثأل‬ْٞ‫ ؽ‬٬ُ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٓن ث‬٪ٟ -‫ أ‬: ٬‫ج ٯؤص‬ٟ ‫ػقج‬٪ٟ ‫وذجًر‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ‫أشٌؿ‬ . ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ضز‬ٜٓ

4 - Mention the cause of each of the following: Mixoedema – exophthalmic goiter gigantism - idiocy. . ‫ز‬٧‫ذال‬ٛ‫ٔز – ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ – ث‬٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ج – ث‬٠‫ْٰٰ٘وٯ‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬: ٬‫ج ٯؤص‬٠ٟ ٚٗ ‫ أىٌٗ ّذخ‬-4

5 - pituitary gland is considered the President of the endocrine glands in the human body. Explain this statement, explaining: (a) site of pituitary gland in the human body. (b) the most important hormones of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland and its functions. (c) posterior lobe hormones and its importance. . ١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثأل‬ْٞ‫ ؽ‬٬ُ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ٓن ث‬٪ٟ -‫ أ‬: ‫ػقج‬٪ٟ ‫وذجًر‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ‫ أشٌؿ‬. ١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثأل‬ْٞ‫ ؽ‬٬ُ ‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ٰز ًةْٰز ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ صوضذٌ ث‬-1 . ‫ج‬٨‫ٰض‬٠٧‫ث‬٩ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ -‫ ػ‬. ‫ج‬٨ِ‫كجة‬٩٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٞ٧‫ أ‬-‫ح‬

6 – A child diseased by certain disease in the pituitary gland, what do you expect to happen to this child? ‫ ؟‬ِٚ‫ـ‬ٛ‫يث ث‬٨ٛ ‫ ٯقوط‬١‫ٓن أ‬٪‫جىث صض‬ٟ ، ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٢ٰ‫و‬ٟ ‫ٌع‬٠‫ د‬ِٚ‫ أطٰخ ؿ‬-6

90

7 - Adrenaline hormone called emergency hormone . Explain this statement? ‫ج هًّش ؟‬ٟ ‫ء‬٪‫ ػ‬٬ُ ‫وذجًر‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ‫ أشٌؿ‬. ‫ؾور‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨‫ د‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ ثأله‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٬٠ْ‫ ٯ‬-7

8 - Four glands, each the size of a grain of wheat each two are on one side of the trachea: (a) What is the glands talking about the previous statement? (b) What its functions in the body? (c) What is the effect of increase or decrease in the secretions? ‫ْجدٔز ؟‬ٛ‫وذجًر ث‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٨٤‫ صضقوط ه‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ج ث‬ٟ -‫ أ‬: ‫ثةٰز‬٪٨ٛ‫ٔظذز ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ذ‬٣‫ أفو ؽج‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬٢ٰ٤‫ أع‬ٚٗ ‫ؽو‬٪‫ـ – ٯ‬٠ٔٛ‫ فذز ث‬ٞ‫ج دقؾ‬٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ‫ أًدن ًوه‬-5 ‫ج ؟‬٨‫ ثٌُثٍثص‬٬ُ ‫ٔض‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫َٯجهر أ‬ٛ‫ج صؤعٌٰ ث‬ٟ -‫ ؟ ػ‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٜٛ ‫ج‬٨‫ صؤهٯ‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٪ٛ‫ج ث‬ٟ -‫ح‬

9 - Above the kidneys and called emotion gland: (a) What is glands the previous statement talking about? (b) What is the structure of emotion gland? (c) What its functions in the body? ‫ صضٌٗخ ًوه‬ٟٞ -‫ْجدٔز ؟ ح‬ٛ‫وذجًر ث‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٨٤‫ صضقوط ه‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ج ث‬ٟ -‫ أ‬: ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ دٌوه ثأل‬٬٠ْ‫ج – ص‬٠٨‫ د‬١‫ضظٔج‬ٜ‫ص‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ٰض‬ٜ٘ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬١‫ صٌصَ٘ث‬-1 ‫ ؟‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٜٛ ‫ج‬٨‫ صؤهٯ‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫كجةَ ث‬٪ٛ‫ج ث‬ٟ -‫ ؟ ػ‬ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ثأل‬

10 - Correct the following statements without changing what is beneath the line: : ‫ج صقضز مؾ‬ٟ ٌٌٰ‫ ص‬١‫ أ‬١٩‫ٰز ه‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫وذجًثس ث‬ٛ‫ طقـ ث‬-99

A - thyroxin hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. . ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬-‫أ‬

B - the hormone that regulates salt balance of sodium and potassium in the human body is oxytocin. . ٢ّٰ٪‫ ثألْٰٗض‬٪٧ ١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثأل‬ْٞ‫ ؽ‬٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٜٛ ٬‫ق‬ٜ٠ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬-‫ح‬

C – Parathyroid gland is the most important gland in the human body. . ١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثأل‬ْٞ‫ ؽ‬٬ُ ‫ ًور‬ٞ٧‫ؾجً هًٰٓز أ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ صوضذٌ ث‬-‫ػ‬

D - Lack of insulin hormone causing enlargement of the extrimities. . ٍ‫ ثألؿٌث‬ٞ‫ ٯْذخ صؼن‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ٔض أٌُث‬٣ -‫ه‬

E - Cortisone is produced by the parathyroid gland which regulates metabolism and growth in man. . ١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ٪٠٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬‫ٌيثة‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ‫غ‬٠‫ض‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬ٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ؾجً هًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ صٌٍِر ث‬١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ ث‬-‫ـ‬٧

11 - Compare between each two of the following: : ٬‫ج ٯؤص‬٠ٟ ٢ٰ٤‫ أع‬ٚٗ ٢ٰ‫ د‬١ً‫ ٓج‬-99

A - simple goiter and exophthalmic goiter . B - Adrenal cortex hormones and hormones of adrenal medulla. C - Role of insulin and adrenaline in glucose metabolism within the body. ٬ُ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ثأله‬٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ً ثأل‬٩‫ ه‬-‫ ػ‬. ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫نجم‬٤ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧٩ ‫ٔشٌر‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ -‫ ح‬. ٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ذْٰؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ ث‬-‫أ‬ ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ٍ هثم‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫أٯغ ث‬

12 - Choose the correct statement of the following: : ٬‫ج ٯؤص‬٠ٟ ‫ظقٰقز‬ٛ‫وذجًر ث‬ٛ‫ صنٌٰ ث‬-92

A – FSH formed in ovary and causing maturation of Graafian follicle. B – LH formed in the pituitary gland and causing ovulation. C – Estrogen formed by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and causes increase in the thickness of the wall of the uterus. D – Progesterone formed in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and causes an increase in the thickness of the wall of the uterus. E - no words are correct. . ‫ٯغ‬٪‫ضذ‬ٛ‫ٰز رٯْذخ ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ )LH( ١٪ٌٟ٧ ١٪٘‫ ٯض‬-‫ ح‬. ٍ‫ز ؽٌث‬ٜ‫ٯظ‬٪‫ؼؼ ف‬٣ ‫ٯْذخ‬٩ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ )FSH( ١٪ٌٟ٧ ١٪٘‫ ٯض‬-‫أ‬ ١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ١٪٘‫ ٯض‬-‫ ه‬. ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ٖ ؽوثً ث‬٠ّ ٬ُ ‫ٯْذخ ٍٯجهر‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ ثألّض‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ١٪٘‫ ٯض‬-‫ػ‬ . ‫ؽو هذجًر طقٰقز‬٪‫ ال ص‬-‫ـ‬٧ . ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫ٖ ؽوثً ث‬٠ّ ٬ُ ‫ٯْذخ ٍٯجهر‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ

91

13 - using the following drawing answer the following questions: A - Write the data referred to in numbers 1: 6. B - Complete the following: - The structure (1) secrete ................ And its function ............. - The structure (2) secrete ........... And its function ............. . : ‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ ثألّت‬٢‫ أؽخ ه‬ٌّٞٛ‫ز دج‬٣‫ دجألّضوج‬-91 . 6 : 9 ٝ‫ج دجألًٓج‬٨ٰٛ‫شجً ث‬٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣‫ذٰج‬ٛ‫ أٗضخ ث‬-‫أ‬ : ٬‫ج ٯؤص‬ٟ ٚ٠ٗ‫ أ‬-‫ح‬ ............. ‫كِٰضز‬٩٩ ................)9( ‫ضٌٰٗخ‬ٛ‫ ٯٌٍِ ث‬............. ‫كِٰضز‬٩٩ ........... )2( ‫ضٌٰٗخ‬ٛ‫ ٯٌٍِ ث‬-

14 – G.R. for each of the following: A - length of a person not increase if secretion of growth hormone increase after puberty. B - Pituitary gland named President of the glands. C - Pancreas gland has double functions. D - Idiocy appears with lack of hormonal secretion of the thyroid gland. E - The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is more important than the posterior lobe. : ٬‫ج ٯؤص‬٠ٛ ٜٚ‫ ه‬-94 . ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ دوو ث‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ ثٌُث‬٬ُ ‫ ثىث فوط ٍٯجهر‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثأل‬ٙ٪‫ ٍٯجهر ؿ‬ٝ‫ هو‬-‫أ‬ . ‫ٌوه‬ٛ‫ٌور ًةْٰز ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ّٞ‫ٰز ث‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ْ ه‬ٜ‫ ٯـ‬-‫ح‬ . ‫كِٰز‬٪ٛ‫ؽز ث‬٩‫َه‬ٟ ‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ًور‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ًور ث‬-‫ػ‬ . ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ٔض ثألٌُثٍ ث‬٣ ‫ز‬ٛ‫ فج‬٬ُ ‫ز‬٧‫ذال‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ً٪٨‫ ك‬-‫ه‬ . ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٨‫ ُظ‬٢ٟ ٞ٧‫ أ‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ٯوضذٌ ث‬-‫ـ‬٧

92

15 - using the following figure. Answer the following questions: : ‫ز ثألصٰز‬ٜ‫ ثألّت‬٢‫ػـ أؽخ ه‬٪٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٘‫ش‬ٛ‫ج دج‬٤ٰ‫ْضو‬ٟ -91

A - Write the name of parts numbers (1) to (5). B - Mention secretions of part number (4). C - Mention the secretion pass in the structure number (5). D - Where secretion that accumulates in the structure number (2) is formed? . )1( ٬ٛ‫) ث‬9( ٢ٟ ٝ‫ٰز ثألًٓج‬ٜ‫ ه‬ٙ‫ج ٯو‬ٟ ‫ أٗضخ‬-‫أ‬ . )4( ًٞٓ ٪‫وؼ‬ٛ‫ أىٌٗ ثٌُثٍثس ث‬-‫ح‬ .)1( ًٞٓ ‫ضٌٰٗخ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌ٠‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ أىٌٗ ثألٌُثٍ ث‬-‫ػ‬ ‫) ؟‬2( ًٞٓ ‫ضٌٰٗخ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ن‬٠‫ ٯضؾ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ثألٌُثٍ ث‬١٪٘‫ ٯض‬٢‫ أٯ‬-‫ه‬

16 - pituitary gland is the leading and controlling of all other endocrine glands. Discuss this statement with an indication of at least three examples to illustrate your answer. ‫ػٰـ‬٪‫ض‬ٛ ٚٓ‫ ثأل‬٬ٜ‫ز ه‬ٜ‫غ‬ٟ‫ن ىٌٗ عالعز أ‬ٟ ‫وذجًر‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ‫جٓش‬٣ . ٫ٌ‫جء ثألم‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ٰن ث‬٠‫ ؽ‬٬ُ ‫ز‬٠٘‫ضق‬٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٔجةور‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬٧ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬-96 . ٖ‫ثؽجدض‬

17 - the following figure shows two people, each suffering from a disturbance in a pituitary hormone. Write a brief comment to this figure. ‫يث‬٧ ٬ٜ‫نضظٌث ه‬ٟ ‫ٰٔج‬ٜ‫ أٗضخ صو‬. ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ ثٌُثٍ أفو‬ٙ‫ أمضال‬٢ٟ ‫ج‬٠٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ٬٣‫ ٯوج‬١‫ػـ شنظج‬٪‫ ٯ‬ٚ‫ٔجد‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٘‫ش‬ٛ‫ ث‬-97 . ٚ٘‫ش‬ٛ‫ث‬

93

18 - What happens in the following cases: A - Remove the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland in a pregnant woman. B - injection of a pregnant women in five months with an extract of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? C - decrease beta cells in the pancreas ? D - injection of the hormone testosterone in adult woman? E – Exposure of human to fear and panic. F - Absence of testosterone in childhood? G - injection of vasopressin hormone to a person ? : ‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫قجالس ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫جىث ٯقوط‬ٟ -95 .ٟٚ‫ٌأر فج‬ٟ‫ أ‬٬ُ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ‫ أٍث‬-‫أ‬ ‫ٰز ؟‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ِ دنالطز ث‬ٟ‫نج‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٧ٌ٨‫ ش‬٬ُ ٟٚ‫ٌأر فج‬ٟ‫ أ‬٢ٔ‫ ف‬-‫ح‬ ‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ؟‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ َ٤ٜ٧ٌ‫ؾ‬٣‫ ال‬٬ُ ‫جٓض مالٯج دٰضج‬٤‫ ص‬-‫ػ‬ ‫ ؟‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨‫ٌز د‬ٛ‫ٌأر دج‬ٟ‫ أ‬٢ٔ‫ ف‬-‫ه‬ . ‫َِم‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٍ٪‫ن‬ٛ‫قجالس ث‬ٛ ١‫ْج‬٣‫ صوٌع ثأل‬-‫ـ‬٧ ‫ز ؟‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ٬ُ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ ًٰجح‬-٩ ‫ٯز؟‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫أل‬ٛ ‫ٔجدغ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ شنض دج‬٢ٔ‫ٍ – ف‬

19 - The following 2 figures illustrate some symptoms of hormonal imbalance of one of the endocrine gland in some people. answer the following questions: A - What endocrine gland in which this imbalance occurs ?and its position in the human body? . B - Write a brief comment about the symptoms appears in this figure ? C - What is the hormone that is produced by this gland? What its function? D - Mention the symptoms associated in the following cases: 1- Decrease secretion of this gland after puberty. 2 – decrease secretion of this gland in childhood. :‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ ثألّض‬٢‫ أؽخ ه‬.‫ دوغ ثألشنجص‬٬ُ ‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ أٌُثٍثس أفو‬ٙ‫ دوغ أهٌثع أمضال‬١‫ػقج‬٪‫ ٯ‬١‫ٰج‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ش٘ال‬ٛ‫ ث‬-91 . ‫ ؟‬١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثأل‬ْٞ‫ ؽ‬٬ُ ‫ج‬٨‫ٓو‬٪ٟ ‫ج‬ٟ٩ ، ٙ‫يث ثألمضال‬٧ ‫ج‬٨‫ فوط د‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫جء ث‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ج ث‬ٟ -‫أ‬ ‫ ؟‬ٙ‫ ثألش٘ج‬٥‫ي‬٨‫ٌر د‬٧‫لج‬ٛ‫ ثألهٌثع ث‬٢‫نضظٌثً ه‬ٟ ‫ٰٔج‬ٜ‫ ثٗضخ صو‬-‫ح‬ ‫كِٰضز ؟‬٩ ‫ج‬ٟ٩ ‫ٌور ؟‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ‫ صٌٍِر‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ج ث‬ٟ -‫ػ‬ ‫ز‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬٠‫ٌور د‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ٍ‫ٔض ثٌُث‬٣ -‫ ح‬. ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌور دوو ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ٍ‫ٔض ثٌُث‬٣ -‫ أ‬: ‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫قجالس ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ظجفذز‬٠ٛ‫ أىٌٗ ثألهٌثع ث‬-‫ه‬ . ‫ذٌ٘ر‬٠ٛ‫ث‬

94

20 - Why body's cells need glucose? ‫ٍ؟‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫جىث صقضجػ مالٯج ث‬٠ٛ -29

21 - In a healthy individual the ratio of glucose in the blood 60: 110 mg / 100 cm3. What are the glands that secrete the hormone responsible for the stability of the level of sugar in the blood? ٢‫ ه‬ٙ٪‫ْت‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ صٌٍِ ث‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬٧ ‫ج‬ٟ . 1 ّٞ 999 / ٝ‫ٰؾٌث‬ٜٜٟ 999 : 69 ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ١٪٘‫ ص‬ْٰٜٞٛ‫ٌِه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ -29 ‫ ؟‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ‫عذجس‬

22 - The following chart shows the level of change in blood sugar after a meal. Explain the shape of the curve in the following cases: A - B, from B - C, C - D. ٢ٟ ، ‫ أ – ح‬٢ٟ : ‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫قجالس ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٬٤‫ق‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٘‫ أشٌؿ ش‬. ‫ؽذز‬٩ ٙ٩‫ج‬٤‫ دوو ص‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ٌٌٰ‫ ص‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬٣‫ذٰج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٌّٞٛ‫ػـ ث‬٪‫ ٯ‬-22 . ‫ ػ – ه‬٢ٟ ، ‫ح – ػ‬

23 - The following chart illustrates some of the endocrine glands in human body . Write the number of glands or numbers next to each of the following statements: A – Endocrine glands ( ) are duct glands. ( ) B - Glands regulate carbohydrate metabolism. ( ) C - Abnormal secretion of these glands after puberty, cause bones enlargement , especially in the extrimities and lower jaw and front of the face leading to deformation of the face and skull. ( ). D - Gland Increase secretion of its cortex lead to appearance of male characteristics on female traits? E - Removal of this gland leads to impaired metabolism of calcium the body (). F- gland secretes a hormone called hormone of attack and fear. () G - A gland seacrea its secretions in childhood leads to dwarfism. () ‫وذجًثس‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ هذجًر‬ٚٗ ً‫ث‬٪‫ٌوه دؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ ثًٓج‬٩‫ٌور أ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ًٞٓ ‫ أٗضخ‬. ١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثأل‬ْٞ‫جء دؾ‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌو ث‬ٛ‫ػـ دوغ ث‬٪‫ ٯ‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ضنـٰـ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٘‫ش‬ٛ‫ ث‬-21 : ‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ث‬ ) ( . ‫جء‬٠‫ًوه ًٌٰ ط‬٩ )( ‫جء‬٠‫ ٌٗوه ط‬ٚ٠‫ ًوه صو‬-‫أ‬ ) ( . ‫ٰوًثس‬٧٪‫ٌ٘د‬ٛ‫ أٯغ ث‬ٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ًوه ص‬-‫ح‬ ٦‫ؽ‬٪ٛ‫ر ث‬٪‫ صش‬٬ٛ‫ؤهٯج ث‬ٟ ‫ز‬٨‫ؾذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ِْٜٛ‫ِٖ ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٍ‫طج دجألؿٌث‬٪‫ مظ‬ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ٌور ٯْذخ صؼن‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٨ٛ ‫ى‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ دوو ث‬٬‫ـذٰو‬ٛ‫ ثألٌُثٍ ًٌٰ ث‬-‫ػ‬ .) ( . ‫ز‬٠‫ؾ‬٠‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٯز ؟‬٪‫غ‬٣‫ظِجس ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ً طِجس ىٌٗٯز ه‬٪٨‫ ك‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ ٯؤه‬٫ٌ‫ٔش‬ٛ‫ج ث‬٧‫ؾَء‬ٛ ‫َثةو‬ٛ‫ ًور ثألٌُثٍ ث‬-‫ه‬ .) ( ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ دج‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ أٯغ ث‬ٙ‫ ألمضال‬٫‫ٌور ٯؤه‬ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ي‬٧ ‫ز‬ٛ‫ أٍث‬- ‫ـ‬٧ ) ( . ّ٪‫ن‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٝ٪‫ؾ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٬٠ْ‫ج ٯ‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ًور ص‬-٩ ) ( . ‫ز‬ٟ‫َٔث‬ٜٛ ٫‫ز ٯؤه‬ٛ٪ِ‫ـ‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ٌف‬ٟ ٬ُ ‫ج‬٨‫ز أٌُثٍثص‬ٜٓ ‫ٍ – ًور‬

95

24 - Using the following form, which shows the relationship between the hormone adrenaline and some organs of the body. Answer the following questions: A - Hormone adrenaline secreted from ......... B - Explain the physiological changes caused by the hormone adrenaline on each organ in the figure ? : ‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ ثألّت‬٢‫ ثؽخ ه‬. ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫دوغ أهؼجء ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ ثأله‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٰ‫والٓز د‬ٛ‫ػـ ث‬٪‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٘‫ش‬ٛ‫ز دج‬٣‫ دجألّضوج‬-24 ......... ٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ ثأله‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬-‫أ‬ ‫؟‬٥‫ػـ أهال‬٪ٟ ٪‫ هؼ‬ٚٗ ٬ٜ‫ ه‬٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ ثأله‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ج‬٨‫ ٯْذذ‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ؽٰز ث‬٪ٛ٪ِْٰٛ‫ضٌٌٰثس ث‬ٛ‫ػـ ث‬٩ -‫ح‬

25 - From the following schematic form. Answer the following questions: A - Why the hepatic portal vein contains variable amounts of glucose in (1) & (2).? B - Why the amount of glucose in hepatic veins in equal in both (1) & (2)? C - Mention 2 hormones regulate blood glucose level? their sources ? Explain their role in regulation of glucose blood sugar level? : ‫ٰز‬ٜ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ ثألّت‬٢‫ أؽخ ه‬ٞ‫ ع‬. ٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ضنـٰـ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٘‫ش‬ٛ‫ أُقض ث‬-21 ‫؟‬. )2( ، )9( ٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫هز‬٪٤‫ض‬ٟ ‫ٰجس‬٠ٗ ٬ٜ‫ ه‬٫‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ذجد‬ٛ‫ًٯو ث‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫جىث ٯقض‬٠ٛ -‫أ‬ ‫) ؟‬2( ، )9( ٢ٟ ٚٗ ٬ُ ٫‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ًٯو ث‬٪ٛ‫ٍ دج‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ٫٩‫ج ّذخ صْج‬ٟ -‫ح‬ ٌّ٘ ٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ص‬٬ُ ‫ج‬٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ً٩‫ج ؟ أشٌؿ ه‬٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ٍ‫ظوً ثٌُث‬ٟ ‫ج‬ٟ٩ ‫ ؟‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ دج‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ٌّ٘ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ١‫ج‬٠‫ل‬٤‫ ٯ‬١‫ج‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٗ‫ أى‬-‫ػ‬ ‫ ؟‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ دج‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬

96

26 – Frim the following chart answer the following questions ? ‫ٰز ؟‬ٜ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٜ‫ ثألّت‬٢‫ أؽخ ه‬ٞ‫ ع‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫ضنـٰـ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ٘‫ش‬ٛ‫ أُقض ث‬-26

A - explain the changes occurred to the liver glycogen; blood glucose and insulin during the period (x), ( y). B - Mention a hormone – other than insulin - affect the level of blood sugar and Mention the circumstances at which this effects occurs. C - What is the disease that results from lack of insulin hormone? .)‫ (ص‬، )ُ( ‫ِضٌر‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫ مال‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؽ‬٩ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ ‫ فوعش‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ضٌٌٰثس ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٜٚ‫ضو‬ٛ‫ن ث‬ٟ ‫ أشٌؿ‬-‫أ‬ . ٌٰ‫ضؤع‬ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ‫ج‬٧‫و‬٤‫ ٯقوط ه‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٩ٌ‫ل‬ٛ‫أىٌٗ ث‬٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ٌّ٘ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ٬ٜ‫ – ٯؤعٌ ه‬٢ْٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ج – ًٌٰ ثأل‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٗ‫ أى‬-‫ح‬ ‫ ؟‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ٔض ثٌُث‬٣ ٢‫ضؼ ه‬٤‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬٠ٛ‫ج ث‬ٟ -‫ػ‬

27 – The following chart shows the relationship between parathormone secretion and the level of calcium in the blood. Explain indication of the chart ? and its result? ‫ٖ ؟‬ٛ‫ضٰؾز ى‬٣ ‫ج‬ٟ٩ ٌّٞٛ‫ٰز ث‬ٜ‫ ه‬ٙ‫ج ٯو‬ٟ ‫ أشٌؿ‬. ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ٩ ١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ أٌُث‬٢ٰ‫والٓز د‬ٛ‫ػـ ث‬٪‫ ٯ‬٬٣‫ذٰج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٌّٞٛ‫ ث‬-27

97

28 - A person running, but did not drink enough water to replace what is lost in the form of sweat. Explain the effect of this on his body ; as folow : A - Mention the name of the hormone (a). B - What is the effect of hormone (a) on the kidneys. C - how it affects the composition of urine? ‫ػـ‬٩ . ٌّ‫ ه‬٥ً٪‫ ط‬٬ُ ‫ج ٯِٔور‬ٟ ‫ع‬٪‫ٰو‬ٛ ‫جء‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ٰز ٗجُٰز‬٠ٗ ‫ ٯشٌح‬ٞٛ ٢٘ٛ٩ ٫ٌ‫ؾ‬ٜٛ ‫ْجدٔز‬ٟ ٬ُ ٕ‫ألشضٌث‬ٛ ٢ٰٔ‫ضْجد‬٠ٛ‫ ٯضوًح أفو ث‬-25 : ٬‫ضْجدْ ٗجألص‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬ْٞ‫ ؽ‬٬ٜ‫ٖ ه‬ٛ‫أعٌ ى‬ . )‫ (أ‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ّٞ‫ أىٌٗ ث‬-‫أ‬ . ٢ٰ‫ٰض‬ٜ٘ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ (أ) ه‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٰ‫ج صؤع‬ٟ -‫ح‬ ‫ ؟‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٯ‬٪٘‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ٖ ه‬ٛ‫ َٰٗ ٯؤعٌ ى‬-‫ػ‬

29 - Mention the scientific term indicative of the following statements : A – A gland secretes hormone controls the metabolic processes especially combustion of food and generation of energy? B - Hormone functions in a way opposite the hormone insulin? C - A hormone regulates calcium leve in the body. ‫ ؟‬٦ٰ‫وذجًثس ثألص‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٙ‫وث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬٠ٜ‫و‬ٛ‫ـ ث‬ٜ‫ظـ‬٠ٛ‫ أىٌٗ ث‬-21 ‫ـجٓز ؟‬ٛ‫ٰو ث‬ٛ٪‫ص‬٩ ‫ٌيثء‬ٛ‫ٰجس ثألٯغ مجطز أفضٌثّ ث‬ٜ٠‫ ه‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ ٯضق‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ًور ص‬-‫أ‬ ‫ ؟‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ِ٘‫ دـٌٯٔز ه‬ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -‫ح‬ . ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ دج‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ -‫ػ‬

30 – G.R. to each of the following: A – It may be difficult to see the parathyroid gland ? B - Pallor of the face in cases of extreme fear? C - Insulin works to lower glucose in the blood? : ٬‫ج ٯجص‬٠ٛ ٜٚ‫ ه‬-19 ‫ج ؟‬٣‫ٌوه ؽجً هًٰٓز أفٰج‬ٛ‫ور ث‬٧‫شج‬ٟ ‫ ٓو ٯظوخ‬-‫ث‬ ‫شوٯو ؟‬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪‫ن‬ٛ‫ فجالس ث‬٬ُ ٦‫ؽ‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٛ ‫ح‬٪‫ شق‬-‫ح‬ ‫ ؟‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ مِغ‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬ٚ٠‫ػ – ٯو‬

31 - Compare each of the following: A - simple goiter and exophthalmic goiter. B - growth hormone deficiency before and after puberty? C – Duct and endocrine glands. D – Effect of growth hormone and cortisone hormone on metabolism of the food? : ٬‫ج ٯؤص‬٠ٟ ٚٗ ٢ٰ‫ د‬١ً‫ ٓج‬-19 . ٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ذْٰؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ ث‬-‫أ‬ ‫ى ؟‬٪ٜ‫ذ‬ٛ‫دوو ث‬٩ ٚ‫ ٓذ‬٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ -‫ح‬ . ‫ٯز‬٪٤ٔٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬-‫ػ‬ ‫ٌيثةٰز ؟‬ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ ثٯغ ث‬٬ُ ١٩َٰ‫ًص‬٪٘ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧٩ ٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌ‫ أع‬-‫ه‬

98

32 - How to tratment each of the following cases: A – Decrease blood pressure at surgical operations and obstructed labour. B - Increasing the level of glucose in the blood. C – Increased secretion of thyroxin. : ‫قجالس ثألصٰز‬ٛ‫ؼ ث‬ٛ‫ َٰٗ صوج‬-12 . ‫ضوٌْر‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫اله‬٪ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ؾٌثفٰز‬ٛ‫ٰجس ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫ ه‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫نِجع ػٌؾ ث‬٣‫ أ‬-‫أ‬ . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ٌّ٘ ث‬٣ ‫ ثًصِجم‬-‫ح‬ .٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫ ٍٯجهر ثٌُثٍ ث‬-‫ػ‬

33 - Nervous system coordinate with hormones to control the biological processes within the human body: A - Mention examples of how this coordination occurs. B - Explain the difference between hormonal regulation and nervous control and similarities between them. : ١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثأل‬ْٞ‫ ؽ‬ٚ‫ٯز هثم‬٪ٰ‫ق‬ٛ‫ٰجس ث‬ٜ٠‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٞ٘‫ضق‬ٜٛ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ٯضآًٍ ث‬-11 . ّْ‫ج‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ٖ ث‬ٛ‫ػـ ِٰٰٗز ى‬٪‫ز ص‬ٜ‫غ‬ٟ‫ أىٌٗ أ‬-‫أ‬ . ٞ٨٤ٰ‫ د‬ٚ‫جع‬٠‫ض‬ٛ‫ثٯؼجً ث‬٩ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ٘‫ضق‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ٌِّ د‬ٛ‫ أشٌؿ ث‬-‫ح‬

34 - Choose the correct answer of each of the following: A – Ovary secrete all of the following hormones except .....( FSH - Relaxine progesterone - estrogen). )FSH – Relaxine – progesterone - estrogen(..... ‫ج هوث‬ٟ ‫ٰز‬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬ٚٗ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ ٯٌٍِ ث‬-‫أ‬

B – Testosterone hormone in human secreted from ......( Cooper gland - seminal vesicles Sertoli cells – interstetial cells of testicle) )‫نظٰز‬ٛ‫ دج‬٦ٰ٤ٰ‫ذ‬ٛ‫نالٯج ث‬ٛ‫ – ث‬٬ٛ٪‫ٯز – مالٯج ٌّص‬٪٤٠ٛ‫ٯظالس ث‬٪‫ق‬ٛ‫دٌ – ث‬٪ٗ ‫(ًور‬...... ٢ٟ ١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬-‫ح‬

C - The hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland and stimulate thyroid gland is .........( FSH - ACTH - TSH - GH). )FSH – ACTH – TSH - GH(......... ٪٧ ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ذز ث‬٤‫ٯ‬٩ ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬-‫ػ‬

D – Parathormone deficiency causes .......( increase blood calcium - increased heart rate painful muscle spasms - osteoporosis) - ‫ز‬٠ٛ‫ؤ‬ٟ ‫ٰز‬ٜ‫ؾجس هؼ‬٤‫ط صش‬٩‫خ – فو‬ٜٔٛ‫ – ٍٯجهر ػٌدجس ث‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ دج‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫(ثًصِجم‬....... ‫ ٯْذخ‬١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ٔض‬٣ -‫ه‬ )ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫شجشز ث‬٧

E - Hormones secretine and cholecystokinine secreted from ......( mucosa lining of the intestines - adrenal gland - mucous membrane lining of the stomach - the parathyroid gland). ٢‫ذـ‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫نجؿ‬٠ٛ‫ٌشجء ث‬ٛ‫٘لٌٯز – ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫وجء – ث‬ٟ‫أل‬ٛ ٢‫ذـ‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫نجؿ‬٠ٛ‫ٌشجء ث‬ٛ‫(ث‬...... ٢ٟ ٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪‫ْٰذْض‬ٛ٪٘ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ٌْ٘ص‬ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬-‫ـ‬٧ ) ‫ؾجً هًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫وور – ث‬٠ٜٛ

F – Diabetic patient suffering from high blood glucose as a result of ........( increase glucose oxidation in cells and tissues of the body – convertion of glucose into glycogen the lack of secretion of insulin - defect in the metabolism of proteins) – ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْؾز ث‬٣‫ث‬٩ ‫ مالٯج‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ أْٗور ث‬٥‫(ٍٯجه‬........ ‫ضٰؾز‬٣ ٖٛ‫ى‬٩ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ ثًصِجم‬٢ٟ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ ٬٣‫ – ٯوج‬٩ )‫جس‬٤ٰ‫ص‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ثٯغ ث‬٬ُ ٜٚ‫ م‬-٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ٔض ثٌُث‬٣ – ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ ؽ‬٬ٛ‫ٍ ث‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ٯ‬٪‫ضق‬ٛ

G - Parathormone and calcitonin hormone acts on .....(increase blood calcium - decrease calcium in bone - decrease blood calcium - maintain the level of blood calcium). ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ٔض‬٣ – ٝ‫ولج‬ٛ‫ دج‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ٔض ث‬٣ – ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ دج‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫(أًصِجم‬..... ٬ٜ‫ ه‬٢ٰ٣٪‫ْٰض‬ٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ١٪ٌٟ‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٚ٠‫ ٯو‬-ٍ ) ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ دج‬ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٫٪‫ْض‬ٟ ٬ٜ‫قِجف ه‬ٛ‫ – ث‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫دج‬

99

H – neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland represent .......( anterior lobe only - anterior and posterior lobe – posterior lobe and part infundibulum of the brain - posterior lobe only). ‫ن‬٠ٔٛ‫ٍ دج‬٩ٌ‫و‬٠ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ – ث‬٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ُٔؾ – ث‬٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫(ث‬....... ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫غ‬٠‫ ٯ‬-‫ؿ‬ ) ‫ ُٔؾ‬٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ل – ث‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ

I - Any of the following does not contain endocrine glands ...........( stomach - pancreas small intestine - liver). ) ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫وٰٓٔز – ث‬ٛ‫وجء ث‬ٟ‫ٌ٘ٯجُ – ثأل‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫وور – ث‬٠ٛ‫(ث‬........... ‫جء‬٠‫ ًوه ط‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬٫٪‫ ال ٯقض‬٬‫ج ٯؤص‬٠ٟ ٫‫ أ‬-‫ؽ‬

J - ............. may cause diabetes. (Lack of insulin - lack of receptors of various cells and tissues - obesity - all of the above). ٖٛ‫ دجثثثثثثثثث‬٬ٜ‫م‬ ‫ٰن‬٠‫ز – ؽ‬٣‫ذوث‬ٛ‫ ث‬- ‫ِز‬ٜ‫نض‬٠ٛ‫ْؾز ث‬٣‫ثأل‬٩ ‫نالٯج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ْضٔذالصز‬ٟ ‫ز‬ٜٓ – ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ِٗجٯز ثأل‬ٝ‫ (هو‬.٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ ٬ُ............. ‫ ٓو ٯضْذخ‬-٫ )ْ‫ج ّذ‬ٟ

K - hormone stimulating uterine muscles contraction ........( secreted by the corpus luteum in the ovary and placenta - secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland - working on irregulating pregnancy cycle - causes relaxation of symphysis pubis at the end of pregnancy). - ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٜٛ ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫ز – ٯ‬٠ٰ‫ش‬٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ذٰغ‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌِ‫ ثألط‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٌٍِ‫(ٯ‬........ ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ٦‫ذ‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ ث‬-ٕ ) ٚ٠‫ق‬ٛ‫جٯز ُضٌر ث‬٨٣ ‫و‬٤‫ ه‬٬٣‫وج‬ٛ‫ – ٯْذخ ثًصنجء ثألًصِضْ ث‬ٚ٠‫ق‬ٛ‫ًر ث‬٩‫ ه‬ٝ‫ضلج‬٣‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫ ه‬ٚ٠‫ٯو‬

L- The rate of metabolism in the body is regulated by ..........( parathyroid gland - thyroid gland - the hypothalamus - the pineal gland). )‫دٌٯز‬٪٤‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫جه – ث‬٨٠ٛ‫وًٰٓز – صقش ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ؾجً هًٰٓز – ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫(ث‬.......... ‫ثّـز‬٪‫ د‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ثألٯغ دج‬ٙ‫وو‬ٟ ٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ٯ‬-ٙ

M – Cardiac asma may be trated by injection of hormone .........( thyroxin - insulin prolactin - adrenaline) )٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ ثأله‬- ٢ٰ‫الٗض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ – ث‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ – ثأل‬٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰ‫غ‬ٛ‫(ث‬......... ١٪ٌٟ٨‫ د‬٢ٔ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ذٰز ث‬ٜٔٛ‫ز ث‬ٍٟ‫جء ثأل‬٤‫ـذٰخ أع‬ٛ‫ؾؤ ث‬ٜ‫ ٓو ٯ‬-ٝ

35 - What is the similarities and differences between nervous and hormonal coordination and the relationship between them? ‫ج ؟‬٠٨٤ٰ‫والٓز د‬ٛ‫ج ث‬ٟ٩ ٬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ْْٰ ث‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ثألمضالٍ د‬٩ ٦‫ضشجد‬ٛ‫ؽز ث‬٩‫ج أ‬ٟ -11

36 – Ductless glands produce chemical substances that alter the activity of some important organs of the human body. Mention two important glands and materials produced from them, and changes caused by each one in the body? Some of this glands may be affected by secretions of other ductless glands. Explain this phrase? ‫ج‬٠٨‫ضؾ‬٤‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ض‬ٟ‫ج‬٧ ٢ٰ‫ أىٌٗ ًوص‬. ١‫ْج‬٣‫ ثأل‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ ‫ز‬ٟ‫ج‬٨ٛ‫شجؽ دوغ ثألهؼجء ث‬٣ ٢ٟ ٌٌٰ‫ٰجةٰز ص‬٠ٰٗ ‫ ثه‬٪ٟ ‫ٯز‬٪٤ٓ‫ال‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ضؼ ث‬٤‫ ص‬-16 ‫وذجًر ؟‬ٛ‫ٖ ث‬ٜ‫ أشٌؿ ص‬. ٫ٌ‫ٯز أم‬٪٤ٓ ‫ج صٌٍِر ًوه ال‬٠‫ٌوه د‬ٛ‫ٖ ث‬ٜ‫ ؟ ٓو صضؤعٌ دوغ ص‬ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ج دج‬٠٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ‫ صقوعز‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫ضٌٌٰثس ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩

37 – G.R. for each of the following: A - Aldosterone hormone plays an important role in maintaining balance of minerals in the body. B - Male manifestations may appears in women and manifestations of females may appears in men? C - Hormones may secreted in small quantities estimated by microgram. : ٬‫ج ٯؤص‬٠ٛ ٜٚ‫ ه‬-17 . ْٞ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ دج‬١‫وجه‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫قِجف ه‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ج‬٠٨ٟ ‫ًث‬٩‫ ه‬١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫وخ‬ٜ‫ ٯ‬-‫أ‬ ‫ ؟‬ٚ‫ٌؽ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫عز‬٪٣‫ٌ ثأل‬٧‫لج‬ٟ٩ ‫ْجء‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ز‬ٛ٪‫ٌؽ‬ٛ‫ٌ ث‬٧‫لج‬ٟ ٌ٨‫ ٓو صل‬-‫ح‬ . ٝ‫ؽٌث‬٩ٌٰ٘٠ٛ‫ز صٔوً دج‬ٰٜٜٓ ‫ٰجس‬٠٘‫جس د‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ صٌٍِ ث‬-‫ػ‬

100

38 – The following shows concentration of blood glucose for three people (I - H-G) for 48 hours, two of them are diabetic because pancreas to one of them produces insulin in small amounts and the other the pancreas does not produce insulin and the third is a healthy person. A - Use the figure to identify each case ? why ? - The healthy person is ………….because ........... - The diabetic person due to secration of small amount of insulin is ......... because .......... - The diabetic person due to absence of insulin secretion is ............ because ........... B - Describe how the liver maintain the normal concentration of glucose in blood. C - Explain two methods for treatment of diabetic patients? D - The main symptoms of diabetes are ……. and ........... E - There is a close relationship between thirst for a diabetic and secretion of the hormone (ADH) explain that phrase? ٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ دج‬٬‫ٌػ‬ٟ ٞ٨٤ٟ ١‫ج‬٤‫ ّجهز ثع‬45 ٥‫و‬٠ٛ )I – H -G( ‫غالعز أشنجص‬ٛ ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ دج‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ صٌَٰٗ ث‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬٣‫ذٰج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٌّٞٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ ٯذ‬-15 . ‫ٌع‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ّٰٜٞ ‫ شنض‬٪٨ُ ‫ظ‬ٛ‫غج‬ٛ‫ج ث‬ٟ‫ أ‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ال ٯٌٍِ أ‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ثألمٌ ث‬٩ ‫ز‬ٰٜٜٓ ‫ٰجس‬٠٘‫ د‬٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ٯٌٍِ أ‬ٞ٧‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ألفو‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬١‫ أل‬٦‫ضٰؾ‬٣ ‫ضوٌٍ ؟‬ٛ‫ن ىٌٗ ّذخ ث‬ٟ ‫ز‬ٛ‫ فج‬ٚٗ ٬ٜ‫ضوٌٍ ه‬ٜٛ ٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٌّٞٛ‫ ث‬ٝ‫ أّضنو‬-‫أ‬ ........... ‫ْذخ‬ٛ‫ث‬......... ٪٧ ‫ٌع‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ْٰٜٞٛ‫شنض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬.......... ‫ْذخ‬ٛ‫ ث‬............ ٪٧ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬٢ٟ ‫ز‬ٰٜٜٓ ‫ٰز‬٠ٗ ٍ‫ ألٌُث‬٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ دج‬٠ٛ‫شنض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬........... ‫ْذخ‬ٛ‫ ث‬............ ٪٧ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثٌُثٍ ثأل‬ٝ‫وو‬ٛ ٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ دج‬٠ٛ‫شنض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬. ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ٍ دج‬٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٜٛ ٬‫ـذٰو‬ٛ‫ضٌَٰٗ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٜ‫قِجف ه‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٥ً٩‫٘ذو دو‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ طَ َٰٗ ٯ‬-‫ح‬ ‫ ؟‬٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬ٟ ‫والػ‬ٛ ٢ٰ‫ أشٌؿ ؿٌٯٔض‬-‫ػ‬ .......... ٩........... ٫ٌْ٘ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ أهٌثع ث‬ٞ٧‫ أ‬٢ٟ -‫ه‬ ‫وذجًر؟‬ٛ‫ٖ ث‬ٜ‫) أشٌؿ ص‬ADH( ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ثٌُث‬٩ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ٌٯغ ث‬٠ٛ ‫وـش‬ٛ‫ً دج‬٪‫شو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫عٰٔز د‬٩ ‫ؽو هالٓز‬٪‫ ص‬-‫ـ‬٧

101

‫األوي‬ Q 1: G.R . for each of the following: 1 - Pancreatic secretion of digestive juice immediately after the food reaches the duodenum does not need nervous connection? A – Due to the ability of mucosa lining the duodenum to secrete hormone that stimulate pancreas to secrete its digestive juice without the need to nervous connection, but the connection to be nervous system regulate the secretion by increase or decrease. ‫ ؟‬٬‫ هظذ‬ٙ‫ ثصظج‬٬ٛ‫ هشٌ ال ٯقضجػ ث‬٬٤‫ألع‬ٛ ‫ٌيثء‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ط‬٩ ً٪ُ ‫ز‬٠‫جػ‬٨ٛ‫ ث‬٦‫وظجًص‬ٛ ُ‫ٌ٘ٯج‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ أٌُثٍ ث‬-9 ٙ‫ ثألصظج‬٬ٛ‫ج فجؽز ث‬٠٣٩‫ٌ٘ٯجُ ألٌُثٍ هظجًصز ه‬٤‫ذ‬ٛ‫ذٰز ث‬٤‫ دض‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ ٯ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ‫ ثٌُث‬٬ٜ‫ هشٌ ه‬٬٤‫ألع‬ٛ ٢‫ذـ‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٬‫نجؿ‬٠ٛ‫ٌشجء ث‬ٛ‫ٔوًر ث‬ٛ -‫ػ‬ . ‫ٔض‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫َٯجهر ث‬ٛ‫يث ثألٌُثٍ دج‬٧ ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ض‬ٛ ١٪٘‫ ٯ‬٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫ ثألصظج‬٢٘ٛ٩ ، ٬‫وظذ‬ٛ‫ث‬

2 - The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is more important than the posterior lobe. A – Because it secrete trophic hormones, which activate other endocrine glands as thyroid gland - the adrenal gland - gonads. Also it secretes prolactine which stimulate mammary glands to secrete milk, and produce growth hormone. . ٬ِٜ‫ن‬ٛ‫ِض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٞ٧‫ٰز أ‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٬ٟ‫ج‬ٟ‫ِض ثأل‬ٛ‫ ث‬-2 ‫ز‬٣‫ج ث‬٠ٗ . ‫ٰز‬ّٜ‫ج‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫٘لٌٯز – ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫وًٰٓز – ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٚ٘ٛ ‫شـز‬٤ٟ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٪٨ُ ، ‫ِز‬ٜ‫نض‬٠ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ ٥ٍ‫٘غٌر ثٌُث‬ٛ -‫ػ‬ .٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ج ٯ‬٠ٗ ، ٢‫ذ‬ٜٛ‫غوٯٰز ألٌُثٍ ث‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ذٰز ث‬٤‫ض‬ٛ ‫ػن‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ٯ‬

3 – Appearance of male characters in women sometimes? A - due to enlargement of the adrenal cortex , which secretes hormones resembling testosterone  imbalance of this hormone with female hormones secreted from reproductive system in females leads to appearance of male characters in females. ‫ج ؟‬٣‫ْجء أفٰج‬٤ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ز‬ٛ٪‫ٌؽ‬ٛ‫ثًع ث‬٪‫ه‬٩ ‫ً طِجس‬٪٨‫ ك‬-1 ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ ص‬٬ُ ٜٚ‫ج ٯقوط م‬٠ٟ ١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٪‫ضْض‬ٛ‫جس صشذز ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫٘لٌٯز ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٫ٌ ‫ٔش‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضٰؾز صؼن‬٣ -‫ػ‬ . ٢٨ٰٜ‫ًر ه‬٪ٗ‫ي‬ٛ‫جس ث‬ٟ‫ً هال‬٪٨‫ ك‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫جط ُٰؤه‬٣‫و ثأل‬٤‫ ه‬٬ّٜ‫ج‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٯز‬٪‫غ‬٣‫جس ثأل‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬٩

4- Appearance of female characteristics in men sometimes? A - Due to enlargement of the adrenal cortex , which secretes hormones resembling estrogen and progesterone  imbalance of this hormone and hormones in the male reproductive system  appearance of female characters on them. ‫ج ؟‬٣‫ أفٰج‬ٙ‫ٌؽج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫عز‬٪٣‫ثًع ثأل‬٪‫ه‬٩ ‫ً طِجس‬٪٨‫ ك‬-4 ١ٍ‫ث‬٪‫ ص‬٬ُ ٜٚ‫ج ٯقوط م‬٠ٟ ١٩ٌٰ‫ؽْض‬٩ٌ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫جس صشذز ثألّض‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ‫ ٯ‬٫‫ي‬ٛ‫٘لٌٯز ث‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ٫ٌ‫ٔش‬ٛ‫ؾَء ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضٰؾز صؼن‬٣ -‫ػ‬ . ٞ٨ٰٜ‫جط ه‬٣‫جس ثأل‬ٟ‫ً هال‬٪٨‫ ك‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬٫‫ ٯؤه‬ٙ‫ٌؽج‬ٛ‫و ث‬٤‫ ه‬٬ّٜ‫ج‬٤‫ض‬ٛ‫جٍ ث‬٨‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫يٌٗٯز‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ث‬٩ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫يث ث‬٧

Q 2: Compare between: 1 - Duct and endocrine glands. 2 - Simple and exophthalmic goiter. : ٢ٟ ٚٗ ٢ٰ‫ د‬١ً‫ ٓج‬: 2 ُ .‫جء‬٠‫ظ‬ٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ٯز‬٪٤ٔٛ‫ٌوه ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬-9 . ٬‫ك‬٪‫ؾق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ‫ذْٰؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ضؼن‬ٛ‫ ث‬-2

Q 3: Explain the relationship between: 1 - calcium and parathyroid glands. 2 - salts of sodium, potassium and adrenal gland. 3 - insulin and glucagons in glucose metabolism. 4 - beta cells and diabetes. : ٢ٟ ٚٗ ٢ٰ‫والٓز د‬ٛ‫ػـ ث‬٩ : 1 ُ

102

. ‫وًٰٓز‬ٛ‫ٌوه ؽجً ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ظٌ ث‬٤‫ ه‬-9 . ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫الؿ ث‬ٟ‫ أ‬-2 .ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ثٯغ ث‬٬ُ ١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬-1 . ٌْ٘ٛ‫ٌع ث‬ٟ٩ ‫ مالٯج دٰضج‬-4

Q 4: Mention the name of the hormones, which perform the following action: 1 - stimulate storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. (Insulin). 2 – regulate calcium and phosphorus. (parathormone) 3 - Its secretion increase in cases of fear, anger and emotion. (Noradrenaline or adrenalin) . 4 - Control food metabolism when secreted from the pituitary gland. (Growth hormone) 5 - Regulate sodium and potassium. (Aldosterone) 6 - Stimulate release of milk in response to breast feeding process.(oxytocin). : ٬‫ج ٯجص‬٠‫ د‬ٝ٪ٔ‫ ص‬٬‫ض‬ٛ‫جس ث‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫جء ث‬٠ّ‫ أىٌٗ أ‬: 4ُ .)٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ (ثأل‬. ٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ًر ؽ‬٪‫ ط‬٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢‫ٰز صنٌٯ‬ٜ٠‫ صقَِٰ ه‬-9 )١٪ًٟ٪‫ذجًثع‬ٛ‫ً (ث‬٪ِّ٪ِٛ‫ث‬٩ ٝ٪ْٰٛ‫٘ج‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ص‬-2 )٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ًثه‬٪٤ٛ‫ ث‬٩‫ أ‬٢ٰٜ٣ً‫ (ثأله‬. ‫شوٯو‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫ِوج‬٣‫ ثأل‬٩ ‫ٌؼخ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٍ٪‫ن‬ٛ‫ فجالس ث‬٬ُ ٥ٍ‫ ٯَهثه ثٌُث‬-1 )٪٠٤ٛ‫ ث‬١٪ٌٟ٧( . ‫ٰز‬ٟ‫نج‬٤ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫و ثٌُثٍر‬٤‫ٌيثء ه‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٰٚ‫غ‬٠‫ ص‬٬ٜ‫ْٰـٌر ه‬ٛ‫ ث‬-4 )١٩ٌٰ‫ّض‬٩‫و‬ٛ‫ (ثأل‬. ٝ٪ّٰ‫صج‬٪‫ذ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٝ٪‫هٯ‬٪‫ظ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٰٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ص‬-1 ) ٞ‫ٌف‬ٛ‫وؼالس ث‬ٛ ‫ذز‬٤٠ٛ‫ (ث‬. ‫ٌػجهز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٦ٰٜ٠‫و‬ٛ ‫ٰخ ثّضؾجدز‬ٜ‫ق‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٩َ٣ ‫وُجم‬٣‫شٰؾ ث‬٤‫ ص‬-6

Q 5: Mention three different hormones releated to female breast. Secreted gland; and the effect of each one . Hormone Estradiol Prolactine Oxytocin

. ‫ج‬٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ٌٰ‫ صجع‬٩ . ‫ج‬٨٤ٟ ٚ٘ٛ ‫ٌٍِر‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٥‫ٌو‬ٛ‫ ث‬: ‫ فوه‬ٞ‫ ع‬. ٬‫غ‬٣‫ ثأل‬٫‫ج هالٓز دغو‬٨ٛ ‫ِز‬ٜ‫نض‬ٟ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ أىٌٗ عالط‬: 1ُ Gland secrete it Action of hormone on the breast - Graafian follicle in ovary. - Enlargment of breast at puberty . - Placenta during pregnancy. Adenohypophysis of pituitary gland - Milk secretion after labour. (anterior and middle lobe). Neurohypophysis of pituitary - Help in rush of milk from mammary gland in (posterior lobe) response to suckling.

Q 6 - the graph below shows the relationship between the rates of activity of adrenal medulla of a person within an hour of time. What is the name of secretion of this part of gland? Explain what happened to this person in a minute(25)? ‫ؾَء‬ٛ‫يث ث‬٧ ٍ‫ ثٌُث‬ّٞ‫ج ث‬ٟ . ٢َٟٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ ّجهز‬ٙ‫شنض مال‬ٛ ‫٘لٌٯز‬ٛ‫ٌور ث‬ٛ‫نجم ث‬٣ ‫شجؽ‬٣ ٙ‫وو‬ٟ ٢ٰ‫والٓز د‬ٛ‫ػـ ث‬٪‫ ٯ‬٬ٛ‫ضج‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬٣‫ذٰج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٌّٞٛ‫ ث‬- 6ُ ‫)؟‬21( ‫وٰٓٔز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫شنض‬ٛ‫يث ث‬٨ٛ ‫ج فوط‬ٟ ٌُْ ‫ٌور ؟‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ

103

A - secretion: adrenaline and nor adrenaline. In minute 25: sudden increase in secretion of gland as a result of excited state (tension anxiety - fear - anger). . ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ً أه‬٪٤ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٛ‫ج‬٣ً‫ ثأله‬٬٣٪ٌٟ٧ : ٍ‫ ثألٌُث‬-‫ػ‬ ) ‫ٍ – ًؼخ‬٪‫ْ – م‬ٜٓ – ٌ‫ص‬٪‫ز أعجًر (ص‬ٛ‫ضٰؾز فج‬٣ ‫ٌور ُؾؤر‬ٛ‫ ٍثه ثٌُثٍ ث‬: 21 ‫وٰٓٔز‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ

Q 7 – The following diagram, shows the percentage of sugar in the blood vessels connected to the liver in normal person, and the arrows indicate the direction of the blood: A - What is the name of blood vessels (a) and (b)? B - How much sugar in dotted places in (2) and (3). C – Why the percent of sugar differ before entering into the liver and after leaving it? Explain the role of hormones in this? ٫‫وجه‬ٛ‫شنض ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ز دج‬ٜ‫ضظ‬٠ٛ‫ٯز ث‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫هٰز ث‬٩‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ػـ‬٪‫ ص‬ٝ‫غالعز ثألًٓج‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ‫ ثألش٘ج‬٬ُ : ‫ أؽخ‬ٞ‫ ع‬ٌّٞٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫لٌ ث‬٣‫ ث‬- 7ُ . ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ػـ ثصؾجر ث‬٪‫ ص‬ٞ٨ّ‫ثأل‬٩ ١ ‫٘ذو ؟‬ٛ‫ دج‬٢ٰٜ‫ضظ‬٠ٛ‫ (ح) ث‬٩ )‫ (ث‬٢ٰ‫ٯ‬٪ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫هجة‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬ّٞ‫ج أ‬ٟ -‫أ‬ .)1( ٩ )2( ٢ٰٰٜ٘‫ش‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٔـز‬٤٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٗ‫ج‬ٟ‫ ثأل‬٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ي‬ٜ‫ صذ‬ٞٗ -‫ح‬ ‫ٖ ؟‬ٛ‫ ى‬٬ُ ‫جس‬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ‫ً ث‬٩‫ػـ ه‬٩ ‫ ؟‬٦٤ٟ ٦‫ؽ‬٩ٌ‫ْذضز دوو م‬٣ ٢‫٘ذو ه‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ز ث‬ٛ٪‫ هم‬ٚ‫ٌْ٘ ٓذ‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ٍ‫ج ّذخ ثمضال‬ٟ -‫ػ‬

Answer A - The vessel (a) is the portal vein. Vessel (b) is the hepatic vein. B - 0.1% in both. C - before entering the liver , the % of sugar depends on the amount of carbohydrates in food. - After coming out of the liver: the liver regulates the blood sugar to remain constant at (0.1%) as follows: (1) If the % of sugar in the blood increase  the excess glucose converted to glycogen stores in the liver by the help of the hormone insulin. (2) If the % of sugar in the blood decrease  part of the glycogen stored in the liver is converted to glucose by the help of adrenaline and glucagons hormones. .٫‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ًٯو ث‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬٪٧ )‫هجء (ح‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬. ٬‫ذجد‬ٛ‫ًٯو ث‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬٪٧ )‫هجء (أ‬٪ٛ‫ ث‬-‫أ‬ . ‫ج‬٠٨ٰٜٗ ٬ُ % 9.9 -‫ح‬ . ‫ٌيثء‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ‫ٰوًثصٰز‬٧٪‫ٌ٘د‬ٛ‫ثه ث‬٪٠ٛ‫ٰز ث‬٠ٗ ٬ٜ‫ٌْ٘ ه‬ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ َٓ٪‫٘ذو ٕ صض‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫وم‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ٓذ‬-‫ػ‬ ٬ٛ‫ِجةغ ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٙ٪‫ ٯق‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ أىث ٍثهس‬: ٬‫) ٗجألص‬%9.9( ‫و‬٤‫ عجدضز ه‬٬ٔ‫ضذ‬ٛ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬ٞ‫ل‬٤‫ ٯ‬: ‫٘ذو‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ػ‬٩ٌ‫ن‬ٛ‫دوو ث‬ ٬ٛ‫٘ذو ث‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ١َ‫ن‬٠ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ ث‬٢ٟ ‫ ؽَء‬ٙ٪‫ ٯق‬ٝ‫و‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛ‫ْذز ث‬٣ ‫ش‬ٜٓ ‫ أىث‬- .٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣‫ ثأل‬١٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ْجهور‬٠‫٘ذو د‬ٛ‫ ث‬٬ُ ١َ‫ ٯن‬٢ٰ‫ؽ‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؽ‬ . ١٪‫ٗجؽ‬٪ٜ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ث‬٩ ٢ٰٜ٣ً‫ ثأله‬٬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ‫ْجهور‬٠‫ٍ د‬٪ٰٜ٘‫ؽ‬

104