Gland is an organ in an animal's body that release substances into the ... o Types: (1) Exocrine glands carry its secretion to a cavity inside the body as salivary ..... There are some glands, the pituitary gland does not control its secretions directly but it ..... o The main function of which is to regulate carbohydrates (Glucose) ...
BIOLOGY )Unit (I
Structure and function of living organisms
اٌزشوُت واٌىظُفخ فٍ اٌىبئٕبد اٌحُخ
In plant
In man (دعبء لجً اٌّزاوشح)
ال اٌه إال اهلل اٌحٍُُ اٌىشَُ -ال اٌه إال اهلل اٌعًٍ اٌعظُُ -ال اٌه إال اهلل سة اٌعشش اٌعظُُ ،اٌٍهُ أً اسبٌه فهُ إٌجُُٓ ،وحفظ اٌّشسٍُٓ ،وأٌهبَ اٌّالئىخ اٌّمشثُٓ ،واْ رجعً ٌسبٍٔ عبِشاً ثزوشن، ولٍجٍ ٍُِئ ًب ثخطُزه ،وأسشاسٔب ٌؽبعزه ،فأٔذ حسجٍ ؤعُ اٌىوًُ ،أه عًٍ وً ضٕئ لذَش.
(ههجء دوو ث٠ٛيثٌٗر) ث ٞ٨ٜٛأ ٬٣ثّض٪ههضٖ ٟج ٌٓأسٟ٩ ،ج ُ٠٨شٟ٩ ،ج فِلشٌُ ،هر إ ٬ٛه٤و فجؽضٮ إ،٦ٰٛ ث ٖ٣ه ٚٗ ٬ٜشب ٓوٯٌ ٩فْذ٤ج ثهلل ٣٩و ٞث.ٰٚٗ٪ٛ
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Chapter 6 Hormonal coordination in living organisms قٰزٛجس ث٤٘جةٛ ُٮ ث٬٣٪ٌٟ٨ْْٰٛ ث٤ضٜٛث
I- Plant Hormones. II- Animals Hormones : - Discovery - Hormonal regulation in Man - Characteristics of Hormones - Glands in Man: 1- Pituitary. 2- Thyroid. 3- Parathyroid 4- Adrenal (suprarenal). 5- Pancreas. 6- Gonads (ovary and testis). 7- G.I.T. hormones.
Plants Hormones (Auxins)
Definition - Discovery -
The importance of auxins - Action:
Definition of Auxins: Are chemical substances (plant hormones) secreted by the living cells; (not special glands). Secreted from the cells of the growing points of root and stem and the buds. ٞذٌثهٛث٩ ّْجٛث٩ ًؾيٛ ث٢ٟ ٚ٘ٛ ٰزٟج٤ٛ ثٞ٠ٔٛث
Affect the functional processes in places other than where they are secreted. Acts as coenzymes in tropism and growth. ٪٠٤ٛث٩ ضقجء٣ ثأل٬ُ جس٠َٯ٣ْجهوثس ثألٟ ٚ٠ دوٝ٪ٔص Discovery of Auxins : Role of Boysen Jensen: ثىَسٓ جٕس He is the first who discover auxins. He explained phototropism of a growing point in view of auxins (plant hormones). . ء٪ؼٛ ث٪ق٣ ّْجٛضقجء ث٣ج ث٨ ٯٌِْ د١ثّضـجم ث٩ )جس٤ْٰٗ٩ذجصٰز (ثأل٤ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٬ٛ ثشجً ث٢ٟ ٙ٩) ث9191( ِ٤ ؽ٢ْٯ٪ٯوضذٌ د
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He proved that the receptor region (growing tip of coleoptiles) secrete chemical substances (auxins) as indol acetic acid, which transmitted from it to the responding region (region of curvature) causing its bending. ـٔز٤ٟ( ـٔز ثالّضؾجدز٤ٟ ٬ٛج ث٨٤ٟ ٚٔض٤ٰٖ) صٜنٛغ ث٠ فٙ٩و٣ٰجةٰز (ث٠ٰٗ جهرٟ ٌٍِْجّ صٜٛ ٰزٟج٤ٛز ث٠ٔٛ ث٬٧٩ ٙـٔز ثالّضٔذج٤ٟ ١ُٔو ثعذش ث . ج٨جة٤ق٣صْذخ ث٩ ) جء٤ق٣ثال
Plants have no special glands to secrete hormones (auxins) but they are secreted by the tip of the coleoptiles and buds and affect other parts of the plant. ْجؿ٤٠ٛكجةَ ث٩ ٯؤعٌ ُٮ٩ – ٞذٌثهٛث٩ ٰزٟج٤ٛ ثٞ٠ٔٛقٰز ُٮ ثٛنالٯج ثٛ ث٢ٟ )جس٤ْٰٗ٩جس (ثأل٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ صٌٍِ ثٚ ًوه مجطز د٦ٛ ِٰٛ ذجس٤ٛث٩ . ٫ٌثألم
The importance of auxins: 1. Regulate plant growth, by activation or inhibition. ضغذٰؾٛ ث٩شٰؾ ث٤ضٛذجس دج٤ٛ ث٪٠٣ ٰٞل٤ص. 2. Organize the development of different tissues. ج٨ه٪٤ص٩ ْؾز٣ ثال٪٠٣ صضجدنٰٞل٤ص 3. Control flowering of flowers; formation and ripening of fruits; and Leaf fall. . ًّث٩صْجٓؾ ثأل٩ ج٨صْجٓـ٩ ًج٠غٛؼؼ ث٣٩ ًج٧ٍهو صِضـ ثأل٪ٟ ُٮٞ٘صضق
4. Affect the functions of all plant tissues. . ذجس٤ْٛؾز ث٣مالٯج ث٩ ٰن٠كِٰٰز ُٮ ؽ٪ٰٛجس ثٜ٠وٛ ث٬ٜصؤعٌ ه
5. By it man can control plant growth. . ذجس٤ٛ ث٪٠٣ ُٮ ثمؼجمٞ٘ضقٛ ث٢ٟ ١ْج٣ ثال٢٘٠ص
Action of auxins : ٢ْٰٗ ثألٚ٠ه - Help some enzymes in growth of plants due to its binding with protein molecules. . ٢ٰص٩ٌذٛن ؽَٯتجس ثٟ ج٧ضٰؾز ثصقجه٣ ٪٠٤ٰٛجس ثٜ٠ ه٬ُ زٟج٨ٛجس ث٠َٯ٣ْجهور دوغ ثألٟ
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Animal Hormones
Definition - Discovery - Hormonal regulation in Man - Characteristics of Hormones - Glands in Man
Definition of Hormones:
The hormone is as a chemical substance synthesized and secreted by an endocrine gland and transported by the blood to another organ where it affects the function and the growth of this organ. ر٪٠٣٩ ٦كِٰض٩ ٬ٜج ٯؤعٌ هٟ هجهر٫يٛ آمٌ ث٪ هؼ٬ٛ ثٝوٛ ؿٌٯْ ث٢ هٚٔض٤ص٩ جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛ ثٚ هثم١٪ٰ٘جةٰز صض٠ٰٗ جهرٟ ٪٧ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث . ظوً صٌيٯضزٟ٩
Most of the effects of hormones
are in the form of stimulation of other glands or
organs. .٫ٌ ًوه أم٩شٰؾ أهؼجء أ٤ دضٝ٪ٔقَِ فٰظ ص٠ٛم ث٪٤ٛ ث٢ٟ جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ صؤعٌٰثس ثٞولٟ
Discovery of animal hormones: 1. Cloud Bernar: ًج٣ٌه د٪ٜٗ He discovers animal hormones. He studied the liver function 1855. He considered the stored sugar in the liver as an internal secretion and the bile as an external secretion. . ٘ذوٜٛ ثًُجٍ مجًؽٮ٪٧ ظٌِثءٛث٩ – ٮٜوثمٛ ث٥ٍ ثٌُث٪٧ ٘ذوٛومٌ ُٮ ث٠ٌْٛ٘ ثٛثهضذٌ ث٩ ٘ذوٛكجةَ ث٩ 9511 ٬ُ ًُه
2. Starling: Studied the pancreas; and he found that ؼ٤ًّٛضج The pancreas starts to secrete the pancreatic juice directly after the arrival of food to the duodenum even after the nerve supply was cut. He concluded that there must be a non nervous stimulation for the pancreas. He discovered that the mucus membrane lining the duodenum secrete chemical substances from which it pass to the blood to stimulate the pancreas to secrete the pancreatic juice. He named these substances (Hormones), a Greek word which means activators. ٙ دوو ٓـن ثالصظج٬ هشٌ فض٬٤ ثالع٬ٛوور ث٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٌيثءٛ ثٙ٪ط٩ ً٪ُ ز٠جػ٨ٛ ث٦ٌ٘ٯجُ ٯٌٍِ هظجًص٤ذٛ ث١ؽو ث٩ 9191 ؼ٤ًّٛضج ثه٪ٟ ٌٍِ هشٌ ٯ٬٤العٛ ٢ذـ٠ٛنجؿٮ ث٠ٌٛشجء ثٛ ث١ ث٬ٛ ثٚط٪ ص- وظذٮٛ ًٌٰ ث٦ٰذ٤ضٛ ث٢ٟ هج٪٣ ٕج٤٧ ١ضؼ ث٤ٌ٘ٯجُ – ثّض٤ذٜٛ وظذٮٛث ٮ٣ج٣٪ِق ٯٛ ٪٧٩ جس٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٰجةٰز٠ٰ٘ٛثه ث٪٠ٛ ث٥ي٧ ٬٠ّ ، ز٠جػ٨ٛ ث٦ ثٌُثٍ هظجًص٬ٛ ث٦٨ذ٤ٌ٘ٯجُ ُض٤ذٛ ث٬ٛ ثٚ صظ٬ فضٝوٛصٌْ٭ ُٮ ث . شـز٤٠ٛثه ث٪٠ٛ ث٥ج٤وٟ
Hormonal regulation in Man: The scientists were able to know the functions of hormones through: 1. The study of symptoms resulted from enlargement or removal of one of the endocrine glands (in Man and animals). 4
2. The study of the chemical structure of the extract of endocrine glands, and their effect on different vital activities. :ْ ؿٌٯ٢جس ه٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛكجةَ ث٩ ٢ٟ ٌٰ٘غٛوٌُز ثٟ ٬ٛجء ث٠ٜوٛ ثٚط٪ص .ج٨ٛ أّضتظج٩جء أ٠ ًور طٞضٰؾز صؼن٣ ١ث٪ٰقٛ ث٩ أ١ْج٣ ثأل٬ٌٜ ه٨ صل٬ضٛ هًثّز ثألهٌثع ث-9 . ِزٜنض٠ٛٯز ث٪ٰقٰٛجس ثٜ٠وٛ ث٬ُ ج٧ٌ أع٬ٜضوٌٍ هٛث٩ ٌورٛنالطز ثٛ ٬ٰجة٠ٰ٘ٛضٌٰٗخ ثٛ هًثّز ث-2
Characteristics of Hormones: 1. Hormones are organic substances. Some hormones are proteins; others are amino acids, or steroids (lipid derivatives). ٩ٰز أ٤ٰٟجع ثأل٠ٌٗذجس دْٰـز ٗجألفٟ ٢ٟ ٌذوغ ثٱمٛث٩ ؤو٠ٛ ث٢ٰص٩ٌذٛ ث٢ٟ ١٪٘ج ٯض٨ٯز دوؼ٪ٰجةٰز هؼ٠ٰٗ ثه٪ٟ ٬٧ جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث .)ٰز٤٧ثه ه٪ٟ( ٯوثس٩ٌٰأّض
2. Secreted by an endocrine gland, transported by the blood to another organ. 3. Hormones are secreted in very small amounts in micrograms (1/1000 milligram). .)ٰٝؾٌثٜٜٟ 9999/9( ٝؽٌث٩ٌٰ٘٠ٛز صٔوً دجٰٜٜٓ ٰجس٠٘جس صٌٍِ د٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث
4. Any increase or decrease in the amount of secretion of any hormone leads to disturbance in the functions and results in pathological changes and symptoms characteristic for this hormone. 5. Hormones perform the following functions: a. Keep the balance of the internal environment of the body (homeostasis). . )٬ٜوثمٛ ث١ز (ثألصَث٠ٰل٤ص٩ ْٞؾٜٛ ٬ٜوثمٛػن ث٪ٛ ث١ٍث٪ (أ) ص: ٰزٛضجٛكجةَ ث٪ٛ أهثء ث٬ُ ٚغ٠ صض١ْج٣ فٰجر ثأل٬ُ ٰز ٗذٌٰر٠٧جس أ٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ
b. Body growth. c. Sexual maturity. d. Metabolism (utilization of food). e. Control human behavior and his emotional and intellectual development. .٫ٌِٰ٘ضٛث٩ ٬ِوجؿٛر ث٪٠٣٩ ١ْج٣ٕ ثأل٪ّٜ
f- In cooperation with the nervous system it Control the activity of biological processes in the body (physical, sexual and psychological). . ٬وظذٛجٍ ث٨ؾٛن ثٟ ١٩ضوجِْٰٛز دج٤ٛث٩ ْٰز٤ؾٛث٩ ٰز٠ْؾٛ ث٬ثف٪٤ٛ ٗجْٞؾٛ ث٬ُ ٯز٪ٰقٰٛجس ثٜ٠وٛشجؽ ث٣ ٬ٜ ه٢٠ٰ٨ص
g- Coordination between various tissues and organs of the body with each other. . ن دوغٟ ج٨ دوؼْٞؾٛثهؼجء ث٩ ْؾز٣َ أٜنضٟ ٢ٰ دٟٚ٘جْْٰٛ ث٤ضٛث
h- Coordination between the animal's body and the outer environment. . ٬نجًؽٛقٰؾ ث٠ٛ ث٢ٰد٩ ١ث٪ٰقٛ ثْٞ ؽ٢ْْٰٰ د٤ضٛث
6. Most of the effects are in the form of stimulation of other gland or organs. Glands in Man: Gland is an organ in an animal's body that release substances into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). There are 3 types of glands in the Human body: 1. Exocrine glands (duct glands): )ٯز٪٤ٌٔٛوه ثٛ (ث٬نجًؽٌٛوه ىثس ثألٌُثٍ ثٛث o Consists of: (1) secretary part, and (2) duct or a system of ducts which carries the secretion either to a cavity inside the body as salivary glands and digestive glands, or to outside the body as the sweat glands. 5
o Types: (1) Exocrine glands carry its secretion to a cavity inside the body as salivary glands and digestive glands. (2) Exocrine glands carry its secretion to outside the body as the sweat glands. o Not provided with plenty of blood. o The activity of these glands not affected by each other. o Most of their secretions contain enzymes. o Sites affected by its secretion usually near the gland. 2. Endocrine glands (Ductless glands): )جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛ (ث٬ٜوثمٌٛوه ىثس ثألٌُثٍ ثٛث o Ductless glands i.e. have no specific ducts. o Secrete hormones directly to blood → so it secrete limited amount of hormones continuously. To perform its function perfectly; as any increase or decrease in amount of hormones will leads to diseases. ج٨ِكجة٩ ٫ صؤه٬٘ٛ ٖٛى٩ . ًٌث٠قوهر دجّضٟ ٰجس٠٘جس د٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثٌُثٍ ثٞيث ٯضٛ ذجشٌرٟ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ج٨صظذ٩ جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛجء صٌٍِ ث٠ظٌٛوه ثٛث ٢ٟ ٌَٜػٰز صنضٟ ج ٓو ٯْذخ ثهٌثػج٠ٟ كِٰز٪ٛ ث٬ُ ٙ أمضال٬ٖٛ ثٛ ى٫ٔض ّٰؤه٣ ٩ أ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثىث ٍثه ثٌُثٍ ث٦٣ج أ٠ٗ . ٦ؽ٩ ٢ْ أف٬ٜه .ٌ ٱم١٪ٌٟ٧
o Endocrine glands has rich network of blood vessels because it carries its secretion directly to blood, as it has no specific ducts carries its secretions. ٭٪ج ال صقض٨٣ذجشٌرً فٰظ ثٟ ٝوٛج ُٮ ث٨جء صظخ ثٌُثٍثص٠ظٌٛوه ثٛ ث١ٖ ألٛى٩ ٯز٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ ثأل٢ٟ ٰز دشذ٘ز٤ً ١٪٘ج ص٠جء هثة٠ظٌٛوه ثٛث . ج٨ج ثٌُثٍثص٨ٛثس مجطز صظخ مال٪٤ٓ ٬ٜه
o The activity of some glands may be affected by each other. o They secrete hormones. o Sites affected by its secretion may be far from the gland. 3. Mixed glands: o Consists of an exocrine and an endocrine part. o Such as the, stomach, duodenum, testis, and ovary.
1- Pancreas: (1) Exocrine gland because it produces pancreatic juice that reach to the site of its work in the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. (2) endocrine gland because it produces the hormone glucagon from the alpha cells of islets of Langerhans, and the hormone insulin from beta cells of islets of Langerhans, which pass to the blood directly.
نالٯجٛ ث٢ٟ ٌ٘ٯجّٰز٤ذٛجر ث٤ٔٛ هشٌ هذٌ ث٬٤ج ُٮ ثإلع٨ٜ٠ػن ه٪ٟ ٬ٛ إٚضٮ صظٌٛ٘ٯجّٰز ث٤ذٛوظجًر ثٛ ٯٌٍِ ث٦٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور: ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛ ثًَ مالٯج دٰضج ُٮ ؽ٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٩ ، َ٣ج٧ٌؾ٣ِج ُٮ ؽًَ الٛ مالٯج أ٢ٟ ١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ٦٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور ال، ٰزٜٯظ٪قٛث . ذجشٌرٟ ٝوٛ ُٮ ث، َ٣ج٧ٌؾ٣ال
2- Stomach : (1) exocrine gland because it secretes gastric juices from the glands in the mucous wall . (2) endocrine gland because it secrete Gastrin hormone to the blood directly. 6
٢ؾجّضٌٯٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِج ص٨٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ال، ج٨ٛ ٢ذـ٠ٛنجؿٮ ث٠ٛؾوثً ثٛٯز ُٮ ث٪٤ٓ ًوه٢ٟ ووٯز٠ٛوظجًر ثٛج صٌٍِ ث٨٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور: وور٠ٛث . ذجشٌرٟ ٝوُٛٮ ث
3- Duodenum: (1) Exocrine gland : because it secretes intestinal juice in its cavity. (2) endocrine gland because it produces secretine and cholecystokinine hormones to the blood directly.
ٝوٛ ُٮ ث٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪ْْٰضٛ٪٘ٛ ث٩ ٢ٌْٰ٘ٯضٛج ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ٦٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور ال، ٦ِٯ٪ٯز ُٮ صؾ٪و٠ٛوظجًر ثٛ ٯٌٍِ ث٦٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور: ٌ هش٬٤ثإلع . ذجشٌرٟ
4- Testis: (1) Exocrine gland because it secretes seminal fluid in the vas deference . (2) endocrine gland because it secrete androgens hormones (testosterone + Andro- sterone) to the blood directly from the interstertial cells.
١٩ٌٰضْضْٰضٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧( جس٤ٰؽ٩ًو٣جس ثأل٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِج ص٨٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور ال، ذٌدلٛجر ث٤ٓ ٭ ُٮ٪٤٠ٛ ثْٚجةٛج صٌٍِ ث٨٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور: نظٰزٛث . ٰز٤ٰذٛنالٯج ثٛ ث٢ٟ ذجشٌرٟ ٝوٛ ) ُٮ ث٢ٰؽ٩ًو٣ ثأل،
5- Ovary: (1) Exocrine gland because it produces eggs to the fallopian tube. (2) Endocrine gland because it produces oestrogens hormones (oesterogen & progesterone) from Graafian follicle and then corpus luteum to the blood directly.
، ٢ٰؽ٩ٌٰجس (ثإلّض٤ٰؽ٩ٌٰجس ثإلّض٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ٦٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور ال، ح٪ٛجر ُج٤ٓ ٯؼجس ُٮ٪ذٛ ٯٌٍِ ث٦٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور: ذٰغ٠ٛث . ذجشٌرٟ ٝوٛ ثألطٌِ ُٮ ثْٞؾٛ ثٞز ؽٌثٍ عٜٯظ٪ ف٢ٟ ) ١٩ٌٰؽْض٩ٌذٛث
Comparison between duct and endocrine glands: Duct glands Contains secretary part + excretory ducts. Pour their secretions to either: (A) within the body (inside the digestive tract), such as salivary glands and other digestive glands. or (B) outside the body such as the sweat glands. Secrete digestive juices containing enzymes or excretory substances such as sweat. Not provided with plenty of blood.
Endocrine glands
Glands do not have their own ducts. Pour its secretions in the blood directly. Such as the pituitary; thyroid and adrenal glands.
Secrete hormones.
Endocrine glands has rich network of blood vessels because it carries its secretion directly to blood, as it has no specific ducts carries its secretions. The activity of these glands not affected by each The activity of some glands may be affected by other. each other. Most of their secretions contain enzymes. They secrete hormones. Sites affected by its secretion usually near the Sites affected by its secretion may be far from the gland gland.
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The Endocrine system جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛجٍ ث٨ؽ
Definition - Endocrine vs. Nervous System – Types of endocrine glands
Definition:
In animals, all body functions are under nervous and hormonal control.
.٬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثٞ٘ضقٛ) ث2( . ٬وظذٛ ثٞ٘ضقٛ) ث9( : صقش ّٰـٌر١٪ِ٘ز صٜنض٠ٛ ثْٞؾٛكجةَ ث٩
The endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly in the blood stream. Any increase or decrease in the amount of secretion of any hormone leads to disturbances in the functions and results in pathological changes and symptoms characteristic for this hormone. Endocrine glands are present only in animals. Endocrine vs. Nervous System Nervous System
Endocrine System
Neurons release neurotransmitters
Endocrine cells release hormones
A neurotransmitter acts on specific cell right next to it.
Hormones travel to another nearby cell or act on cell in another part of the body.
Neurotransmitters have their effects within Hormones take minutes or days to have their effects. milliseconds. The effects of neurotransmitters are shortThe effects of hormones can last hours, days, or years. lived. Performs short term crisis management
Regulates long term ongoing metabolic function
Neurotransmitter acts on specific cell right Hormone can travel to another nearby cell or it can act on next to it. another part of the body.
– Nervous coordination is much faster than hormonal coordination. Because nervous system regulates the neural responses that reach through the various sense organs (which are in direct contact with the nervous system). ؿٌٯْ أهؼجء٢ هٚضٮ صظٛوظذٰز ثٛ ثالّضؾجدجس ثٞل٤وظذٮ ٯٛجٍ ث٨ؾٛ ث١ أل. ٮ٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛضآًٍ ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٰوظذٮ أٌّم د٘غٛضآًٍ ثٛ ث) وظذٮٛجٍ ث٨ؾٛذجشٌ دجٟ ٙ ثصظج٬ٜ ه١٪٘ضٮ صٛث٩( ِزٜنض٠ٛقِ ثٛث
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Types of endocrine glands in man: o The Human body contains many endocrine glands, each of which secretes one or a group of hormones. o Examples : 1- Pituitary: below the brain. 2- Thyroid: in the neck. 3- Parathyroid gland: in the neck. 4- Thymus gland: present in the chest of children. 5- Adrenal (suprarenal): above the kidneys. 6- Pancreas (island of pancreas). 7- Gonads (ovary and testis). 8- G.I.T hormones.
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1: Pituitary gland (hypophysis gland) (Master gland) )ٌوهٰٛز (ًةْٰز ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛث
It is considered as the master gland, because it controls the function and the secretion of most of the endocrine glands. ٌصؤع٩ ج٧ٌٍِ ص٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ؿٌٯْ ث٢ز هٜ٠ٗجء دؤ٠ظٌٛوه ثٛجٍ ث٨ ؽ٬ُ ٞ٘ج صضق٨٣ٖ ألٛى٩ ٩ٌجٯْض٠ٛ ث٩ٌوه أٰٛز ّٰور ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛصوضذٌ ث .جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛ ثٌُثٍ دٰٔز ث٬ُ
Site: It is located beneath the brain and in connection with the hypothalamus (link between nervous system and endocrine system). .) جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛجٍ ث٨ ؽ٩ أ٬٣٪ٌٟ٨ْْٰٛ ث٤ضٛث٩ ٬وظذٛجٍ ث٨ؾٛ ث٢ٰ دٚط٪ٛٔز ثٜجه (ف٨٠ٛ دضقش ثٚصضظ٩ ل٠ٛ ثٌِّٚور أٛ ث٥ي٧ صٔن: ج٨٣٘جٟ
The gland consists of 2 parts: A) Adenohypophysis: ٫ٌوٛؾَء ثٛث o Consists of the anterior lobe and the middle lobe. ٬ّـ٪ِٛض ثٛث٩ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث٢ٟ ١٪٘ٯض B) Neurohypophysis: ٬وظذٛؾَء ثٛث o Consists of the posterior lobe and a part of the brain called the infundibulum (a stalk connecting the gland to the brain). ن٠ٍٔٛ دج٩ٌو٠ٛل ث٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ؾَءٛث٩ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛ ث٢ٟ ١٪٘ٯض
Hormones of the Adenohypophysis (the anterior lobe): - Adenohypophysis consists of the anterior and middle lobe of the pituitary gland. - Hypothalamus contains type of nerve cells (neurosecretory cells) with short axons pour its secretion (releasing hormones) in network of blood vessels, to reach to adenohypophysis of pituitary → stimulate secretion of trophic hormones. ٢ٟ شذ٘ز٬ُ ج٨نالٯج أٌُثٍثصٛ ث٥ي٧ صظخ٩ ًج طٌٌٰر ؽوث٧ً٩قجٟ ، ل٠ٛجه دج٨٠ٛـٔز صقش ث٤ٟ ٬ُ هر٪ؽ٪ٟ وظذٰزٛنالٯج ثٛ ث٢ٟ م٪٣ ٕج٤٧ . ٌوهٛ ث٬ٓذجٛ شـز٤٠ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛضٌٍِ ثٛ ٌوٯزٛج ث٧شؾ مالٯج٤ٰز ُضٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٫ٌوِٛض ثٛ ث٬ٛ ثٚج صظ٨٤ٟ٩ ٯز٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ثأل
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- Secretes many hormones, they are: 1. Growth Hormone (GH): ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ Function: It controls metabolism especially protein synthesis, so it controls the physical growth of the body. . ْٞؾٛ ث٪٠٣ ٬ُ ٖٞ٘ ٯضقٛدي٩ ، ٢ٰص٩ٌذٰٛن ث٤مجطز صظ٩ ٰز ثألٯغٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق: كِٰضز٩
Hypo secretion: ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛٔض ث٣ Hypo secretion of this hormone during childhood causes Dwarfism, زَٟٔثٛث Hyper secretion: ١٪ٌٟ٨ٍٛٯجهر ثٌُثٍ ث Hyper secretions during childhood cause Gigantism. ٔزٜ٠وٛث Hyper secretion of GH in adults (after epiphyseal plate closure) causes Acromegaly : which is characterized : o Soft tissue enlargement of the hands, feet, nose, lips and ears, and a general thickening of the skin. o Soft tissue swelling of internal organs, heart, kidneys. o Generalized expansion of the skull . o Protrusion of jaw and enlargement of the tongue and teeth gapping. o Enlargement of extrimities because of regrowth of distant parts of long bones as hands , feet, fingers and facial bones. . ٦ؽ٪ٛ ثٝهلج٩ ثألطجدن٩ ٝثألٓوث٩ ز ٗجألٯو٭ٜٯ٪ـٛ ثٝولجٛذوٰور ُٮ ثٛ ثألؽَثء ث٪٠٣ ثألؿٌثٍ دْذخ صؾوٯوٞصؼن
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Q - G.R. There is no increase in the length of man if there is an increase in the secretion of growth hormone after puberty. A – Because elongation of bone stop ; so growth of distant parts of bone increase enlargement of extremities and bones of the skull which is known as the Acromegally (localized gigantism). . عذَ حذوس صَبدح فٍ ؼىي اإلٔسبْ إرا حذصذ صَبدح فٍ إفشاص هشِىْ إٌّى ثعذ اٌجٍىغ: ًٍ عّٞج ٯوٌٍ دج٠ُٰ ز٠ؾ٠ؾٛ ثٝ هلج٩ ٍ ثألؿٌثٞ ُضضؼنٝولجٛذوٰور ُٮ ثٛ ثألؽَثء ث٪٠٣ ٰجً َُٰٯوٛ٪ ؿٝولجٛ ث٪٠٣ َٓ٪ دْذخ ص-ػ . ) ػوٰز٪٠ٛٔز ثٜ٠وٛٮ ( ثٰٛؾجٟ٩ٌٗثأل
Dwarfism
Gigantism
In childhood Hyposecrtion Hypersecretion Cause Cause Dwarfism Gigantism
Acromegally
In adults Hypersecretion Cause Acromegaly. The bone increase in growth and enlarged of hand, feet, fingers and bones of face
2. Pituitary Trophins: ٌوهٜٛ ز٨ذ٤٠ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث A group of hormones that affect the activity and secretion of other glands. They include: a) Thyrotrophin (thyroid stimulating hormone) (T.S.H). وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٜٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث Stimulate the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin. )٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛج (ث٨جص٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍوًٰٓز ألٌُثٌٛور ثٛشؾ ث٤ٯ b) Adreno-cortico-trophic hormone (A.C.T.H): ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛٔشٌر ثٛ ذز٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث Stimulate the adrenal (suprarenal) cortex to secrete its hormones (cortisone). c) Gonadotrophic hormones: )ْٰز٤ؾٌٛوه ثٛ (ثّٚج٤٠ٜٛ ز٨ذ٤٠ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث Which affect the function of gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males). This group includes: 1) Follicle stimulating hormone (F.S.H): ٯظالس٪قٜٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث o Function: 12
- In females : (1) help for the growth of the ovarian follicles and formation of Graafian follicles.)جػؾز٣ زٜٯظ٪ز ؽٌثٍ (فٜٯظ٪ ف٬ٛج ث٨ٜٯ٪صق٩ ذٰغ٠ٛٯظالس ث٪ ف٪٠٣ ٬ٜ هٚ٠( ٯو2) sexual development . - In males : help for the formation of seminiferous tubules, spermatozoa, and prostate gland. ّضجصج٩ٌذٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘ص٩ نظٰزٛ ث٬ُ ٯز٪٤٠ٛجس ث٣ث٪ٰقٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘ص٩ نظٰزٜٛ ٯز٪٤٠ٛذٰذٰذجس ث٣ ثأل٢ٯ٪٘ ص٬ٜٯْجهو ه o Hypo secretion - In male children : do not reach sexual maturity because FSH hormone is necessary for sexual maturity; as it is responsible for the formation of seminiferous tubules and sperms production. ٯز٪٤٠ٰٛذٰجس ث٣ ثأل٢ٯ٪٘ ص٢ هٙ٪ْتٟ ٦٣ فٰظ أ٬ْ٤ؾٛى ث٪ٜذٛ ث٬ٛ ثٙ٪ط٪ٜٛ ٫ً٩ٌ ػFSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ١ٖ ألٛى٩ ٬ْ٤ؾٛى ث٪ٜذٛ ث٬ٛ ثٚال ٯظ ٯز٪٤٠ٛجس ث٣ث٪ٰقٛضجػ ث٣إ٩
- In female children : Do not reach to sexual maturity because it grow ovarian follicles to mature Graafian follicle , which secrete the hormone estrogen which is responsible for the appearance of the female sexual characteristics such as large mammary glands and regulation of the menstrual cycle. زٜٯظ٪ ف٬ٛج ث٨ٜٯ٪صق٩ ٬غ٣ ثأل٬ُ ذٰغ٠ٛٯظالس ث٪ ف٪٠٣ ٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯوFSH ١٪ٌٟ٧ ١ٖ ألٛى٩ ٬ْ٤ؾٛى ث٪ٜذٛ ث٬ٛ ثٚالصظ ٰٞل٤ص٩ غوٯٰزٌٛوه ثٛ ٗذٌ ثٚغٟ ٬غ٣ ثأل٬ُ ْٰز٤ؾٛظِجس ثًٛ ث٪٨ ك٢ هٙ٪ْت٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٩ٌ ثإلّض١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ص٬ضٛجػؾز) ث٣ زٜٯظ٪ؽٌثٍ(ف ظ٠ـًٛر ث٩ه
- In adult female : Stop menstrual cycle, because menstrual cycle begins by FSH, which grow ovarian follicles to mature Graafian follicle , which secrete the hormone estrogen which is responsible for development of the lining of the uterus and re-feeding with blood vessels after the previous cycle. ج٨ٜٯ٪صق٩ ٬غ٣ ثأل٬ُ ذٰغ٠ٛٯظالس ث٪ ف٪٠٣ ٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٫يٛ ثFSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٟ َِٰظ صذوأ دضق٠ـًٛر ث٩ ه١ٖ ألٛى٩ ظ٠ـًٛر ث٩ٔـجم ه٣ث ٯز٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ج دجأل٨إهجهر صٌيٯض٩ ٌٞفٛز ث٣جء دـج٠٣ إ٢ هٙ٪ْت٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٩ٌ ثإلّض١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ص٬ضٛجػؾز)ث٣ زٜٯظ٪ز ؽٌثٍ(فٜٯظ٪ ف٬ٛث ْجدٔزًٛر ث٩وٛدوو ث
o Hyper secretion regular menstrual cycle in females. 2) Luteinizing Hormone (L.H.): ٌِ ثألطْٞؾٜٛ ذز٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث o Function: - In females: (1) stimulates the formation of corpus luteum. ٌِ ثألطْٞؾٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘( ٯقَِ ص2) Sexual development. - In males: help for formation and secretion of the interstitial cells in the testes (andogens). يٌٗٯزْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰز٤ٰذٛنالٯج ثٛثٌُثٍ ث٩ – نظٰزٛ ث٬ُ ٰز٤ٰذٛنالٯج ثٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘ ص٢ هٙ٪ْتٟ - The F.S.H and L.H hormones are important for sexual maturity ٬ْ٤ؾٛؼؼ ث٤ٛ ثas they are responsible for secretion of male and female sex hormones. o Hypo secretion Disturbance in sex organs ٌِهٜٛ ٬ْ٤ؾٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘ضٛ ثٙثمضال. o Hyper secretion early development of sex organs ٌِهٜٛ ٬ْ٤ؾٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘ضٛ ثٙج٠ ٌّهز أٗض. 3) Prolactin: ٢ذٜٛذز ألٌُثٍ ث٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث o Function: - In females: (1) Stimulates milk formation and secretion from mammary glands (Breasts). (2) Stimulates the secretion of the hormone Progesterone from the Corpus luteum. o Hypo secretion Decrease mike formation in breast. o Hyper secretion Increase milk formation in breast.
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Removal of the adeno-hypophysis of the pituitary gland leads to: ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٫ٌوٛؾَء ثٛز ثٛ إٍث.9
1. Delay individual growth due to absence of growth hormone. 2. Disrupt the endocrine system such as: (a) Delay thyroid function, leading to decrease secretion of thyroxin (due to the absence of thyroid stimulating hormone TSH). (b) Delay function of adrenal cortex, leading to decrease secretion of hormones such as cortisone (due to the absence of ACTH). (c) Delay function of the gonads, as a result of the absence of hormones, FSH and LH and prolactin. ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ضٰؾز ًٰجح٣ ٌِهٛ ث٪٠٣ ٰٚصوـ.9 ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛضٰؾز ًٰجح ث٣(٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُثٝ هو٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛكِٰز ث٩ ٰٚ(أ)صوـٚغٟ جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛجٍ ث٨ ؽٰٚصوـ. 2 ضٰؾز ًٰجح٣(١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ ثٚغٟ ج٨جص٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُثٝ هو٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛكِٰز ٓشٌر ث٩ ٰٚ)(ح)صوـTSHوًٰٓزٌٛور ثٜٛ شؾ٤٠ٛث ضٰؾز ًٰجح٣ ٖٛى٩ ى٪ٜذٛز ثٌٜفٟ ٬ٌِٛه ثٛ ثٚ ال ٯظ٫ أّٚج٤٠ٛكِٰز ث٩ ٰٚ)(ػ)صوـACTH٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛٔشٌر ثٛ شؾ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث ٢ٰالٗض٩ٌذٛث٩LH٩FSHجس٣٪ٌٟ٧
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The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is more important than the posterior lobe because: - The anterior lobe is glandular lobe secrete the following hormones : (1) Growth hormone which controls the metabolism of food and protein synthesis, so it control the growth of the body. (2) Hormones stimulating other endocrine glands , as TSH ; ACTH ; FSH ; LH and prolactin. - While the posterior lobe is a neural lobe ; hormones released from it was formed in the hypothalamus , these hormones affect only the non-glandular tissue such as muscles of the uterus and nephron tubes. ١٪ٌٟ٧)9٢ٟ ٚٗ ٌٍِ ٯ٫ ُض ًو٢ هذجًر ه٪٧ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث١ٖ ألٛى٪٫ِٜنٛج ث٨ ُظ٢ٟ ٞ٧ٰز أٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛٯوضذٌ ث ٫ٌجء ثألم٠ظٌٛوه ثٜٛ شـز٤ٟ جس٣٪ٌٟ٧)2(ْٞؾٛ ث٪٠٣ ٬ُ ٖٞ٘ ٯضقٛدي٩ ٢ٰص٩ٌذٰٛن ث٤صظ٩ ٬ٌيثةٰٛجس ثألٯغ ثٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق٫يٛ ث٪٠٤ٛث ٢ٰالٗض٩ٌذٛث٩LH٩FSHٚغٟ ّٚج٤٠ٜٛ شـز٤٠ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث٩ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛٔشٌر ثٛ شؾ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث٩ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٜٛ شؾ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثٚغٟ ْؾز٣ ث٬ٜجس صؤعٌ ُٔؾ ه٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٥ي٧٩ ُجٟعال٪ٰذ٨ٛ ث٬ُ ٦٤ٟ صنٌػ٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘ صٞ ٯض٬ ٯوضذٌ ُض هظذ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛج ث٠٤ٰ*د ١٩ٌِ٤ٛجدٰخ ث٣ث٩ ٌٞفٛ هؼالس ثٚغٟ ًٌٰ ًوٯز
Hormones of the Neuro- hypophysis (the posterior lobe): Neurohypophysis consists of the posterior lobe and a part of the brain called the infundibulum (a stalk connecting the gland to the brain). Hormones of this part are secreted from type of nerve cells in the hypothalamus reach the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of pituitary gland) through the infundibulum after which they are secreted to the blood stream. This means that hormones exit from neurohypophysis are formed in hypothalamus; i.e. Neurohypophysis of pituitary acts as storage for these hormones. ، ر٩ٌِ٠ٛوظذٰز ثٛنالٯج ثٛصوٌٍ دج٩ ل٠ٛجه دج٨٠ٛـٔز صقش ث٤ٟ ٬ُ هر٪ؽ٪٠ٛوظذٰز ثٛنالٯج ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌم آم٪٣ ج٧ٌٍِؾَء صٛيث ث٧ جس٣٪ٌٟ٧ ز أّجّج٤ٯ٪٘ صٰٞز ٯضٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬وظذِٛض ثٛ ث٢ٟ صنٌػ٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث١ ث٫ٰز أٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬وظذٛؾَء ثٛ ث٬ُ وظذٰزٛج ث٨جٯجص٨٣ ٬٨ض٤ص .جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ ُٔؾ١َن٠ٗ ٚ٠ٰز ٯوٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬وظذِٛض ثٛ ث١ ث٫ِ أٟعجال٪ٰذ٨ٛ ث٬ُ
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These hormones are: 1) Anti- diuretic hormone (A.D.H) ٙ٪ذٛؼجه ألهًثً ث٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ(ثVasopressinٯز٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ألٛ ٔجدغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ) ث: o Function: - This hormone called ADH because it decreasing the volume of urine excreted as it increases the re-absorption of water from the kidney tubules. - It is called Vasopressin because it constricts blood vessels increases blood pressure. o Hypo secretion: - Deficiency of ADH loss of large amount of water in urine due to inability to reabsorb water from the kidney tubules frequent urination and thirst. - Decrease blood pressure. o Hyper secretion : - Decrease amount of urine. 2) Oxytocin: ٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ذز٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث o Function: - Regulate uterine contraction and increases it during delivery (labour). . ٢ٰ٤ؾٛ ثمٌثػ ثٚ ثؽ٢ٟ الهر٪ٰٛز ثٜ٠جء ه٤ج دشور أع٧ٯَٯو٩ ٌٞفٛظجس ثٜٔ صٞل٤ٯ
- Gynacologests ٰوٛ٪ضٛث٩ ْج٤ٛ أؿذجء ثuse this hormone to accelerate the birth of a baby by stimulating strong contractions of uterine muscles. - Stimulates the release of milk from mammary glands with the beginning of lactation ٌػجهزٛ( ثmilk letting hormone). o Hypo secretion: - Difficult labour. - Difficult lactation. ٌػجهزٛدز ث٪طو o Hyper secretion: - Facilitate labour. - Response of breast to lactation . ٌػجهزٛ ث٦ٰٜ٠وٛ ٫غوٛثّضؾجدز ث Removal of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland of a pregnant woman leads to: ٌٟٚأر فجٰٟز الٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛز ثٛإٍث
1. Absence of ADH hormone excretion of large amounts of water in the urine dehydration 2. Drop in blood pressure 3. At labour : she need to be injected with extract of posterior lobe of the pituitary gland to stimulate the contraction of the uterine muscles to descent the fetus due to absence of oxytocin. 4. Decrease amount of breast milk during lactation due to lack of oxytocin. ٍؾِجٛ ث٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ ٙ٪ذٛن إلهًثً ث٣ج٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛضٰؾز ًٰجح ث٣ ٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ جء٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰجس ٗذٌٰر٠ٗ إمٌثػ.9 ٝوٛ ػٌؾ ث٬ُ نِجع٣ث.2 ٌٰجحٛ لٌث٣ ٢ٰ٤ؾٛ ثٙ٩َ٤ٛ ٔذجع٣الٛ ٌٞفٛشٰؾ هؼالس ث٤ضٛ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛض ثْٜضن٠ج د٨٤ٔ ف٬ٛالهر صقضجػ ث٪ٛو ث٤ه. 1 ٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث ٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩ٔض ثأل٣ ضٰؾز٣ ٌػجهزٛجء ث٤ أع٫غوٛ ث٢ٟ وُوز٤٠ٛ ث٢ذٰٜٛز ث٠ٗ نِجع٣ث.4
Injection of a pregnant woman with extract of posterior lobe of the pituitary gland leads to abortion:
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- Because extract of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland contains oxytocin which stimulate the muscles of the uterus to contract and increase it strongly, leading to descent of the fetus. ٫٪ٰز ٯقضٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛ ث١ٖ ألٛى٩ جع٨ٰز ٯقوط إؽٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثْٛجهُ دنالطز ثٌٛ ث٨شٛ ث٬ُ ٌٟٚأر فجٟ ث٢ٔف. ٢ٰ٤ؾٛ ثٙ٩َ٣ ٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ ج دشور٧ٯَٯو٩ ٌٞفٛظجس ثٜٔشؾ ص٤ ٯ٫يٛ ثٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٬ٜه
Q- G.R. Imbalance in the neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland (or in the hypothalamus) leads to severe thirst. شوٯوٛوـش ثٛج دج٠ٌٯغ هثة٠ِٛ) ٯشوٌ ثٟعجال٪ٰذ٨ٛ ث٬ُ ٩ٰز(أٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬وظذٛؾَء ثٛ ث٬ُ ٜٚط م٩و فو٤ه
A- Because ADH hormone is secreted by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus. If this cells damaged , this hormone not formed, which leads to loss of large amounts of water → thirst. يث٧ ١٪٘ الٯض٦٣َ ُئٜج ص٨ُٰ ِ ُئىث فوطٟعجال٪ٰذ٨ٛ ث٬ُ هر٪ؽ٪ٟ ٌٍِرٟ مالٯج هظذٰز٥ٌٍِ صٙ٪ذٛؼجه إلهًثً ث٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث١ٖ ألٛى٩ .شوٯوٛوـش ثٌٛٯغ ٯشوٌدج٠ٛ ثٚج ٯؾو٠ٟ جء٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰجس ٗذٌٰر٠ٗ ُٔو٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث
Hormones affecting the breast: Hormone Estradiol Prolactine Oxytocin
Gland secrete it - Graafian follicle in ovary. - Placenta during pregnancy. Adenohypophysis of pituitary gland (anterior and middle lobe). Neurohypophysis of pituitary (posterior lobe)
Action of hormone on the breast - Enlargement of breast at puberty . - Milk secretion after labour. - Help in rush of milk from mammary gland in response to suckling.
Q- G.R. Secretion of milk from the mammary glands of lactating woman? A- due to secretion of Prolactin from adenohypophysis part of pituitary gland which stimulate secretion of milk, and oxytocin hormone from neurohypothysis part of the pituitary gland which stimuate rush of milk from the mammary glands in response to suckling process. . ٌػن٠ْٰٛور ثٜٛ غوٯٰزٌٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ذٜٛ إٌُثٍ ث: ٜٚه . ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌو٭ٛؾَء ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧٩ ( Prolactin ) ٢ذٜٛ إلٌُثٍ ث٦ذ٤ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ دْذخ إٌُثٍ ث ٰخٜقٛ ثٙ٩َ٣ ٩وُجم أ٣شؾوجً ُٮ ثٟ ً أعٌث٦ٛ (Oxytocin) ٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩ أ٬٠ْجً آمٌ ٯ٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِٰز ٯٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ وظذٮٛؾَء ثٛ ث١ج أ٠ٗ . ٌػجهزٰٛز ثٜ٠وٛ ٰز ثّضؾجدز٤ذٌٜٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ
Q – G.R. Extract of the posterior lobe of pituitary gland of cattle is useful in cases of difficult labour. A - because it contains a hormone oxytocin that causes contractions of the involuntary muscle of uterine wall, which causes labour (birth). . ضوغٌر٠ٛالهر ث٪ٛجشٰز ُٮ فجالس ث٠ٜٛ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ِٮٜنِٛض ثٛ صِٰو مالطز ث: ٜٚ ه) الهر٪ٛنجع ( ث٠ٛي٭ ٯْذخ ثٛ ث، } ٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩ { أٌٞفٛؾوثً ثٛ الإًثهٯزٛوؼالس ثٛٔذجع ث٣ْذخ ال٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٬ٜ٭ ه٪ج صقض٨٣ أل-ػ
NB * There are some glands, the pituitary gland does not control its secretions directly but it is controlled by the level of material it regulate , for example: 1. Parathormone is controlled by the level of calcium in the blood (when calcium in the blood decreases the secretion of Parathormone increase ; when calcium level in the blood increase secretion of calcitonin increase).
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2. Insulin level is controlled by the level of blood glucose (when blood glucose increase , insulin increase and when glucose level in blood decrease both glucagon and adrenaline increase . 3. Adrenaline secretion is controlled by emotion, fear ,sports and so on. :زٟج٧ الفلجسٟ ٪٧ أّجّج٢٨ إٌُثٍثص٬ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق٫يٛ ث٢٘ٛ٩ ٢٨جص٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ٢٧ٍ إٌُثٙووٟ ٬ُ ذجشٌرٟ ًر٪ٰز دظٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ثٌٞ٘وه ال صضقٛجٕ دوغ ث٤٧* :ٙغج٠ٛ ثٰٚ ّذ٬ٜج ُو٨٠ل٤ ص٬ضٛجهر ث٠ٛ صٌَٰٗ ث٫٪ْضٟ جٟو٤ ه١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ٯَٯو إٌُثٍ ثٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛنِغ ث٤ج ٯٟو٤(هٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ ٪٧ ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ ٬ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق٫يٛث.9 )٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ٯَٯو إٌُثٍ ثٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛٯَٯو ث ٚٗ ٍ ٯَٯو٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛنِغ ث٤ج ٯٟو٤ه٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ٯَٯو ثألٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜج ٯَٯو ؽٟو٤(هٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٫٪ْضٟ ٪٧ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل٫٪ْضٟ ٪ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق٫يٛث.2 )٢ٰٛج٤ثألهًٯ٩ ١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛ ث٢ٟ ٘يث٧٩ ٌٯجػزٛث٩ ٍ٪نٛث٩ ِٙوج٣ فجالس ثال٪٧ ٢ٰٛج٤ إٌُثٍ ثألهًٯ٬ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق٫يٛث.1
2: The Thyroid Gland وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛث
Site : The gland lies in the neck in front of and in close contact with the trachea. The colour is slightly red. The gland consists of two lobes connected together by an isthmus. It is surrounded by connective tissue.
Right lobe
isthmus
Left lobe
Its function: The gland secretes the 2 hormone 1- Thyroxin hormone: ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ Iodine is essential for the formation of this hormone. Function : It has many effects on different parts of the body. For example: 1) Stimulates physical and mental growth and development. ٰزٜٔوٛث٩ ٰز٣ذوٛ ث٫٪ٔٛ ث٪٠٣ ذز٤ٯ 2) It affects the basal metabolic rate. ُٰزٞ٘ٯضق٩ ثألٯغٙووٟ ٬ٜٯؤعٌ ه 18
3) It increases the absorption of carbohydrates (Glucose) from the intestine. ٯجس٪ش٤ٛضظجص ثٟٯقَِ ث 4) It maintains healthy skin and hair. ٌشوٛث٩ وٜؾٛز ثٟ ّال٬ٜٯقجُق ه Hypothyroidism: وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٬ُ ٔض٣ o Hypothyroidism is the decrease in the secretion of the thyroxin hormone from the gland. o The symptoms resulted depends on the age: a) Hypothyroidism in children: o It leads to a condition called Cretinism. o Cretinism is characterized by: 1- Retardation in physical and mental growth associated with large head, short stature, and short neck. 2- Permanent mental retardation. and 3- Does not reach sexual maturity.
Comparison between Dwarfism and cretinism: جءر٠ٔٛث٩ زَٟٔثٛ) ث9(
Dwarfism Causes: Length of the individual Head and extremities Mental powers Sexual maturity
Cretinism
Growth hormone deficiency in childhood Dwarf (short).
Thyroxin hormone deficiency in childhood
Proportional with the length
No proportional; characterized by a large head and short neck Mental retardation. Does not reach sexual maturity
Short
Sound mental power Sexually mature
b) Hypothyroidism in adults: o It causes a condition called Myxoedema. o Myxodema is characterized by: 1- Dry skin, 2- Loss of hair, 3- Decreased mental and physical activity, 4- Weight gain, and obesity, 19
5- Decreased basic metabolic rate and cold intolerance, 6- Decreased heart beats, and rapid fatigability. 7- Tiredness with the least effort because myxoedema caused by lack of the hormone thyroxin, which controls the metabolism of food , so its deficiency leads to reduced amount of energy liberated from food reduces the number of heart beats so the amount of blood reach the muscle become insufficient , so the patient tired quickly with minimal effort. ٰجسٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق٫يٛ ث٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ٦ج ّذذ٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٌٛٯغ ثٟ ١ه أل٪٨ؾٟ ٚٓج)أل٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٛ(ث٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛٔض ث٣ ٌٯغٟ دضوخ جّذز٤ٟ ٰٝجس ه٠ٗ ٚخ ُال صظٜٔٛ هوه ػٌدجس ثٜٚٔج ٯ٠ٟ ٌيثءٛ ث٢ٟ ضقًٌر٠ٛـجٓز ثٰٛز ث٠ٗ ٔض٣ ٬ٛ ث٫ ٯؤه٦ٔظ٣ ٬ٛضجٛدج٩ ٬ٌيثةٛثألٯغ ث .ه٪٨ؾٟ ٚٓ دؤٰٝٔجٛو ث٤ٌٯغ دٌْهز ه٠ٖٛ ٯضوخ ثٛيٛ وؼالسٜٛ
Comparison between acromegally and mixoedema: Cause External features
Metabolism Heart rate
Acromegally Increased growth hormone after puberty 1. Enlargement of the facial bones 2. Renewed growth in distant parts of long bones as hands, feet and fingers. Normal so tolerate cold Normal
Mixoedema Decrease thyroxin hormone after puberty 1. Dry skin and loss of hair. 2. Delay mental and physical activity (idiocy) 3. Increased body weight to the degree of obesity. Decrease so can not tolerate cold Decrease so person gets tired quickly.
o Treatment of hypothyroidism: 1- Regular consultation of a specialist. 2- Administration of Thyroxin or gland extracts. Hypothyroidism in childhood Name of disease : Cretinism اٌمّبءح
Hypothyroidism in adults * Myxodema
Symptoms:1- Retardation in physical and mental growth. 2-Large head – short stature ٌٓظ ْٞؾٛث-short neck. 3- Permanent mental retardation.
Symptoms:1- Dry skin. وٜؾٛؽِجٍ ث 2- Loss of hair. ٌشوٛ ث٦ٜٓ 3- Decreased mental and physical activity. .٬٠ْؾٛث٩ ٬ٜٔوٛشجؽ ث٤ٛٔض ث٣
4- Weight gain and obesity . ٌِؿز٠ٛز ث٤٠ْٛوًؽز ثٛ ْٞؾٛ ث١ٍ٩ ٍٯجهر
ج٠ هثة٬َٜٔ هٜصن
5- Decreased basic metabolic rate and cold ٬ْ٤ؾٛػ ث٪ؼ٤ٛ صؤمٌ ثintolerance.
4- Delay in sexual maturity.
.هر٩ٌذٛ ثٚ٠ ُال ٯضق٬ٌيثةٛ ثٰٚغ٠ضٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ ؽ٪ذ٧
6-Decrease heart beats and rapid fatigability. . ٌٯغ دٌْهز٠ٛٯضوخ ث٩ خٜٔٛ ػٌدجس ثٚٔص
Treatment: is by regular consultation of specialist and by administration of thyroxin or thyroid gland extracts وًؽٰزٌٛور ثْٛضنجص ثٟ
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Hyperthyroidism: o It is enlargement of the gland (goiter) swelling in front of the neck. o Protrusion of the eye balls Exophthalmic goiter: ٬ك٪ ؽقٞصؼن o Causes: It results from hyper secretion of thyroxin (hyperthyroidism). o Hyperthyroidism is the increase in the secretion of the thyroxin hormone. o Age: Appear in adult. o Its symptoms : 1- Enlargement of the gland وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ ث٬ُ ٞ صؼنwith protrusion of the eye balls ٢ٰ٤ٰوٛ ث٬ُ ف٪ؽق. 2- Increase in food oxidation and metabolic rate; which leads to 3- Loss of weight. 4- Increase in heart beats and nervous irritability. o Its treatment: 1- Surgical removal of a part of the gland. 2- Use medications to suppress the gland (anti- thyroid drugs). 3- Radioactive iodine to destroy the hyperactive cells.
Summary: Decrease thyroxin Increase thyroxin
During childhood Cretinism Exophthalmic goiter
Adulthood Myxoedema
Goiter: رعخُ اٌغذح اٌذسلُخ It is the enlargement of the thyroid gland associated with abnormal activities of the gland. Symptoms of goiter is different according to : 1- Rate of the activity of the thyroid gland (increase or decrease secretion). 2- The age at which the gland is disturbed (childhood or adult). Types of Goiter : There are two types of Goiter: 1) Simple goiter: دْٰؾٞصؼن o Causes: It occurs due to Iodine deficiency in food, water, and air. o Age : Appear in childhood and adult. o Symptoms: enlargement of the thyroid gland. o Treatment: involves administration of Iodine supplement in food. 2) Exophthalmic goiter: ٬ك٪ ؽقٞصؼن 21
Comparison between simple goiter and exophthalmic goiter: Causes Age Symptoms
Treatment
Simple goiter Iodine deficiency in food, water, and air. Appear in childhood and adult. - Enlargement of the thyroid gland. - May be associated hypo secretion.
Exophthalmic goiter Increase in the secretion of the thyroxin hormone. Appear in adult. 1- Enlargement of the thyroid gland swelling in front of the neck. 2- Protrusion of the eye balls 3- Increase in food oxidation and metabolic rate; which leads to 4- Loss of weight. 5- Increase in heart beats and nervous irritability. - Administration of Iodine supplement 1- Surgical removal of a part of the gland. in food. 2- Use medications to suppress the gland (anti- If hypothyroid: thyroxin hormone. thyroid drugs). 3- Radioactive iodine.
2- Calcitonin hormone: ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ Function : It decreases the Calcium level in the blood as it prevents withdrawal of calcium from the bones. Calcitonin (secreted from thyroid gland) and parathormone (secreted from parathyroid gland) plays an important role in preserving the calcium level in the blood to normal. Hypo secretion: - Osteoporosis of bone. ٝولجٛشجشز ث٧ Hyper secretion: - Decrease level of blood calcium. Removal of the thyroid gland of a woman leads to: هالػ٢ٟ ٦ج صٔضٌفٟ٩ ٌأرٟ ث٢ٟ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛز ثٛ إٍث.2
A- Decrease level of thyroxin hormone myxoedema its symptoms: (1) Dry skin and scanty hair. (2) Delay mental and physical activity. (3) Increased body weight to the degree of obesity. (4) Decrease level of metabolism cold intolerance. (5) Decrease heart rate. and the person gets tired quickly Treatment: give the patients thyroxin hormones or thyroid extracts. وٜؾٛ ث٬ُ ٍ)ؽِج9 ثألهٌثعٚ٠صش٩ ٌزٌٛأر دج٠ٛ ث١ج أل٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٌٛع ثٟ ً أهٌثع٪٨ ك٬ٛ ث٫ صؤه٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٬ُ ٔض شوٯو٣ ُال٬ٌيثةٛ ثٰٚغ٠ضٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ ؽ٪ذ٧)4(.ٌِؿز٠ٛز ث٤٠ْٛوًؽز ثٛ ْٞؾٛ ث١ٍ٩ )ٍٯجهر1(.٬٠ْؾٛث٩ ٬ٜٔوٛشجؽ ث٤ٛ ث٬ُ ٔض٣)2(.ٌشوٛز ثٜٓ٩ شنض دٌْهزٛٯضوخ ث٩ خٜٔٛ ػٌدجس ثٚٔ)ص1(.هر٩ٌذٛ ثٚ٠ٯضق .ج٨ظجصْٜضنٟ ٩وًٰٓز أٌٛور ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٯؼز٠ٛإهـجء ث:والػٛث
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3: The Parathyroid Glands.
They are four small separate lobes, two on each side of the thyroid gland. . وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ خ٣ ؽجٚٗ ٬ٜ ه١ج٤ز – أعِٜظ٤ٟ أًدن أؽَثء٢ٟ ١٪٘ ًور صض٬٧
It is may be difficult to see the parathyroid glands because they are surrounded by the thyroid glands and its size is small (the size of a grain of wheat). ) ـ٠ٔٛ فذز ثٞج طٌٌٰ ( ُٮ فؾ٨٠ فؾ٩ وًٰٓزٌٛوه ثٛقجؿز دجٟ ؽو٪ج ص٨٣جً أل٣وًٰٓز أفٰجٌٛوه ؽجًثس ثٛور ث٧شجٟ ٓو ٯظوخ They secrete a hormone called Parathormone. ١٪ًٟ٪دجًثع
The amount of parathormone depends on calcium level in the blood where secretion of parathormone increases when the Calcium level in the blood is below normal. . ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ؽ٪ذ٧ نٟ ثألٌُثٍ ٗغٌٰث١٪٘ – فٰظ ٯٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ٬ٜو ه٠ ٯٌٍِ صوض٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧ ٰز٠ٗ
Function of Parathormone: o It timulate withdrawal of calcium from the bones. It plays an important role in regulating the Calcium and phosphorus level in the blood. o The amount of calcium ions in the blood regulate parathormone secretion from parathyroid gland as following: (1) Increase amount of calcium ions in the blood decrease secretion of parathormone and increase secretion of calcitonin hormone decrease the percentage of calcium in the blood. (2) Decrease amount of calcium ions in the blood increases secretion of parathormone increase the level of calcium by withdrawal it from the bones. ٰز٠ٗ و ٍٯجهر٤) ه9( : ٬ج ٯؤص٠ٗ ؾجً هًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٰز أٌُثٜ٠ هٞل٤ ص٬ضٛ ث٬٧ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛجس ث٣٪ٰز أٯ٠ٗ . ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ مِغ٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٬٘ٛ ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٯَٯو٩ . ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ أٌُثٚٔ ٯٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛجس ث٣٪أٯ ٢ٟ ؿٌٯْ ّقذز٢ هٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ًُن٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٬٘ٛ ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ ٯَٯو ثٌُثٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛجس ث٣٪ٰز أٯ٠ٗ ٔض٣ و٤) ه2( . ٝولجٛث
o Calcitonin (secreted from thyroid gland) and parathormone (secreted from parathyroid gland) plays an important role in keeping the calcium level in the blood to normal.
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Comparison between calcitonin hormone and Parathormone: Source Stimulus of its secretion Action
calcitonin hormone Thyroid gland increase calcium in the blood
Parathormone Parathyroid gland Decrease calcium in the blood
Reduce calcium in the blood and prevents its withdrawal from bone
Increase calcium in the blood and withdrawal of calcium and phosphorus from the bones that become fragile and prone to bending and fracture.
Q- Osteoporosis (lack of calcium in the bones) may occur in human due to deficiency of a specific hormone or increase of another hormone. What are these hormones; locate its sources and method of work of each of them? ٢ٰ٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٢يٯ٧ ٌٗ أمٌ أى١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٯجهر٩ أ٢ٰوٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٤ٛ ضٰؾز٣ )ٝولجٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛٔض ث٣(ٝولجٛشجشز ث٨ د١ْج٣ٓو ٯظجح ثإل ج؟٠٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ٚ٠ؿٌٯٔز ه٩ ج٠٧ إٌُثٍث١٘جٟ فوه٩
A- The two hormones are: 1. Calcitonin hormone: secreted by the thyroid gland. It prevents withdrawal of calcium from the bones. So lack of this hormone facilitates the withdrawal of calcium from the bones making them fragile. 2. Parathormone hormone: secreted from parathyroid glands . It stimulate withdrawal of calcium from the bones. So increase this hormone increase withdrawal of calcium from bones making them fragile, easily breakable. :ج٠٧ ١ج٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث ّقخ٢ٟ ٚ٨ْ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧ ٔض٣ ١ إىٝولجٛ ث٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛن ّقخ ث٤٠ ٯ٦٣ أ٦كِٰض٩٩ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ:٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ .9 ٦ش٧ ج٨ٜج ٯؾو٠ٟ ٝولجٛ ث٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛث ٚ٠ صو٦ ٍٯجهص١ إىٝولجٛ ث٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ صقَِٰ ّقخ ث٪٧ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧ كِٰز٩٩ ؾجًثس هًٰٓزٌٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِٯ٩ ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ .2 ٌْ٘ٛز ثٜ٨ّ شز٧ ج٨ٜ ُضؾوٝولجٛ ث٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ ث٢ٟ َٯو٠ٛ ّقخ ث٬ٜه
Hypo secretion of parathormone (Hypoparathyroidism) : o Leads to decrease level of calcium in blood ; which leads to: a) Painful convulsions and muscle spasms.. ز٠ٛؤٟ ٰزٜؾجس هؼ٤صش b) Increase excitability of the nervous system. ّذخًٚٓر أل٪غٛث٩ ٌؼخٛث٩ ِٙوج٣ٌّهز ثأل Hyper secretion of parathormone (Hyper-parathyroidism): o Leads to increase level of calcium in blood ; which leads to: (a) Increase in the Calcium level in blood; because most of the Calcium is released from bones. (b) Osteoporosis ٝولجٛشجشز ث٧ due to withdrawal of calcium and phosphorus from the bone; so the bones become fragile شز٧ and liable for bending جء٤ق٣ ثand fracture ٌْ٘ٛ ث. Q- G.R. Increased secretion of Parathormone make bones breaks easily? A – Because it convert calcium salts deposited in the bone to salts dissolved in the blood, leading to increase in the level of calcium in blood weak bone hardness and expose them to break.. ز ؟ٛ٪٨ٌْْ٘ دٜٛ ٝولجٛ ٯوٌع ث١٪ٌٟذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ ٍٯجهر أٌُث: ٜٚه َ ُٰؼوٝولجٛ ث٬ُ ضزٜٓ٩ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ْذضز٣ ٍٯجهر٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ الؿ ىثةذزٟ أ٬ٛ ثٝولجٛ ث٬ُ ضٌّذز٠ٛ ثٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛالؿ ثٟ أٚٯ٪ضقٛ -ػ . ٌْٜ٘ٛ ج٨ٯوٌػ٩ ج٨طالدض
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Hyper secretion (Hyperparathyroidism) a) Increase in the calcium level in blood b) Most calcium is released from bone so the bones becomes fragile and liable for bending and fracture
Hyposecrtion (Hypoparathyroidism ) a) Painful convulsion and muscle spasms due to the decreased calcium in blood b) Increased excitability of nervous system
Comparison between Calcitonin and parathormone: Secreting gland Stimulus for secretion Action
Calcitonin Thyroid gland Increase calcium level in blood
Parathormone Parathyroid gland Decrease calcium level in blood
Decrease calcium level in blood. Prevent its absorption from bone.
Increase calcium level in blood. Withdrawal of calcium & phosphorus from bone , so the bones becomes fragile and liable for bending and fracture
Relation between PTH level and blood calcium: - The amount of parathormone depends on the ratio of calcium level in the blood. - Increase level of blood calcium leads to hypo secretion of parathormone till a certain level, parathormone remains constant. - When the calcium level in the blood is below normal Secretion of PTH increase.
– Parathyroid glands are called bone glands, because they secrete Parathormone that regulates calcium in the bones and blood. . ٝوٛ ث٩ ٝولجٛ ُٮ ثٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ٞل٤ي٭ ٯٛ ث١٪ٌٟذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِج ص٨٣ أل. ٝولجٛ ًوه ثّٞوًٰٓز ثٌٛوه ؽجً ثٛ ث٬ْٜ هٜ ٯـ-
Q - G.R. Osteoporosis may occurs due to deficiency of a specific hormone or increase in other hormone. A - Decrease of the hormone calcitonin, or increase of hormone Parathormone, leads to decrease in calcium in bones and its increase in blood which causing osteoporosis. . ٌ آم١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٯجهر٩ أ٢ٰوٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٤ٛ ضٰؾز٣ ٝولجٛشجشز ث٨ د١ْج٣ ٓو ٯظجح ثإلٜٚ هج ٯْذخ٠ٟ ٝوٛ ُٮ ث٦ ٍٯجهص٩ ٝولجٛ ُٮ ثٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛٔض ث٣ ج٠٨ُٰ ٯقوط١ضجٛ فج، ١٪ٌٟذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٯجهر٩ أ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ -ػ . ٝولجٛشجشز ث٧
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4: The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands. اٌغذح اٌىظشَخ أو فىق وٍىَخ
Site: Two glands, each is located above one of the two kidneys. . ٢ٰٰضّٜ٘ٛ أفو ث٪ُ ج٠٨٤ٟ ٚٗ صٔن١ ٗلٌٯضج١ج ًوصج٠٧ : ١٘ج٠ٛث
Structure: Each gland consists anatomically and physiologically of two regions: an outer cortex and an inner medulla. : ٬ٜوثمٛؾَء ثٛ) ث2( . ٔشٌرٛ ث٬٠ْ ٯ: ٬نجًؽٛؾَء ثٛ) ث9( . ؽٰز٪ٛ٪ِْٰٛث٩ ضشٌٯقٰزٛجفٰز ث٣ صج٢ٟ ٢َٰٰص٠ضٟ ٢ٰـٔض٤ٟ ٢ٟ ١٪٘ ًور صضٚٗ .نجم٤ٛ ث٬٠ْٯ
Cortex Medulla
Hormones of the cortex: o Adrenal cortex secretes many hormones called steroid hormones. Which can be classified into three groups of hormones : 1) Glico-corticoids: ٌْ٘ٯزٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛهز ث٪٠ؾٟ o Include Cortisone and Cortico-sterone, o The main function of which is to regulate carbohydrates (Glucose) metabolism in the body. 2) Mineralo-corticoids: ٰز٣وو٠ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛهز ث٪٠ؾٟ o Include Aldosterone . o Function: Aldosterone plays an important role in balance of mineral metabolism in the body. o This hormone increases re-absorption of Sodium and increases the excretion of Potassium form the kidney tubules increase sodium in blood and decrease potassium in blood. o Hypo secretion: decrease Na and increase K. o Hyper secretion: increase Na and decrease K. 3) Sex hormones: ْٰز٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛهز ث٪٠ؾٟ 26
o Sources : 1- The main source is the testes in males and the ovaries in females. 2- Adrenal cortex: secrete hormones has an activity similar to male hormones (testosterone) and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone). o They include : 1- The male sex hormone is Testosterone. 2- The female sex hormones are Estrogen and Progesterone. o Tumorous or any condition leads to unbalance secretion of sex hormones from adrenal cortex and that secreted from testes or ovaries increase in the level of sex hormone above normal. It leads: 1- Musculanization زٛ٪ٌؽًٛ طِجس ث٪٨ كin females and feminization ْجء٤ًٛ طِجس ث٪٨ كin males. 2- Atrophy of gonads in both sexes. ٢ْٰ٤ؾٛ ٗال ث٬ُ ْٰز٤ؾٌٛوه ثًٛ ث٪٠ػ NB Tumorous of suprarenal cortex leads to : 1- Unbalance secretion of sex hormones from adrenal cortex and that secreted from testes or ovaries increase in the level of sex hormone above normal. It leads: A- Musculanization زٛ٪ٌؽًٛ طِجس ث٪٨ كin females and feminization ْجء٤ًٛ طِجس ث٪٨ كin males. B- Atrophy of gonads in both sexes. ٢ْٰ٤ؾٛ ٗال ث٬ُ ْٰز٤ؾٌٛوه ثًٛ ث٪٠ػ 2- Unbalance of sodium and potassium ratio in blood due to increase secretion of aldosterone hormone. 3- Unbalance in carbohydrates metabolism due to increase secretion of cortisone. Removal of both suprarenal glands leads to death: Because suprarenal cortex is essential for life as it play an important role in: 1- Regulation of metabolism. 2- Regulation water and salt balance in the body. 3- Play a vital role in resistance of diseases. ٰٞل٤) ص9( : ٬ُ جٟج٧ ًث٩وخ هٜج ص٨٣قٰجر ألٜٛ ًٯز٩ٌ٘لٌٯز ػٌٛور ثٛ ٓشٌر ث١ٖ ألٛى٩ ٥ُج٪ٛ ث٬ٛ ث٫٘لٌٯز ٯؤهٌٛور ثٛز ٓشٌر ثٛأٍث . ٌثعٟألٛ ْٞؾٛز ثٟ٩ٔجٟ ٬ُ ٯج٪ًٰث ف٩وخ هٜ) ص1( . ْٞؾٛ ث٬ُ الؿٟثأل٩ جء٠ٛ ث١َٰثٟ ٰٞل٤) ص2( . ٬ٌيثةٛثألٯغ ث
Q- What is the gland that secretes steroid hormones? A- Adrenal cortex, the pituitary gland, and the gonads (ovaries in women, testis in men). Q – G.R. Appearance of masculine characters in some adult females. A- because of an imbalance between sex hormones secretion by the gonads and sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, which has an activity similar to male hormones (testosterone) and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone). Comparison between ADH hormone and aldosterone hormone. Source Action
ADH hormone pars nervosa of the pituitary gland 1. Decrease amount of urine through water reabsorption in renal tubules. 2. Constriction of blood vessels causing high blood pressure
Aldosterone Adrenal cortex 1. Maintaining mineral balance in the body. 2. Re-absorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the kidneys. .
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Hormones of the medulla: نجم٤ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ o Medulla secretes two hormones: Adrenaline (epinephrine) and nor adrenaline (norepinephrine) which are responsible for the vital activities in the body. o The 2 hormones are secreted when the individual is subjected to emergency situations as in fear ٍ٪نٛ ث, fight ٌص٪ضٛ ث, and excitation ثألعجًر, and during muscular exercises. o Functions of Adrenaline and Nor adrenaline: 1- Liver: Increase the sugar (Glucose) level in blood by increasing the breakdown of Glycogen stored in the liver and muscles into Glucose. 2- Heart: Increase the rate and force of contraction of the heart to increase the amount of blood pumped to brain and muscles. 3- Arteries: (1) Dilatation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles to increase flow of blood to the muscles. (2) Constriction of blood vessels (Reduces blood flow) to the skin and the intestines (3) Increases blood pressure. 5- Respiratory system: (1) widens the bronchioles. (2) Increase rate of respiration to increase amount of oxygen required for aerobic respiration and energy production . 6- Eye: Dilates the pupils. 7- Muscles : Increases blood flow to the muscles. 8- Stomach and intestine: relaxation of its walls. 9- Blood clotting : accelerates blood coagulation, 10- Spleen: The spleen releases more blood cells into the circulation, which increases the blood's ability to transport oxygen. o All this changes flow of large amount of blood carrying glucose and oxygen to muscles enable the muscles to take their demands of energy needed for contraction. NB - This Hormones not secreted under the influence of stimulating hormones from the pituitary gland. - Hormone adrenaline has the same effects as the sympathetic nervous system. - Sites of adrenaline and noradrenalin secretions: 1- Adrenaline Hormone secreted from the adrenal medulla. 2- Noradrenalin secreted from two places: (1) the adrenal medulla. (2) As neuro transmitter secreted from terminal arborization to the synaptic cleft. . ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ذز٤ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٰجس الصٌٍِ صقش صجع٣٩ٌ٨ٛ ث٥ي٧ .٫٩ذغج٠ْٛ ث٬وظذٛجٍ ث٨ؾِِٛ صجعٌٰثس ث٣ ٦ٛ ٢ٰٛج٣ً ثأله١٪ٌٟ٧ : ٢ٰٛج٣ًًأه٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٣ً أٌُثٍ ثأله٢ٗجٟأ . ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣ ٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٢ٰٛج٣ً ثأله١٪ٌٟ٧ . ٬٘ضشجدٛشْ ثٛ ث٬ٛجٯجس ثألهظجح ث٨٣ ٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫ أ٬ هظذٚٓج٣ ٌٯوضذ٩ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣ : ج٠٧ ٢ٰ٣٘جٟ ٢ٟ ٌٍِ ُذ٢ٰٛج٣ًًثه٪٤ٛج ثٟأ
- Effect of adrenaline (epinephrine) injection is the same effect as sympathatic nerves because sympathatic stimulation stimulate adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline . And stimulate release of noradrenaline from nerve endings as a neurotransmitter. So Sympathatic works by adrenaline and noradrenaline.
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٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣ شؾ٤ ٯ٫٩ذغج٠ْٰٛوظخ ثٛ إعجًر ث١ أل٫٩ذغج٠ْٰٛوظخ ثٛ صؤعٌٰ ث٦ِْ٣ ٪٧ )٢ٌِٯ٤ٰ (ثألد٢ٰٛج٤ ثألهًٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٔصؤعٌٰ ف ٚ٠ ٯو٫٩ذغج٠ْٰٛوظخ ثٛ ث١ إى٬ هظذٚٓج٤ٗ جٯجس ثألهظجح٨٣ ٢ٟ ٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛػ ث٩ٌشؾ م٤ٯ٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ صٌٍِ ثألهًٯ٬ضٛث ٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ ثألهًٯٙ مال٢ٟ
Q- Explain the effect of injection of the hormone adrenaline on: blood vessels in the skin and muscle - eye - urinary bladder - liver - intestine. . وجءٟ٘ذو – ثألٰٛز – ثٛ٪ذٛز ث٣غج٠ٛ – ث٢ٰوٛوؼالس – ثٛث٩ وٜؾٛ ث٬ُ ٯز٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ ثأل٬ٜ ه٢ٰٛج٣ً ثأله١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٔػـ صؤعٌٰ ف٩
A- As sympathetic nervous system. Q- G.R. Secretes adrenaline hormone in large quantities during childbirth. ٰجس ٗذٌٰر٠٘الهر د٪ٛجء ث٤ أع٢ٰٛج٤ ثألهًٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِٯ
A- Because the mother is in a state of fear and emotion during the birth, so adrenaline release to convert glycogen of the liver and muscles into glucose, which supply the mother with energy to face the fear and supply muscles of the abdomen and uterus with energy to make it to contract vigorously to help expulsion of the fetus. ٫يٛث٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛوؼالس ثٛث٩ ٘ذوٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽٜٚ ٯق٫يٛ ث٢ٰٛج٤الهر ُٰنٌػ ثألهًٯ٪ٛجء ث٤ أعِٙوج٣إ٩ ٍ٪ز مٛ فج٬ُ ١٪٘ صٝ ثأل١ٖ ألٛى٩ .٢ٰ٤ؾٛ إمٌثػ ث٬ُ ضْجهوٛ ر٪ٔٔذغ د٤ج ص٨ٜؾوٛ ـجٓزٛ دجٌٞفٛث٩ ٢ذـٛو هؼالس ث٠ٯ٩ ٍ٪نٛز ث٨ثؽ٪٠ٛ ـجٓزٛ دجٝو ثأل٠ٯ
5: The Pancreas
Pancreas is a mixed gland with exocrine and endocrine secretions, because: 1- The exocrine secretion is in the form of pancreatic juice secreted from pancreatic acini through pancreatic duct into the duodenum. 2- Endocrine secretion: is in the form of hormones secreted directly to blood from groups of cells called Islets of Langerhans (discovered by Boul Langerhans) which contain two types of cells: (a) Alpha cells: Small in number and secrete a hormone called Glucagon. - Functions of glucagon: o It antagonizes the action of insulin where it increases the glucose level in the blood through the conversion of glycogen stored in the liver only to glucose, (like adrenaline). - Hypo secretion Decrease blood sugar. - Hyper secretion Increase blood sugar. (b) Beta cells: Represents the majority of cells and secrete a hormone called Insulin. - Functions of insulin: o It decrease the glucose level in the blood through: (1) It stimulates the oxidation and utilization of glucose by the cells where it is important for transport of all monosaccharide (except fructose) across the cell membrane to be used. ؽوًثٞ٨ٟ (2) It stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen (to be stored in the liver and muscles) or to lipids. o The hormone plays 2 opposite roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates, one anabolic and the other catabolic to achieve one function. 29
1. Its anabolic role in carbohydrate metabolism: insulin stimulate convertion of blood glucose to glycogen or fat stored in liver or muscles, or other body tissues. 2. Its catabolic role in carbohydrate metabolism: it stimulate glucose oxidation in the cells, as it is necessary in two processes : (1) Passage of monosaccharides (except fructose) through cell plasma membrane into the cytoplasm of cells. (2) activates especial enzymes found in the cytoplasm of cells which convert glucose into glucose-6phosphate. ج٨٤ صنَٯٞ ٯض١٪٧ ه٩ أ٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٛ ثٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽٙ٪ دضشؾٰن صق٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثألٝ٪ٔ ٯ:ٰوًثس٧٪ٌ٘دٛ أٯغ ث٬ُ جء٤ذٛز ثٛ فج٬ُ ٥ً٩ال ه٩ أ-.9 ٫ٌ ثألمْٞؾْٛؾز ث٣ أ٬ُ ٩وؼالس أٛ ث٩٘ذو أٛ ث٬ُ ٢ٰٰضٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٫ً٩ٌ ػ٦٣ٍ فٰظ أ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ أْٗور ث٬ٜ هْٞؾٛ ٯقظ مالٯج ث٦٣ ُئ:ٰوًثس٧٪ٌ٘دٛ أٯغ ث٬ُ ٝو٨ٛز ثٛ فج٬ُ ٥ً٩ٰج ه٣ عج-.2 ٝ٪ٔ)ٯ2(نالٯجٛ ثٍٝدال٪ ّٰضٚ هثم٬ٰٛز ثٍٟذالٛ ثألًشٰز ثٙ مال٢ٟ )ٍ٪ٌِٗضٛجهوث ثٟ(ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯزًٛ ث٩ٌ٠ٛ ٫ً٩ٌ)ػ9ج٠٧ ٢ٰضٟج٧ ِّجس٪ُ 6 ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛ ث٦ٛ٪صق٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٜٛ ٰز ٌُِْرٜ٠ هٚ٠ صو٬ضٛث٩ نالٯجٛ ثٍٝدال٪ ّٰض٬ُ ؽو٪جس مجطز ص٠َٯ٣شٰؾ إ٤دض
- Hypo secretion Diabetes mellitus; and disturbance in glucose and fat metabolism. - Hyper secretion decrease blood sugar. The two hormones (insulin and glucagons) are responsible for the regulation of Glucose level in the blood and keep it constant at a level ranging from 80 – 120 mgm/100 cm3 blood. Where insulin converts glucose to glycogen to be stored in the liver and muscles; while glucagons converts glycogen to glucose in the liver.
- Decrease in the secretion of Insulin o Leads to a disease called Diabetes Mellitus ٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٛث: Symptoms : it is characterized by : 1- Disturbance in the metabolism of carbohydrates (Glucose) and lipids: decrease insulin blood glucose cannot pass to inside cells for aerobic respiration to liberate energy required for body activities accumulation of glucose in blood till reach certain level it excrete in urine (so it is called diabetes mellitus). 2- Increase Glucose level in the blood (more than 120 mg/100cm3). 3- Abnormal appearance and excretion of Glucose in urine. 30
4- Excretion of a large volume of water continuous thirst sensation and excessive urination. 5- Diabetic coma: because absence of insulin blood glucose cannot pass to brain cells brain can not use glucose coma. Treatment of diabetes: فجؽجس1 A- Insulin injection in order to reduce the percentage of blood glucose to normal level (80-120 mg / 100 cc of blood) in two ways: 1. Stimulate glucose oxidation in cells and tissues of the body as it is necessary for the passage of sugars through the cell membrane to inside cell to be used. 2. Control the relationship between stored glycogen and blood glucose , as it stimulate convertion of glucose into glycogen or fatty substances stored in the liver, muscle or other tissues of the body. :٢ٰٔ ؿٌٯ٢ٖ هٛى٩ )ٝوٛ ث٢ٟ ّٞ999/ٞؾٟ929-59(٬ـذٰوٛ ث٦ٛووٟ ٪ق٣ ٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ْٜذز ؽ٣ ٰنِغٛ ٖٛى٩* ًشجءٙ مال٢ٟ ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯزًٛ ث٩ٌ٠ٛ ٫ً٩ٌ ػ٦٣ِز فٰظ ثٜنض٠ٛ ثْٞؾْٛؾز ث٣ث٩ مالٯج٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛشؾ) أْٗور ث٤ (ٯ٬ٜقظ هٛث.9 ٦ٟ ثّضنوث٢٘٠ ٯ٬ج فض٨ٜ هثم٬ٰٛز ثٜنٛث ١َ صن٦ٰ٤٧ثه ه٪ٟ ٬ٛ ث٩ أ٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٙ٪ ٯشؾن صق٪٨ُ ٝوٌِٛه دج٤٠ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛث٩ ١َن٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛ ث٢ٰوالٓز دٛ دجٞ٘ضقٛث.2 ٫ٌ ثألمْٞؾْٛؾز ث٣ أ٩وؼالس أٛث٩ ٘ذوٛ ث٬ُ
B- Modifying eating habits and increasing physical activity to reducing blood sugar levels. C – Oral drugs: improve the effectiveness of the body's natural insulin, reduce blood sugar production, increase insulin production and inhibit blood sugar absorption. Q – G. R. Diabetic patient suffers from frequent urination, accompanied with thirst. A - because increase level of glucose in the blood leads to the need to remove it from the body with the urine dissolved in a large amount of water , so patient urinate frequency with loss of large amount of water thirst . . ٌ٠ْض٠ٛوـش ثٛح دج٪ظق٠ٛ ثٙ٪ضذٌٛثس ثٟ صووه٩ ً صٌ٘ث٢ٟ ٌْ٘٭ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛٯغ ثٟ ٮ٣ ٯوج: ٜٚ هٌٯغ هوه٠ٛ ثٙ٪جء ُٰضذ٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰز ٗذٌٰر٠ٗ يثح ُٮٟ ٙ٪ذٛن ثٟ ٦ إلمٌثؽْٞؾٛ فجؽز ث٬ٛ ٯؤه٭ إٝوٍٛ ُٮ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ ثًصِجم١ أل-ػ . ٌ٠ْضٟ ٚ٘وـش دشٛجء ُٰشوٌ دج٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰز ٗذٌٰر٠ٗ ُٔو٩ ٌثس٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٰٗذ
Q - G.R. Doctor describes stimulant drugs to the liver for patient with diabetes. A - because diabetic patient suffers from disturbance in the metabolism of carbohydrates, nd fats, and disturbance in the relationship between free glucose in the blood and stored glycogen in the liver . To stimulate the liver to convert glucose into glycogen . ٘ذوٜٛ شـز٤٠ٛٯز ث٩ ثأله٢ٟ ٌْ٘٭ ؽٌهجسٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛٯغ ث٠ٛ ـذٰخٛجً ٯظَ ث٠ هثة: ٜٚ ه٩ ٝوٛقٌ ُٮ ثٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ ٢ٰوالٓز دٛ ُٮ ثٜٚ م٩ ، ١٪٧وٛ ث٩ ٰوًثس٧٪ٌ٘دٛ ُٮ أٯغ ثٜٚ م٢ٟ ٮ٣ٌْ٘٭ ٯوجٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛٯغ ثٟ ١ أل-ػ ٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٚٯ٪ضقٛ ٘ذوٛشٰؾ ث٤ضٛ. ٘ذوٛومٌ ُٮ ث٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛث
Q- G.R. Patients with diabetes are advised to eat honey rich in fructose as a source of energy instead of sugar cane. ٥٩٩٩٩٪ٜف ٔظخٛ ٌّ٘ ث٢ٟ ـجٓز دوالٜٛ ًظو٠ٗ ٍ٪ٌِٗضٛ دج٬٤ٌٛ ثٚق٤ٛ ثْٚ هٙ٩ج٤ دض٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ٌػٟ ظـ٤ٯ
A- Because fructose can enter the cell in absence of insulin and enters in Krebs cycle producing energy so it does not accumulate in the blood. While cane sugar is digested in the intestine producing glucose and fructose , where the glucose can not enter cells in the the absence of insulin, so it accumulates in the blood to become higher than normal (80120 mg / 100 ml blood). 31
ْذذجٟ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٞٗ ال ٯضٌث٦٣ ُئ٬ٛضجٛدج٩ ٦ٓـجٛضجػ ث٣ث٩ ًِر ٌٗد٩ ه٬ُ ٚٯوم٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ًٰجح ثأل٬ُ نالٯجٛ ثٙ٪ٍ ٯْضـٰن هم٪ٌِٗضٛ ث١ٖ ألٛى٩ ٬ُ نالٯجٛ ثٙ٪ٍ ال ٯْضـٰن هم٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ث١فٰظ أ٩ )ٍ٪ٌُٗض٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜضؾج(ؽ٤ٟ وجءٟ ثأل٬ُ ٦٠ؼ٧ ٞ ٯض٫يٛٔظخ ثٛ ٌّ٘ ث٦ٛ فج٬ُ جٟ أ٦ثًصِجه )ٝ هٟٚ999/ٞؾٟ929-59(٬ـذٰوٛ ث٦ٛووٟ ٢ٟ ٬ٰٜظذـ أهٛ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٞٗ ٯضٌث٦٣ ُئ٬ٛضجٛ دج٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ًٰجح ثأل
The Fasting and Post-Meal Blood Sugar State - Blood sugar concentrations fluctuate throughout the day, they can be divided into two basic states: (1) post-meal state. (2) Fasting state. (1) The Post-Meal State After eating, glucose absorbed into bloodstream within (1/4 – 1 hour) increase the concentration of glucose in blood stimulates insulin burn them for fuel or store them for future use so glucose level decrease. (2) The Fasting State: It occurs 2-3 hours after last eaten. liver keeps blood sugar concentration at a normal level by continually releasing small amounts of glucose from stored glycogen by increasing secretion of glucagons hormone and decrease insulin release increase glucose level to normal ratio ( near 85 mg/dl ) at all times.
Comparison between insulin and ADH: Insulin Beta cell of Islets of Langerhans of pancreas. Decrease glucose concentration in blood
Source Action
Its Deficiency Leads to
% of blood glucose Glucose in urine Water loss in urine
Frequency of urination
More than 120 mgm/100 cm3. Present Large amount of water loosing in urine because loss of glucose in urine associated with loss of water Frequent urination and thirst.
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ADH Neurohypophysis of pituitary gland. 1- Decrease amount of urine through reabsorption of water from renal tubules. 2- Constriction of blood vessels which leads to increase blood pressure. Normal i.e. equal to 80 - 120 mgm/100 cm3. Not Present Large amount of water loosing in urine due to inability to reabsorb water from renal tubules. Frequent urination and thirst.
Hormones important for glucose metabolism:
Hormones increase blood glucose in blood: Name of hormone Name of gland secrete it Thyroxin Thyroid gland Cortisone Adrenaline and noradrenaline Glucagon
Method of raising blood glucose Stimulates absorption of carbohydrates (glucose) from the gastrointestinal tract Adrenal cortex Regulate carbohydrate metabolism by break down glycogen to glucose. Adrenal medulla Hydrolyse glycogen stored in the liver and muscles to glucose. Alpha cells in the islets of convert glycogen stored in liver only to glucose. Langerhans of pancreas.
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6: Sex Glands (The Gonads)
Gonads including: 1- Testis: is mixed gland: (1) Exocrine part formation and production of sperms through vas deference. (2) Endocrine part male sex hormones (androgens) secreted from interstitial cells; including Testo-sterone and Andro- sterone. 2- Ovary: is mixed gland: (1) Exocrine part formation and production of ova through special ducts. (2) Endocrine part female sex hormones (oestrogens) secreted from interstitial cells; including Oestrogen; Progesteron; & Relaxin. Function of gonads: The main function of gonads (ovaries and testes) is production of gametes (ova and spermatozoa). They produce and secrete a group of sex hormones responsible for growth of genital organs and the appearance of secondary sexual characters. Sex hormones are steroids in nature. 1. Male sex hormones: o Also called Androgens : including Testo-sterone and Andro- sterone. o Secreted by the interstitial cells of testes. نظٰزٛ ث٬ُ ٰز٤ٰذٛنالٯج ثٛث o Its function: (1) They are responsible for the growth of the prostate gland and vesicula seminalis ٯز٪٤٠ٛز ثٜط٪قٛ ث. (2) Appearance of male secondary sexual characters. o Hypo secretion - In adult male: sub fertility. . ٌٚؽٛو ث٤ؾجدٰز ه٣ٔوًر ثألٛػوَ ث - In pre-pubertal stage: (1) delay puberty in males (2) Absence of male secondary sexual characteristics . (3) lack of growth of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. ٯز٪٣غجْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛظِجس ثٌٛ ث٨ال صل٩ ِٚـٛو ث٤ ه٬ْ٤ؾٛى ث٪ٜذٛ صؤمٌ ث٬ٛ ث٫ ٯؤهِٚـٛ ى٪ٜذٛ ثٚج ٓذٟ زٌٜفٟ ٬ُ ١٩ٌْٰص٪ضْضٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ًٰجح ٯز٪٤٠ٛٯظالس ث٪قٛث٩ ّضجصج٩ٌذٛ ًور ث٪٠٣ ٝ هو٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٗ يٌٗٯزٛث
o Hyper secretion - In males: Early puberty. ٬ْ٤ؾٛى ث٪ٜذٌّٛهز ث - In females : Leads to appearance of male characteristics as deepening of the voice and appearance of hair in face . (b) may lead to atrophy of the sexual glands if there is swelling in the adrenal cortex.
ً٪٠ ػ٬ٛ ث٫ٌأر(ح)ٓو ٯؤه٠ٛ ث٥ي٧ ٬ٜ ه٦ف٪ٛ ث٬ُ ًٌ شو٪٨ك٩ س٪ظٛز ث٣٪ مشٚغٟ زٛ٪ٌؽٛثًع ث٪ه٩ ً طِجس٪٨ أ)ك٬ٛ ث٫ٯؤه ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛ ٓشٌر ث٬ُ ًٝ٪ج ثىث فوط ص٧و٤ْٰز ه٤ؾٌٛوه ثٛث
2. Female sex hormones: o Called oestrogens; including Oestrogen ; Progesteron ; & Relaxin. o Three hormones are secreted from the ovary: 34
a. Oestrogen (Oestradiol): It is secreted from the graafian follicle of the ovary. Function : (1) It helps the appearance of the female secondary sexual characters such as the increase in the size of the breasts. (2) Regulates the menstrual cycle. Hyposecretion delay puberty in females. ٬غ٣و ثأل٤ ه٬ْ٤ؾٛى ث٪ٜذٛ صؤمٌ ث. Hypersecretion Enlargement of breast. b) Progesteron: It is secreted from the corpus luteum of the ovary (formed after ovulation) and placenta. Function : (1) It is important during pregnancy as it regulates the vascularity of the uterine wall and prepares it to receive the embryo. (2) Progesterone is responsible for the changes taking place in mammary glands during pregnancy. Hyposecretion Abortion ٢ٰ٤ؾٛجع ث٨ أؽ. Hyper secretion maintain embryo in the uterus – regulate pregnancy cycle. . ٚ٠قًٛر ث٩ هٝضلج٣ أ- ٌٞفٛ ث٬ُ ٢ٰ٤ؾٛأّضٌٔثً ث
c) Relaxin: It is secreted from the corpus luteum, placenta, and uterus. Function : It causes relaxation of the muscles of the pelvis at the end of pregnancy to facilitate the process of delivery الهر٪ٛث. Hypo secretion difficult labour. Hyper secretion facilitate the process of delivery. Q - G. R . the ability of relaxin hormone to facilitate birth. A - because it produce relaxation of ligaments at the symphysis pubis of the pelvic bones expanding the angle of symphysis pubis expand the pelvis facilitate exit of the fetus from the uterus. . الهر٪ٛ ثٰٚ٨ْٮ صٜ ه٢ٌْٰٗٯالٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٓوًر: ٜٚه ػ٩ٌ مٚ٨ُْٰ ٮ٣وجٛٯز ثالًصِجّ ث٩ّٰن ٍث٪ع دض٪قّٰٛن ث٪ضٛ ع٪قٛ ثٝٮ ُٮ هلج٣وجٛو ثالًصِجّ ث٤ ثًصنجء ثألًدـز ه٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٦٣ أل-ػ . ٌٞفٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ٰ٤ؾٛث
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7: Gastrointestinal Hormones.
The mucous membrane lining the alimentary canal contains : 1- Exocrine glands: secrete digestive juices as salivary glands; gastric glands and intestinal glands. 2- Endocrine function: Scattered cells in mucous membrane secrete a group of hormones which regulate and stimulate the different parts of the alimentary canal to secrete the digestive juices. Examples of these hormones are: 1. Gastrin: (secreted from the stomach wall). 2. Secretin and cholecystokinin: (secreted from the small intestinal wall). Hyposecretion maldigestion. Hyper secretion facilitate digestion.
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BIOLOGY )Unit (I
Structure and function of living organisms
اٌزشوُت واٌىظُفخ فٍ اٌىبئٕبد اٌحُخ
In plant
In man (دعبء لجً اٌّزاوشح)
ال اٌه إال اهلل اٌحٍُُ اٌىشَُ -ال اٌه إال اهلل اٌعًٍ اٌعظُُ -ال اٌه إال اهلل سة اٌعشش اٌعظُُ ،اٌٍهُ أً اسبٌه فهُ إٌجُُٓ ،وحفظ اٌّشسٍُٓ ،وأٌهبَ اٌّالئىخ اٌّمشثُٓ ،واْ رجعً ٌسبٍٔ عبِشاً ثزوشن، ولٍجٍ ٍُِئ ًب ثخطُزه ،وأسشاسٔب ٌؽبعزه ،فأٔذ حسجٍ ؤعُ اٌىوًُ ،أه عًٍ وً ضٕئ لذَش.
(ههجء دوو ث٠ٛيثٌٗر) ث ٞ٨ٜٛأ ٬٣ثّض٪ههضٖ ٟج ٌٓأسٟ٩ ،ج ُ٠٨شٟ٩ ،ج فِلشٌُ ،هر إ ٬ٛه٤و فجؽضٮ إ،٦ٰٛ ث ٖ٣ه ٚٗ ٬ٜشب ٓوٯٌ ٩فْذ٤ج ثهلل ٣٩و ٞث.ٰٚٗ٪ٛ
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Hormonal coordination
I- Write scientific term for each of the following: : ٍ ) اوزت اٌّفهىَ اٌعٍٍّ ٌىً عجبسح ِّب َأر1 (
1 - The second part of systems that control the functions of the body with the nervous system. (Endocrine system). )جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛجٍ ث٨ (ؽ. وظذٮٛجٍ ث٨ؾٛن ثٟ ْٞؾٛكجةَ ث٩ ُٮٞ٘ضٮ صضقَٛر ث٨ ثألؽ٢ٟ ٮ٣غجٛؾَء ثٛ ث-9
2 - Organs that secrete hormones directly into the blood. (Endocrine glands) )جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛ (ث. ذجشٌرٟ ٝوٛضٮ صُظخ ُٮ ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ ٌٍِرٟ أهؼجء-2
3 - A chemical substance acts as chemical massanges and secreted directly into the blood to stimulate organs or glands. (Hormones) )١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ (ث. ًوه٩شٰؾ أهؼجء أ٤ضٛ ذجشٌرٟ ٝوٛصٌٍِ ُٮ ث٩ ٰجةٰز٠ٰٗ ٚ ٌّٗجةٚ٠ٰجةٰز صو٠ٰٗ جهرٟ -1
4 - The reception area of the stem that secrete chemical substances which are transmitted to the response area (bending zone) and cause it to curve. (Developing tip of the stem). ز٠ٔٛ (ث. ج٨جة٤ق٣صْذخ ث٩ ) جء٤ق٣ـٔز ثال٤ٟ( ـٔز ثالّضؾجدز٤ٟ ٬ٛ إٚٔض٤ضٮ صٛث٩ ٰجةٰز٠ٰ٘ٛثه ث٪٠ٛضٮ صٌٍِ ثْٛجّ ثٛ ُٮ ثٙـٔز ثالّضٔذج٤ٟ -4 )ّْجٜٛ ٰزٟج٤ٛث
5 - Materials control the date of flowering the flowers and falling leaves, fruit ripening and falling. (Auxins). )جس٤ْٰٗ٩ (ثأل. ج٨صْجٓـ٩ ًج٠غٛؼؼ ث٣٩ ًّث٩صْجٓؾ ثأل٩ ًج٧ٍهو صِضـ ثأل٪ٟ ُٮٞ٘ثه صضق٪ٟ -1
6 - Glands secrete and pour their secretions, either within the body or outside the body. (Exocrine glands). )ٯز٪٤ٌٔٛوه ثٛ (ث. ْٞؾٛ مجًػ ث٩ أْٞؾٛ ثٚج هثمٟج إ٨صظخ إٌُثٍثص٩ ٌٍِ ًوه ص-6
7 – Master of glands that controls the endocrine system as a whole. (Pituitary gland). )ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ (ث. ٦ٜ٠ٗجء دؤ٠ظٌٛوه ثٛجٍ ث٨ ُٮ ؽٞ٘ي٭ ٯضقٛ ث٩ٌجٯْض٠ٛ ث٩ٌوه أٛ ّٰور ث-7
8 - The hormone that controls the metabolism, especially protein synthesis and thus controls the growth of the body. (Growth hormone (GH)) )(GH) ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧( . ْٞؾٛ ث٪٠٣ ُٮٖٞ٘ ٯضقٛدي٩ ٢ٰص٩ٌذٰٛن ث٤مجطز صظ٩ ٰجس ثألٯغٜ٠ ُٮ هٞ٘ ٯضق١٪ٌٟ٧ -5
9 - A disease in which the elongation of distant parts of the long bones as hands and feet in adults. (Acromegally ) )ٮٰٛؾجٟ٩ٌٗ (ثأل. ٢ٌٰٛذجٛ ُٮ ثٝثألٓوث٩ ز ٗجألٯو٭ٜٯ٪ـٛ ثٝولجٛذوٰور ُٮ ثٛ ثألؽَثء ث٪٠٣ وٯو٠ج ص٨ُٰ ٌٞػٰز ٯضٟ زٛ فج-1
10 - Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland stimulater adrenal cortex. (ACTH) )ACTH( . ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛ ٓشٌر ث٦ٰذ٤ ص٬ٜ هٚ٠ٯو٩ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ -99
11 - Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland stimulat the thyroid gland. (TSH) )TSH( . وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ ث٦ٰذ٤ ص٬ٜ هٚ٠ٯو٩ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٮٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ -99
12 - Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland stimulate the mammary glands of the breast. (Prolactin) )٢ٰالٗض٩ٌ (د. غو٭ٰٛز دج٤ذٌٜٛوه ثٛ ث٦ٰذ٤ ص٬ٜ هٚ٠ٯو٩ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٮٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ -92
13 – Two important hormones to complete development of sex organs. (LH, F.S.H). )F.S.H ، LH( . ٌِهٜٛ ْٮ٤ؾٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘ضٛ ثٙج٠ٰز ثٗضٜ٠ ُٮ ه١جٟج٧ ١ج٣٪ٌٟ٧ -91
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14 - Hormone secreted by the nervous part of the pituitary gland regulates uterine contractions and increase it strongly during the labour in order to deliver the fetus and is used by doctors to speed up deliveries. ((oxytocin)) ٢ٰ٤ؾٛ إمٌثػ ثٚ أؽ٢ٟ الهر٪ٰٛز ثٜ٠جء ه٤ج دشور أع٧ٯَٯو٩ ٌٞفٛظجس ثٜٔ صٞل٤ٰز ٯٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ وظذٮٛؾَء ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍُِ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ -94 ))٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩ ( أٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ذز٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ (ث. الهر٪ٰٛجس ثٜ٠إلٌّثم ُٮ هٛ ثألؿذجء٦ٟٯْضنو٩
15 - The hormone that reduce the amount of urine by re-absorption of water from nephron tubes , and increase blood pressure. (Antidiuretic hormone and constriction of the blood vessels). . ٝوٛ ًُن ػٌؾ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ج ٯو٠ٗ جس٣٩ٌِ٤ٛجدٰخ ث٣جء ُٮ أ٠ٛضظجص ثٟ ؿٌٯْ إهجهر ث٢ هٙ٪ذٰٛز ث٠ٗ ٰٜٚٔ ص٬ٜ هٚ٠ي٭ ٯوٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث-91 )) ٯز٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ألٛ ٔجدغٛ( ث٩ ٙ٪ذٛؼجه إلهًثً ث٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ(ث
16 - The hormone that stimulate rush and passage of milk from the mammary glands in response to the breast feeding process. (oxytocin). ( ٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ (ث. ٌػجهزٰٛز ثٜ٠وٛ ٰز ثّضؾجدز٤ذٌٜٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٰخٜقٛ ثٙ٩َ٣٩ وُجم٣شؾن ُٮ ثٟ ٌ أع٦ٛ ١٪ٌٟ٧ -96 ))٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩أ
17 - Hormone its deficiency in childhood results in dwarfism and its increase causes gigantism. (Growth hormone (GH)) )(GH) ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧( . ٔزٜ٠وٛ صْذخ ث٦ٍٯجهص٩ زَٟٔثٛز ثٛ فج٬ٛز إٛ٪ِـٛ ُٮ ث٦ٔظ٣ ٯؤه٭١٪ٌٟ٧ -97
18 - Vesicular gland, red in colour, and surrounded by connective tissue membrane and composed of two lobes and isthmus between them. (Thyroid) )وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ (ث. ج دٌٍك٠٨٤ٰ د٢ٰ ُظ٢ٟ ١٪٘صض٩ ْٰؼ٣ ٢ٟ قجؿز دٌشجءٟ٩ ٌ٠ ثألف١٪ٜٛ ث٬ٛ إٰٚ٠ٰز صٜٯظ٪ ًور ف-95
19- Hormone affects the growth and development of mental and physical powers and enter in its composition iodine. (Thyroxin) )٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧( . ه٪ٰٛظٌ ث٤ ه٦ ُٮ صٌٰٗذٚٯوم٩ َِٰٯجةٰزٛث٩ ٰزٜٔوٛ ث٫٪ًٔٛ ث٪صـ٩ ٪٠٣ ٬ٜ ٯؤعٌ ه١٪ٌٟ٧ -91
20 - Hormone that stimulates the absorption of carbohydrates from the gastrointestinal tract and maintain the integrity of the skin and hair. (Thyroxin) )٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ (ث. ٌشوٛث٩ وٜؾٛز ثٟ ّال٬ٜٯقجُق ه٩ ٰز٠ؼ٨ٛجر ث٤ٔٛ ث٢ٟ ٯجس٪ش٤ٛضظجص ثٟ ٯقَِ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ -29
21 - Thyroid hormone, which reduce the incidence of calcium in the blood and prevents its absorption from the bone. (Calcitonin) )٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ (ث.ٝولجٛ ث٢ٟ ٦ضظجطٟن ث٤٠ٯ٩ ٝوٛ ُٮ ثٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ٰٜٚٔ ص٬ٜ هٚ٠ي٭ ٯوٛوًٰٓز ثٌٛ ور ثٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ -29
22 - A disease caused by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones . (exophthalmic goiter). )كٮ٪ ؽقٞ (صؼن. ًٌٰ ؿذٰوٮٚ٘وًٰٓز دشٌٛور ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُثؽ ُٮ إٌُث٢ضؼ ه٤ٌع ٯٟ -22
23 - Disease arises due to lack of secretion of the thyroid gland in childhood. (Cretinism). ))ٌٔظٛجءر ( ث٠ٔٛ (ث. زٛ٪ِـٛز ثٌٜفٟ وًٰٓز ُٮٌٛور ثٛٔض إٌُثٍ ث٣ شؤ دْذخ٤ٌع ٯٟ -21
24 - Disease arises due to lack of secretion of thyroid gland in adults, from its symptoms dry skin; lack of hair; lack of physical and mental activity; increase weight of the body to obesity ; low level of metabolism; and can not tolerate cold. (Mixdema). ٮٜٔوٛشجؽ ث٤ٛٔض ُٮ ث٣٩ ٌشوٛز ثٜٓ٩ وٜؾٛ ؽِجٍ ُٮ ث٦ أهٌثػ٢ٟ٩ ٢ٌٰٛذجٛوًٰٓز ُٮ ثٌٛور ثٛٔض إٌُثٍ ث٣ شؤ دْذخ٤ٌع ٯٟ -24 )ج٠هٯ٪ْٰ٘٠ٛ (ث. هر٩ٌذٛ ثٚ٠ٌيثةٮ ُال ٯضقٛ ثٰٚغ٠ضٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ ؽ٪ذ٧٩ ٌِؿز٠ٛز ث٤٠ْٛوًؽز ثٛ ْٞؾٛ ث١ٍ٩ ٍٯجهر٩ ٮ٠ْؾٛث٩
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II- Write the scientific term of each of the following words: : ٍٍَ ) اوزت اٌّفهىَ اٌعٍٍّ اٌزٌ َذي عًٍ وً عجبسح ِّب2 (
1 - A hormone its secreted quantity depends on the percent of calcium in the blood. (Parathormone) )١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ (ث. ٝوٛ ُٮ ثٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ٬ٌٍِٜر ه٠ٛ ث٦ٰض٠ٗ و٠ صوض١٪ٌٟ٧ -9
2 - Para thyroid hormone that plays an important role in maintaining the level of calcium in the blood normal. In conjunction with the hormone of the thyroid gland. (Parathormone) نٟ ٕٖ دجالشضٌثٛى٩ ـذٰوٰزٛ ث٦ووالص٠ دٝوٛ ُٮ ثٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ ٬ٜقِجف هٛجً ُٮ ثٟج٧ ًًث٩وخ هٜي٭ ٯٛوًٰٓز ثٌٛوه ؽجًثس ثٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ -2 )١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ (ث. وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧
3 - Hormone its deficiency causes irritability, anger for less reason and occurrence of painful muscle spasms. (Parathormone) )١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ (ث.ز٠ٛؤٟ ٰزٜؾجس هؼ٤ط صش٩فو٩ ّذخًٚٓر أل٪غٛث٩ ٌؼخٛث٩ ِٙوج٣ ٯْذخ ٌّهز ثال٦ٔظ٣ زٛ ُٮ فج١٪ٌٟ٧ -1
4 – Mineral element its deficiency in blood cause irritability, anger, for less reason. (Calcium) )ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ (ث. ّذخًٚٓر أل٪غٛث٩ ٌؼخٛث٩ ِٙوج٣ صْذخ ٌّهز ثالٝوٛ ُٮ ث٦ْذض٣ ٔض٣ ٮ٣ووٟ ٌظ٤ ه-4
5 - The name of adrenal cortical hormones. (Steroids) )ٯوثس٩ٌْضٛ (ث. ) ٯز٪ٜ٠ّٛ ث٪ُ ( ٘لٌٯزٌٛوه ثٛجس ٓشٌر ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٬ْٜ هٜي٭ ٯُـٛ ثّٞ ثال-1
6 - A mineral hormone that contributes in maintaining the balance of minerals in the body by re-absorption of salts such as sodium and get rid of excess potassium in the kidneys. (Aldosterone) ٝ٪هٯ٪ظٛ ثٚغٟ الؿٟضظجص ثألٟ إهجهر ث٬ٜ فٰظ ٯْجهو هْٞؾٛ دج١وجه٠ٛ ث١ٍث٪ ص٬ٜقِجف هٛ ُٮ ثٞ٧ي٭ ٯْجٰٛز ث٣وو٠ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ أفو ث-6 )١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ (ثأل. ٢ٰٰضَٜ٘ٛثةو ُٮ ثٛ ثٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٛ ث٢ٟ ضٜضنٛث٩
7 – Two emergency hormones which are secreted during fear, anger, excitement, and fighting. They working to increase the percentage of sugar in the blood due to decomposition of glycogen in the liver to glucose. (Adrenaline and nor adrenaline) ٜٚضٰؾز صق٣ ٝوٌْٛ٘ ُٮ ثْٛذز ث٣ ٍٯجهر٬ٜ ه١ال٠ٯو٩ ٙٔضجٛث٩ ثإلعجًر٩ ٌؼخٛث٩ ٍ٪نٛ ُٮ فجالس ث١ ٯٌٍِث١يثٜٛثًا ث٪ـٛج ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ -7 )٢ٰٛج٤ً أهًٯ٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ (ثألهًٯ. ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛ٘ذو إٛ ُٮ ث١َن٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛث
8 - Cells in the pancreas secrete the hormone glucagon. (Alpha cells) )ِجٛ (مالٯج أ. ١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٌٍِ٘ٯجُ ص٤ذْٰٛؼ ث٣ مالٯج ُٮ-5
9 - Cells represent the majority of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas , secretes the hormone insulin. (Beta cells) ) (مالٯج دٰضج. ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٌٍِ٘ٯجُ ص٤ذْٰٛؼ ث٣ َ ُٮ٣ج٧ٌؾ٣ذٰز ؽًَ الٛ ًجٚغ٠ مالٯج ص-1
10 - Hormone oppose the action of insulin by raising the concentration of glucose in the blood. (Glucagon) )١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛ (ث. ٝوٍٛ ُٮ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾٖٛ دٌُن صٌَٰٗ ثٛى٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ِ٘ هٚ٠ ٯو١٪ٌٟ٧ -99
11 - Hormone its deficiency in blood results in diabetes. (Insulin) )٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ (ثأل. ٌْ٘٭ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛع ث٠ ثألطجدز د٬ٛ ث٫ إألٝوٛ ُٮ ث٦ٔظ٣ ٯؤه٭١٪ٌٟ٧ -99
12 - The name given to male sex hormones secreted by interstitial cells of testis . (Androgens) )جس٤ٰؽ٩ًو٣ (ثأل. نظٰزٰٛز ُٮ ث٤ٰذٛنالٯج ثٛج ث٧ٌٍِضٮ صٛيٌٗٯز ثْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٬ْٜ هٜي٭ ٯُـٛ ثّٞ ثال-92
13 - The name given to female sex hormones and secreted by the ovaries. (Estrogens) )جس٤ٰؽ٩ٌ (ثألّض. ذٰغ٠ٛج ث٧ٌٍِٯ٩ ٯز٪غ٣ْٰز ثأل٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٬ْٜ هٜي٭ ٯُـٛ ثّٞ ثال-91
14 – The other name for estrogen hormone, secreted by the Graafian follicles in the ovary, works on the appearance of sexual characteristics in the female as enlargement of the mammary glands, and regulation of menstruation (PMS). (Estradiol) 40
٬غ٣ْٰز ُٮ ثأل٤ؾٛنظجةض ثًٛ ث٪٨ ك٬ٜ هٚ٠ٯو٩ ذٰغ٠ٛٯظالس ؽٌثٍ ُٮ ث٪ ف٢ٟ ٌٍِي٭ ٯٛ ث٢ٰؽ٩ٌ ثإلّض١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ٌ أٱمّٞ ثال-94 )ٙ٪ (ثالّضٌثهٯ.) ٌٯز٨شًٛر ث٩وٛظ ( ث٠ـٛ ثٰٞل٤ص٩ غوٯٰزٌٛوه ثٛ ٗذٌ ثٚغٟ
15 - Hormone secreted by the corpus luteum, placenta and uterus; and cause relaxation of symphysis pubis at the end of pregnancy to facilitate childbirth. (Relaxin) . الهر٪ٰٛز ثٜ٠ هٰٚ٨ْضٛ ٚ٠قٛجٯز ُضٌر ث٨٣ و٤ٮ ه٣وجٛٯْذخ ثًصنجء ثالًصِجّ ث٩ ٌٞفٛث٩ ز٠ٰش٠ٛث٩ ٌِ ثألطْٞؾٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ -91 )٢ٌْٰٗٯالٛ(ث
16 - A hormone secreted from the stomach and works to activate it to secrete its juice and digestive enzymes. (Gastren) )٢ؾجّضٌٯٛ (ث. ز٠جػ٨ٛج ث٨جص٠َٯ٣إ٩ ج٨ج إلٌُثٍ هظجًص٨ٰشـ٤ ص٬ٜ هٚ٠ٯو٩ وور٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ -96
17 – Two hormones secreted from the small intestine are working to stimulate the secretion of digestive enzymes. (Secretine and Cholecystokinine) )٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪ْْٰٰضٛ٪٘ٛث٩ ٢ٌْٰ٘صٛ (ث. ز٠جػ٨ٛجس ث٠َٯ٣شٰؾ إٌُثٍ ثإل٤ ص٬ٜ ه١ال٠وٰٓٔز ٯوٛوجء ثٟ ثأل٢ٟ ١ ٯٌٍِث١ج٣٪ٌٟ٧ -97
18 - Hormone if its secretion increase in the blood leads to osteoporosis. (Parathormone). )١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ (ث. ٝولجٛشجشز ث٨ د١ْج٣ ٯُظجح ثإلٝوٛ ُٮ ث٥ٍ إىث ٍثه إٌُث١٪ٌٟ٧ -95
III- G. R. or scientific explanation: : ) أسئلة التعليالت والتفسير العلمي3(
1 - Gigantism in children. A- due to increased secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the glandular part of the pituitary gland where the hormone controls the metabolic processes, especially protein synthesis and thus controls the growth of the body. . ٙٔز ُٮ ثألؿِجٜ٠وٛط ث٩ فو-9 مجطز٩ ٰجس ثألٯغٜ٠ ُٮ ه١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧ ٰٞ٘ز فٰظ ٯضقٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٌو٭ٛؾَء ثٛ ث٢ٟ (G.H) ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ دْذخ ٍٯجهر إٌُث . ْٞؾٛ ث٪٠٣ ُٮٖٞ٘ ٯضقٛدي٩ ٢ٰص٩ٌذٰٛن ث٤صظ
2 - Pituitary gland is called master of the endocrine glands. A- because it controls the entire endocrine system by hormones such as ACTH which stimulating the adrenal gland, and TSH which stimulating thyroid gland, the hormone LH + FSH which Stimulates sex glands (males and females gonads). . جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٰٛز ًةْٰز ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٬ْٜ هٜ ٯُـ-2 T.S.H ١٪ٌٟ٧٩ ، ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٜٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ثACTH ٚغٟ ج٧ٌٍِضٮ صٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ؿٌٯْ ث٢ ه٦ٜ٠ٗجء دؤ٠ظٌٛوه ثٛجٍ ث٨ ُٮ ؽٞ٘ج صضق٨٣ أل . ) غز٣ؤ٠ٛث٩ يٌٗر٠ٛ ثّٚج٤٠ْٰٛز ( ث٤ؾٌٛوه ثٜٛ ١ج٨ذ٤٠ٛ ثF.S.H + L.H ج٣٪ٌٟ٧٩ ، وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٜٛ ذز٤٠ٛث
3 - Secretion of milk from the mammary glands of lactating woman. A- due to secretion of Prolactin from adenohypophysis part of pituitary gland which stimulate secretion of milk, and oxytocin hormone from neurohypothysis part of the pituitary gland which stimuate rush of milk from the mammary glands in response to suckling process. . ٌػن٠ْٰٛور ثٜٛ غوٯٰزٌٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ذٜٛ إٌُثٍ ث-1 . ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌو٭ٛؾَء ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧٩ ( Prolactin ) ٢ذٜٛ إلٌُثٍ ث٦ذ٤ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ دْذخ إٌُثٍ ث ٰخٜقٛ ثٙ٩َ٣ ٩وُجم أ٣شؾوجً ُٮ ثٟ ً أعٌث٦ٛ (Oxytocin) ٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩ أ٬٠ْجً آمٌ ٯ٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِٰز ٯٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ وظذٮٛؾَء ثٛ ث١ج أ٠ٗ . ٌػجهزٰٛز ثٜ٠وٛ ٰز ثّضؾجدز٤ذٌٜٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ
4 - Contractions of uterine muscles during childbirth. A- Due to secretion of oxytocin hormone from the pars nervosa of the pituitary gland, which regulate uterine contractions and increase it strongly during the birth process in order to expel the fetus, so it is often used by doctors to speed up the process of birth. . الهر٪ٛجء ث٤ ُٮ أعٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ )ْٜـٛٔذجػجس ( ث٣ط ث٩ فو-4
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ظجسٜٔ صٰٞل٤ ص٬ٜ هٚ٠ٰز فٰظ ٯوٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ وظذٮٛؾَء ثٛ ث٢ٟ ) ٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩ ( أٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ دْذخ إٌُثٍ ث . الهر٪ٰٛز ثٜ٠إلٌّثم ُٮ هٛ ثألؿذجء٦ٟج ٯْضنوٟ ًذجٛيث ًج٨ٛ٩ ، ٢ٰ٤ؾٛ إمٌثػ ثٚ أؽ٢ٟ الهر٪ٰٛز ثٜ٠جء ه٤ج دشور أع٧ٯَٯو٩ ٌٞفٛث
5 – Occurance of exophthalmic goiter in some individuals. A- due to excessive secretion of thyroxin hormones from thyroid gland; which cause enlargement of thyroid gland and swelling in front of the neck with a bulging of the eyes. . كٮ٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٛ إطجدز دوغ ثألٌُثه دج-1 وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٜٛ ًكج٪قٜٟ ًج٠ج ٯْذخ صؼن٠ٟ ًٌٰ ؿذٰوٮٚ٘ ) دش٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛوًٰٓز ( مجطز ثٌٛور ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ دْذخ إٌُثؽ ُٮ إٌُث . ٢ٰ٤ٰوٛف ُٮ ث٪ن ؽقٟ ٌٓذزٛ ث٢ٟ ٮٟجٟؾَء ثألٛضِجك ث٣ث٩
6 - Increase secretion of Parathormone makes bones fragile and prone to fracture. A- Because increase Parathormone causes increase the level of calcium in the blood by pulling calcium and phosphorus from so bones become fragile and subject to break easily. . ٌْٜ٘ٛ وٌػزٟ٩ شز٧ ٝولجٛ ثٚ ٯؾو١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ ٍٯجهر إٌُث-6 شز٧ ُضظذـٝولجًٛ ث٪ِّ٪ُ٩ ٝ٪ْٰٛ ٗج٢ٟ َٯجهرٖٛ ثٜصْقخ ص٩ ، ٝوٛ ُٮ ثٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ صْذخ ثًصِجم١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ٍٯجهر ث١ أل . زٛ٪٨ٌْْ٘ دٜٛ صضوٌع٩
7 – Appearance of masculine characters in some adult females. A- because of an imbalance between sex hormones secretion by the gonads and sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, which has an activity similar to male hormones (testosterone) and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone). . ٌزٛذجٛجط ث٣ دوغ ثإل٬ًٜر ه٪ٗيٛجس ثًٟ هال٪٨ ك-7 ج ٓشٌر٧ٌٍِضٮ صْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٢ٰد٩ )ّٚج٤٠ٛنضظز (ث٠ٌٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِر٠ْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث١ٍث٪ ص٢ٰ دٜٚط م٩ دْذخ فو . )١٩ٌؽْض٩ٌذٛث٩ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌٯز ( ثإلّض٪غ٣جس ثأل٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث٩ ) ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛيٌٗٯز (ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ ٦شجدٟ شجؽ٣ ج٨ٛ ضٮٛث٩ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛث
8 - Secretion of adrenaline facing cases of danger , excitement and anger . A- because (1) it increase the level of bood sugar, by breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver to glucose, (2) it increase the rate and force of contraction of the heart and raise blood pressure. All these changes help muscles of the body to obtain energy required for contraction with increase in oxygen consumption. . ٌؼخٛ ُٮ فجالس ثٝ٪ؾ٨ٛث٩ ِٙوج٣ثال٩ ٌنـٛز فجالس ث٨ثؽ٪ٟ ٢ٰٛج٤ٰب إٌُثٍ ثألهًٯ٨ ٯ-5 ٌّهز٩ ر٪ٓ٩ ٍٯجهر٬ٜ هٚ٠ج ٯو٠ٗ ،ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛ٘ذو إٛ ُٮ ث١َن٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛ ثٜٚ صق٢ٟ ٝوٌْٛ٘ ُٮ ثْٛذز ث٣ ٍٯجهر٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٦٣ أل ن ٍٯجهرٟ ٔذجع٣الٛ زٍٟالٛـجٓز ثٛ ث٬ٜ هٙ٪قظٛ ُٮ ثْٞؾٛضٌٌٰثس صْجهو هؼالس ثٛ ث٥ي٧ ٚٗ٩ ، ٝوًُٛن ػٌؾ ث٩ خٜٔٛٔذجع ث٣ث . ٢ٰالٕ ثألْٗؾ٨ثّض
9 - Pancreas is a mixed gland. A- Answer on your own. . ) َال صوؾ٩ دجهلل٢ثّضو٩ ِْٖ٤( أؽخ د
. ؽز٩َهٟ ٌ٘ٯجُ ًور٤ذٛ ث-1
10 – Diabetic patients is always feeling of thirst. A- Because decrease secretion of insulin increase level of blood glucose than normal pass in urine high glucose in urine output is accompanied by large amounts of water, thirst and frequent urination. . وـشٛجً دج٠ٌْ٘ هثةٛ ث٬ٌػٟ ً٪ شو-99 ضٰؾز٣٩ ، ٙ٪ذٛ ثٌٰٚٛ أٯؼجً ُٮ صقج٨ٯل٩ ـذٰوٮٛ ثٙوو٠ٛ ث٢ هٝوٍٛ ُٮ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ ُضٌصِن٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٔض إٌُث٣ دْذخ )ٙ٪ضذٛ ( صووه ث٩ وـشٌٛر ث٧ كج٢ٟ ٮ٣ٌٯغ ٯُوج٠ٛ ث١ ُئ، جء٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰجس ٗذٌٰر٠ٗ إمٌثػ٦ي٭ ٯظجفذٛ ثٙ٪ذٍٛ ُٮ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ الًصِجم
11 - Diabetic patient may suffer from coma . A- Because decrease insulin in the blood cells can not absorb and consume excess sugar in oxidation and release of energy necessary for vital activity. . ٌْ٘ٛدز ث٪جً دٌٰذ٣ٌْ٘ أفٰجٛ ث٬ٌػٟ إطجدز-99. ـجٓزٛـالّ ث٣ث٩ ُٮ ثألْٗور٦ٗال٨ثّض٩ ٦ضظجطٟنالٯج ثٛال صْضـٰن ث٩ ٝوٍٛ ُٮ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ ُضَٯوٝوٛ ُٮ ث٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ٔض ثأل٣ دْذخ . ٭٪ٰقٛشجؽ ث٤ٜٛ زٍٟالٛث
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12 – Nervous coordination is much faster than hormonal coordination. A- because nervous system regulates the neural responses that reach through the various sense organs (which are in direct contact with the nervous system). . ٮ٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛضآًٍ ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٰوظذٮ أٌّم د٘غٛضآًٍ ثٛ ث-92 ٌذجشٟ ٙ ثصظج٬ٜ ه١٪٘ضٮ صٛث٩( ِزٜنض٠ٛقِ ثٛ ؿٌٯْ أهؼجء ث٢ هٚضٮ صظٛوظذٰز ثٛ ثالّضؾجدجس ثٞل٤وظذٮ ٯٛجٍ ث٨ؾٛ ث١ أل . ) وظذٮٛجٍ ث٨ؾٛدج
13 - Use of extract of the posterior lobe of the pituitary glands of cattle in difficult labour. A- Due to the presence of oxytocin which stimulate contraction of muscles of the uterus, and stimulate release of milk from the mammary glands for breast feeding. . ضوٌْر٠ٛالهر ث٪ٰٛجس ثٜ٠جشٰز ُٮ ه٠ٜٛ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛوه ثٜٛ ِٮٜنِٛض ثٛ مالطز ثٝ صْضنو-91 . ٌػجهزٜٛ ًٰز ثّضووثهث٤ذٌٜٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٰخٜقٛ ثٙ٩َ٣ شؾن ُٮٟ ٌ أع٦ٛ ج٠ٗ ، ٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛه ث٪ؽ٪ٛ
14 – Secretion of pancreatic juice on arrival of food to duodenium, does not need nervous connection. A - because Starling discovered that the mucous wall lining of the duodenum secrete chemical substancess (secretine hormone and cholecystokinine hormone ) which pass to the blood directly stimulate the pancreas to secrete its digestive juice even with cutting any neuronal connection between the pancreas and other organs of the body. . هظذٮٙٮ ثصظجٛ هشٌ ال ٯقضجػ إ٬٤إلعٛ ٝـوجٛ ثٙ٪ط٩ ً٪ُ ز٠جػ٨ٛ ث٦وظجًصٛ ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛ إٌُثٍ ث-94 ١٪ٌٟ٧ ، ٢ٌْٰ٘ٯضٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ { ٮ٧ ٰجةٰز٠ٰٗ ثه٪ٟ ٌٍِ هشٌ ٯ٬٤إلعٛ ٢ذـ٠ٛنجؿٮ ث٠ٛؾوثً ثٛ ث١ؼ ثٗضشَ أ٤ًٛ ّضج١ أل-ػ ٢ٰ هظذٮ دٙن ٓـن أ٭ ثصظجٟ ٬ز فض٠جػ٨ٛ ث٦ إٌُثٍ هظجًص٬ٌٜ٘ٯجُ ه٤ذٛ صقَِ ث٩ ذجشٌرٟ ٝوٛ } صٌْٰ ُٮ ث٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪ْْٰضٛ٪٘ٛث . ْٞؾٛ دجٓٮ أهؼجء ث٩ ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛث
15 - Pituitary gland is known as the master of all endocrine glands. A - because it secretes hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands such as {TSH hormone that stimulates thyroid hormone; ACTH that stimulating the adrenal cortex, and FSH, LH, that stimulates the gonads}. . } َؽٍك عًٍ اٌغذح إٌخبُِخ اسُ سئُسخ اٌغذد اٌصّبء { اٌّبَسزشو-11 ٔشٌرٛ شؾ٤٠ٛ ثACTH ١٪ٌٟ٧ ، وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛشؾ ث٤ي٭ ٯٛ ثTSH ١٪ٌٟ٧ { ٚغٟ ٌوهٛشجؽ دجٓٮ ث٣ ُٮٞ٘جس صضق٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِج ص٨٣ أل-ػ . } ّٚج٤٠ٛشـج ث٤ ٯ١يثٜٛ ثLH ، FSH ج٣٪ٌٟ٧ ، ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛث
16 – Occurance of gigantism in children. A - because of increasing in the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that controls metabolism especially protein synthesis and thus control the growth of man. . حذوس اٌعٍّمخ فٍ األؼفبي-11 ٖٛدي٩ ٢ٰص٩ٌذٰٛن ث٤مجطز صظ٩ ٰجس ثالٯغٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق٫يٰٛز ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٮٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث٢ٟ ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍَٯجهر ُٮ إٌُثٛ دْذخ ث-ػ .١ْج٣ ثال٪٠٣ ٬ُ ٞ٘ٯضق
17 - There was no increase in the length of man if there was an increase in the secretion of growth hormone after puberty. A – Because elongation of bone stop ; so growth of distant parts of bone increase enlargement of extremities and bones of the skull which is known as the Acromegally (localized gigantism). . عذَ حذوس صَبدح فٍ ؼىي اإلٔسبْ إرا حذصذ صَبدح فٍ إفشاص هشِىْ إٌّى ثعذ اٌجٍىغ-11 ّٞج ٯوٌٍ دج٠ُٰ ز٠ؾ٠ؾٛ ثٝ هلج٩ ٍ ثألؿٌثٞ ُضضؼنٝولجٛذوٰور ُٮ ثٛ ثألؽَثء ث٪٠٣ ٰجً َُٰٯوٛ٪ ؿٝولجٛ ث٪٠٣ َٓ٪ دْذخ ص-ػ . ) ػوٰز٪٠ٛٔز ثٜ٠وٛٮ ( ثٰٛؾجٟ٩ٌٗثأل
18 - The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is more important than the posterior lobe. A - because it produces growth hormone GH, hormones control the activity of other 43
glands such as {TSH hormone that stimulates thyroid hormone; ACTH stimulating the adrenal cortex, FSH & LH that stimulating the gonads}. . ٍ اٌفص األِبٍِ ٌٍغذح إٌخبُِـخ أهُ ِٓ اٌفص اٌخٍف-11 ١٪ٌٟ٧ ، وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛشؾ ث٤ي٭ ٯٛ ثTSH ١٪ٌٟ٧ { ٚغٟ ٌوهٛشجؽ دجٓٮ ث٣ ُٮٞ٘جس صضق٣٪ٌٟ٧ ، GH ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ٦٣ أل-ػ . } ّٚج٤٠ٛشـج ث٤ ٯ١يثٜٛ ثLH ، FSH ج٣٪ٌٟ٧ ، ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛٔشٌر ثٛ شؾ٤٠ٛ ثACTH
19 - Pituitary gland control secretion of Oestrogens. A - Because it secretes FSH hormone from the anterior lobe , which stimulates the ovary to form graffine follicle that produces oestrogens . And LH from the anterior lobe also which activate the process of ovulation and egg release from Graffin follicle , transforming Graffine follicle to corpus luteum, which secretes the hormone progesterone and oestrogen. . رزحىُ اٌغذح إٌخبُِخ فٍ إفشاص اإلسزُشوجُٕبد-11 ٢ٰؽ٩ٌٰضٮ صٌٍِ ثإلّضٛز ؽٌثٍ ثٜٯظ٪ ف٢ٯ٪٘ضٛ ذٰغ٠ٛي٭ ٯقَِ ثٛ ث٪٧ ٩ ٮٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث٢ٟ ) ٚط٪ق٠ٛ( ثFSH ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِج ص٨٣ أل-ػ ٩ ، ٍز ؽٌثٜٯظ٪ ف٢ٟ ٯؼز٪ذٛ صقًٌ ث٩ ٯغ٪ضذٰٛز ثٜ٠شؾ ه٤ي٭ ٯٛ ث٪٧ ٩ ًٮ أٯؼجٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث٢ٟ ) ٌِظ٠ٛ ( ثLH ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ صٞ ع. . ١٩ٌٰؽْض٩ٌذٛ ث٩ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌٰ ثإلّض١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِي٭ ٯٛ ثألطٌِ ثْٞؾٛ ث٬ٛز ؽٌثٍ إٜٯظ٪ فٙ٪صق
20 - Secretion of milk from the mammary glands of lactating women. A - because the pituitary gland secretes the hormone prolactin from the anterior lobe which activate secretion of milk as soon as the separation of the fetus from the uterus ( birth). . ٌػوز٠ْٰٛور ثٜٛ غوٯٰزٌٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ذٜٛ إٌُثٍ ث-29 . ) الهر٪ٛ ( ثٌٞفٛ ث٢ ه٢ٰ٤ؾٛ ثِٙظج٣ؾٌه ث٠ د٢ذٜٛشؾ إلٌُثٍ ث٤٠ٛ ث٢ٰالٗض٩ٌذٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٮٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِٰز صٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث١ أل-ػ
21 – Extract of the posterior lobe of pituitary gland of cattle is useful in cases of difficult labour. A - because it contains a hormone oxytocin that causes contractions of the involuntary muscle of uterine wall, which causes labour (birth). . ضوغٌر٠ٛالهر ث٪ٛجشٰز ُٮ فجالس ث٠ٜٛ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ِٮٜنِٛض ثٛ صِٰو مالطز ث-29 ) الهر٪ٛنجع ( ث٠ٛي٭ ٯْذخ ثٛ ث، } ٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩ { أٌٞفٛؾوثً ثٛ الإًثهٯزٛوؼالس ثٛٔذجع ث٣ْذخ ال٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٬ٜ٭ ه٪ج صقض٨٣ أل-ػ
22 - Contractions of the uterine muscles during childbirth (labour). A - Contraction occurs to facilitate exit of fetus from the uterus. It is done when the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete hormone oxytocin, which cause contraction of the involuntary muscle of uterine wall. . ) نجع٠ٛالهر ( ث٪ٛجء ث٤ْ ) أعٜ ( ؿٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٔذجػجس٣ط ث٩ فو-22 ي٭ٛ ث٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ِٮٜنِٛض ثٛو إٌُثٍ ث٤ٖ هٛ ىٞ ٯض٩ ؛ٌٞفٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ٰ٤ؾٛػ ث٩ٌ مٚ٨ْضٛ ٔذجػجس٣ صقوط ثال-ػ . ٌٞفٛؾوثً ثٛ الإًثهٯزٛوؼالس ثٛٔذجع ث٣ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ٯو
23 - Occurance of exophthalmic goitre in some individuals. A - because of the increase in secretion of the hormone thyroxin from the thyroid gland. . كٮ٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٛ إطجدز دوغ ثألٌُثه دج-21 . وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍَٯجهر ُٮ إٌُثٛ دْذخ ث-ػ
24 - Osteoporosis may occurs due to deficiency of a specific hormone or increase in other hormone. A - Decrease of the hormone calcitonin, or increase of hormone Parathormone, leads to decrease in calcium in bones and its increase in blood which causing osteoporosis. . ٌ آم١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٯجهر٩ أ٢ٰوٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٤ٛ ضٰؾز٣ ٝولجٛشجشز ث٨ د١ْج٣ ٓو ٯظجح ثإل-24 ج ٯْذخ٠ٟ ٝوٛ ُٮ ث٦ ٍٯجهص٩ ٝولجٛ ُٮ ثٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛٔض ث٣ ج٠٨ُٰ ٯقوط١ضجٛ فج، ١٪ٌٟذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٯجهر٩ أ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ -ػ . ٝولجٛشجشز ث٧
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25 – Parathyroid glands are called bone glands. A - because they secrete Parathormone that regulates calcium in the bones and blood. . ٝولجٛ ًوه ثّٞوًٰٓز ثٌٛوه ؽجً ثٛ ث٬ْٜ هٜ ٯـ-21 . ٝوٛ ث٩ ٝولجٛ ُٮ ثٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ٞل٤ي٭ ٯٛ ث١٪ٌٟذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِج ص٨٣ أل-ػ
26 - It is may be difficult to see the parathyroid glands. A - because they are surrounded by the thyroid glands and its size is small (the size of a grain of wheat). . ًج٣وًٰٓز أفٰجٌٛوه ؽجًثس ثٛور ث٧شجٟ ٓو ٯظوخ-26 . ) ـ٠ٔٛ فذز ثٞج طٌٌٰ ( ُٮ فؾ٨٠ فؾ٩ وًٰٓزٌٛوه ثٛقجؿز دجٟ ؽو٪ج ص٨٣ أل-ػ
27 – Appearance of masculine features on some adult females as a result of hormonal imbalance. A - This occurs due to increase activity of adrenal cortex, which secretes hormones similar to male sex hormones in their effect. . ٮ٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثٙضٰؾز ثالمضال٣ ٌزٛذجٛجط ث٣ دوغ ثإل٬ًٜر ه٪ٗيٛجس ثًٟ هال٪٨ ك-27 . ج٧ٌٰيٌٗٯز ُٮ صؤعْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٦جس صشذ٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِي٭ ٯٛ٘لٌٯز ثٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٔشٌ٭ٛؾَء ثٛشجؽ ث٣ و ٍٯجهر٤ٖ هٛ ٯقوط ى-ػ
28 - Piloerection, pale color of the face, and dilated pupils occurs in cases of extreme fear. A - Due to secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline hormones, from the adrenal medulla . . ٢ٰوٛ ثصْجم فوٓز ث٦ؽ٪ٛ ث١٪ٛ ح٪شق٩ ٌشوٛضظجح ث٣شوٯو ٯالفق ثٍٛ ث٪نٛ ُٮ فجالس ث-25 . ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣ ٢ٟ ٢ٰٛج٤ًأهًٯ٪٤ٛ ث٩ ، ٢ٰٛج٤ج ثألهًٯ٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍضٰؾز إلٌُث٣ -ػ
29 - Secretion of adrenaline prepares the body to cope with situations of risk and emotion, and attack in anger. A – Because it works to increase the level of sugar in the blood by convertion of glycogen stored in the liver into glucose, and increase force and rate of heart contraction and increase blood pressure; to help the muscles to get the energy needed for contraction with increase in oxygen consumption. . ٌؼخٛز ثٛ ُٮ فجٝ٪ؾ٨ٛ ث٩ ِٙوج٣ ثال٩ ٌنـٛز فجالس ث٨ثؽ٪٠ٛ ْٞؾٛ ث٢ٰٛج٤ٰب إٌُثٍ ثألهًٯ٨ ٯ-21 ، ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛ٘ذو إٛ ُٮ ث١َن٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛ ثٚٯ٪ دضقٝوٌْٛ٘ ُٮ ثْٛذز ث٣ ٍٯجهر٬ٜ هٚ٠ فٰظ ٯو-ػ ن ٍٯجهرٟ ٔذجع٣الٛ زٍٟالٛـجٓز ثٛ ث٬ٜ هٙ٪قظٛ ث٬ٜوؼالس هْٛجهور ث٠ٛ ؛ٝوٛ ًُن ػٌؾ ث٩ خٜٔٛٔذجع ث٣ ٌّهز ث٩ ر٪ٓ ٍٯجهر٩ . ٢ٰالٕ ثألْٗؾ٨ثّض
30 - Doctor describes stimulant drugs to the liver for patient with diabetes. A - because diabetic patient suffers from disturbance in the metabolism of carbohydrates, nd fats, and disturbance in the relationship between free glucose in the blood and stored glycogen in the liver . To stimulate the liver to convert glucose into glycogen . ٘ذوٜٛ شـز٤٠ٛٯز ث٩ ثأله٢ٟ ٌْ٘٭ ؽٌهجسٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛٯغ ث٠ٛ ـذٰخٛجً ٯظَ ث٠ هثة-19 ٩ ٝوٛقٌ ُٮ ثٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ ٢ٰوالٓز دٛ ُٮ ثٜٚ م٩ ، ١٪٧وٛ ث٩ ٰوًثس٧٪ٌ٘دٛ ُٮ أٯغ ثٜٚ م٢ٟ ٮ٣ٌْ٘٭ ٯوجٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛٯغ ثٟ ١ أل-ػ ٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٚٯ٪ضقٛ ٘ذوٛشٰؾ ث٤ضٛ. ٘ذوٛومٌ ُٮ ث٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛث
31 – Diabetic patient suffers from frequent urination, accompanied with thirst. A - because increase level of glucose in the blood leads to the need to remove it from the body with the urine dissolved in a large amount of water , so patient urinate frequency with loss of large amount of water thirst . . ٌ٠ْض٠ٛوـش ثٛح دج٪ظق٠ٛ ثٙ٪ضذٌٛثس ثٟ صووه٩ ً صٌ٘ث٢ٟ ٌْ٘٭ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛٯغ ثٟ ٮ٣ ٯوج-19 ٌٯغ هوه٠ٛ ثٙ٪جء ُٰضذ٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰز ٗذٌٰر٠ٗ يثح ُٮٟ ٙ٪ذٛن ثٟ ٦ إلمٌثؽْٞؾٛ فجؽز ث٬ٛ ٯؤه٭ إٝوٍٛ ُٮ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ ثًصِجم١ أل-ػ . ٌ٠ْضٟ ٚ٘وـش دشٛجء ُٰشوٌ دج٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰز ٗذٌٰر٠ٗ ُٔو٩ ٌثس٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٰٗذ
45
32 - Diabetic patient suffer from coma. A - result of an imbalance in the secretion of insulin from the pancreas, leading to severe change in the proportion of glucose in the blood and the occurrence of fainting. . ٌْ٘ٛدز ث٪ٌْ٘ دٌٰذٛ ث٬ٌػٟ ٯظجح-12 . جء٠ًط ثإل٩فو٩ ٝوٍٛ ُٮ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ صٌٌٰ شوٯو ُٮ٬ٛج ٯؤه٭ إ٠ٟ ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ُٮ إٌُثٍ ثألٜٚضٰؾز م٣ -ػ
33 - Insulin works to lower glucose in the blood. A - because it stimulates the passage of monosaccharides especially glucose (except fructose) to the cells to break down the sugars to produce energy. And stimulates the liver to store glucose in the form of glycogen (animal starch), which reduce the level of glucose in the blood until it reaches the normal {100 mg glucose / 100 cm3 of blood}. . ٝوٍٛ ُٮ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ٌّ٘ ث٣ مِغ٬ٜ ه٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثألٚ٠ ٯو-11 ، ـجٓزٛضجػ ث٣ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯز إلٛ ثٝو٨ضٛ نالٯجٛ ث٬ٍٛ ) إ٪ٌِٗضٛج هوث ثٟ ( ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٌْٛ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯز مجطز ثٌٛثً ثٟ ٯقَِ إ٦٣ أل-ػ ٝوٍٛ ُٮ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ مِغ٬ٜ هٚ٠ج ٯو٠ٟ ، ) ٮ٣ث٪ٰقٛشج ث٤ٛ ( ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛ ث٪٧ ٌ٠ٰٛ٪ًر د٪ٍ ُٮ ط٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ث٢ صنَٯ٬ٜ٘ذو هٛ ٯقَِ ث٩ . } ٝوٛ ث٢ٟ 1ّٞ 999 / ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽٞؾٜٟ 999 { ـذٰوٮٛ ثٙوو٠ٛ ث٬ٛ إٚ صظ٬ج فض٨و ثًصِجه٤ه
34 - Pancreas, stomach, duodenum , testis, and ovary are mixed glands . A - the pancreas: (1) Exocrine gland because it produces pancreatic juice that reach to the site of its work in the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. (2) endocrine gland because it produces the hormone glucagon from the alpha cells of islets of Langerhans, and the hormone insulin from beta cells of islets of Langerhans, which pass to the blood directly. Stomach : (1) exocrine gland because it secretes gastric juices from the glands in the mucous wall . (2) endocrine gland because it secrete Gastrin hormone to the blood directly. Duodenum: (1) Exocrine gland : because it secretes intestinal juice in its cavity. (2) endocrine gland because it produces secretine and cholecystokinine hormones to the blood directly. Testis: (1) Exocrine gland because it secretes seminal fluid in the vas deference . (2) endocrine gland because it secrete androgens hormones (testosterone + Andro- sterone) to the blood directly from the interstertial cells. Ovary: (1) Exocrine gland because it produces eggs to the fallopian tube. (2) Endocrine gland because it produces oestrogens hormones (oesterogen & progesterone) from Graafian follicle and then corpus luteum to the blood directly. . كِٰز٪ٛؽز ث٩َهٟ ذٰغ ) ًوه٠ٛ ث، نظٰزٛ ث، ٌ هش٬٤ ثإلع، وور٠ٛ ث، ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛ { ث-14 نالٯجٛ ث٢ٟ ٌ٘ٯجّٰز٤ذٛجر ث٤ٔٛ هشٌ هذٌ ث٬٤ج ُٮ ثإلع٨ٜ٠ػن ه٪ٟ ٬ٛ إٚضٮ صظٌٛ٘ٯجّٰز ث٤ذٛوظجًر ثٛ ٯٌٍِ ث٦٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور: ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛ ث-ػ ًَ مالٯج دٰضج ُٮ ؽ٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٩ ، َ٣ج٧ٌؾ٣ِج ُٮ ؽًَ الٛ مالٯج أ٢ٟ ١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ٦٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور ال، ٰزٜٯظ٪قٛث . ذجشٌرٟ ٝوٛ ُٮ ث، َ٣ج٧ٌؾ٣ال ٢ؾجّضٌٯٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِج ص٨٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ال، ج٨ٛ ٢ذـ٠ٛنجؿٮ ث٠ٛؾوثً ثٛٯز ُٮ ث٪٤ٓ ًوه٢ٟ ووٯز٠ٛوظجًر ثٛج صٌٍِ ث٨٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور: وور٠ٛث . ذجشٌرٟ ٝوُٛٮ ث ٝوٛ ُٮ ث٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪ْْٰضٛ٪٘ٛ ث٩ ٢ٌْٰ٘ٯضٛج ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ٦٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور ال، ٦ِٯ٪ٯز ُٮ صؾ٪و٠ٛوظجًر ثٛ ٯٌٍِ ث٦٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور: ٌ هش٬٤ثإلع . ذجشٌرٟ ١٩ٌٰضْضْٰضٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧( جس٤ٰؽ٩ًو٣جس ثأل٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِج ص٨٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور ال، ذٌدلٛجر ث٤ٓ ٭ ُٮ٪٤٠ٛ ثْٚجةٛج صٌٍِ ث٨٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور: نظٰزٛث . ٰز٤ٰذٛنالٯج ثٛ ث٢ٟ ذجشٌرٟ ٝوٛ ) ُٮ ث٢ٰؽ٩ًو٣ ثأل، ، ٢ٰؽ٩ٌٰجس (ثإلّض٤ٰؽ٩ٌٰجس ثإلّض٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ٦٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور ال، ح٪ٛجر ُج٤ٓ ٯؼجس ُٮ٪ذٛ ٯٌٍِ ث٦٣ٯز أل٪٤ٓ ًور: ذٰغ٠ٛث . ذجشٌرٟ ٝوٛ ثألطٌِ ُٮ ثْٞؾٛ ثٞز ؽٌثٍ عٜٯظ٪ ف٢ٟ ) ١٩ٌٰؽْض٩ٌذٛث
35 - The ability of relaxin hormone to facilitate birth. A - because it produce relaxation of ligaments at the symphysis pubis of the pelvic 46
bones expanding the angle of symphysis pubis expand the pelvis facilitate exit of the fetus from the uterus. . الهر٪ٛ ثٰٚ٨ْٮ صٜ ه٢ٌْٰٗٯالٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٓوًر-11 ػ٩ٌ مٚ٨ُْٰ ٮ٣وجٛٯز ثالًصِجّ ث٩ّٰن ٍث٪ع دض٪قّٰٛن ث٪ضٛ ع٪قٛ ثٝٮ ُٮ هلج٣وجٛو ثالًصِجّ ث٤ ثًصنجء ثألًدـز ه٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٦٣ أل-ػ . ٌٞفٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ٰ٤ؾٛث
IV- Choose the correct answer . What is the cause if possible: : ٓ) اخزش اإلجبثخ اٌصحُحخ ِع ثُبْ اٌسجت إْ أِى4(
1 - Concentration of urine is affected by hormone: (constricted blood vessels - cortisone estrogen - calcitonin ). . ) ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ – ث٢ٰؽ٩ٌ – ثألّض١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ( اٌمبثط ٌألوعُخ اٌذِىَخ – ث: ١٪ٌٟ٧ ثّـز٪ دٙ٪ذٛ صضؤعٌ هًؽز صٌَٰٗ ث-9
2 – Iodine is necessary in diet of human because it enters in the composition of the hormone ….. (thyroxin - Parathormone - calcitonin - adrenaline). – ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ – ث١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ( اٌضُشووسُٓ – ث: ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٯ٪٘ ُٮ صٚ ٯوم٦٣ أل١ْج٣ ثإلٝه دـوج٪ٰٛظٌ ث٤ٌُ ه٪ً٭ ص٩ٌؼٛ ث٢ٟ -2 . ) ٢ٰٛج٤ثألهًٯ
3 - If the pancreas was removed from an experimental mouse, symptoms that arise after the operation: (diabetes - Goiter - idiocy - dwarfism). . ) زَٟٔثٛز – ث٧ذالٛٯضٌ – ث٪ؾٛ ( اٌجىي اٌسىشٌ – ث: ٰزٜ٠وٛجشتز دوو ث٤ٛ ثألهٌثع ث٢٠ُ ضؾجًحٛ ُؤً ث٢ٟ ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛ ثٚ إىث أٍٯ-1
4 - Which of the following does not belong to the hormone insulin (a) It is produced only in adults. (b) the lack of secretion causes diabetes. (c) Produced from certain cells in the pancreas. (d) Controls the level of glucose in blood. . ٌْ٘٭ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛع ثٟ ٯْذخ٥ٍٔض إٌُث٣ – ح. ُٓأ – َٕزج فمػ فٍ األفشاد اٌجبٌغ . ٝوٍٛ دج٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ٌّ٘ ث٫٪ْضٟ ُٮٞ٘ه – ٯضق
؟٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٮ ال ٯنضٜج ٯ٠ٟ أ٭-4 . ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛز ُٮ ث٤ٰوٟ مالٯج٢ٟ ضؼ٤ػ – ٯ
5 - The hormone that goes against the work of parathyroid glands hormones (calcitonin thyroxin - aldosterone - progesterone) ) ١٩ٌؽْٰض٩ٌذٛ – ث١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ – ثأل٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ( اٌىبٌسُزىُٔٓ – ث: ٪٧ ؾجًهًٰٓزٌٛوه ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٚ٠ ه٦ٜ٠ي٭ ٯؼجه هٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث-1
6 - Increase secretion of Parathormone leads to: (osteomalacia - enlarged liver and spleen - Increased blood sugar - gastric and duodenal ulcer). ) ٌ هش٬٤ثالع٩ وور٠ٛ – ٌٓفز دجٝوٛ – ٍٯجهر ٌّ٘ ثٙـقجٛث٩ ٘ذوٛ ثٞ( ٌُٓ اٌعظبَ – صؼن: ٬ٛ ٯؤه٭ إ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ ٍٯجهر إٌُث-6
7 - The gland, which if its secretions increase leads to early puberty for males is … (adrenal - pituitary - thyroid - parathyroid) ) ؾجًهًٰٓزٛوًٰٓز – ثٰٛز – ثٟنج٤ٛ( اٌىظشَخ – ث: ٮ٧ ً٪ٗيٜٛ ٌ٘ذ٠ٛى ث٪ٜذٛ ث٬ٛج ٯؤه٭ إ٧ٍضٮ إىث ٍثه إٌُثٌٛور ثٛ ث-7
8 - Any of the following functions do not belong to the thyroid gland. (control amount of urine - control growth of the body - regulation of metabolism – regulation of calcium level) ٰٞل٤ٰجس ثألٯغ – صٜ٠ هٰٞل٤ – صْٞؾٛ ث٪٠٣ ُٮٞ٘ضقٛ ( اٌزحىُ فٍ وُّخ اٌجىي – ث. وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٰٛز ال صنض ثٛضجٛكجةَ ث٪ٛ ث٢ٟ أ٭-5 )ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣
9 - Any of the following occurs as a response to fear or nervous stress (a) increase level of glucose in blood. (b) increase secretion of insulin from the pancreas. (c) Decrease secretion of adrenaline. (d) increase blood flow to the skin. ح) ٯَهثه
. َوظذٮ ؟ أ ) َضداد ِسزىي اٌجٍىوىص فٍ اٌذٛوظذٮ ثٛؼٌؾ ثٛ ث٩ٍ أ٪نٜٛ ثّضؾجدز٩ أٚج ٯؤصٮ ٯقوط ٌٗه ُو٠ٟ أ٭-1 . وٜؾٛ ث٬ٛ إٝوٛ ث١ ه ) ٯَهثه ٌّٯج. ٢ٰٛج٤ إٌُثٍ ثألهًٯٚٔػ) ٯ . ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣إٌُثٍ ثأل
10 - The hormone that induces contraction of the muscle wall of the uterus during childbirth is produced by the gland (pituitary - adrenal - pancreatitis - Thyroid) ) وًٰٓزٌٛ٘ٯجُ – ث٤ذٛ٘لٌٯز – ثٛ( إٌخبُِخ – ث: ٌورٛ ث٥ٌٍِالهر ص٪ٛجء ث٤ أعٌٞفٜٛ ٮٜوؼٛؾوثً ثٛٔذجع ث٣ي٭ ٯْضقظ ثٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث-99
11 - Exophthalmic goiter arises as a result of increased secretion of hormone ... (thyroxin - Growth - cortisone - Parathormone). 47
. ) ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ – ث١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ – ث٪٠٤ٛ( اٌضُشووسُٓ – ث... ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍضٰؾز ٍٯجهر إٌُث٣ كٮ٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٛز ثٛشؤ فج٤ ص-99
12 - The gland which stimulate the mammary glands to secrete milk after birth is ... (the pituitary - adrenal - parathyroid – ovaries). ) ذٰغ٠ٛؾجًهًٰٓز – ثٛ٘لٌٯز – ثٛ( إٌخبُِخ – ث... ٮ٧ الهر٪ٛ دوو ث٢ذٜٛغو٭ إلٌُثٍ ثٰٛز دج٤ذٌٜٛوه ثٛ ث٦ٰذ٤ دضٝ٪ٔضٮ صٌٛور ثٛ ث-92
13 - The adrenaline .... (a) Stimulate the body to do activity necessary to meet the danger. (b) show some sexual characteristics. (c) increase the body's resistance to infection. (d) stimulate the liver to convert glucose into glycogen. ْٰز٤ؾٛظِجس ثٛجً دوغ ث٨ح ) إك
. أ ) رٕجُه اٌجسُ ٌٍمُبَ ثبٌٕطبغ اٌالصَ ٌّىاجهخ اٌخؽش . ٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٍٛ إ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٚٯ٪ضقٛ ٘ذوٛ ث٦ٰذ٤ه) ص
.... دـ٢ٰٛج٤ ثألهًٯٝ٪ٔ ٯ-91 . ٫٩ووٜٛ ْٞؾٛز ثٟ٩ٔجٟ ػ ) ٍٯجهر
14 - Maintaining the integrity of skin, hair and stimulate absorption of carbohydrates are from the function of ….. (thyroid - pituitary - pancreatic - adrenal cortex) ٌ٘ٯجّٰز – ٓشٌر٤ذٰٛز – ثٟنج٤ٛ( اٌذسلُخ – ث... ٌورٛكجةَ ث٩ ٢ٟ ٯجس٪ش٤ٛضظجص ثٟصقَِٰ ث٩ ٌشوٛث٩ وٜؾٛز ثٟ ّال٬ٜقجُلز ه٠ٛ ث-94 ) ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛث
V- Miscelleneous questions : هز٪٤ضٟ٩ زٟز هجٜ) أّت1(
1 - Mention five different functions of hormones in human life. (a) Equilibrium and balance the body's internal situation. (b) Growth of the body. (c) Physical maturity. (d) Metabolism. (e) Human behavior and development of emotional and mental pattern. . ١ْج٣جس ُٮ فٰجر ثإل٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ ِزٜنضٟ َكجة٩ ْز٠ ثىٌٗ م-9 ) ـ٧( . ٌيثةٮٛ ثٰٚغ٠ضٛ( ه ) ث. ٮ٠ْؾٛػ ث٪ؼ٤ٛ (ػ ) ث. ْٞؾٛ ث٪٠٣ ) (ح. ٦٠ٰل٤ص٩ ْٞؾٜٛ ٮٜوثمٛػن ث٪ٛ ث١ثصَث٩ ١ٍث٪ ( أ ) ص .ضٌِٰ٘٭ٛث٩ وجؿِٮٛ ث٥٪٠٣٩ ١ْج٣ٕ ثإل٪ّٜ
2 – What results in increased secretion of the pituitary gland before and after puberty? - Before puberty: gigantism. - After puberty: Acromegally : enlargement of extrimities because of regrowth of distant parts of long bones as hands , feet, fingers and facial bones. ى ؟٪ٜذٛدوو ث٩ ٰٚز ٓذٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ٍٯجهر إٌُثٍ ث٢ضؼ ه٤جىث ٯٟ -2 . ٔزٜ٠وٌٛر ث٧ط كج٩ فو: ى٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ ثألطجدن٩ ٝثألٓوث٩ ز ٗجألٯو٭ٜٯ٪ـٛ ثٝولجٛذوٰور ُٮ ثٛ ثألؽَثء ث٪٠٣ ثألؿٌثٍ دْذخ صؾوٯوٞ فٰظ صضؼن، ٮٰٛؾجٟ٩ٌٗ ثأل: ى٪ٜذٛدوو ث . ٦ؽ٪ٛ ثٝهلج٩
3 – Write a brief on hormones of the adrenal cortex. It is divided into three groups: A) Glucocorticoids: cortisone and corticosterone (regulate carbohydrates metabolism). B) Mineralocorticoids l: the most important is aldosterone, which re-absorption of sodium and get rids of excess potassium in the kidneys and thus keep the balance of minerals in the body. C) Sex hormones: testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females. They lead to appearance of musculine symptoms in female, and feminine symptoms in males. if there is imbalance between them and the sex hormones secreted from the gonads (testes and ovaries). . ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛٔشٌر ُٮ ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٢نضظٌر هٟ ذير٣ ثٗضخ-1 : ٮ٧ هجس٪٠ؾٟ عالط٬ٛ إْٞٔ٤ ص . ) ٯجس٪ش٤ٛ أٯغ ث١ج٠ل٤( ٯ١٩ٌّٰض٪ًٰ٘ص٪٘ٛث٩ ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ ث: ٌْ٘ٯزٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛهز ث٪٠ؾٟ ) أ
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٢ٰٰضَٜ٘ٛثةو ُٮ ثٛ ثٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٛ ث٢ٟ ْٞؾٛض ثٜٯن٩ ٝ٪هٯ٪ظٛضظجص ثٟي٭ ٯوٰو ثٛ ث١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛج ثأل٨٠٧ أ: ٰز٣وو٠ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛهز ث٪٠ؾٟ )ح . ْٞؾٛ دج١وجه٠ٛ ث١ٍث٪ٖ ٯقِق صٛدي٩ ً٪٨ ك٬ٛٮ صؤه٭ إ٧٩ ، جط٣ ُٮ ثإل١٩ٌٰؽْض٩ٌذٛث٩ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌثإلّض٩ ً٪ٗيٛ ُٮ ث١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ ث: ْٰز٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛهز ث٪٠ؾٟ ) ػ ذٰغ٠ٛث٩ نظٰزٛ (ثّٚج٤٠ٛج ث٧ٌٍِضٮ صْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٢ٰد٩ ج٨٤ٰ دٜٚ إىث فوط مٌٙؽجٛ ث٬ٜعز ه٪٣ثأل٩ جط٣ ثإل٬ٜز هٛ٪ٌؽٛأهٌثع ث .)
4 - Mention the names of hormones that perform the following: (A) Control food metabolism when secreted from the pituitary gland. (Growth hormone (G.H)) (B) Helps to get rid of difficult situations as cases of anger and emotion. (Adrenaline and noradrenaline) (C) Activates the rush and descent of milk in response to suckling process. (oxytocin)) : ج ٯؤصٮ٠ دٝ٪ٔضٮ صٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛجء ث٠ّ ثىٌٗ أ-4 ))G.H( ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧( . ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٥ٍو إٌُث٤ٌيثء هٛ ثٰٚغ٠ ص٬ْٰٜـٌر هٛ( أ ) ث )٢ٰٛج٤ًأهًٯ٪٤ٛ ث٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ (ثألهًٯ. شوٯوٛ ثِٙوج٣ثال٩ ٌؼخٛظوذز ٗقجالس ثٛثَٓ ث٪٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ضٜضنٛ ث٬ٜ(ح) ٯْجهو ه ))٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩ ( أٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ (ث. ٌػجهزٰٛز ثٜ٠وٛ ٰخ ثّضؾجدزٜقٛ ثٙ٩َ٣٩ وُجم٣شؾ ث٤(ػ ) ٯ
5 - How scientists know the functions of the endocrine glands and hormones. - Examine the symptoms resulting from enlargement or glands and remove it. - Study structure of glands extract and its effects on vital activities جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث٩ جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛكجةَ ث٪ٛ جء٠ٜوٛ ثٚط٪ َٰٗ ص-1 ج٨ٛ ثّضتظج٩ ث٥ٌوٛ ثٞ صؼن٢ ه٦جصؾ٤ٛ دِقض ثالهٌثع ث٦ٯ٪ٰقٛ ث٦شـ٣ ثال٬ٜج ه٧ٌثع٩ ٌوهٛ ث٦ صٌٰٗخ مالط٦ّ دوًث-
6 - Write a brief about diabetes milletes ? A – Causes : due to lack of insulin; Symptoms : increases blood sugar ; Increases urine sugar; accompanied with excretion of large quantity of water in the urine ; and thirst ٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛع ثٟ ٢ ه٥ذي٣ أٗضخ-6 هـش- ٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ ٥ٌٰجء ٗذٟ ٦ٰ٠ٗ ثمٌثػ٦ ٯظجفذ- ٙ٪ذٛ ٯَٯو ٌّ٘ ث- ٝوٛ ٯَٯو ٌّ٘ ث- ذجٛ ًج٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ٔض ثال٣ ٦ضٰؾ٣ -ػ
7 - What the figure shows 1) Write the names of the parts numbered 1 to 8 2) Write the names of endocrine glands shown and the location of each. 3) What is the master gland? and why? 4) What is the gland that are found in children only. (Answer : thymus) 5) What is the gland that human can live without it? 6) What is the gland that secretes steroid hormones. [adrenal cortex, the pituitary gland, and the gonads (ovaries in women, testis in men)].
7) What is the mixed gland ? Why? 8) What is the gland that lack of its secretion in childhood causes disease cretinism. 9) What is the gland that its secretions cause constriction of uterine muscles during childbirth. 10) What are the glands that participate in the metabolism of sugars (carbohydrates)
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ِ -1برا َىظح اٌطىً اٌّمبثً اوزت أسّبء األجضاء اٌّشلّخ ِٓ 1إًٌ 1 اوزت أسّبء اٌغذد اٌصّبء اٌّىظحخ وثُٓ ِىلع وال ِٕهب ِٓ هً سُذح اٌغذد وٌّبرا ؟ ِب هً اٌغذح اٌزً رىجذ فٍ األؼفبي فمػ ِب هً اٌغذح اٌزً َسزؽُع أْ َعُص ثذؤهب اإلٔسبْ ِب هً اٌغذح اٌزً رفشص هشِىٔبد اسزشوَذاد ِب هً اٌغذح اٌّطزشوخ ؟ وٌّبرا ؟ ِب هً اٌغذح اٌزً َسجت ٔمص افشاصهب فٍ ِشحٍخ اٌؽفىٌخ ِشض اٌمّبءح ِبهً اٌغذح رسجت افشاصارهب أمجبض ععالد اٌشحُ فٍ أصٕبء اٌىالدح ِب هً اٌغذد اٌزً رطزشن فٍ اَط اٌسىشَبد ( إٌطىَبد )
?8- What these figures represent A- Write the name of parts number 1 : 5. B- Symptoms of increase and decrease secretions of part 2 and part 4 . ِ -1برا َىظح اٌطىً اٌّمبثً اوزت أسّبء األجضاء اٌّشلّخ ِٓ 1إًٌ 1 اروش أعشاض صَبدح ؤمص افشاصاد اٌجضء سلُ 2و اٌجضء سلُ 4
?9- What these figures represent A- Write the name of parts number 1 : 2. B- Compare between part 1 and part 2 : as regard secretions and function. ِ -1برا َىظح اٌطىً اٌّمبثً اوزت أسّبء األجضاء اٌّشلّخ ِٓ 1إًٌ 2 لبسْ ثُٓ اٌزشوُت ِٓ 2، 1حُش اإلفشاص ،واٌىظُفخ
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إٌفُس
I- Chose the correct answer: ضووه٠ٛز ثالفضٰجً ثٜأّت:ال٩أ
1. Gland responsible for the activity of the thyroid gland is ........... (a) Corpus luteum. (b) The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Parathyroid. ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٰٛز (ػ)ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث- ٌِ ثألطْٞؾٛث...........٬٧ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛشجؽ ث٣ ٢ز هٛ٪ْت٠ٌٛور ثٛ ث.9 ؾجًهًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ(ه)ث
2. Gland which stimulates the mammary glands for milk secretion after labour. (a) Corpus luteum. (b) The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Parathyroid. ِضٰٛز (ػ)ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ثألطٌِ (ح)ثْٞؾٛ(أ)ث..……٬٧ الهر٪ٛ دوور ث٢ذٜٛغوٯٰز إلٌُثٍ ثٌٛوه ثٛ ث٦ٰذ٤ دضٝ٪ٔ ص٬ضٌٛور ثٛث.2 ؾجًهًٰٓزٌٛور ثٰٛز (ه)ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنٛث
3. Gland responsible for rush and descent of milk from the mammary glands in response to feeding …. (a) Corpus luteum. (b) Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Parathyroid. ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ثألطٌِ (ح)ثْٞؾٌٛػجهز (أ)ثٜٛ ٰز ثّضؾجدز٤ذٌٜٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٰخٜقٛ ثٙ٩َ٣٩ وُجم٣ ث٢ز هٛ٪ْت٠ٌٛور ثٛث.1 ؾجًهًٰٓزٌٛور ثٰٛز (ه)ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛ(ػ)ث
4. Gland responsible for regulating the changes that occur in the mammary glands during pregnancy… (a) The corpus luteum (b) the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Parathyroid. ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ثألطٌِ (ح)ثْٞؾٛ (أ)ثٚ٠قٛجء ث٤غوٯٰز أعٌٛوه ثٛ ث٬ُ صقوط٬ضٛضٌٌٰثس ثٛ ثٰٞل٤ ص٢ز هٛ٪ْت٠ٌٛور ثٛث.4 ؾجًهًٰٓزٌٛور ثٰٛز (ه)ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛ(ػ)ث
5. Dwarfism arises as a result of................ (a) Increasing growth hormone before puberty. (b) The lack of growth hormone before puberty. (c) Increase the thyroxin hormone before puberty. (d) The lack of the hormone thyroxin before puberty. ١٪ٌٟ٧ ى (ػ) ٍٯجهر٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )ى (ح٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ (أ)ٍٯجهر................ضٰؾز٣ زَٟٔثٛز ثٛشؤ فج٤ص.1 ى٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )ى (ه٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛث
6. Gigantism arises as a result of ............... (a) Increasing growth hormone before puberty. (b) The lack of growth hormone after puberty. (c) The lack of the hormone thyroxin before puberty. (d) The lack of the hormone thyroxin before puberty. ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )ى (ػ٪ٜذٛ دوو ث٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )ى (ح٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ (أ)ٍٯجهر...............ضٰؾز٣ ٔزٜ٠وٛز ثٛشؤ فج٤ص.6 ى٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )ى (ه٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛث
7. A state of cretinism (idiocy) occurs as a result of ................. (a) Increase growth hormone before puberty. (b) Lack of growth hormone before puberty. (c) Lack of the thyroxin before puberty. (d) Lack of thyroxin after puberty. ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )ى (ػ٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )ى (ح٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ (أ)ٍٯجهر.................ضٰؾز٣ )ز٧ذالٛجءر(ث٠ٔٛز ثٛشؤ فج٤ص.7 ى٪ٜذٛ دوو ث٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )ى (ه٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛث
8. Mixoedema arises as a result of ............ (a) Increase growth hormone before puberty. (b) Lack of growth hormone before puberty. (c) Lack of thyroxin before puberty. (d) Lack of the thyroxin after puberty.
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١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )ى (ػ٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )ى (ح٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ (أ)ٍٯجهر............ضٰؾز٣ ج٠هٯ٪ْٰ٘٠ٛز ثٛشؤ فج٤ص.5 ى٪ٜذٛ دوو ث٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )ى (ه٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛث
9. Simple goiter of the thyroid gland occurs as a result of............. (a) Increasing growth hormone before puberty. (b) Lack of growth hormone before puberty. (c) Lack of calcium in the blood. (d) Lack of iodine in food and water. ٔض٣)ى (ػ٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )ى (ح٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ (أ)ٍٯجهر.............ضٰؾز٣ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٜٛ ج دْٰـج٠ٯقوط صؼن.1 جء٠ٛث٩ ٌيثءٛ ث٬ُ ه٪ٰٛٔض ث٣) (هٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛث
10. It is necessary to the availability of iodine for human food as it is............. (a) Prevents the formation of blood clots in the blood vessels. (b) Enters in formation of thyroxin. (c) Enter in the formation of Parathormone. (d) Activates white blood cells. ٰزٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٚهٰز (ح)ٯوم٩ ثأل٬ُ ٯز٪ٟوٛـز ثٜؾٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘ن ص٤٠(أ)ٯ.............٦٣ أل١ْج٣ ثالٝه دـوج٪ٰٛظٌ ث٤ثٌُ ه٪ ص٫ً٩ٌؼٛ ث٢ٟ.99 ذٰؼجءٛ ثٝوٛشؾ ٌٗٯجس ث٤ (ه)ٯ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘ ص٬ُ ٚ (ػ)ٯوم٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘ص
11. Underweight with increased heart rate and nervous irritability and swelling on both sides of the neck are the symptoms of.............. (a) Increase growth hormone before puberty. (b) Decrease growth hormone after puberty. (c) Increase of the thyroxin (d) Decrease thyroxin after puberty. ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ٌِؿزٟ (أ)ٍٯجهر..............ضٰؾز٣ أهٌثعٚغ٠ٌٓذز صٛ ث٬ذ٣ ؽجًٝ٪ص٩ ٬وظذٰٛؼ ث٨ضٛث٩ خٜٔٛن ٍٯجهر ػٌدجس ثٟ ١ٍ٪ٛٔض ث٣.99 ى٪ٜذٛ دوو ث٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣) (ه٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ٌِؿزٟ ى (ػ)ٍٯجهر٪ٜذٛ دوو ث٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣)ى (ح٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٪٠٤ٛث
12. A woman suffering from an excessive increase in weight, dry skin, scanty hair, lack of physical and mental activity and decrease heart rate are symptoms of: (a) lack of the hormone insulin (b) lack of the hormone thyroxin (c) diabetes. (d) Mixed (e) both a & c. (f) Both b & d . ٚ٠ ٯقض٦٣ ُئ٬ٛضجٛخ دجٜٔٛػٌدجس ث٩ ٬ٜٔوٛث٩ ٬٠ْؾٛشجؽ ث٤ٛ ث٬ُ ٔض٣ ٌشوٛز ثٜٓ٩ وٜؾٛ ؽِجٍ ث١ٍ٪ٛ ث٬ُ ٌِؿزٟ ٍٯجهر٢ٟ ٬٣ٌأر صوجٟث.92 ػ، أ٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( ج٠هٯ٪ْٰ٘٠ٌٛع ث٠ (ه)د٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛع ث٠ (ػ)د٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٤ (ح)د٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٤ (أ)د:ج٨إطجدض ه، ح٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩(
13. A man suffering from enlarged bones of the face, and distant parts of the long bones, as hands, feet, fingers are symptoms of.............. (a) Deficiency of hormone thyroxin (b) increase of growth hormone. (c) Mixdema. (d) Acromegally. (e) Both a & c. (f) Both b&d. ظجدجٟ ١٪٘ ٯ١ أٚ٠ ٯقض٦٣ثألطجدن ُئ٩ ٝثألٓوث٩ ٫ز ٗجألٯوٜٯ٪ـٛ ثٝولجٛ ث٬ُ ذوٰورٛثألؽَثء ث٩ ٦ؽ٪ٛ ثٝ هلجٞ صؼن٢ٟ ٬٣ ٯوجًٚؽ.91 ػ، أ٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( ٬ٰٛؾجٟ٩ٌٌٗع ثأل٠ج (ه)د٠هٯ٪ْٰ٘٠ٌٛع ث٠ (ػ)د٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ (ح)دَٯجهر٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٤(أ)د..... .........دــ ه، ح٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩(
14. A child with healthy mental power, and the size of the head and neck proportionate to his length, but suffers from short length, it is likely that it suffer from ... (a) deficiency hormone thyroxin. (b) lack of growth hormone , (c)cretinism , (d) dwarfism, (e) both a & c , (f) both b & d . ............ظجدج ح٠٣٪٘ ٯ١ أٚ٠ ٯقض٦٣ ُئٙ٪ـٛ ٓظٌ ث٢ٟ ٬٣ ٯوج٢٘ٛ٩ ٦ٛ٪ن ؿٟ جّخ٤ضٟ ٌٓذزٛث٩ ٌُأٛ ثٞفؾ٩ ٰزٜٔوٛ ث٫٪ٔٛ ثّٰٜٞ ِٚؿ.94 ه، ح٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩( ػ، أ٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( زَٟٔثٌٛع ث٠جءر (ه)د٠ٌٔٛع ث٠ (ػ)د٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٤ (ح)د٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٤(أ)د
15. A child suffering from mental retardation with the large size of the head, short neck and short body length, it is likely to be infected with............... (A) deficiency hormone thyroxin (B) lack of growth hormone (C) disease cretinism (D) disease, dwarfism (E) each of a, c (F) all of b, d . ...............ظجدج دــٟ ١٪٘ ص١ أٚ٠ ٯقض٦٣ ُئْٞؾٛ ثٙ٪ٓظٌ ؿ٩ ٌٓذزٛٓظٌ ث٩ ٌُأٛ ثٞن ٗذٌ فؾٟ ٬ٜٔوَٛ ثٜضنٛ ث٢ٟ ٬٣ ٯوجِٚؿ.91 ه، ح٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩( ػ، أ٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( زَٟٔثٌٛع ث٠جءر (ه)د٠ٌٔٛع ث٠ (ػ)د٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٤ (ح)د٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٤(أ)د
16. A man suffering from frequent urination; continuous thirst, in spite of lack of sugar in the urine, it is likely to be suffered from …(a) increase of the hormone aldosterone . (b) 52
Lack of the hormone insulin. (c) Lack of the ADH hormone. (d) Increase of hormone Parathormone. ١ أٚ٠ ٯقض٦٣ ُئٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ ٌّ٘ ه٪ؽ٩ ٝ هو٢ٟ ًٌٌٞٛثً دج٠وـش دجّضًٛ دج٪شوٛث٩ ٙ٪ضذٌٛثس ثٟ هوه٬ُ ٌِؿزٟ ٍٯجهر٢ٟ ٬٣ ٯوجًٚؽ.96 ١٪ٌٟ٧ (ه)دَٯجهرٙ٪ذٛن إلهًثً ث٣ج٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛٔض ث٤ (ػ)د٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٤ (ح)د١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ظجدج (أ)دَٯجهرٟ ١٪٘ٯ ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛث
17. An individual suffering from decrease level of sodium in the blood and its increase in urine; and increase potassium in the blood and its deficiency in urine, it is likely to be suffered from............... (a) Lack of the hormone aldosterone. (b) Lack of the ADH hormone. (c) Increase of ADH hormone. (d) Increase of hormone Parathormone . ظجدجٟ ١٪٘ ٯ١ أٚ٠ ٯقض٦٣ ُئٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ ٦ٔظ٣٩ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٍٛٯجهر ث٩ ٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ ٦ٍٯجهص٩ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪هٯ٪ظٛٔض ث٣ ٢ٟ ٬٣ٌُه ٯوج. 97 ٙ٪ذٛن إلهًثً ث٣ج٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ (ػ)دَٯجهر ثٙ٪ذٛن إلهًثً ث٣ج٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٤ (ح)د١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٤ (أ)د...............دــ ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ (ه)دَٯجهر
18. A Woman showing muscline signs; it is due to ........... (a) imbalance between the hormones of ovaries and adrenal cortex hormones. (b) Injection with the hormone testosterone. (c) Injection with the hormone estrogen. (d) Both a & b . (E) Both a & c . ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛجس ٓشٌر ث٣٪ٌٟ٧٩ ذٰغ٠ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٰ دٜٚ(أ)م...........٬ٖٛ ٯٌؽن ثٛ ى١ز ُئٛ٪ٌؽٛجس ثٟج هال٨ٌٰٜ ه٨ٌأر صلٟث.95 ػ، أ٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( ح، أ٢ٟ ٚٗ) (ه٢ٰؽ٩ٌ ثألّض١٪ٌٟ٨ش د٤ٔ (ػ)ف١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ش د٤ٔ(ح)ف
19. An individual suffering from high level of calcium in the blood, softening and curvature of the bone, it is likely to be due to ............ (a) imbalance between the hormones the ovaries and adrenal cortex hormones. (b) Increase the hormone Calcitonine. (c) Deficiency of Parathormone . (d) Increased Parathormone . (e) Both b & c . ٢ٰ دٜٚ (أ)م............ دْذخ١٪٘ ٯ١ أٚ٠ ٯقض٦٣ ُئٝولجٛ ث٬ُ ُ٪ٔص٩ ٢ٰٛ ه٪ؽ٩ نٟ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ثًصِجم٢ٟ ٬٣ٌُه ٯوج.91 ١٪ٌٟ٧ (ه)ٍٯجهر١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣) (ػ٢ٰ٣٪ْضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٘لٌٯز (ح)ٍٯجهرٌٛور ثٛجس ٓشٌر ث٣٪ٌٟ٧٩ ذٰغ٠ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ػ، ح٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛث
20. An individual the level of blood sugar in his blood is 220 mg/100 cm3 and suffer from frequent urination and thirst, it may be due to........... (a) Lack of the hormone insulin. (b) Absence of beta cells of islets of Langerhans. (c) Lack of the hormone glucagons. (d) Absence of alpha cells of islets of Langerhans . (e) Both a & b . (f) Both c & d . ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣) (أ........... دْذخ١٪٘ ٯ٦٣وـش ُئًٛ دج٪شوٛث٩ ٙ٪ضذٛ ٗغٌر ث٢ٟ ٬٣ٯوج٩ 1ّٞ999/ٞؾٟ229 ٦ٟ ه٬ُ ٌْْ٘ٛذز ث٣ ٌُه.29 ح، أ٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( َ٣ج٧ٌؾ٣ؾًَ الٛ ِجٛ (ه) ًٰجح مالٯج ث١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣)َ (ػ٣ج٧ٌؾ٣ؾًَ الٛ (ح)ًٰجح مالٯج دٰضج٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ثأل ه، ػ٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩(
21. The amount of urine decrease and its concentration increase by.............. (a) Increase oxytocin hormone. (b) Lack of the ADH hormone. (c) Increase of the estrogen hormone. (d) Increase calcitonin hormone. ن٣ج٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛٔض ث٤ٯز (ح)د٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ألٛ ٔجدغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ (أ)دَٯجهر ث...................٥ٌَٰٗج صَٯو هًؽز ص٠٤ٰ دٙ٪ذٰٛز ث٠ٗ ٚٔص.29 ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ (ه)دَٯجهر٢ٰؽ٩ٌ ثألّض١٪ٌٟ٧ (ػ)دَٯجهرٙ٪ذٛإلهًثً ث
22. The hormone adrenaline has the following effects, except.............. (a) Stimulate the body to do the activity necessary to confront the danger. (b) Increase heart rate and breathing. (c) Reduced peristalsis movement of the intestines. (d) Reduced secretions of the digestive tract. (e) Constriction of blood vascular of skin. (f) Conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver. (g) Relaxation of blood vessels in the muscle. ػٌدجسٙووٟ نـٌ (ح)ثًصِجمٛز ث٨ثؽ٪٠ٛ ٍٝالٛشجؽ ث٤ٛ دجٰٝٔجٜٛ ْٞؾٛ ث٦ٰذ٤ (أ)ص................جهوثٟ ٬ٜج ٯ٠ د٢ٰٛج٤ ثألهًٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٝ٪ٔٯ.22 وٜؾٛٯز دج٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ٔذجع ثأل٣)ث٥( ٰز٠ؼ٨ٛجر ث٤ٔٛنِجع إٌُثٍثس ث٣وجء (ه)ثٟألٛ هٯز٩وٛقٌٗز ثٛنِجع ث٣ِِ (ػ)ث٤ضٛث٩ خٜٔٛث وؼالسٛ ث٬ُ ٯز٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ذْجؽ ثأل٣٘ذو (ٍ)ثٛ ث٬ُ ٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٚٯ٪)صق٩(
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23. Hormone, which causes contraction of the muscles of the uterus during childbirth is.......... (a) Oxytocin which secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (b) Vasopressin hormone which is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) Oxytocin which is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Estrogen secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex. ِضٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِٯ٩ ٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ (أ)ث..........٪٧ الهر٪ٛجء ث٤ أعٌٞفٛٔذجع هؼالس ث٣ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث.21 ٌٍِٯ٩ ٢ّٰ٪ ثألْٰٗض١٪ٌٟ٧)ٰز (ػٟنجٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛٯز ث٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ألٛ ٔذجع٣ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٰٛز (ح)ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجٟثأل ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛٓشٌر ث٩ ذٰغ٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِٯ٩ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌٰز (ه)ثألّضٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛ ث٢ٟ
24. Hormone which works to secrete milk after birth is .......... (a) Hormone stimulating muscles of the uterus which is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (b) Prolactin hormone which is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) Oxytocin hormone which is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Estrogen secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex. ٌورٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِٯ٩ ٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ (أ)ث..........٪٧ الهر٪ٛ دوو ث٢ذٜٛ إٌُثٍ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث.24 ٌورٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِٯ٩ ٢ّٰ٪ ثألْٰٗض١٪ٌٟ٧)ٰز (ػٟنجٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثالٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ ث٢ٰالٗض٩ٌذٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧)ٰز (حٟنج٤ٛث ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛٓشٌر ث٩ ذٰغ٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِٯ٩ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌٰز (ه)ثألّضٟنج٤ٛث
25. Hormone, which works on release of milk during lactation is............. (a) Hormone stimulating for muscles of the uterus which is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (b) Prolactin hormone which is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) Oxytocin hormone which is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Estrogen secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex. ِضٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِٯ٩ ٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ (أ)ث.............٪٧ ٌػجهزٛجء ث٤ٰخ أعٜقٛوُجم ث٣ث٩ ٙ٩َ٣ ٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث.21 ِضٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِٯ٩ ٢ّٰ٪ ثألْٰٗض١٪ٌٟ٧)ٰز (ػٟنجٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثالٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ ث٢ٰالٗض٩ٌذٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ )ٰز (حٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجٟثأل ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛٓشٌر ث٩ ذٰغ٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِٯ٩ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌٰز (ه)ثألّضٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنٛث
26. Hormone, which works on gradual growth of the mammary glands during pregnancy is ............(a) Progesterone hormone secreted by the placenta and corpus luteum . (b) Prolactin hormone which is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) Oxytocin hormone which is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (d) Relaxin hormone secreted from placenta in ate months of pregnancy ز٠ٰش٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ ث١ٌٰؽْٰض٩ٌذٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧) (أ............٪٧ ٚ٠قٛجء ث٤غوٯٰز أعٌٛوه ثٜٛ ٬ضوًٯؾٛ ث٪٠٤ٛ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث.26 ِضٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِٯ٩ ٢ّٰ٪ ثألْٰٗض١٪ٌٟ٧)ٰز (ػٟنجٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثالٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ ث٢ٰالٗض٩ٌذٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ) ثألطٌِ (حْٞؾٛث٩ ٚ٠قٛ ث٢ٟ ً ثألمٌٰر٪٨شٛ ث٬ُ ز٠ٰش٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِٯ٩ ٢ٌْٰٗٯالٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧)ٰز (هٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنٛث
27. Hormone that causes relaxation of symphysis pubis at the end of pregnancy is: (a) estrogen. (b) Progesterone. (c) Relaxin. (d) Cortisone. ١٩ٌٰؽْٰض٩ٌذٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧) (ح٢ٰؽ٩ٌ ثألّض١٪ٌٟ٧) (أ:٪٧ ٚ٠قٛجٯز ُضٌر ث٨٣ و٤ ه٬٣وجٛ ٯْذخ ثًصنجء ثالًصِجّ ث٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث.27 ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧) (ه٢ٌْٰٗٯالٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧)(ػ
28. From the hormones secreted by the stomach lining, which stimulate the stomach to secrete digestive juice (HCl and pepsin) is............ (a) Gastren . (b) Secretine . (c) Cholecystokinine . (d) Calcitonin. ١٪ٌٟ٧) (أ............٪٧ )٢ْٰذذٛث٩ HCl(ز٠جػ٨ٛج ث٨وور إلٌُثٍ هظجًص٠ٛشؾ ث٤ ص٬ضٛث٩ وور٠ٛج ؽوثً ث٧ٌٍِ ٯ٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٢ٟ.25 ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧) (ه٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪ْْٰٰضٛ٪٘ٛ (ػ)ث٢ٌْٰٰ٘صٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧) (ح٢ؾجّضٌٯٛث
29. From the hormones secreted by the wall of the small intestine, which stimulate the secretion of digestive juices is .............(a) Gastren . (b) Secretine .(c) Cholecystokinine . (d) all of the above . (e) both a & b . (f) both b & c . ٢ؾجّضٌٯٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧) (أ.............٪٧ ز٠جػ٨ٛوظجًر ثٛشؾ إلٌُثٍ ث٤ ص٬ضٛث٩ وٰٓٔزٛوجء ثٟج ؽوثً ثأل٧ٌٍِ ٯ٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٢ٟ.21 ػ، ح٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩( ح، أ٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( ْج ّذٟ ٚٗ) (ه٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪ْْٰٰضٛ٪٘ٛ (ػ)ث٢ٌْٰٰ٘صٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧)(ح
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30. All of the following hormones are steroids, except............ (a) Sex hormones. (b) Aldosterone. (c) Cortisone. (d) Parathormone . (e) Testosterone. (f) Progesterone. ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ (ه)ث١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ (ػ)ث١٩ٌّٰض٩وْٰٛز (ح)ثأل٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ (أ)ث............جهوثٟ ٯوٯز٩ٌٰز ّٰضٛضجٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثٚٗ.19 ١٩ٌٰؽْٰض٩ٌذٛ)ث٩( ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ)ث٥(
31. Examples of androgens are (a) adrenaline and noradrenalin. (b) Testosterone and androsterone . (c) Estrogen and progesterone . (d), cortisone and corticosterone . ١٩ٌٰؽْٰض٩ٌذٛث٩ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌ (ػ)ثألّض١٩ٌّٰض٩ًو٣ثأل٩ ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ (ح)ث٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ (أ)ثألهًٯ٬٧ جس٤ٰؽ٩ًو٣ز ثألٜغٟ أ٢ٟ.19 ١٩ٌّٰض٪ًٰ٘ص٪٘ٛث٩ ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ(ه)ث
32. Adrenal medulla produces hormones ......... (a) Adrenaline and noradrenaline .(b) testosterone and androsterone . (c) Estrogen and progesterone . (d) Cortisone and corticosterone . ٢ٰؽ٩ٌ (ػ)ثألّض١٩ٌّٰض٩ًو٣ثأل٩ ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ (ح)ث٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ (أ)ثألهًٯ.........جس٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣ ٌٍِٯ.12 ١٩ٌّٰض٪ًٰ٘ص٪٘ٛث٩ ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ (ه)ث١٩ٌٰؽْٰض٩ٌذٛث٩
33. Examples of glucocorticoids hormones is ................. (a) Adrenaline and noradrenaline (b) testosterone and androsterone . (c) Estrogen and progesterone . (d) Cortisone and corticosterone. ١٩ٌّٰض٩ًو٣ثأل٩ ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ (ح)ث٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ (أ)ثألهًٯ.................٬٧ ٌْ٘ٯزٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛز ثٜغٟ أ٢ٟ.11 ١٩ٌّٰض٪ًٰ٘ص٪٘ٛث٩ ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ (ه)ث١٩ٌٰؽْٰض٩ٌذٛث٩ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌ(ػ)ثألّض
34. Examples of male sex hormones are............ (a) Adrenaline and noradrenaline . (b) Testosterone and androsterone . (c) Estrogen and progesterone. (d) Cortisone and corticosterone. ١٩ٌّٰض٩ًو٣ثأل٩ ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ (ح)ث٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ (أ)ثألهًٯ............٬٧ يٌٗٯزْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛز ثٜغٟ أ٢ٟ.14 ١٩ٌّٰض٪ًٰ٘ص٪٘ٛث٩ ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ (ه)ث١٩ٌٰؽْٰض٩ٌذٛث٩ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌ(ػ)ثألّض
35. Examples of female sex hormones are............ (a) Adrenaline and noradrenaline (b) testosterone and androsterone . (c) estrogen and progesterone . (d) Cortisone and corticosterone. ١٩ٌّٰض٩ًو٣ثأل٩ ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ (ح)ث٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ (أ)ثألهًٯ............٬٧ ٯز٪غ٣ْٰز ثأل٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛز ثٜغٟ أ٢ٟ .11 ١٩ٌّٰض٪ًٰ٘ص٪٘ٛث٩ ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ (ه)ث١٩ٌٰؽْٰض٩ٌذٛث٩ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌ(ػ)ثألّض
36. Examples of mineralocorticoids hormones are................ (a) Adrenaline. (b) Testosterone and androsterone. (c) Aldosterone. (d) Cortisone and corticosterone. ١٩ٌّٰض٩ًوٛ (ػ) ثأل١٩ٌّٰض٩ًو٣ثأل٩ ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ (ح)ث٢ٰٛج٤(أ)ثألهًٯ................٬٧ ٰز٣وو٠ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛز ثٜغٟ أ٢ٟ.16 ١٩ٌّٰض٪ًٰ٘ص٪٘ٛث٩ ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ(ه)ث
37. Hormone-like action of the hormone adrenaline on the liver glycogen is............ (A) Glucagons. (B) Insulin. (C) Thyroxin. (D) Cortisone. ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ (ػ)ث٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ (ح)ثأل١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛ (أ)ث............٪٧ ٘ذوٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٜ ه٢ٰٛج٤ ثألهًٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٚ٠ ه٦ ٯشذ٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث.17 ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ(ه)ث
38. The hormone balance minerals in the blood and re-absorption of sodium ions in the nephron of the kidneys are .............. (a) Adrenaline. (b) Hormone inhibitor of diuresis (c) aldosterone. (d) Parathormone . ٢ٰٰضٜ٘ٛ دج١٩ٌِ٤ٛجدٰخ ث٣ أ٬ُ ٝ٪هٯ٪ظٛجس ث٣٪ضظجص أٯٟ إهجهر ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ٯو٩ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ١وجه٠ٛ ث١ ثصَث٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٫يٛ ث١ ٪ٌٟ٨ٛث.15 ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ (ه)ث١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ (ػ) ثألٙ٪ذٛن إلهًثً ث٣ج٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ (ح)ث٢ٰٛج٤ (أ)ثألهًٯ...............٪٧
39. Hormone, which works on reabsorption of water in the renal tubes ….(a) ADH secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (b) Vasopressin hormone which is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (c) Aldosterone which is secreted from adrenal medulla. (d) Adrenaline secreted from the adrenal medulla.
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ِضٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ ثٙ٪ذٛن إلهًثً ث٣ج٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ (أ)ث٢ٰٰضٜ٘ٛ دج١٩ٌِ٤ٛجدٰخ ث٣ أ٬ُ جء٠ٛضظجص ثٟ إهجهر ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث.11 ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ ث١٩ٌّٰض٩وٰٛز (ػ)ثألٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛٯز ث٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ألٛ ٔجدغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٰٛز (ح)ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجٟثأل ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣ ٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ ث٢ٰٛج٤٘لٌٯز (ه)ثألهًٯٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣ ٢ٟ
40. Hormone, which reduce the calcium in the blood and prevents its withdrawal from the bone …. (a) Parathormone produced by the para thyroid gland. (b) Calcitonin hormone which is produced by parathyroid . (c) Prathormone which is produced by the thyroid gland. (d) Calcitonin hormone which is produced by the thyroid gland. ٌور ؽجًهًٰٓزٛ ث٥ٌٍِ ص٫يٛ ث١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧) (أٝولجٛ ث٢ٟ ٦ن ّقذ٤٠ٯ٩ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ٰٜٚٔ ص٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث.49 ٫يٛ ث٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧)وًٰٓز (هٌٛور ثٛ ث٥ٌٍِ ص٫يٛ ث١٪ًٟ٪ذجًعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧)ؾجًهًٰٓز (ػٌٛور ثٛ ث٥ٌٍِ ص٫يٛ ث٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧)(ح وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ ث٥ٌٍِص
41. Hormone which goes against parathyroid hormone is ........... (a) Growth hormone which is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (b) Calcitonin hormone which is secreted from the parathyroid gland. (c) Thyroxin hormone which is produced by the thyroid gland. (d) Calcitonin hormone which is produced by the thyroid gland. ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث٥ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ ث٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧)(أ...........٪٧ ؾجًهًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٚ٠ ه٦ٜ٠ ٯؼجه ه٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث.49 ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧)وًٰٓز (هٌٛور ثٛ ث٥ٌٍِ ص٫يٛ ث٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧)ؾجًهًٰٓز (ػٌٛور ثٛ أٯؼج ث٥ٌٍِ ص٫يٛ ث٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧)(ح وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ ث٥ٌٍِ ص٫يٛث
42. Tumour of the adrenal cortex of a man leads to.................. (a) Atrophy of the testicles. (b) Increase activity of the testes. (c) Feminization. (d) Increased male sexual characteristics. (e) Both a & c. (f) both b & d . ٢ٰنظٰضٛشجؽ ث٣ (ح)ٍٯجهر٢ٰنظٰضًٛ ث٪٠ (أ)ػ..................٬ٛ ث٫ٖ ٯؤهٛ ى١ ُئٌٚؽٛ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛ ٓشٌر ث٬ُ ًٝ٪ط ص٩و فو٤ه.42 ه، ح٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩( ػ، أ٢ٟ ٚٗ)٥( يٌٗٯزْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛظِجس ثٛعز (ه)ٍٯجهر ث٪٣ثًع ثأل٪ً دوغ ه٪٨(ػ)ك
43. increase Parathormone leads to .............. (a) Enlarged facial bones. (b) Increased blood sugar. (c) Increased blood calcium. (d) Increased frequency of urination. (e) Softening and curvature of the bone. (f) Both b & d. (G) Both C & E . (ه)ٍٯجهرٝوٛ ثٝ٪ْٰٛ (ػ)ٍٯجهر ٗجٝوٛ (ح)ٍٯجهر ٌّ٘ ث٦ؽ٪ٛ ثٝ هلجٞ (أ)صؼن..............٬ٛ ث٫ ٯؤه١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٯجهر.41 ٥، ػ٢ٟ ٚٗ)ٍ( ه، ح٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩( ٝولجُٛ ث٪ٔص٩ ٢ٰٛ)٥( ٙ٪ضذٌٛثس ثٟ
44. Hormone which has no stimulating effect on the endocrine glands............... (a) ADH (b) oxytocin. (c) TSH (d) ACTH (e) FSH and LH . (f) both a & b (G) both a, b, e . TSH) (ػٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٔجدغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ (ح)ثADH) (أ.................جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛ ث٬ٜشؾ ه٤ٟ ٌٰ صؤع٦ٛ ِٰٛ ٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث.44 ٥،ح، أ٢ٟ ٚٗ)ٍ( ح، أ٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩( LH٩FSH)٥( ACTH)(ه
45. Thyroid gland has the following functions except .............. (a) controls calcium level in the blood . (b) body growth and development of mental powers . (c) stimulates absorption of sugars from the intestine . (d) regulates metabolism . (e) controls amount of urine . (f) maintain the integrity of the skin and hair . ٰزٜٔوٛ ث٫٪ًٔٛ ث٪صـ٩ ْٞؾٛ ث٪٠٣) (حٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ٬ُ ٞ٘ (أ) صضق...................جهوثٟ ٰزٛضجٛكجةَ ث٪ٛوًٰٓز دجٌٛور ثٛ ثٝ٪ٔص.41 ٌشوٛث٩ وٜؾٛز ثٟ ّال٬ٜ)ٯقجُق ه٩( ٙ٪ذٰٛز ث٠ٗ ٬ُ ٞ٘)ٯضق٥( ٰجس ثألٯغٜ٠ هٞل٤وجء (ه)ٯٟ ثأل٢ٟ ٌْ٘ٯجسٛضظجص ثٟ(ػ)ٯقَِ ث
46. Cases of fear and emotion, lead to .............. (a) decrease blood glucose . (b) increase blood flow in skin vessels . (c) increasing the hormone adrenaline . (d) increase the hormone insulin . (e) increase saliva . (f) both a & d . و (ػ)ٍٯجهرٜؾٛهٰز ث٩ أ٬ُ ٝوٛ (ح)ٌّهز صوُْ ثٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜنِجع ؽ٣(أ)ث..............٬ٛ ث٫ج صؤه٨٣ ُئِٙوج٣ثال٩ ٍ٪نٛ فجالس ث٬ُ.46 ه، أ٢ٟ ٚٗ)٩( وجحٜٛ)ٍٯجهر ث٥( ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ (ه)ٍٯجهر٢ٰٛج٤ ثألهًٯ١٪ٌٟ٧
47. From hormones that raise blood glucose ................ (a) thyroxin by stimulating absorption of monosaccharide from the gastrointestinal tract . (b) glucagons by converting liver and muscle glycogen to glucose . (c) adrenaline by helping the passage 56
of glucose through the cell membrane . (d) insulin by converting glucose to fatty substances . جر٤ٔٛ ث٢ٟ ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯزٛضظجص ثٟ ؿٌٯْ صقَِٰ ث٢ ه٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ (أ)ث................ٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜ صٌُن ؽ٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٢ٟ.47 ً٩ٌ٠ٜٛ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ؿٌٯْ فظ ث٢ ه٢ٰٛج٤ٍ (ػ)ثألهًٯ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛوؼالس ثٛث٩ ٘ذوٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽٚٯ٪ ؿٌٯْ صق٢ ه١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٰٛز (ح)ث٠ؼ٨ٛث ٰز٤٧ثه ه٪ٟ ٬ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٚٯ٪ ؿٌٯْ صق٢ ه٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ٰز (ه)ثألٜنٛ ًشجء ثٙ مال٢ٟ
48. From the ions that regulate the level of Parathormone in blood ............ (a) calcium ions. (b) sodium ions. (c) potassium ions. (d) all of the above ٝ٪هٯ٪ظٛجس ث٣٪ (ح)أٯٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛجس ث٣٪ (أ)أٯ............٬٧ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٫٪ْضٟ ٞل٤ ص٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ ثألٯ٢ٟ.45 ْج ّذٟ ٚٗ ) (هٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٛجس ث٣٪(ػ)أٯ
49. secretion of insulin Increases by activating beta cells of Islands of Langerhans due to ............. (a) Increase glucose blood (b) TSH (c) decrease of glucose. (d) ACTH . TSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ) (حٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜ (أ) ٍٯجهر ؽ.............ــٛ ضٰؾز٣ َ٣ج٧ٌؾ٣ؾًَ الٛ شجؽ مالٯج دٰضج٣ دْذخ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ٯَٯو إٌُثٍ ثأل.41 ACTH١٪ٌٟ٧)ٍ (ه٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛٔض ث٣)(ػ
50. All of the following is from functions of the hormones except ............. (a) balance the body's internal situation and its organization. (b) metabolism and body growth and sexual maturity. (c) human behavior and development of emotional and mental pattern. (d) activates chemical interactions and not affect outputs of interactions . ْٞؾٛ ث٪٠٣٩ ٬ٌيثةٛ ثٰٚغ٠ضٛ (ح)ث٦٠ٰل٤ص٩ ْٞؾٜٛ ٬ٜوثمٛػن ث٪ٛ ث١ (أ)ثصَث.............جهوثٟ جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛكجةَ ث٩ ٢ٟ ٌ ٯوضذ٬ٜج ٯٟ ٚٗ.19 .ضِجهالسٛثصؼ ث٪٣ ٬ٜال صؤعٌ ه٩ ٰجةٰز٠ٰ٘ٛضِجهالس ثٛشؾ ث٤ (ه)ٯ٫ٌِٰ٘ضٛث٩ ٬ِوجؿٛ ث٥٪٠٣٩ ١ْج٣ٕ ثإل٪ّٜ) (ػ٬ْ٤ؾٛؼؼ ث٤ٛث٩
II- Write scientific term of each of the following ٰزٛضجٛوذجًثس ثٛ ث٦ٰٜ هٙ صو٫يٛ ث٬٠ٜوٛـ ثٜظـ٠ٛأٗضخ ث:ث
1. Hormone its deficiency in the blood causes increase in emotional and painful muscle spasms. (Parathormone) ز٠ٛؤٟ ٰزٜؾجس هؼ٤صش٩ ِٙوج٣ ثال٬ُ ٯْذخ ٍٯجهرٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٦ٔظ٣ ١٪ٌٟ٧ .9
2. Mixed gland pours its secretions in the beginning of the duodenum. (Pancreas). ٌ هش٬٤ دوثٯز ثألع٬ُ ج٨شضٌٗز صظخ هظجًصٟ ًور.2
3. Hormone antagonizes insulin action on liver glycogen. (Glucagon). ٘ذوٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٜ ه٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثألٚ٠ ٯؼجه ه١٪ٌٟ٧ .1
4. Hormone resembles glucagons in work on liver glycogen. (Adrenaline) ٘ذوٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٜ ه٦ٜ٠ ه٬ُ ١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛ ثٚ٠ ه٦ ٯشذ١٪ٌٟ٧ .4
5. Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland antagonizes the action of Prathormone. (Calcitonin) ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًعٛ ثٚ٠وًٰٓز ٯؼجه هٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ .1
6. Chemical substance formed inside endocrine glands and transported through blood to another organ. (Hormones) ٌ ثم٪ هؼ٬ٛ ثٝوٛ ؿٌٯْ ث٢ هٚٔ٤ص٩ جء٠ظٌٛور ثٛ ثٚ هثم١٪٘شؾ صض٤٠ٛم ث٪٤ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰجةٰز٠ٰٗ جهرٟ .6
7. Hormone that controls metabolism especially in the process of protein synthesis, (Growth hormone) ٢ٰص٩ٌذٰٛن ث٤مجطز صظ٩ ٰز ثألٯغٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق١٪ٌٟ٧ .7
8. Gland secretes a hormone that controls metabolism especially in the process of burning of food and generation of energy. (Thyroid). ـجٓزٰٛو ثٛ٪ص٩ ٌيثءٛ مجطز ثفضٌثّ ث٬ٌيثةٰٛز ثألٯغ ثٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ًور ص.5
9. Disease arises in adults as a result of imbalance in the thyroid hormones, from the most important symptoms is excessive increase in body weight. (mixoedema). ْٞؾٛ ث١ٍ٩ ٬ُ ٌِؿز٠َٛٯجهر ثٛج ث٨ أهٌثػٞ٧ أ٢ٟ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٬ُ ٜٚضٰؾز م٣ ٢ٌٰٛذجٛو ث٤شؤ ه٤ٌػٰز صٟ زٛ فج.1
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10. Monosaccharide, insulin does not control its entry to the cell. (Fructose) ٰزٜنٛ ث٦ٛ٪ هم٬ُ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثألٞ٘ الٯضق٫ ٌّ٘ أفجه.99
11. May result in imbalance between sex hormones produced by the gonads and adrenal cortex . (Swellings in the adrenal cortex). ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛٓشٌرث٩ ْٰز٤ؾٌٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٚٗ ج٧ٌٍِ ص٬ضْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٢ٰ دٜٚ ٓو صقوط م.99
12. Hormone plays a role in maintaining the balance of minerals in the body (Aldosterone). ْٞؾٛ ث٬ُ ١وجه٠ٛ ث١ٍث٪ ص٬ٜقِجف هٛ ث٬ُ ًث٩وخ هٜ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ .92
13. Steroids hormones regulate metabolism of carbohydrates in the body. (glucocorticoids Hormones). ْٞؾٛ ث٬ُ ٯز٪ش٤ٛثه ث٪٠ٛ أٯغ ثٞل٤ٯوٯز ص٩ٌجس ّض٣٪ٌٟ٧ .91
14. Hormone stimulates the absorption of carbohydrates from the gastrointestinal tract (Thyroxin). ٰز٠ؼ٨ٛجر ث٤ٔٛ ث٢ٟ ٯجس٪ش٤ٛضظجص ثٟ ٯقَِ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ .94
15. Hormone responsible for growth and development of mental and physical powers (Thyroxin). ٰز٣ذوٛث٩ ٰزٜٔوٛ ث٫٪ًٔٛ ث٪صـ٩ ٪٠٣ ٢ هٙ٪ْتٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ .91
16. Hormone that makes bones brittle and easily fractured when its level in blood increase. (Parathormone). ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٦و ٍٯجهص٤ٌْ٘ هٛز ثٜ٨ّ٩ شز٧ ٝولجٛ ثٚ ٯؾو١٪ٌٟ٧ .96
17. Cells of pancreas secrete insulin. (Beta cells of Islands of Langerhans). ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ٌ٘ٯجُ صٌٍِ ثأل٤ذٛ مالٯج دج.97
18. Hormone its secretion increases near the end of pregnancy relaxes symphysis pubis to facilitate delivery. (Relaxin). الهر٪ٛ ثٰٚ٨ْضٛ ٬٣وجٛ ثًصنجء ثالًصِجّ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯوٚ٠قٛ ٌٓح ث٥ٍ ٯَٯو ثٌُث١٪ٌٟ٧ .95
19. Hormone secreted by the cells of the mucous membrane of stomach regulates its digestive secretions. (Gastrine). ز٠جػ٨ٛج ث٨ ثٌُثٍثصٞل٤وور ٯ٠ٛ مالٯج ًشجء ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ .91
20. Hormone that helps the formation of seminephrous tubules in testicle and formation of sperm. (FSH). ج٨ٯز د٪٤٠ٛجس ث٣ث٪ٰقٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘ص٩ نظٰزٛٯز دج٪٤٠ٰٛذٰذجس ث٣ ثال٢ٯ٪٘ ص٬ٜ ٯْجهو ه١٪ٌٟ٧ .29
III- Rewrite the following sentences after correction without change underline words: مؾ٦جصقضٟ ٌٌٰ ص١٩ج ه٨ٰز دوو صظقٰقٛضجٛ ثٚ٠ؾٛأهو ٗضجدز ث
1. From the most important hormones secreted by the adrenal gland hormone constrict blood vessels. (Neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland). ٯز٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ألٛ ٔجدغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ٘لٌٯز ثٌٛور ثٛج ث٧ٌٍِ ص٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثٞ٧ أ٢ٟ .9
2. Noradrenaline hormone helps the body's cells to oxidize glucose to produce energy. (Thyroxin) ـجٓزٛضجػ ث٣ٍ ال٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ أْٗور ث٬ٜ هْٞؾٛ مالٯج ث٢ٰٛج٤ًأهًٯ٪٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٯْجهو.2
3. Cretinism arises as a result of deficiency of growth hormone in children. (Thyroxin). ٙو ثألؿِج٤ ه٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ضٰؾز٣ جءر٠ٔٛز ثٛشؤ فج٤ ص.1
4. Lack of the hormone glucagons causes diabetes. (Insulin). ٌٌْ٘ٛع ثٟ ٯْذخ١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ .4
5. Testosterone hormone secreted from the testis and pituitary gland. (Adrenal cortex). ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛث٩ نظٰزٛ ث٢ٟ ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ.1
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6. Estrogen hormone secreted from ovarian follicles and the pituitary gland. (Adrenal cortex). ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛث٩ ذٰغ٠ٛٯظالس ث٪ ف٢ٟ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌ ثألّض١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ.6
7. Thyroid hormone secrete thyroxin and cortisol. (Calcitonin). ٙ٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛث٩ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٟ ٚٗ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ صٌٍِ ث.7
8. Aldosterone hormone is from glucocorticoid group, of the adrenal cortex. (Cortisone). ٘لٌٯزٛٔشٌر ثٛ ٌْ٘ٯزٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛهز ث٪٠ؾٟ ٢ٟ ٌ ٯوضذ١٪ٌٟ٧ ١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ ثأل.5
9. TSH hormone secreted by the thyroid gland and stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete growth hormone. (Pituitary gland - the thyroid - Thyroxin). ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُث٬ٜ٘لٌٯز هٌٛور ثٛشؾ ث٤ٯ٩ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ TSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ.1
10. ACTH hormone secreted from the adrenal gland to stimulate the thymus gland to secrete adrenaline. (Pituitary - adrenal cortex - cortisone). ٢ٰٛج٤ّٰز إلٌُثٍ ثألهًٯ٪٠ٰضٌٛور ثٛشؾ ث٤ٰٛ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ACTH١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ.99
IV - : What happens in the following cases (the consequences) )٬ٜضٌصذز ه٠ٛضجةؼ ث٤ٰٛز(ثٛضجٛقجالس ثٛ ث٬ُ جىث ٯقوطٟ
1. An imbalance between the sex hormones secreted by the testes and that secreted by the adrenal cortex. ٦ٛ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛ ٓشٌر ث٢ٟ ٌٍِر٠ٛث٩ ٚ مظٰز ًؽ٢ٟ ٌٍِر٠ْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث١ٍث٪ ص٢ٰ دٜٚط م٩ فو.1
A- Appearance of feminine characters in male + Testicular atrophy. نظٰزًٛ ث٪٠ػ+عز٪٣ثًع ثأل٪ هٌٚؽٛ ث٬ٌٜ ه٨صل
2. Swellings in the adrenal cortex . ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛ ٓشٌر ث٬ُ جسًٟ٪ ص.4
1. An imbalance between sex hormones secretion by the adrenal cortex and that secreting from the gonads, which leads to appearance of musculine characteristics in females and feminine characteristics in women + atrophy of the gonads. 2. An imbalance in the level of sodium and potassium in the blood due to increase secretion of the aldosterone hormone. 3. An imbalance in the metabolism of carbohydrates due to increase secretion of cortisone. ٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ ّٚج٤٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِر٠ْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ٘لٌٯز ثٌٛور ثٛ ٓشٌر ث٢ٟ ٌٍِر٠ْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث١ٍث٪ ص٢ٰ دٜٚط م٩فو. 9 ْٰز٤ؾٌٛوه ثًٛ ث٪٠ ػ٬ٖٛ ثٛ ى٫ ٓو ٯؤهٌٙؽجٛو ث٤عز ه٪٣ثًع ثأل٪ه٩ ْجء٤ٛ ث٬ُ زٛ٪ٌؽٛثًع ث٪ه٩ ً طِجس٪٨ك ١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُث٬ُ ٘ذٌٰرَٛٯجهر ثٛضٰؾز ث٣ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٛث٩ ٝ٪هٯ٪ظْٛذز ث٣ ٬ُ ٜٚط م٩فو.2 ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ ث٬ُ ٘ذٌٰرَٛٯجهر ثٛضٰؾز ث٣ ٯز٪ش٤ٛثه ث٪٠ٛ أٯغ ث٬ُ ٜٚط م٩فو.1
3. Removal of the adrenal cortex ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛز ٓشٌر ثٛ إٍث.1
A- death occurs because the adrenal cortex is essential for life as they play an important role in: (a) Regulation of metabolism. (b) Regulation of water and salts baance in the body. (c) play a vital role in the body's resistance to disease. جء٠ٛ ث١َٰثٟ ٰٞل٤(ح)ص٬ٌيثةٛ ثألٯغ ثٰٞل٤(أ)ص٬ُ جٟج٧ ًث٩وخ هٜج ص٨٣قٰجر ألٜٛ ًٯز٩ٌ٘لٌٯز ػٌٛور ثٛ ٓشٌر ث١ٖ ألٛى٩ ُجر٪ٛصقوط ث ٌثعٟألٛ ْٞؾٛز ثٟ٩ٔجٟ ٬ُ ٯج٪ًٰث ف٩وخ هٜ(ػ)صْٞؾٛ ث٬ُ الؿٟثأل٩
4. Removal of the adenohypophysis of the pituitary gland : ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٫ٌوٛؾَء ثٛز ثٛ إٍث.6
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1. Delay individual growth due to absence of growth hormone. 2. Disrupt the endocrine system such as: (a) Delay thyroid function, leading to lack of secretion of thyroxin (due to the absence of thyroid stimulating hormone TSH). (b) Delay function of adrenal cortex, leading to lack of secretion of hormones such as cortisone (due to the absence of ACTH). (c) Delay function of the gonads, as a result of the absence of hormones, FSH and LH and prolactin. ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ضٰؾز ًٰجح٣ ٌِهٛ ث٪٠٣ ٰٚصوـ.9 ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛضٰؾز ًٰجح ث٣(٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُثٝ هو٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛكِٰز ث٩ ٰٚ(أ)صوـٚغٟ جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛجٍ ث٨ ؽٰٚصوـ. 2 ضٰؾز ًٰجح٣(١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ ثٚغٟ ج٨جص٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُثٝ هو٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛكِٰز ٓشٌر ث٩ ٰٚ)(ح)صوـTSHوًٰٓزٌٛور ثٜٛ شؾ٤٠ٛث ضٰؾز ًٰجح٣ ٖٛى٩ ى٪ٜذٛز ثٌٜفٟ ٬ٌِٛه ثٛ ثٚ ال ٯظ٫ أّٚج٤٠ٛكِٰز ث٩ ٰٚ)(ػ)صوـACTH٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛٔشٌر ثٛ شؾ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث ٢ٰالٗض٩ٌذٛث٩LH٩FSHجس٣٪ٌٟ٧
5. Remove the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland of a pregnant woman : ٌٟٚأر فجٰٟز الٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛز ثٛ إٍث.7
1. absence of ADH hormone excretion of large amounts of water in the urine dehydration 2. Drop in blood pressure 3. At labour : she need to be injected with extract of posterior lobe of the pituitary gland to stimulate the contraction of the uterine muscles to descent the fetus due to absence of oxytocin. 4. Decrease amount of breast milk during lactation due to lack of oxytocin. ٍؾِجٛ ث٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ ٙ٪ذٛن إلهًثً ث٣ج٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛضٰؾز ًٰجح ث٣ ٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ جء٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰجس ٗذٌٰر٠ٗ إمٌثػ.9 ٝوٛ ػٌؾ ث٬ُ نِجع٣ث.2 ٌٰجحٛ لٌث٣ ٢ٰ٤ؾٛ ثٙ٩َ٤ٛ ٔذجع٣الٛ ٌٞفٛشٰؾ هؼالس ث٤ضٛ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛض ثْٜضن٠ج د٨٤ٔ ف٬ٛالهر صقضجػ ث٪ٛو ث٤ه. 1 ٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث ٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩ٔض ثأل٣ ضٰؾز٣ ٌػجهزٛجء ث٤ أع٫غوٛ ث٢ٟ وُوز٤٠ٛ ث٢ذٰٜٛز ث٠ٗ نِجع٣ث.4
6. People injected with ADH (or Vasopressin) )ٙ٪ذٛن إلهًثً ث٣ج٠ٛ ث٩ٯز(أ٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ألٛ ٔجدغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ شنض دج٢ٔف
A- Increase blood pressure. ٝوٛثًصِجم ػٌؾ ث
7. Removal of the thyroid gland of a woman ? and the proposed treatment? هالػ٢ٟ ٦ج صٔضٌفٟ٩ ٌأرٟ ث٢ٟ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛز ثٛ إٍث.5
A- Decrease level of thyroxin hormone myxoedema its symptoms: (1) Dry skin and scanty hair. (2) Delay mental and physical activity. (3) Increased body weight to the degree of obesity. (4) Decrease level of metabolism cold intolerance. (5) Decrease heart rate. and the person gets tired quickly Treatment: give the patients thyroxin hormones or thyroid extracts. وٜؾٛ ث٬ُ ٍ)ؽِج9 ثألهٌثعٚ٠صش٩ ٌزٌٛأر دج٠ٛ ث١ج أل٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٌٛع ثٟ ً أهٌثع٪٨ ك٬ٛ ث٫ صؤه٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٬ُ ٔض شوٯو٣ ُال٬ٌيثةٛ ثٰٚغ٠ضٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ ؽ٪ذ٧)4(.ٌِؿز٠ٛز ث٤٠ْٛوًؽز ثٛ ْٞؾٛ ث١ٍ٩ )ٍٯجهر1(.٬٠ْؾٛث٩ ٬ٜٔوٛشجؽ ث٤ٛ ث٬ُ ٔض٣)2(.ٌشوٛز ثٜٓ٩ شنض دٌْهزٛٯضوخ ث٩ خٜٔٛ ػٌدجس ثٚٔ)ص1(.هر٩ٌذٛ ثٚ٠ٯضق ج٨ظجصْٜضنٟ ٩وًٰٓز أٌٛور ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٯؼز٠ٛإهـجء ث:والػٛث
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8. A significant increase in the activity of the thyroid gland? and what would you suggest treatment? والػٛ ث٢ٟ جىث صٔضٌؿٟ٩ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛشجؽ ث٣ ٬ُ ٍٯجهر ٗذٌٰر.1
A- This lead to exophthalmic goiter. The most important symptoms of the disease include: (1) Enlargement of the thyroid gland and swelling in front of the neck. (2) Bulging of the eyes. (3) Weight loss . (4) Heat intolerance. (5) increase in heart rate. (6) Nourvsness and irritability. Treatment : remove a portion of the thyroid gland. or Medical treatment. ٌع٠ٛ أهٌثع ثٞ٧أ٩ ٬ ًٌٰ ؿذٰوٚ٘وًٰٓز دشٌٛور ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُث٬ُ ضٰؾز إٌُثؽ٣ ٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٌٛع ثٟ ٬ٖٛ ثٛ ى٫ٯؤه )ال4(.ْٞؾٛ ث١ٍ٩ ٬ُ ٔض شوٯو٣)1(.٢ٰ٤ٰوٛ ث٬ُ ف٪)ؽق2(.ٌٓذزٛ ث٢ٟ ٬ٟجٟؾَء ثألٛضِجك ث٣ث٩ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٜٛ ف٪قٜٟ ٞ)صؼن9ٚ٠صش ٬ٰؼ هظذ٨)ص6(.خٜٔٛ ػٌدجس ث٬ُ )ٍٯجهر1(.قٌثًرٛ ثٚ٠ٯضق ٫ٌٌٗذجس ؿذٰز أم٠ دٞضؼنٛؾز ثٛوجٟ ٩وًٰٓز أٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ؽَءٙج ثّضتظجٟ إٞ ٯض٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٛهالػ ث٩
9. FSH Hormone deficiency in male childhood: ِٚو ؿ٤هFSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُث٬ُ ٔض٣ .99
A - do not reach sexual maturity because FSH hormone is necessary for sexual maturity; as it is responsible for the formation of seminiferous tubules and sperms production. ٯز٪٤٠ٰٛذٰجس ث٣ ثأل٢ٯ٪٘ ص٢ هٙ٪ْتٟ ٦٣ فٰظ أ٬ْ٤ؾٛى ث٪ٜذٛ ث٬ٛ ثٙ٪ط٪ٜٛ ٫ً٩ٌ ػFSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ١ٖ ألٛى٩ ٬ْ٤ؾٛى ث٪ٜذٛ ث٬ٛ ثٚال ٯظ ٯز٪٤٠ٛجس ث٣ث٪ٰقٛضجػ ث٣إ٩
10. Deficiency in the secretion of the hormone FSH in female child ٦ِٜو ؿ٤هFSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُث٬ُ ٔض٣.99
A- Do not reach to sexual maturity because it grow ovarian follicles to mature Graafian follicle , which secrete the hormone estrogen which is responsible for the appearance of the female sexual characteristics such as large mammary glands and regulation of the menstrual cycle. زٜٯظ٪ ف٬ٛج ث٨ٜٯ٪صق٩ ٬غ٣ ثأل٬ُ ذٰغ٠ٛٯظالس ث٪ ف٪٠٣ ٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯوFSH ١٪ٌٟ٧ ١ٖ ألٛى٩ ٬ْ٤ؾٛى ث٪ٜذٛ ث٬ٛ ثٚالصظ ٰٞل٤ص٩ غوٯٰزٌٛوه ثٛ ٗذٌ ثٚغٟ ٬غ٣ ثأل٬ُ ْٰز٤ؾٛظِجس ثًٛ ث٪٨ ك٢ هٙ٪ْت٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٩ٌ ثإلّض١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ص٬ضٛجػؾز) ث٣ زٜٯظ٪ؽٌثٍ(ف ظ٠ـًٛر ث٩ه
11. Deficiency in the secretion of the hormone FSH in women ٌأرٟو ث٤هFSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُث٬ُ ٔض٣.99
A- Stop menstrual cycle, because menstrual cycle begins by FSH, which grow ovarian follicles to mature Graafian follicle , which secrete the hormone estrogen which is responsible for development of the lining of the uterus and re-feeding with blood vessels after the previous cycle. ج٨ٜٯ٪صق٩ ٬غ٣ ثأل٬ُ ذٰغ٠ٛٯظالس ث٪ ف٪٠٣ ٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٫يٛ ثFSH١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٟ َِٰظ صذوأ دضق٠ـًٛر ث٩ ه١ٖ ألٛى٩ ظ٠ـًٛر ث٩ٔـجم ه٣ث ٯز٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ج دجأل٨إهجهر صٌيٯض٩ ٌٞفٛز ث٣جء دـج٠٣ إ٢ هٙ٪ْت٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٩ٌ ثإلّض١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ص٬ضٛجػؾز)ث٣ زٜٯظ٪ز ؽٌثٍ(فٜٯظ٪ ف٬ٛث ْجدٔزًٛر ث٩وٛدوو ث
12. Injection of a pregnant woman in the sixth month with extract of posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثْٛجهُ دنالطز ثٌٛ ث٨شٛ ث٬ُ ٌٟٚأر فجٟ ث٢ٔف.92
A- Abortion occurs because extract of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland contains oxytocin which stimulate the muscles of the uterus to contract and increase it strongly, leading to descent of the fetus. 61
ج٧ٯَٯو٩ ٌٞفٛظجس ثٜٔشؾ ص٤ ٯ٫يٛ ثٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٬ٜ ه٫٪ٰز ٯقضٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛ ث١ٖ ألٛى٩ جع٨ٯقوط إؽ ٢ٰ٤ؾٛ ثٙ٩َ٣ ٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ دشور
13. Absence of testosterone hormone in pre-pubertal stage of child ? ِٚـٛ ى٪ٜذٛ ثٚج ٓذٟ زٌٜفٟ ٬ُ ١٩ٌْٰص٪ضْضٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ًٰجح.91
(1) Absence of male secondary sexual characteristics . (2) lack of growth of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. ٯز٪٤٠ٛٯظالس ث٪قٛث٩ ّضجصج٩ٌذٛ ًور ث٪٠٣ ٝ هو٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٗ يٌٗٯزٛٯز ث٪٣غجْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛظِجس ثٌٛ ث٨ال صل
14. Increase the secretion of testosterone from the adrenal cortex in the adult woman ٌزٌٛأر دجٟ ث٬ُ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛ ٓشٌر ث٢ٟ ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٍٯجهر إٌُث.94
A- Leads to appearance of male characteristics as deepening of the voice and appearance of hair in face . (b) may lead to atrophy of the sexual glands if there is swelling in the adrenal cortex. ً٪٠ ػ٬ٛ ث٫ٌأر(ح)ٓو ٯؤه٠ٛ ث٥ي٧ ٬ٜ ه٦ف٪ٛ ث٬ُ ًٌ شو٪٨ك٩ س٪ظٛز ث٣٪ مشٚغٟ زٛ٪ٌؽٛثًع ث٪ه٩ ً طِجس٪٨ أ)ك٬ٛ ث٫ٯؤه ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛ ٓشٌر ث٬ُ ًٝ٪ج ثىث فوط ص٧و٤ْٰز ه٤ؾٌٛوه ثٛث
V: G. R. )ٜٚ(ه٬ٜج ٯٟ ٌِْج ص٠د
1. Release of hormones must be in the required quantities. دز٪ٜـ٠ٰٛجس ث٠٘ٛجس دج٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثٌُثٍ ث٢ٟ الدو
A- In order to function best, because increase or decrease secretion of hormones will lead to an imbalance in the function, which may cause diseases vary from one hormone to another. ج ٓو ٯْذخ٠ٟ كِٰز٪ٛ ث٬ُ ٙ ثمضال٬ٖٛ ثٛ ى٫ٔض ّٰؤه٣ ٩ أ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثىث ٍثه إٌُثٍ ث٦٣ أل٦ؽ٩ ٢ْ أف٬ٜج ه٨ِكجة٩ ٫ صؤه٬٘ٛ ٖٛى٩* ٌ ٱم١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٟ ٌَٜػٰز صنضٟ أهٌثػج
2. Occurrence of dwarfism or gigantism in children . ٙ ثألؿِج٬ُ ٔزٜ٠وٛث٩ز أَٟٔثٛط ث٩فو
A- Dwarfism caused by decrease of growth hormone secreted from the glandular part of the pituitary gland during childhood. Gigantism caused by increase growth hormone is childhood. زٛ٪ِـٛ ُضٌر ثٰٙز مالٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٫ٌوٛؾَء ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ ث٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ضٰؾز٣ ز صقوطَٟٔثٛ ث١ٖ ألٛى٩* زٛ٪ِـٛز ثٌٜفٟ ٬ُ أٯؼج٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ضٰؾز ٍٯجهر٣ ٔز صقوطٜ٠وٛج ثٟ*أ
3. Occuance of acromegally in adults. ٢ٌٰٛذجٛ ث٬ُ ٬ٰٛؾجٟ٩ٌٗط ثأل٩فو
A- Due to increased secretion of growth hormone from the glandular part of the pituitary gland after puberty. ى٪ٜذٛز ثٌٜفٟ ٰز دووٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٫ٌوٛؾَء ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ ث٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍضٰؾز ٍٯجهر إٌُث٣ ٖٛى٩*
4. Secretion and release of milk from the mammary glands during lactation? or Mention the hormones secreted during lactation ? ٌػجهز دظِزٛجء ث٤ صٌٍِ أع٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛأىٌٗ ث:٫ًٌر أم٪ دظ٬ ٯؤصْٙؤثٛ ث٢٘٠ٟ(ٌػجهزٛجء ث٤غوٯٰز أعٌٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٦ٛ٩َ٣٩ ٢ذٜٛإٌُثٍ ث )أّجّٰز
A- Due to the effect of two hormones: 1. Prolactin: secreted from the glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, works on secretion of milk from the mammary glands. 2. Oxytocin : secreted from the neurohypophysis of pituitary gland, and works on release and rush of milk from the mammary glands in response to the breast feeding process. :٢ٰ٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٰٖ دْذخ صؤعٛى٩*
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غوٯٰزٌٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ذٜٛ إٌُثٍ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٫يٛث٩ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٫ٌوِٛض ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ ث٢ٰالٗض٩ٌذٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧.9 ٢ٟ ٰخٜقٛ ثٙ٩َ٣ ٩وُجم أ٣ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ٯو٩ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬وظذِٛض ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛث٩)٢ّٰ٪ْٗض٩(ثألٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث.2 ٌػجهزٰٛز ثٜ٠وٛ غوٯٰز ثّضؾجدزٌٛوه ثٛث
5. Occurance of cretinism (or mental retardation) in some children. ٙ دوغ ثألؿِج٬ُ )٬َٜٔ هٜ صن٩جءر (أ٠ٔٛط ث٩فو
A- Due to decrease of the thyroxin hormone in childhood. Since thyroxin is responsible for growth and development of mental and physical powers , and controls the rate of metabolism, so its deficiency leads to idiocy, mental retardation, and delay sexual development. ٢ هٙ٪ْتٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ١فٰظ أ٩. زٛ٪ِـٛز ثٌٜفٟ ) ُٮ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ( وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛشجؽ ث٣ ٔض ُٮ٣ ضٰؾز٣ ٖٛى٩ * . ْٮ٤ؾٛضؤمٌثٛث٩ ٮٜٔوَٛ ثٜضنٛث٩ ز٧ذالٛٮ ثٛٔظز ٯؤه٭ ث٣ ١ ثألٯغ ثألّجّٮ إىٙووٟ ُٮٞ٘ٯضق٩ ٰز٣ذوٛث٩ ٰزٜٔوٛ٭ ث٪ًٔٛ ث٪صـ٩ ٪٠٣
6. Occurance of mixoedema in some adults. ٢ٌٰٛذجٛ دوغ ث٬ُ ج٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٛط ث٩فو
A- due to thyroxin hormone deficiency after puberty. Since the thyroxin is responsible for growth and development of mental and physical power, and controls metabolic rate and maintain the integrity of the skin and hair: so its deficiency leads to …... ) ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ( وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛشجؽ ث٣ ٔض ُٮ٣ ضٰؾز٣ ٖٛى٩ * زٟٮ ّالٜٯقجُق ه٩ ثألٯغٙووٟ ُٮٞ٘ٯضق٩ ٰز٣ذوٛث٩ ٰزٜٔوٛ٭ ث٪ًٔٛ ث٪صـ٩ ٪٠٣ ٢ هٙ٪ْتٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ١فٰظ أ٩ . ى٪ٜذٛدوو ث ) ٌع٠ٛ صيٌٗ أهٌع ثٞٔظز ٯؤه٭ (ع٣: ٌشوٛث٩ وٜؾٛث
7. Occurance of exophthalmic goiter in some peoples. و دوغ ثألشنجص٤ ه٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٛط ث٩فو
A- Due to increase thyroxin hormone . Since thyroxin is responsible for the growth and development of mental and physical power , controls metabolic rate and maintain the integrity of the skin and hair: so increased excretion leads to ……. )٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ وًٰٓز (ٍٯجهرٌٛور ثٛشجؽ ث٣ شجؽ ُٮ٣ ضٰؾز٣ ٖٛى٩ * وٜؾٛز ثٟٮ ّالٜٯقجُق ه٩ ثألٯغٙووٟ ُٮٞ٘ٯضق٩ ٰز٣ذوٛث٩ ٰزٜٔوٛ٭ ث٪ًٔٛ ث٪صـ٩ ٪٠٣ ٢ هٙ٪ْتٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ١فٰظ أ٩. ) ٌع٠ٛ صيٌٗ أهٌثع ثٞ ٍٯجهر إٌُثٍر ٯؤه٭(ع:ٌشوٛث٩
8. Contraction of the muscles of the uterus at birth . الهر٪ٛو ث٤ هٌٞفٛٔذجع هؼالس ث٣ ث.2
A- because: Labour is a neurological condition → stimulate neurons in the hypothalamus → form hormone stimulating muscles of the uterus which reaches the neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland → to the uterus. This hormone regulate contractions of the uterus and increases it strongly during labour the exit the fetus. ١ٖ ألٛى٩ )* (أ ٫يٛ ثٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘ دضٝ٪ٔ ص٬ضِٛ ثٟعجال٪ٰذ٨ٛ ث٬ُ ٦ٰوظذٛنالٯج ثٛشؾ ث٤ ص٬ضٛز هظذٰز ثٛ فج١٪٘الهر ص٪ٛز ثٛ فج-أ .ٌٞفٛ ث٬ٛج ث٨٤ٟ٩ ٰزٟنج٤ٛ ث٥ٌوٜٛ ٬ِٜنٛؾَء ثٛ ث٬ٛ ثٚٯظ .٢ٰ٤ؾٛ أمٌثػ ثٚ أؽ٢ٟ الهر٪ٰٛز ثٜ٠جء ه٤ج دشور أع٧ٯَٯو٩ ٌٞفٛظجس ثٜٔ صٰٞل٤ دض١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧ ٝ٪ٔ د-ح
9. Secretion of the oxytocin hormone during lactation . ٌػجهزٛجء ث٤)أعٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ(ث٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُثٞٯض
A- because it release milk from the mammary glands in response to the breast feeding process. ٌػجهزٰٛز ثٜ٠وٛ ٰز ثّضؾجدز٤ذٌٜٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٰخٜقٛ ثٙ٩َ٣ ٩وُجم أ٣ ث٬ًُشؾوجٟ صؤعٌث٦ٛ ١ٖ ألٛى٩*
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10. Doctors use the extract of neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland in obstructed labor. ضوٌْر٠ٛالهر ث٪ٛ ث٬ُ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬وظذٛؾَء ثٛض ثْٜضنٟ ثألؿذجءٝٯْضنو
A- because it contains oxytocin hormone which regulate uterine contractions and increase it strongly during birth process in order to exit the fetus. الهر٪ٰٛز ثٜ٠جء ه٤ج دشور أع٧ٯَٯو٩ ٌٞفٛظجس ثٜٔ صٰٞل٤ دض١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧ ٝ٪ٔ ٯ٫يٛ ثٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٬ٜ ه٫٪ ٯقض٦٣ٖ ألٛى٩* .٢ٰ٤ؾٛ إمٌثػ ثٚ أؽ٢ٟ
11. Secretes adrenaline hormone in large quantities during childbirth. ٰجس ٗذٌٰر٠٘الهر د٪ٛجء ث٤ أع٢ٰٛج٤ ثألهًٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِٯ
A- Because the mother is in a state of fear and emotion during the birth, so adrenaline release to convert glycogen of the liver and muscles into glucose, which supply the mother with energy to face the fear and supply muscles of the abdomen and uterus with energy to make it to contract vigorously to help expulsion of the fetus. ٫يٛث٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛوؼالس ثٛث٩ ٘ذوٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽٜٚ ٯق٫يٛ ث٢ٰٛج٤الهر ُٰنٌػ ثألهًٯ٪ٛجء ث٤ أعِٙوج٣إ٩ ٍ٪ز مٛ فج٬ُ ١٪٘ صٝ ثأل١ٖ ألٛى٩* .٢ٰ٤ؾٛ إمٌثػ ث٬ُ ضْجهوٛ ر٪ٔٔذغ د٤ج ص٨ٜؾوٛ ـجٓزٛ دجٌٞفٛث٩ ٢ذـٛو هؼالس ث٠ٯ٩ ٍ٪نٛز ث٨ثؽ٪٠ٛ ـجٓزٛ دجٝو ثأل٠ٯ
12. Imbalance in the neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland (or in the hypothalamus) leads to severe thirst. شوٯوٛوـش ثٛج دج٠ٌٯغ هثة٠ِٛ) ٯشوٌ ثٟعجال٪ٰذ٨ٛ ث٬ُ ٩ٰز(أٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬وظذٛؾَء ثٛ ث٬ُ ٜٚط م٩و فو٤ه
A- Because ADH hormone is secreted by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus. If this cells damaged , this hormone not formed, which leads to loss of large amounts of water → thirst. يث٧ ١٪٘ الٯض٦٣َ ُئٜج ص٨ُٰ ِ ُئىث فوطٟعجال٪ٰذ٨ٛ ث٬ُ هر٪ؽ٪ٟ ٌٍِرٟ مالٯج هظذٰز٥ٌٍِ صٙ٪ذٛؼجه إلهًثً ث٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث١ٖ ألٛى٩* .شوٯوٛوـش ثٌٛٯغ ٯشوٌدج٠ٛ ثٚج ٯؾو٠ٟ جء٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰجس ٗذٌٰر٠ٗ ُٔو٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث
13. Patients with diabetes are advised to eat honey rich in fructose as a source of energy instead of sugar cane . ٥٩٩٩٩٪ٜف ٔظخٛ ٌّ٘ ث٢ٟ ـجٓز دوالٜٛ ًظو٠ٗ ٍ٪ٌِٗضٛ دج٬٤ٌٛ ثٚق٤ٛ ثْٚ هٙ٩ج٤ دض٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ٌػٟ ظـ٤ٯ
A- Because fructose can enter the cell in absence of insulin and enters in Krebs cycle producing energy so it does not accumulate in the blood. While cane sugar is digested in the intestine producing glucose and fructose , where the glucose can not enter cells in the the absence of insulin, so it accumulates in the blood to become higher than normal (80120 mg / 100 ml blood). ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٞٗ ال ٯضٌث٦٣ ُئ٬ٛضجٛدج٩ ٦ٓـجٛضجػ ث٣ث٩ ًِر ٌٗد٩ ه٬ُ ٚٯوم٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ًٰجح ثأل٬ُ نالٯجٛ ثٙ٪ٍ ٯْضـٰن هم٪ٌِٗضٛ ث١ٖ ألٛى٩* ٙ٪ٍ ال ٯْضـٰن هم٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ث١فٰظ أ٩ )ٍ٪ٌُٗض٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜضؾج(ؽ٤ٟ وجءٟ ثأل٬ُ ٦٠ؼ٧ ٞ ٯض٫يٛٔظخ ثٛ ٌّ٘ ث٦ٛ فج٬ُ جٟ أ٦ْذذج ثًصِجهٟ )ٝ هٟٚ999/ٞؾٟ929-59(٬ـذٰوٛ ث٦ٛووٟ ٢ٟ ٬ٰٜظذـ أهٛ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٞٗ ٯضٌث٦٣ ُئ٬ٛضجٛ دج٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ًٰجح ثأل٬ُ نالٯجٛث
14. Diabetic patients are often treated by injecting insulin. ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل٢ٔؼ دقٛج ٯوجٟ ذجٛ ًج٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛٯغ ثٟ
A- in order to reduce the percentage of blood glucose to normal level (80-120 mg / 100 cc of blood) in two ways: 1. Stimulate glucose oxidation in cells and tissues of the body as it is necessary for the passage of sugars through the cell membrane to inside cell to be used. 2. Control the relationship between stored glycogen and blood glucose , as it stimulate convertion of glucose into glycogen or fatty substances stored in the liver, muscle or other tissues of the body. :٢ٰٔ ؿٌٯ٢ٖ هٛى٩ )ٝوٛ ث٢ٟ ّٞ999/ٞؾٟ929-59(٬ـذٰوٛ ث٦ٛووٟ ٪ق٣ ٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ْٜذز ؽ٣ ٰنِغٛ ٖٛى٩* ًشجءٙ مال٢ٟ ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯزًٛ ث٩ٌ٠ٛ ٫ً٩ٌ ػ٦٣ِز فٰظ ثٜنض٠ٛ ثْٞؾْٛؾز ث٣ث٩ مالٯج٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛشؾ) أْٗور ث٤ (ٯ٬ٜقظ هٛث.9 ٦ٟ ثّضنوث٢٘٠ ٯ٬ج فض٨ٜ هثم٬ٰٛز ثٜنٛث
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١َ صن٦ٰ٤٧ثه ه٪ٟ ٬ٛ ث٩ أ٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٙ٪ ٯشؾن صق٪٨ُ ٝوٌِٛه دج٤٠ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛث٩ ١َن٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛ ث٢ٰوالٓز دٛ دجٞ٘ضقٛث. 2 ٫ٌ ثألمْٞؾْٛؾز ث٣ أ٩وؼالس أٛث٩ ٘ذوٛ ث٬ُ
15. Diabetic Patient suffering from frequent urination and thirst وـشٛث٩ ٙ٪ضذٌٛ صووه ث٧ث٪ ك٢ٟ ٬٣ ٯوج٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛٯغ ثٟ
A- Because excretion of large amount of glucose in urine is accompanied by excretion of large amounts of water, so the patient is suffering from frequent urination and thirst. ٙ٪ضذٌٛ صووه ث٧ث٪ ك٢ٟ ٬٣ٌٯغ ٯوج٠ٛ ث١ ُئ٬ٛضجٛجء دج٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰجس ٗذٌٰر٠ٗ إمٌثػ٦ ٯظجفذ٫يٛ ثٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ ضٰؾز الًصِجم٣* وـشٛث٩
16. Inflammation of the pancreas leads to diabetes mellitus? ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛ ث٬ُ جدجس٨ضٛط ث٩و فو٤ ه٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛع ث٠ثإلطجدز د
A- Because inflammation of the pancreas leading to damage of beta cells in islets of Langerhans, leading to decrease in secretion of insulin, causing diabetes. ٌعٟ ج ٯْذخ٠ٟ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ إٌُثٍ ثأل٬ُ ٔض٣ ٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ َ٣ج٧ ٌؾ٣ ؽًَ ال٬ُ َ مالٯج دٰضجٜ ص٬ٛ ث٫ٌ٘ٯجُ ٯؤه٤ذٛجح ث٨ضٛ ث١ٖ ألٛى٩* .٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٛث
17. Diabetes is characterized by imbalance of glucose and fat metabolism . ١٪٧وٛث٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛؤٯغ ث٫ُ ٜٚنَٰٛ دج٠ ٯض٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛع ثٟ
A- Because diabetis is caused by deficiency of the insulin, which allows the passage of glucose into the cell . So lack of insulin → blood glucose can not pass into the cell (to be used in cellular respiration to release energy for the activities of the body), which leads to accumulation of glucose in the blood . Also glucose does not turn into fat. ٔض٣ و٤ ه٬ٛضجٰٛز دجٜنٛ ثٚ هثم٬ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾًٛ ث٩ٌ٠ـ د٠ْ ٯ٫يٛ ث٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ٦ ّذذ٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛع ثٟ ١ٖ ألٛى٩* ْٞؾٛشـز ث٣ز ألٍٟالٛـجٓز ثٛ إلؿالّ ث٫٪ٜنِِٛ ث٤ضٛ ث٬ُ ٝ ٯْضنو٬٘ٛ(ٰزٜنٛ ثٚ هثم٬ًٛ ث٩ٌ٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜ ال ٯْضـٰن ؽ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ثأل ١٪٧ ه٬ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٙ٪أٯؼج ال ٯضق٩ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٞٗ صٌث٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ )ِزٜنض٠ٛث
18. Diabetic patient suffering from fainting . جء٠ً ثإل٢ٟ ٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛٯغ ثٟ ٬٣ٯوج
A- Because absence of insulin → glucose can not enter the brain cells, so brain cells can not get needed energy through oxidation of glucose in the process of cellular respiration, so fainting occurs. ٬ٜ هٙ٪قظٛ ث٢ٟ ل٠ٛ ال صْضـٰن مالٯج ث٬ٛضجٛدج٩ ل٠ٛ مالٯج ثٙ٪ هم٢ٟ ٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜ ال ٯْضـٰن ؽ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ًٰجح ثأل٬ُ ٦٣لٌث أل٣ ٖٛى٩* جءر٠ًج ُضقوط ثإل٨ٛ ٫٪ٜنِِٛ ث٤ضٰٛز ثٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ أْٗور ثٙ مال٢ٟ زٍٟالٛـجٓز ثٛث
19. Diabetic patient suffering from high blood glucose than normal . ٬ـذٰوٛ ثٙوو٠ٛ ث٢ هٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ ثًصِجم٢ٟ ٬٣ ٯوج٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛع ث٠ٌٯغ د٠ٛث
A- Because diabetes caused by lack of the insulin, which allows passage of glucose into the cell, so lack of insulin → (a) blood glucose can not pass into cells. (b) Glucose can not turn to fat This leads to accumulation of glucose in the blood → increased glucose in the blood than normal. ٔض٣ و٤ ه٬ٛضجٰٛز دجٜنٛ ثٚ هثم٬ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾًٛ ث٩ٌ٠ـ د٠ْ ٯ٫يٛ ث٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ٦ ّذذ٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛع ثٟ ١ٖ ألٛى٩* ٞٗ صٌث٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ ١٪٧ ه٬ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٙ٪(ح)أٯؼج الٯضق٩ نالٯجٛ ثٚ هثم٬ًٛ ث٩ٌ٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜ(أ)ال ٯْضـٰن ؽ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ثأل ٬ـذٰوٛ ثٙوو٠ٛ ث٢ هٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ٍٯجهر ث٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛث
20. In diabetic patient, glucose appears in urine tests . ٙ٪ذٛ ثٰٚٛ صقج٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٌٛ ث٨ٌْ٘ ٯلٌٛٯغ ثٟ ٬ُ
A- the same previous answer. + when blood glucose increases than normal → pass to the urine. ٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ َٙ٤ ٯ٬ـذٰوٛ ثٙوو٠ٛ ث٢ هٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜج ٯَٯو ؽٟو٤ ه:ج٨ْٰٜجدٔز رصؼَٰ هِِٛ ثالؽجدز ث٣*
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21. Pancreas is a mixed gland. شضٌٗز٠ٌٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛٯوضذٌ ث
A- This is because it contains : 1. Exocrine part: its acini secrete digestive enzymes which pass through the pancreatic duct into the duodenum. 2. Endocrine part: Its island of langerhans secrete hormones directly into the blood. :ٚ٠ ٯو٦٣ٖ ألٛى٩* ْ ؿٌٯ٢ هشٌ ه٬٤ ثالع٬ُ ج٨ٯظذ٩ ٰزٜٯظ٪ مالٯج فٙ مال٢ٟ ز٠جػ٨ٛ ث٦جص٠َٯ٣ دئٌُثٍ إٝ٪ٔ فٰظ ٯ:)٬نجًؽٛٯز (ىثس ثإلٌُثٍ ث٪٤ٓ ٌٗور.9 ٌ٘ٯجّٰز٤ذٛجر ث٤ٔٛث َ٣ج٧ ًَضنظظز صوٌٍ دؾٟ مالٯج ًوٯز طٌٌٰر٢ٟ ٖٛى٩ ذجشٌرٟ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ جس٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ دئٌُثٝ٪ٔٯ:جء٠ٌٗور ط.2
22. Patient with exophthalmic goiter, characterized by loss of weight , and increase of heart rate or nervous irritability. ٬وظذٰٛؼ ث٨ضٛ دج٩ أ٦ذٜٓ دَٯجهر ػٌدجس٩ أ٦٣ٍ٩ ٔض٤َٰ د٠ ٯض٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٌٛٯغ ثٟ
A- Because exophthalmic goiter occurs as a result of increase in thyroxin which leads to: 1. Since thyroxin is responsible for growth and development of mental power → so increase the hormone lead to nervous irritability. 2. Since it controls metabolic rate → so increasing the hormone lead to increased rates of catabolism, leading to loss of weight and increase heart rate. ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٬ُ ٍٯجهر ٗذٌٰر٬ٛضجٛدج٩ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛشجؽ ث٣ ٬ُ ٌِؿزٟ ضٰؾز ٍٯجهر٣ ٌ٨ ٯل٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٌٛع ثٟ ١ٖ ألٛى٩* :٬ٛ ث٫صؤه ٬وظذٰٛؼ ث٨ضٛ ث٬ٛ ث٫ صؤه١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ٍٯجهر ث٬ٛضجٰٛز دجٜٔوٛ ث٫٪ًٔٛ ث٪صـ٩ ٪٠٣ ٢ هٙ٪ْتٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ١فٰظ أ.9 ٦ذٜٓ ٍٯجهر ػٌدجس٩ ٦٣ٍ٩ ٔض٣ ٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ ٝو٨ٛووالس ثٟ ٍٯجهر٬ٛ ث٫ صؤه١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ٍٯجهر ث٬ٛضجٛ ثألٯغ دجٙووٟ ٬ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق٦٣فٰظ ث.2
23. Mixoedema patient can not tolerate cord while Exophthalmic goiter patient can not tolerate heat. قٌثًرٛ ثًصِجم ث٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٌٛٯغ ثٟ ٚ٠ج ال ٯضق٠٤ٰهر د٩ٌذٛج ث٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٌٛٯغ ثٟ ٚ٠ صقٝهو
A- Because mixoedema is caused by decrease of thyroxin, which is produced by the thyroid gland. While exophthalmic goiter caused by increased secretion of thyroxin. Since thyroxin is responsible for controlling metabolism and energy production. So decrease hormones → decrease metabolism and decrease energy production.So patient can not tolerate cold and vice versa in the case of exophthalmic goiter. ٍ ٍٯجهر إٌُث٦ ّذذ٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٛج ث٠٤ٰوًٰٓز دٌٛور ثٛ ث٥ٌٍِ ص٫يٛ ث٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ٦ج ّذذ٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٌٛع ثٟ ١ٖ ألٛى٩* ٬ٛ ث٫ ٯؤه١٪ٌٟ٨ٛٔض ث٣ ١ـجٓز إىٛضجػ ث٣إ٩ ٰجس ثألٯغٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٞ٘ضقٛ ث٢ هٙ٪ْت٠ٛ ث٪٧ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ١فٰظ أ٩ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛث ٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٛز ثٛ فج٬ُ ِ٘وٛدج٩ هر٩ٌذٛج ث٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٌٛٯغ ث٠ٛ ثٚ٠ ال ٯضق٬ٛضجٛـجٓز دجٛضجػ ث٣ ث٬ُ نِجع٣ ث٫نِجع ثألٯغ أ٣ث
24. Lack of iodine in food and water leads to goiter ? وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ ثٞ صؼن٬ٛ ث٫جء ٯؤه٠ٛث٩ ٌيثءٛ ث٬ُ ه٪ٰٛٔض ث٣
A- Because iodine is used in formation of thyroxin. So iodine deficiency → prevent formation of thyroxin by required quantities , which leads to goitre. ج٠ٟ دز٪ٜـ٠ٰٛجس ث٠٘ٛ دج٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ١٪٘ه ال ٯض٪ٰٛٔض ث٣ و٤ ه٬ٛضجٛدج٩ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٯ٪٘ ص٬ُ ٚه ٯوم٪ٰٛ ث١ٖ ألٛى٩* وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ ثٞ صؼن٬ٛ ث٫ٯؤه
25. Mixoedema patient characterized by increase weight and obesity . ٌِؿز٠ٛز ث٤٠ْٛوًؽز ثٛ ٦٣ٍ٩ ج دَٯجهر٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٌٛٯغ ثٟ َٰ٠ٯض
A- Because mixoedema patient caused by deficiency of thyroxin. Since thyroxin controlled metabolism, so its deficiency decrease catabolism, which increases the body weight, to the degree of obesity. 66
٬ٌيثةٰٛجس ثألٯغ ثٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٙ٩ ثألٞ٘ضق٠ٛ ٯوضذٌ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧ ١فٰظ أ٩ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ٦ج ّذذ٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٌٛع ثٟ ١ٖ ألٛى٩* ٌِؿز٠ٛ ث٦٤٠ْٛ هًؽز ث٬ٛ ثْٞؾٛ ث١ٍ٩ ج ٯَٯو٠ٟ ٝو٨ٰٛجس ثٜ٠ ه٢ٟ ٗغٌٰثٜٚٔ ٯ٦ٔظ٣ ١ ُج٬ٛضجٛدج
26. Myxoedema patients get tired with the least effort . ه٪٨ؾٟ ٚٓج)أل٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٛ(ث٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛٔض ث٣ ٌٯغٟ دضوخ
A- Because myxoedema caused by lack of the hormone thyroxin, which controls the metabolism of food , so its deficiency leads to reduced amount of energy liberated from food reduces the number of heart beats so the amount of blood reach the muscle become insufficient , so the patient tired quickly with minimal effort. ٔض٣ ٬ٛ ث٫ ٯؤه٦ٔظ٣ ٬ٛضجٛدج٩ ٬ٌيثةٰٛجس ثألٯغ ثٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق٫يٛ ث٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ٦ج ّذذ٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٌٛٯغ ثٟ ١ٖ ألٛى٩* ٰٝٔجٛو ث٤ٌٯغ دٌْهز ه٠ٖٛ ٯضوخ ثٛيٛ وؼالسٜٛ جّذز٤ٟ ٰٝجس ه٠ٗ ٚخ ُال صظٜٔٛ هوه ػٌدجس ثٜٚٔج ٯ٠ٟ ٌيثءٛ ث٢ٟ ضقًٌر٠ٛـجٓز ثٰٛز ث٠ٗ ه٪٨ؾٟ ٚٓدؤ
27. Increased secretion of Parathormone makes bones fragile and easily breakable . ٌْ٘ٛز ثٜ٨ّ٩ شز٧ ٝولجٛ ثٚ ٯؾو١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٍٛٯجهر إٌُثٍ ث
A- Because increase secretion of Parathormone lead to increase level of calcium in the blood . This excess amount of calcium and phosphorus are withdraw from bones bone become fragile and subject to bending and fracture easily. ٝولجًٛ ث٪ِّ٪ُ٩ ٝ٪ْٰٛ ٗج٢ٟ َٯجهرٖٛ ثٜ ّقخ صٞٯض٩ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ثًصِجم٬ٛ ث٫ صؤه١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ٍٯجهر إٌُثٍ ث١ٖ ألٛى٩* زٛ٪٨ٌْْ٘ دٛث٩ جء٤ق٣ألٛ صضوٌع٩ شز٧ ُضظذـ
28. Decrease level of sodium in the blood and its exit in the urine, with increase level of potassium in the blood when adrenal gland diseased. ٌثعٟ٘لٌٯز دؤٌٛور ثٛو ثطجدز ث٤ هٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذْٛذز ث٣ ن ثًصِجمٟ ٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ ٦ؽ٩ٌم٩ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪هٯ٪ظْٛذز ث٣ نِجع٣ث
A- Because the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone hormone, which plays an important role in maintaining the balance of the metal in the body, by re-absorption of sodium and get red of potassium in the kidneys. So damage of the adrenal cortex decrease aldosterone decrease sodium in the blood and its loss in the urine and increase potassium in the blood. ٬ٜٯْجهو ه٩ ْٞؾٛ دج١وجه٠ٛ ث١ٍث٪ ص٬ٜقِجف هٛ ث٬ُ جٟج٧ ًث٩وخ هٜ ٯ٫يٛ ث١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ٘لٌٯز صٌٛور ثٛ ٓشٌر ث١ٖ ألٛى٩* ٬ُ ٞ٧ج ٯْج٠ٟ ١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ ثألٌٚٔثع ٯٟٔشٌر دؤٛو إطجدز ث٤ ه٬ٛضجٛ دج٢ٰٰضٜ٘ٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٛ ث٢ٟ ضٜضنٛث٩ ٝ٪هٯ٪ظٛضظجص ثٟإهجهر ث ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٛثًصِجم ث٩ ٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ ٦٣ُٔوث٩ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪هٯ٪ظٛنِجع ث٣ث
29. Appearance of male characteristics in women and female characteristics in men . ٌٙؽجٛو ث٤عز ه٪٣ثًع ثأل٪ه٩ ْجء٤ٛ ث٬ُ زٛ٪ٌؽٛثًع ث٪ه٩ ً طِجس٪٨ك
A- Due to imbalance between sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and sex hormones secreted by gonads (testes in males and ovaries in female). ٌوهٛج ث٧ٌٍِ ص٬ضْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث٩ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛج ٓشٌر ث٧ٌٍِ ص٬ضْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث١ٍث٪ ص٢ٰ دٜٚط م٩ضٰؾز فو٣ ٖٛى٩* )٬غ٣ ثأل٬ُ ذٰغ٠ٛث٩ ٌٗيٛ ث٬ُ نظٰزٛنضظز (ث٠ٛث
30. Increase level of blood glucose during fear. ٍ٪نٛو ث٤ضٰؾز ه٣ ٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜثًصِجم ؽ
A- Because in a state of fear ; large amounts of adrenaline and noradrenaline secreted from the adrenal medulla. They analyze liver and muscle glycogen to glucose increase blood glucose. ٜٚ صق٬ٜ ه١ال٠ٯو٩ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣ ٢ٟ ٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ ثألهًٯ٢ٟ ٰجس ٗذٌٰر٠ٗ ٍ إٌُثٍٞ ٯض٪نٛز ثٛ فج٬ُ ٦٣ٖ ألٛى٩* ٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٍٜ ٌُٰصِن ؽ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛوؼالس ثٛث٩ ٘ذوٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؽ
31. Increase adrenaline hormone during emotion and fear. ِٙوج٣ثال٩ ٍ٪نٛجء ث٤ أع٢ٰٛج٤ ثألهًٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٯجهر
A- Because emotion activate adrenal medulla , which secretes both adrenaline and noradrenaline in the blood to leads to : 67
1. Increase level of sugar in the blood due to decomposition of stored glycogen in the liver and muscles into glucose. (2) increase the force and rte of cardiac contraction .(3) increase blood pressure. (4) increase rate of breathing. 2- All these changes flow of large quantities of blood carrying oxygen and glucose to the muscles of the body so the body get the necessary energy to face the dangers. :٬ٜ ه١ال٠ٰوٛ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ ثألهًٯ٢ٟ ٚٗ ٌٍِ ص٬ضٛ٘لٌٯز ثٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣ شؾ٤ صِٙوج٣ فجالس ثال١ٖ ألٛى٩* ٔذجع٣ٌّهز ث٩ ر٪ٓ )ٍٯجهر2(ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛوؼالس ثٛث٩ ٘ذوٛ ث٬ُ ١َن٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛ ثٜٚضٰؾز صق٣ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٌْْ٘ٛذز ث٣ ٍٯجهر.9 ِِ٤ضٛ ثٙووٟ )ٍٯجهر4(ٝوٛ)ًُن ػٌؾ ث1(خٜٔٛث زٍٟالٛـجٓز ثٛ ث٬ٜ هٚ صقظ٬ٛضجٛدج٩ ْٞؾٛوؼالس ثٛ ٢ٰثألْٗؾ٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛز دجٜ٠قٟ ٗذٌٰرٰٝجس ه٠ٗ ٙ٪ط٩ ضٌٌٰثس صْجهوٛ ث٥ي٧ ٚٗ٩* ًز ثألمـج٨ثؽ٪ٟ٩
32. The pituitary glands is the gland master. ٩ٌجٯْض٠ٛ ث٩ٌوه أٰٛز ّٰور ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛصوضذٌ ث
A- Because it controls the entire endocrine system by its secreted hormones , and affect the secretion of the rest of the endocrine glands ; as adenohypophysis secrete ……and neurohypophysis secrete. جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ صيٌٗ ثٞجء ع٠ظٌٛوه ثٛ إٌُثٍ دٰٔز ث٬ُ ٌصؤع٩ ج٧ٌٍِ ص٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ؿٌٯْ ث٢ز هٜ٠ٗجء دؤ٠ظٌٛوه ثٛجٍ ث٨ ؽ٬ُ ٞ٘ج صضق٨٣*أل ٬وظذِٛض ثٛث٩ ٫ٌوِٛض ثٛج ث٧ٌٍِ ص٬ضٛث
33. The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is more important than the posterior lobe. ٬ِٜنٛج ث٨ ُظ٢ٟ ٞ٧ٰز أٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛٯوضذٌ ث
A- Because: The anterior lobe is glandular lobe secrete the following hormones : (1) Growth hormone which controls the metabolism of food and protein synthesis, so it control the growth of the body. (2) Hormones stimulating other endocrine glands , as TSH ; ACTH ; FSH ; LH and prolactin. - While the posterior lobe is a neural lobe ; hormones released from it was formed in the hypothalamus , these hormones affect only the non-glandular tissue such as muscles of the uterus and nephron tubes. ٰن٤صظ٩ ٬ٌيثةٰٛجس ثألٯغ ثٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق٫يٛ ث٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧)9٢ٟ ٚٗ ٌٍِ ٯ٫ ُض ًو٢ هذجًر ه٪٧ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث١ٖ ألٛى٩* شؾ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث٩ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٜٛ شؾ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثٚغٟ ٫ٌجء ثألم٠ظٌٛوه ثٜٛ شـز٤ٟ جس٣٪ٌٟ٧)2(ْٞؾٛ ث٪٠٣ ٬ُ ٖٞ٘ ٯضقٛدي٩ ٢ٰص٩ٌذٛث ٢ٰالٗض٩ٌذٛث٩LH٩FSHٚغٟ ّٚج٤٠ٜٛ شـز٤٠ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث٩ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛٔشٌر ثٛ ْؾز٣ ث٬ٜجس صؤعٌ ُٔؾ ه٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٥ي٧٩ ُجٟعال٪ٰذ٨ٛ ث٬ُ ٦٤ٟ صنٌػ٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘ صٞ ٯض٬ ٯوضذٌ ُض هظذ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛج ث٠٤ٰ*د ١٩ٌِ٤ٛجدٰخ ث٣ث٩ ٌٞفٛ هؼالس ثٚغٟ ًٌٰ ًوٯز
VI: Various questions : أسئٍخ ِزٕىعخ:سبدسب
(1) Mention the name of one hormone plays 2 opposite roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates, one anabolic and the other catabolic to achieve one function. From what it is secreted ? what its role in both cases? ػـ٩ ٦٠ّج ثٟ ثفور٩ كِٰز٩ ْٰٔضقٛ ٝو٨ٛثٱمٌ دج٩ جء٤ذٛج دج٠٧ٯجس أفو٪ش٤ٛ أٯغ ث٬ُ ٢ضؼجهٯٟ ٢ًٯ٩وخ هٜثفو ٯ٩ ١٪ٌٟ٧ ّٞ) أىٌٗ ث9( .٢ٰضٛقجٛ ٗال ث٬ُ ٥ً٩ه٩ ٥ٍ إٌُث١٘جٟ
A- Is the name of the hormone is insulin. Secreted from beta cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas 1. Its anabolic role in carbohydrate metabolism: insulin stimulate convertion of blood glucose to glycogen or fat stored in liver or muscles, or other body tissues. 68
2. Its catabolic role in carbohydrate metabolism: it stimulate glucose oxidation in the cells, as it is necessary in two processes : (1) Passage of monosaccharides (except fructose) through cell plasma membrane into the cytoplasm of cells. (2) activates especial enzymes found in the cytoplasm of cells which convert glucose into glucose-6phosphate. ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذَٛ دج٣ج٧ٌؾ٣ ؽًَ ال٬ُ مالٯج دٰضج٢ٌٍِٟٯ٩.٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثال٪٧ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثّٞ*ث ٬ُ ج٨٤ صنَٯٞ ٯض١٪٧ ه٩ أ٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٛ ثٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽٙ٪ دضشؾٰن صق٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثألٝ٪ٔ ٯ:ٰوًثس٧٪ٌ٘دٛ أٯغ ث٬ُ جء٤ذٛز ثٛ فج٬ُ ٥ً٩ال ه٩أ.9 ٫ٌ ثألمْٞؾْٛؾز ث٣ أ٬ُ ٩وؼالس أٛ ث٩٘ذو أٛث ٢ٰضٟج٧ ٢ٰٰضٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٫ً٩ٌ ػ٦٣ٍ فٰظ أ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ أْٗور ث٬ٜ هْٞؾٛ ٯقظ مالٯج ث٦٣ ُئ:ٰوًثس٧٪ٌ٘دٛ أٯغ ث٬ُ ٝو٨ٛز ثٛ فج٬ُ ٥ً٩ٰج ه٣عج.2 شٰؾ٤ دضٝ٪ٔ)ٯ2(نالٯجٛ ثٍٝدال٪ ّٰضٚ هثم٬ٰٛز ثٍٟذالٛ ثألًشٰز ثٙ مال٢ٟ )ٍ٪ٌِٗضٛجهوث ثٟ(ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯزًٛ ث٩ٌ٠ٛ ٫ً٩ٌ)ػ9ج٠٧ ِّجس٪ُ 6 ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛ ث٦ٛ٪صق٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٜٛ ٰز ٌُِْرٜ٠ هٚ٠ صو٬ضٛث٩ نالٯجٛ ثٍٝدال٪ ّٰض٬ُ ؽو٪جس مجطز ص٠َٯ٣إ
(2) For a diabetic patient any of the following juices can be taken without causing rise in sugar: sugar cane juice or grip juice or honey. Knowing that sugar cane juice rich in sucrose and grape juice rich in glucose and honey bees rich in fructose. ٝٔظخ أٛ(هظٌٰ ث٦ٟ ٌّ٘ ه٬ُ ٖ ثًصِجمٛ ٯْذخ ى١ أ١٩ ه٦ٛ٩ج٤ ٯض١ أ٢٘٠ٰز ٯٛضجٛوظجةٌ ثٛ ث٫ أ٬ُ ٫ٌّ٘ ٙ٪ٌٯغ دٟ ًٕ) ثّضشج2( ٌْ٘ د٬٤ً خ٤وٛهظٌٰ ث٩ ٍ٩ٌْ٘ٛ دٌْ٘ ث٬٤ً ٔظخٛ هظٌٰ ث١ أٜٞوٛن ثٟ(ٌِْٰضٛن ثٟ ٦ظق٤جىث ص٠) ُذٚق٤ٛ ثْٚ هٝخ أ٤وٛهظٌٰث )ٍ٪ٌِٗضٛ دٌْ٘ ث٬٤ً ٚق٤ٛ ثْٚه٩ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛث
1. Sugar cane juice is not recommended because it contains sucrose, which hydrolysed in the intestine by the enzyme sucrase to glucose and fructose. Due to absence of insulin in diabetic patient glucose can not enter the cells to be oxidized . As a result, it is accumulates in the blood, leading to increase in the blood than normal. 2. Similarly, grape juice is not recommended because it contains glucose. 3. Honey bees is recommended because it is rich sugar fructose, which is absorbed and can enter the cells in absence of insulin producing energy without increase glucose level in the patient blood. ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٌْٛ٘ٯَ ثٛ ثَٞٯ٣ثّـز إ٪وجء دٟ ثأل٬ُ ٜٚ ٯضق٫يٍٛ ث٩ٌْ٘ٛ ٌّ٘ ث٬ٜ ه٫٪ ٯقض٦٣ٖ ألٛى٩ ٚٔظخ ال ٯِؼٛ هظٌٰ ث.9 ٦٣ٖ ُئٛيٛ ضٰؾز٣٩ قٌٓزٛ نالٯجٛ ثٙ٪ هم٢ٟ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ُال ٯْضـٰن ث٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛٯغ ثٟ و٤ ه٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثإل١٪ٌٟ٧ ضٰؾز ًٰجح٣٩ ٍ٪ٌُٗض٩ ٬ـذٰوٛ ثٙوو٠ٛ ث٢ هٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٦ ٍٯجهص٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٞٗٯضٌث ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٜ ه٫٪ ٯقض٦٣ ألٚخ ال ٯِؼ٤وٛ هظٌٰ ثٚغ٠ٛ دج.2 ثًصِجم١٩ـجٓز دوٛضؾج ث٤ٟ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ًٰجح ثأل٬ُ نالٯجٛ ثٙ٪ٯْضـٰن هم٩ ضض٠ ٯ٫يٍٛ ث٪ٌِٗضٛ دٌْ٘ ث٬٤ً ٦٣ ألٚ ٯِؼٚق٤ٛ ثْٚ ه.1 ٌٯغ٠ٛ ثٝ ه٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٌّٛ٘ ث
(3) Osteoporosis (lack of calcium in the bones) may occur in human due to deficiency of a specific hormone or increase of another hormone. What are these hormones ; locate its sources and method of work of each of them? ٢يٯ٧ ٌٗ أمٌ أى١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٯجهر٩ أ٢ٰوٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٤ٛ ضٰؾز٣ )ٝولجٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛٔض ث٣(ٝولجٛشجشز ث٨ د١ْج٣) ٓو ٯظجح ثإل1( ج؟٠٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ٚ٠ؿٌٯٔز ه٩ ج٠٧ إٌُثٍث١٘جٟ فوه٩ ٢ٰ٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث
A- The two hormones are: 1. Calcitonin hormone: secreted by the thyroid gland. It prevents withdrawal of calcium from the bones. So lack of this hormone facilitates the withdrawal of calcium from the bones making them fragile. 2. Parathormone hormone: secreted from parathyroid glands . It stimulate withdrawal of calcium from the bones. So increase this hormone increase withdrawal of calcium from bones making them fragile, easily breakable. :ج٠٧ ١ج٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث ّقخ٢ٟ ٚ٨ْ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧ ٔض٣ ١ إىٝولجٛ ث٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛن ّقخ ث٤٠ ٯ٦٣ أ٦كِٰض٩٩ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ:٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ -9 ٦ش٧ ج٨ٜج ٯؾو٠ٟ ٝولجٛ ث٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛث
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ٚ٠ صو٦ ٍٯجهص١ إىٝولجٛ ث٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ صقَِٰ ّقخ ث٪٧ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧ كِٰز٩٩ ؾجًثس هًٰٓزٌٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِٯ٩ ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ -2 ٌْ٘ٛز ثٜ٨ّ شز٧ ج٨ٜ ُضؾوٝولجٛ ث٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ ث٢ٟ َٯو٠ٛ ّقخ ث٬ٜه
(4) Mention the name of hormones increase blood glucose in blood ? Sources of this hormones ? method of increasing glucose level ? ٍ؟٪ٗ٪ٜؾٜٛ ج٨ؿٌٯٔز ًُو٩ ٌٌٍِوه صٛ ث٫ أ٢ٟ٩ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ٌّ٘ ث٣ صٌُن٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛجء ث٠ّ) أىٌٗ أ4( Name of hormone Name of gland secrete it Method of raising blood glucose Thyroxin Thyroid gland Stimulates absorption of carbohydrates (glucose) from the gastrointestinal tract Cortisone Adrenal cortex Regulate carbohydrate metabolism by break down glycogen to glucose. Adrenaline and Adrenal medulla Hydrolyse glycogen stored in the liver and muscles to noradrenaline glucose. Glucagon Alpha cells in the islets of convert glycogen stored in liver only to glucose. Langerhans of pancreas. ٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؿٌٯٔز ًُن ؽ ٰز٠ؼ٨ٛجر ث٤ٔٛ ث٢ٟ)ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛٯجس(ث٪ش٤ٛضظجص ثٟٯقَِ ث ٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛ دضٌْٰ٘ ثْٞؾٛٯز دج٪ش٤ٛثه ث٪٠ٛ ثٯغ ثٰٞل٤ص ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛث ٬ٛوؼالس ثٛث٩ ٘ذوٛ ث٬ُ ١َن٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛ ثٜٚصق ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؽ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛ٘ذو ُٔؾ ثٛ دج١َن٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛ ثٚٯ٪صق
ٌورٛ ثّٞث وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛث ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛٓشٌر ث
١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثّٞث ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛث ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛث
٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣
٢ٰٛج٤ثألهًٯ ٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛث٩ ١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛث
َ٣ج٧ٌؾ٣ ؽًَ ال٬ُ ِجٛمالٯج أ ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛدج
(5) Mention sources of secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline? and their effect on blood vessels of skin and muscle - eye - the urinary bladder ز٣غج٠ٛث-٢ٰوٛث-وؼالسٛث٩ وٜؾٛ ث٬ُ ٯز٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ ثأل٢ٟ ٚٗ ٬ٜج ه٠٧ٌٰج صؤعٟ٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ ثألهًٯ٢ٟ ٚٗ ٍ إٌُث٢ٗجٟ) أىٌٗ أ1( ٰزٛ٪ذٛث Hormone Source Effects Blood vessels Blood vessels of Eye Urinary bladder of skin muscles Adrenaline Secreted from the contraction of Relaxation of Dilatation Relaxation of adrenal medulla. blood vessels Blood vessels in of the eye urinary bladder pupil Noradrenaline From two places: of skin the muscles urine storage Adrenal medulla reduces increase inflow of in bladder, in and as amount of blood to the cases of tension, neurotransmitter fighting, exercise blood in it muscle with its secreted from oxygen and and other. makes skin terminal nutrients needed color pale. arborization of to meet nerve endings to emergency the synaptic cleft . conditions. ٌٍِ ٯ٫ أ٬ هظذٚٓج٣ ٌٯوضذ٩ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣ :ج٠٧ ٢ٰ٣٘جٟ ٢ٟ ٌٍُِٰ--٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛج ثٟ٘لٌٯز&أٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣ ٢ٟ ٢ٰٛج٤*ٯٌٍِ ثألهًٯ ٬٘ضشجدٛشْ ثٛ ث٬ٛجٯجس ثألهظجح ث٨٣ ٢ٟ
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و شجفذجٜؾٛ ث١٪ٛ ٚج ٯؾو٠ٟ ج٨ُٰ ٝوٰٛز ث٠ٗ ٜٚٔ ٯ٫ج)أ٧ٌ ٯؼْٰ ٓـ٫ج(أ٨ٔذجػ٣ٯْذخ ث زٍٟثه ًيثةٰز ال٪ٟ٩ ٢ٰ أْٗؾ٢ٟ ٦ٜ٠ج ٯق٠ز دٜوؼٜٛ ٝوٛثًه ث٪ ص٢ٟ ج ٯَٯو٠ٟ ج٨ذْجؿ٣ٯْذخ ث ء٫ًث٪ـٍٛ ث٩ٌز ك٨ثؽ٪٠ٛ ٢ٰوّٛن فوٓز ث٪ٯ ٥ًٌٰ٩ ٢جًٯ٠ضٛث٩ ٙٔضجٛث٩ ٌص٪ضٛ فجالس ث٬ُ ز٣غج٠ٛ ث٬ُ ٙ٪ذٛ ث٢ صنَٯ٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٫ج(أ٨ذْجؿ٣ٯْذخ ث
وٜؾٛ ث٬ُ ٯز٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ثأل ٬ُ ٯز٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ثأل وؼالسٛث ٢ٰوٛث ٰزٛ٪ذٛز ث٣غج٠ٛث
(6) Mention the name of the hormone responsible for each of the following and secreted glands: :٥ٌٍِ ص٬ضٌٛور ثٛث٩ ٬ ثألص٢ هٙ٪ْت٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثّٞ) أىٌٗ ث6(
1. Reduce the sugar glucose in the blood . ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ مِغ ٌّ٘ ث.9
2. Increase level of calcium in the blood . ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ ثًصِجم.2
3. Reduce the level of calcium in the blood . ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ مِغ.1
4. Increase level of sodium and decrease level of potassium in the blood . ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٛمِغ ث٩ ٝ٪هٯ٪ظٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ ثًصِجم.4
5. Increase level of glucose through decomposition glycogen in liver only. ٘ذو ُٔؾٛ ث٬ُ ٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛ ثٜٚ ؿٌٯْ صق٢ٍ ه٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ ثًصِجم.1
6. Hormone secreted by the adrenal gland and raises the blood sugar by decomposition of glycogen in the liver and muscles. وؼالسٛث٩ ٘ذوٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽٜٚ دضقٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛٯٌُن ث٩ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ .6
7. Hormone that allows glucose to enter the cell and cellular oxidation . ٯج٪ٜ م٦أْٗوص٩ ٰزٜنٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٙ٪ـ دوم٠ْ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ .7
8. Hormone works on reabsorption of water in the renal tubules. ٯز٪ٰٜ٘ٛذٰذجس ث٣ ثأل٬ُ جء٠ٛضظجص ثٟ إهجهر ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو١٪ٌٟ٧ .5
9. Hormone constricted blood vessels and raises blood pressure . ٝوٛٯٌُن ػٌؾ ث٩ ٯز٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ٔذجع ثأل٣ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو١٪ٌٟ٧ .1
10. Hormone works on protein metabolism and the growth of the body. ْٞؾٛ ث٪٠٣٩ ٢ٰص٩ٌذٛ أٯغ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو١٪ٌٟ٧ .99
11. Hormone responsible for regulating menstruation (month cycle). )ٌٯز٨شًٛر ث٩وٛظ(ث٠ـٛ ثٰٞل٤ ص٢ هٙ٪ْتٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ .99
12. Hormone responsible for regulating blood changes in the lining of the uterus to prepare it receive ovum. ٯؼز٪ذًٍٛم ث٩ ٙ الّضٔذج٥ٰووٛ ٌٞفٜٛ ٢ذـ٠ٌٛشجء ثٛ ث٬ُ ٯز٪ٟوٛضٌٌٰثس ثٛ ثٰٞل٤ ص٢ هٙ٪ْتٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ .92
13. Hormone responsible for regulating the changes that occur in the mammary glands during pregnancy . ٚ٠قٛجء ث٤غوٯٰز أعٌٛوه ثٛ ث٬ُ صقوط٬ضٛضٌٌٰثس ثٛ ثٰٞل٤ ص٢ هٙ٪ْتٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ .91
14. Hormone causes the relaxation of symphysis pubis at the end of pregnancy to facilitate the birth process. الهر٪ٰٛز ثٜ٠ هٰٚ٨ْضٛ ٚ٠قٛجٯز ُضٌر ث٨٣ و٤ ه٬٣وجٛ ٯْذخ ثًصنجء ثالًصِجّ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ .94
15. Hormone responsible for growth of the prostate and seminal vesicles + appearance of secondary sex characters in the males. ٌٗيٛ ث٬ُ ٯز٪٣غجْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛظِجصجًٛ ث٪٨ك+ٯز٪٤٠ٛٯظالس ث٪قٛث٩ ّضجصج٩ٌذٛ ث٪٠٣ ٢ هٙ٪ْتٟ ١٪ٌٟ٧ .91
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Answer : Action
Name of hormone
Sources
1. Reduce the sugar glucose in the blood
Insulin
2. Increase level of calcium in the blood 3. Reduce the level of calcium in the blood . 4. Increase level of sodium and decrease level of potassium in the blood . 5. Increase level of glucose through decomposition glycogen in liver only. 6. Hormone secreted by the adrenal gland and raises the blood sugar by decomposition of glycogen in the liver and muscles. 7. Hormone that allows glucose to enter the cell and cellular oxidation . 8. Hormone works on reabsorption of water in the renal tubules. 9. Hormone constricted blood vessels and raises blood pressure . 10. Hormone works on protein metabolism and the growth of the body. 11. Hormone responsible for regulating menstruation (month cycle). 12. Hormone responsible for regulating blood changes in the lining of the uterus to prepare it receive ovum. 13. Hormone responsible for regulating the changes that occur in the mammary glands during pregnancy . 14. Hormone causes the relaxation of symphysis pubis at the end of pregnancy to facilitate the birth process. 14. Hormone causes the relaxation of symphysis pubis at the end of pregnancy to facilitate the birth process.
Parathormone Calcitonin
beta cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Para thyroid glands Thyroid gland
Aldosterone
Adrenal cortex
Glucagon
Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas Adrenal medulla
Adrenalin
Insulin Antidiuretic hormone
Beta cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas Pars nervosa of the pituitary gland
Antidiuretic hormone
Pars nervosa of the pituitary gland
Growth hormone
Adenohypophysis of the pituitary gland. Graafian follicle in the ovary
Estrogen Progesterone
corpus luteum in the ovary and placenta
Progesterone
corpus luteum in the ovary and placenta
Relaxin
corpus luteum + placenta + uterus
Testosterone and androsterone
interstetial cells of testis
(7) Mention the name of hormone (hormones), which works on the following elements; and effects of it : :ٚ٠وٛن ىٌٗ ؿذٰوز ثٟ ٰزٛضجٰٛز ث٣وو٠ٛجطٌ ث٤وٛ ث٩ ثألهؼجء أ٬ٜ دظِز أّجّٰز هٚ٠ صو٬ضٛجس)ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ(ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثّٞ) أىٌٗ ث7(
1. Bending zone of the stem ّجء ّج٤ق٣ـٔز ث٤ٟ .9
2. Mammary glands غوٯٰزٌٛوه ثٛ ث.2
3. Uterus ٌٞفٛ ث.1
4. Bone 72
ٝولجٛ ث.4
5. Renal tubules ٯز٪ٰٜ٘ٛذٰذجس ث٣ ثأل.1
6. Graafian follicle ٍز ؽٌثٜٯظ٪ ف.6
7. Corpus luteum ٌِ ثألطْٞؾٛ ث.7
8. Symphysis pubis. ٬٣وجٛ ثالًصِجّ ث.5
9. Interstetial cells of testis . نظٰزٛ ث٬ُ ٰز٤ٰذٛنالٯج ثٛ ث.1
10. Bowel (intestine) وجءٟثأل
.99
ٝوٛ ثٝ٪ْٰٛٗج
.99
ٝوٛ ثٝ٪هٯ٪ط
.92
ٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؽ
.91
٘ذوٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؽ
.94
11. Blood calcium 12. Blood Sodium. 13. Blood glucose 14. Liver glycogen Answer : Element
Hormone acting on it
Effect of hormone
Bending zone of the stem Mammary glands:
Auxins
curvature of the stem
1. Estrogen 2. Progesterone 3. Prolactin 4. Oxytocin
Uterus
1. Estrogen 2. Progesterone 3. Oxytocin
Symphysis pubis Graafian follicles
1. Relaxin
Corpus luteum
LH
Interstitial cells in testis
LH
1. Enlargement of the mammary glands 2. Regulation of changes that occur in the mammary glands during pregnancy 3. Secretion (production) of milk from the mammary glands 4. Release of the milk from the mammary glands in response to the breast feeding process 1. Development of the lining of the uterus during the menstrual cycle (menstruation) 2. Regulate vascular changes in the lining of the uterus to prepare it for the reception and egg laying 3. Contraction of the muscles of the uterus at birth to expel the fetus. Causes relaxation of symphysis pubis at the end of pregnancy to facilitate the birth process (1) help formation of Graafian follicle and stimulate it to secrete estrogen (2) Release of ovum from Graafian follicle (ovulation) Stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete the hormone progesterone Helps in its formation and stimulate it to secrete male hormones (testosterone and androsterone)
1. FSH 2. LH
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Bones
(1) Parathormone (2) Calcitonin
Renal tubules
(1) ADH (2) Aldosterone
Intestine
(1) thyroxin (2) Secretine and Cholecystokinine (1) Parathormone (2) calcitonin Aldosterone
Blood calcium Bloosd Sodium Blood glucose
Liver glycogen
(1) Insulin (2) Thyroxin (3) Cortisone (4) Adrenaline and noradrenaline. (5) Glucagon. (1) insulin (2) glucagon (3) adrenaline
(1) Decrease calcium level in the blood stimulate secretion of Parathormone → withdraw calcium from the bones to maintain the level of calcium in the blood normal. (2) Increase calcium level in blood → stimulate secretion of calcitonine → preventing calcium withdrawal from bone. (1) Reduce the amount of urine through water reabsorption in renal tubules. (2) Absorption of sodium and excretion of potassium from the kidneys. (1) Helps absorption of monosaccharides. (2) Stimulate the digestive tract glands to secrete digestive enzymes. (1) Increase level of calcium in the blood. (2) Decrease level of calcium in the blood Helps re-absorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the kidneys. (1) Decrease blood glucose. (2) & (3)&(4) & (5) : Increase blood glucose .
(1) Increase it as it conver glucose to glycogen (2) Decrease it as it hydrolyse glycogen to glucose (3) Decrease it as it hydrolyse glycogen to glucose
جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثٚ٠ؿذٰوز ه ّْجٛجء ث٤ق٣ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠صو غوٯٰزٌٛوه ثٛ ٗذٌ ث.9 ٚ٠قٛجء ث٤غوٯٰز أعٌٛوه ثٛ ث٬ُ صقوط٬ضٛضٌٌٰثس ثٛ ثٰٞل٤ ص.2 غوٯٰزٌٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ذٜٛضجػ)ث٣ إٌُثٍ(إ.1 ٌػجهزٰٛز ثٜ٠وٛ ٰز ثّضؾجدز٤ذٌٜٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٰخٜقٛ ثٙ٩َ٣ ٩وُجم أ٣ ث.4 )قٰغٛظ(ث٠ـًٛر ث٩جء ه٤ أعٌٞفٛز ث٣جء دـج٠٣ إ.9 ٙ الّضٔذج٥ٰووٛ ٌٞفٜٛ ٢ذـ٠ٌٛشجء ثٛ ث٬ُ ٯز٪ٟوٛضٌٌٰثس ثٛ ثٰٞل٤ ص.2 ٯؼز٪ذًٍٛم ث٩ ٢ٰ٤ؾٛالهر إلمٌثػ ث٪ٛو ث٤ هٌٞفٛٔذجع هؼالس ث٣ ث.1 ٰزٜ٠ هٰٚ٨ْضٛ ٚ٠قٛجٯز ُضٌر ث٨٣ و٤ ه٬٣وجٛٯْذخ ثًصنجء ثالًصِجّ ث الهر٪ٛث ٢ٰؽ٩ٌج إلٌُثٍ ثألّض٨شـ٤ٯ٩ ج٨٤ٯ٪٘ ص٬ٜ) ٯْجهو ه9( )ٯغ٪ز ؽٌثٍ(صذٜٯظ٪ ف٢ٟ ٯؼز٪ذٛ صقًٌ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠) ٯو2( ١٩ٌٰؽْٰض٩ٌذٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُث٬ٜ ثألطٌِ هْٞؾٛشؾ ث٤ٯ ج٨جص٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍج إلٌُث٧َِٰصق٩ ج٨٤ٯ٪٘ ص٬ٜٯْجهو ه )١٩ٌّٰض٩ًو٣ ثأل٩ ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛيٌٗٯز(ثٛث ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ َُٰٯو إٌُثٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛنِجع ث٣و ث٤)ه9( ٬ٰٜقجُق هٛ ٖٛى٩ ٝولجٛ ث٢ٟ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ ُْٰقخ ث١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛث ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ ٝولجٛ ث٢ٟ ٦ضظجطٟن ث٤٠ د٦ ٯنِؼ٦٣ ُئٝوٛ ثٝ٪ْٰٛو ثًصِجم ٗج٤)ه2( جء٠ٛضظجص ثٟ ؿٌٯْ إهجهر ث٢ هٙ٪ذٰٛز ث٠ٗ ٰٜٚٔ ص٬ٜ هٚ٠) ٯو9(
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ج٨ٰٜ هٚ٠ صو٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث جس٤ْٰٗ٩ثأل ٢ٰؽ٩ٌ ثألّض.9 ١٩ٌؽْض٩ٌذٛ ث.2 ٢ٰالٗض٩ٌذٛ ث.1 ٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩ ثأل.4 ٢ٰؽ٩ٌ ثألّض.9 ١٩ٌؽْض٩ٌذٛ ث.2 ٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩ ثأل.1
ٌجط٤وٛ ث٩ثألهؼجء أ ذجس٣ ّجء ّج٤ق٣ـٔز ث٤ٟ غوٯٰزٌٛوه ثٛث
٢ٌْٰٗٯالٛث
٬٣وجٛثالًصِجّ ث
ٌٞفٛث
FSH )9( ٍز ؽٌثٜٯظ٪ف LH )2( LH ٌِ ثألطْٞؾٛث LH نظٰزٛ ث٬ُ ٰز٤ٰذٛنالٯج ثٛث ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ)ث9( ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ)ث2(
ٝولجٛث
ٙ٪ذٛن إلهًثً ث٣ج٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ) ث9(
ٯز٪ٰٜ٘ٛذٰذجس ث٣ثأل
ٯز٪ٜ٘ٛجدٰخ ث٣ ثال٬ُ ٢ٟ ٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٛ ث٢ٟ ضٜضنٛث٩ ٝ٪هٯ٪ظٛضظجص ثٟ ث٬ٜ) ٯْجهو ه2( ٢ٰٰضٜ٘ٛث ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯزٛضظجص ثٟ ث٬ٜ) ٯْجهو ه9( ز٠جػ٨ٛجس ث٠َٯ٣ٰز إلٌُثٍ ثإل٠ؼ٨ٛجر ث٤ٔٛشٰؾ ًوه ث٤) ص2( ِزٜنض٠ٛج ث٨هظجًص٩ ج٠٧ٌّٗذْ ى
١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ) ثأل2( ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ) ث9( ٩ ٢ٌْٰٰ٘صٛ) ث2( ٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪ْْٰٰضٛ٪٘ٛث ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ) ث9( ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ) ث2( ١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛثأل
٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٛ ث٢ٟ ضٜضنٛث٩ ٝ٪هٯ٪ظٛضظجص ثٟ إهجهر ث٬ٜٯْجهو ه ٢ٰٰضٜ٘ٛث ٦جس صٌُو٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛج دٰٔز ثٟ أٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜ ٯنِغ ؽ٫يٛفٰو ث٪ٛ ث٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣(ثأل٥ٌّٗذْ ى ٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٚٯ٪ دضق٦٤ٯ٪٘ ص٬ٜ) ٯْجهو ه9( ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣) ثأل9( ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛ ث٦ٜٜٖ دضقٛى٩ ٦ٜٜٔ) ٯ2( ١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛ) ث2( ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛ ث٦ٜٜٖ دضقٛى٩ ٦ٜٜٔ) ٯ1( ٢ٰٛج٤) ثألهًٯ1(
وجءٟثأل ٝوٛ ثٝ٪ْٰٛٗج ٝوٛ ثٝ٪هٯ٪ط ٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؽ ٘ذوٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؽ
(8) Mention the properties of the hormones . جس؟٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛأىٌٗ مظجةض ث
)5(
(A) Hormones are organic chemicals, some formed of a protein complex and some formed of simple compounds as amino acids or steroids (fatty substances). (B) Produced in small amounts estimated by microgerams (1 / 1000 mg). (C) Hormones are importance in human life as it performs the following functions: 1. Balance the body's internal situation (internal equilibrium) 2. Body growth 3. Physical maturity 4. Metabolism 5. Human behavior and development of emotional and mental pattern. ٩ٰز أ٤ٰٟجع ثأل٠ٌٗذجس دْٰـز ٗجألفٟ ٢ٟ ٌذوغ ثألمٛث٩ ؤو٠ٛ ث٢ٰص٩ٌذٛ ث٢ٟ ١٪٘ج ٯض٨ٯز دوؼ٪ٰجةٰز هؼ٠ٰٗ ثه٪ٟ ٬٧ جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ(أ) ث )ٰز٤٧ثه ه٪ٟ(ٯوثس٩ٌٰثّض )ٰٝؾٌثٜٜٟ9999/9(ٝؽٌث٩ٌٰ٘٠ٛز صٔوٯٌ دجٰٜٜٓ ٰجس٠٘(ح) صٌٍِ د :ٰزٛضجٛكجةَ ث٪ٛ أهثء ث٬ُ ٚغ٠ صض١ْج٣ فٰجر ثإل٬ُ ٰز ٗذٌٰر٠٧جس أ٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ )(س )٬ٜوثمٛ ث١ز(ثالصَث٠ٰل٤ص٩ ْٞؾٜٛ ٬ٜوثمٛػن ث٪ٛ ث١ثصَث٩ ١ٍث٪ ص.9 ْٞؾٛ ث٪٠٣ .2 ٬٠ْؾٛػ ث٪ؼ٤ٛ ث.1 ٬ٌيثةٛ ثٰٚغ٠ضٛ ث.4 ٫ٌِٰ٘ضٛث٩ ٬ِوجؿٛ ث٥٪٠٣٩ ١ْج٣ٕ ثال٪ّٜ .1
(9) Mention the methods used to know the functions of hormones? جس؟٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛكجةَ ث٪ٛ ٚط٪ضٜٛ شٟ ثّضنو٬ضٛـٌّ ثٛ) أىٌٗ ث1(
By Studying: 1. Symptoms, which appear on the human or animal due to enlargement or removal of the gland. 2. The chemical composition of the gland extracts and identifies their effects on different biological processes :ٖ دوًثّزٛى٩ ج٨ٛ ثّضتظج٩جء أ٠ ًور طٞضٰؾز صؼن٣ ١ث٪ٰقٛ ث٩ أ١ْج٣ ثال٬ٌٜ ه٨ صل٬ضٛ ثألهٌثع ث.9 ِزٜنض٠ٛٯز ث٪ٰقٰٛجس ثٜ٠وٛ ث٬ُ ج٧ٌ أع٬ٜضوٌٍ هٛث٩ ٌورٛنالطز ثٛ ٬ٰجة٠ٰ٘ٛضٌٰٗخ ثٛ ث.2
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(10) Mention the role of Claude Bernard and Star Lange and Jensen Basn . ٢ْ٤ ؽ٢ْٰد٩ ؼ٤ٛ ًّضج٩ ًج٣ٌه د٪ٜٗ ٢ٟ ٚٗ ً٩) أىٌٗ ه99(
(1) Claude Bernard studied the functions of the liver and considered sugar stored in it is internal secretion and bile as external secretion. (2) Star Lange: found that: 1. Pancreas secretes its digestive juice at arrival of food from the stomach to the duodenum, even after cut nerve connection between the pancreas and other organs, 2. He concluded that there is a kind other than nervous stimulation. 3. He conclude that the mucous membrane lining of the duodenum secrete substances pass to the blood stream until it reaches the pancreas to stimulate it to secrete digestive juice. 4. He called these chemical messages , hormones, (the Greek word meaning activating substances). (3) Booysen Jensen: The first point to the plant hormones (Auxins) and explain phototropism by auxins distribution, as he proved that the reception area (tip of stem ) secrete chemical substance (indole acetic acid) move from it to the response zone (bending zone) causing its curvature . ٬ظٌِثء إٌُثٍ مجًؽٛث٩) (ح٬ٜوثمٛ ث٥ٍ إٌُث٪٧ ٦ُٰ ٌوم٠ٌْٛ٘ ثٛأ)ثٌثهضذ٩ ٘ذوٛكجةَ ث٩ ًُجً ه٣ٌه د٪ٜٗ* :١ؽو أ٩:ؼ٤ٛ ً*ّضج ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛ ث٢ٰ د٬وظذٛ ثٙ دوو ٓـن ثالصظج٬ هشٌ فض٬٤ ثإلع٬ٛوور ث٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٌيثءٛ ثٙ٪ط٩ ً٪ُ ز٠جػ٨ٛ ث٦ٌ٘ٯجُ ٯٌٍِ هظجًص٤ذٛث.9 ثألهؼجء٢ٟ ٥ًٌٰ٩ ٬وظذٛ ًٌٰ ث٦ٰذ٤ضٛ ث٢ٟ هج٪٣ ٕج٤٧ ١ضؼ أ٤ثّض.2 ٍ إٌُث٬ٛ ث٦٨ذ٤ٌ٘ٯجُ ُض٤ذٛ ث٬ٛ ثٚ صظ٬ فضٝوٛ صٰجً ث٬ُ ٫ٌْثه ص٪ٟ ٌٍِ هشٌ ٯ٬٤ألعٛ ٢ذـ٠ٛ ث٬نجؿ٠ٌٛشجء ثٛ ث١ أ٬ٛ ثٚط٪ص. 1 ز٠جػ٨ٛ ث٦هظجًص )شـز٤٠ٛثه ث٪٠ٛجر ث٤وٟ ٬٣ج٣٪ِق ٯٛ(جس٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٰجةٰز٠ٰ٘ٛ ثٌّٚجةٛ ث٥ي٧ ٬٠ّ.4 ١ء ُٔو أعذش أ٪ؼٛ ث٪ق٣ ّْجٛضقجء ث٣ج ث٨ ٯٌِْ د١ثّضـجم أ٩)جس٤ْٰٗ٩ذجصٰز(ثأل٤ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٬ٛ أشجً ث٢ٟ ٙ٩ أ٪٧ ٌٯوضذ:٢ْ٤ ؽ٢ْٯ٪*د )جء٤ق٣ـٔز ثال٤ٟ(ـٔز ثالّضؾجدز٤ٟ ٬ٛج ث٨٤ٟ ٚٔض٤ٰٖ)صٜنٛغ ث٠ فٙ٩و٣ٰجةٰز(أ٠ٰٗ جهرٟ ٌٍِْجّ صٜٛ ٰزٟج٤ٛز ث٠ٔٛ ث٬٧٩ ٙـٔز ثالّضٔذج٤ٟ ج٨جة٤ق٣صْذخ ث٩
(11) Mention the importance of each of the hormones and Auxins ? جس٤ْٰٗ٩ثأل٩ جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٢ٟ ٚٗ ٰز٠٧) أىٌٗأ99(
(A) The importance of hormones: - hormones are important in human life in performance of the following functions: 1. Balance body's internal situation (internal equilibrium). 2. Body growth. 3. Physical maturity 4. Metabolism 5. Human behavior and development of emotional and mental pattern. (B) The importance of Auxins: 1. Regulation and differentiation of tissue growth . 2. Affecting growth by activation or inhibition . 3. Controls flowering of flowers, falling leaves, and ripening of fruit and its falling. 4. Affecting the vital processes in all cells and tissues of the plant. 5. Control plant growth. :ٰزٛضجٛكجةَ ث٪ٛ أهثء ث٬ُ ٚغ٠ صض١ْج٣ فٰجر ثإل٬ُ ٰز ٗذٌٰر٠٧جس أ٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ :جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٰٛز ث٠٧(أ) أ )٬ٜوثمٛ ث١(ثالصَث٦٠ٰل٤ص٩ ْٞؾٜٛ ٬ٜوثمٛػن ث٪ٛ ث١ثصَث٩ ١ٍث٪ ص.9
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ْٞؾٛ ث٪٠٣ .2 ٬٠ْؾٛػ ث٪ؼ٤ٛ ث.1 ٬ٌيثةٛ ثٰٚغ٠ضٛ ث.4 ٫ٌِٰ٘ضٛث٩ ٬ِوجؿٛ ث٥٪٠٣٩ ١ْج٣ٕ ثإل٪ّٜ .1 :جس٤ْٰٗ٩ٰز ثأل٠٧(ح) أ ج٨ه٪٤ص٩ ْؾز٣ ثأل٪٠٣ صضجدنٰٞل٤ ص.9 ضغذٰؾٛ ث٩شٰؾ أ٤ضٛ دج٪٠٤ٛ ث٬ٜ صؤعٌ ه.2 ج٨صْجٓـ٩ ًج٠غٛؼؼ ث٣٩ ًّث٩صْجٓؾ ثأل٩ ًج٧ٍهو صِضـ ثأل٪ٟ ٬ُ ٞ٘ صضق.1 ذجس٤ْٛؾز ث٣أ٩ ٰن مالٯج٠ ؽ٬ُ كِٰٰز٪ٰٛجس ثٜ٠وٛ ث٬ٜ صؤعٌ ه.4 ذجس٤ٛ ث٪٠٣ إمؼجم٬ُ ٞ٘ضقٛ ث٢ٟ ١ْج٣ ثإل٢٘٠ ص.1
(12) Write brief on : auxins – acromegally – cretinism – myxoedema – exophthalmic goiter. .٬ك٪ؾقٛث-ٞضؼنٛث-ج٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٛث-جءر٠ٔٛث-٬ٰٛؾجٟ٩ٌٗثأل-جس٤ْٰٗ٩ ثأل:٢ذير ه٣ ) أٗضخ92(
Auxins: 1. Is a chemical substance (plant hormones) secreted by living cells in the developing tips and buds - and affect the functions of other areas (areas of response). 2. These chemicals move from the reception areas (developing tip) to the areas of response (bending zone) causing curvature of stem. 3. The first who discovered it is Jensen Booysen. Examples of auxins are indole acetic acid. 4. The importance of auxin : previously mentioned. ْجؿ٤٠ٛكجةَ ث٩ ٬ُ ٌصؤع٩-ٞذٌثهٛث٩ ٰزٟج٤ٛ ثٞ٠ٔٛ ث٬ُ قٰزٛنالٯج ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِذجصٰز) ص٣ جس٣٪ٌٟ٧(ٰجةٰز٠ٰٗ ثه٪ٟ ٢ هذجًر ه٬٧ .9 )جؿْ ثإلّضؾجدز٤ٟ(٫ٌثألم ضقجء٣ْذذز ثالٟ)جء٤ق٣جؿْ ثال٤ٟ(جؿْ ثالّضؾجدز٤ٟ ٬ٰٛز) ثٟج٤ٛ ثٞ٠ٔٛ(ثٙجؿْ ثالّضٔذج٤ٟ ٢ٟ ٚٔض٤ٰجةٰز ص٠ٰ٘ٛثه ث٪٠ٛ ث٥ي٧ .2 ٰٖٜنٛغ ث٠ فٙ٩و٣ ث٪٧ جس٤ْٰٗ٩ز ثألٜغٟ أ٢ٟ٩ ٢ْ٤ ؽ٢ْٯ٪ د٪٧ ج٨ٰٛ أشجً ث٢ٟ ٙ٩ أ.1 ج٧ٌّٗذْ ى:جس٤ْٰٗ٩ٰز ثأل٠٧ أ.4
Acromegally: * Is a disease caused by increased growth hormone in adults * It is characterized by : (1) Enlargement of bones of the face. (2) Growth of distant parts of long bones as hand , feet and fingers. ٢ٌٰٛذجٛ ث٬ُ ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٯجهر٢ضؼ ه٤ٌع ٯٟ ٪٧* ثألطجدن٩ ٝثألٓوث٩ ٫ز ٗجألٯوٜٯ٪ـٛ ثٝولجٛ ث٬ُ ذوٰورٛ ثألؽَثء ث٪٠٣ )صؾوٯو2( .٦ؽ٪ٛ ثٝ هلجٞ)صؼن9(ٚغٟ َٰ دؤهٌثع٠*ٯض
Cretinism: * It is a disease arising from decrease of thyroxin in childhood. * It acts on growth of the body and brain maturity . It is characterized by : (1) Short stature, large head, and short neck. (2) Mental maturity of child causing permanent mental retardation. (3) Delay sexual maturity. زٛ٪ِـٛز ثٌٜفٟ ٬ُ )٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛوًٰٓز(ثٌٛور ثٛٔض إٌُثٍ ث٣ ضٰؾز٣ شؤ٤ٌع ٯٟ ٪٧* ٌٰ ٓظْٞؾٛ ث٩)ٯذو9( :ٰزٛضجَٰٛ دجألهٌثع ث٠ ٯض٫يٛجءر ث٠ٔٛج ٯوٌٍ دجٟ ٩ٔظٌ أٌٛع ثٟ ٯْذخ٩ ٬ٜٔوٛػ ث٪ؼ٤ٛث٩ ْٞؾٛ ث٪٠٣ ٬ٜ*ٯؤعٌ ه ٬ْ٤ؾٛػ ث٪ؼ٤ٛ ث٬ُ ٌ)صؤم1( ٩ ج٠ٰج هثةِٜٔج هٜ صن٦ٛ ٯْذخِٚـٜٛ ٬ٜٔوٛػ ث٪ؼ٤ٛ ث٬ٜٖ ٯؤعٌ هٛٗي٩)2(ٌٓذز ٓظٌٰرٛث٩ ٌٌٰأُ ٗذٛث٩
Mixoedema: * It is a disease arises in adults as a result of lack of secretion of the thyroid gland (thyroxin). * The disease is characterized by the following symptoms: (1) Dry skin and loss of hair. 77
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Delay mental and physical activity. Increase body weight to the degree of obesity. Decrease metabolism → cold intolerance. Decrease heart rate . Person tired quickly.
)٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛوًٰٓز(ثٌٛور ثٛٔض إٌُثٍ ث٣ ضٰؾز٣ ٢ٌٰٛذجٛ ث٬ُ شؤ٤ٌع ٯٟ ٪٧* :ٰزٛضجٌٛع دجألهٌثع ث٠َٰٛ ث٠ٯض٩* ٫٪ْضٟ ؽ٪ذ٧)4(.ٌِؿز٠ٛز ث٤٠ْٛوًؽز ثٛ ْٞؾٛ ث١ٍ٩ )ٍٯجهر1(.٬٠ْؾٛث٩ ٬ٜٔوٛشجؽ ث٤ٛ ث٬ُ ٔض٣)2(.ٌشوٛز ثٜٓ٩ وٜؾٛ ث٬ُ ٍ)دؾِج9( شنض دٌْهزٛٯضوخ ث٩ خٜٔٛ ػٌدجس ثٚٔ)ص1(.هر٩ٌذٛ ثٚ٠ ُال ٯضق٬ٌيثةٛ ثٰٚغ٠ضٛث
Exophthalmic goiter: * Resulting from excessive secretion of thyroxin. * Exophthalmic symptoms : 1. Significant enlargement of the thyroid gland, and swelling in front of the neck. 2. Protrusion of the eyes. 3. Accelerate metabolism → increase oxidation of food, food transformation leading to weight loss, increase heart rate, and nerve irritation. .٬ ًٌٰ ؿذٰوٚ٘)دش٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛوًٰٓز(ثٌٛور ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُث٬ُ إٌُثؽ٢ضؼ ه٤*ٯ :)٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُث٬ُ ٌِؿزٟ (ٍٯجهر٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٌٛع ثٟ *أهٌثع ٌٓذزٛ ث٢ٟ ٬ٟجٟؾَ ثالٛضِجك ث٣ث٩ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٜٛ كج٪قٜٟ ج٠ٯْذخ صؼن.9 ٢ٰ٤ٰوٛ ث٬ُ ف٪ؽق.2 ٬ٌيثةٛ ثٙ٪ضقٛث٩ ٌيثءٛ أْٗور ث٬ُ ٖ ٍٯجهرٛ ى٢ضؼ ه٤ ٯ٥و ٍٯجهر إٌُثٍث٤ ه٬ٛضجٛ دج٬ٌيثةٛ ثألٯغ ث٬ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ١فٰظ أ٩. 1 ٬ٰؼ هظذ٨ص٩ خٜٔٛ ػٌدجس ث٬ُ ٍٯجهر٩ ْٞؾٛ ث١ٍ٩ ٬ُ ٔض٣ ٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ
(13) During labour, mother is in a state of fear and tension. explained the role of the nervous system in this case . زٛقجٛ ث٥ي٧ ٬ُ ٬وظذٛجٍ ث٨ؾًٛ ث٩ػـ ه٩ ٌص٪ضٛث٩ ٍ٪نٛ ث٢ٟ زٛ فج٬ُ ٝ ثأل١٪٘الهر ص٪ٰٛز ثٜ٠جء ه٤) أع91(
* During labour stimulation of nervous system result in: 1. Stimulation of hypothalamus → oxytocin → contraction of muscles of the uterus → expulsion of the fetus. 2. Stimulate sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla → increase adrenaline → break down of liver glycogen to glucose → to supply energy to patient to meet critical circumstances. :١ٖ ُئٛيٛ ضٰؾز٣٩ ٬وظذٛجٍ ث٨ؾٛشؾ ث٤الهر ٯ٪ٰٛز ثٜ٠جء ه٤*أع ٔذجع هؼالس٣ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو٫يٛ) ث٢ّٰ٪ْٰٗض٩(ثألٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٔجدغٛع ث٪ٌٟ٨ْٰٛ ثٜضنٛ )جه٨٠ٛجُ(صقش ثٟعال٪ٰذ٨ٛشؾ مالٯج ث٤ص. 9 ٢ٰ٤ؾٛ إمٌثػ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠دشور صو٩ ٰزٛضضجٟ ًر٪ دظٌٞفٛث ٘ذوٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ضٌْٰ٘ ؽٛ ؽوث٫ً٩ٌؼٛ ث٢ٰٛج٤ ثألهًٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ٘لٌٯز َُٰٯو ٌُثٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣٩ ٫٩ذجعج٠ْٰٛ ث٬وظذٛجٍ ث٨ؾٛشؾ ث٤ٯ.2 .قٌؽزٍٛ ث٩ٌلٛ ث٥ي٧ ز٨ثؽ٪٠ٛ زٍٟالٛـجٓز ثٛ دجٝوثه ثألٍٟ إل٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛوؼالس ثٛث٩
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VII: Comparison Questions (compare each of the following) : )٬ج ٯؤص٠ٟ ٚٗ ٢ٰ د١ًجس(ٓج٣ًٔج٠ٛز ثٜ أّت:ّجدوج
(1) Duct glands and endocrine glands. جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛث٩ ٯز٪٤ٌٔٛوه ثٛث
Duct glands
Endocrine glands
Contains secretary part + excretory ducts. Pour their secretions to either: (A) within the body (inside the digestive tract), such as salivary glands and other digestive glands. or (B) outside the body such as the sweat glands. Secrete digestive juices containing enzymes or excretory substances such as sweat . Not provided with plenty of blood.
Glands do not have their own ducts. Pour its secretions in the blood directly. Such as the pituitary; thyroid and adrenal glands.
Secrete hormones.
Endocrine glands has rich network of blood vessels because it carries its secretion directly to blood, as it has no specific ducts carries its secretions. The activity of these glands not affected by each The activity of some glands may be affected by other. each other. Most of their secretions contain enzymes. They secrete hormones. Sites affected by its secretion usually near the Sites affected by its secretion may be far from the gland gland. جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛث ج٨ثس مجطز د٪٤ٓ ج٨ٛ ِٰٛ ١ٌوه دؤٛ ث٥ي٧ ٍضج٠*ص ذجشٌرٟ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ج٨*صظخ أٌُثٍثص ٘لٌٯزٛث٩ وًٰٓزٛث٩ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ثٚغٟ* جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ*صٌٍِ ث
ٯز٪٤ٌٔٛوه ثٛث ج٨ثس مجطز د٪٤ٓ+ٌٍِ٠ٛؾَء ثٛ ث٬ٌٜوه هٛ ث٥ي٧ ٫٪*صقض :٬ُ جٟج إ٨*صظخ إٌُثٍثص ٌوهٛث٩ وجدٰزٌٜٛوه ثٛ ثٚغٟ)ٰز٠ؼ٨ٛجر ث٤ٔٛ ثٚ(دوثمْٞؾٛ ثٚ(أ)هثم ٫ٌٰز ثألم٠ؼ٨ٛث وٌٰٓزٌٛوه ثٛ ثٚغٟ ْٞؾٛ مجًػ ث٩(ح)أ ٩جس أ٠َٯ٣ ثإل٬ٜ ه٫٪ صقض٬ضٛز ث٠جػ٨ٛوظجًثس ثٛ*صٌٍِ ث ٌّوٛ ثٚغٟ ثه ثإلمٌثؽٰز٪٠ٛث
(2) Growth hormone deficiency and increase before puberty. ى٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٦ٍٯجهص٩ ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣
* The lack of growth hormone before puberty leads to dwarfism * Increased growth hormone before puberty leads to gigantism زَٟٔثٛ ث٬ٛ ث٫ى ٯؤه٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣* ٔزٜ٠وٛ ث٬ٛ ث٫ى ٯؤه٪ٜذٛ ثٚ ٓذ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ *ٍٯجهر
(3) Dwarfism and cretinism .جءر٠ٔٛث٩ زَٟٔثٛث Dwarfism Causes: Length of the individual Head and extremities Mental powers Sexual maturity
Cretinism
Growth hormone deficiency in childhood Dwarf (short).
Thyroxin hormone deficiency in childhood
Proportional with the length
No proportional; characterized by a large head and short neck Mental retardation. Does not reach sexual maturity
Short
Sound mental power Sexually mature
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جءر٠ٔٛث زٛ٪ِـٛز ثٌٜفٟ ٬ُ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )ٌٰ(ٓظَٝٓ ٌٓذزٛٓظٌ ث٩ ٌُأَٰٛ د٘ذٌ ث٠جّٔز ٯض٤ضٟ ًٌٰ ٰزٜٔوٛ ث٫٪ٔٛ ث٬ُ َٜصن ٬ْ٤ؾٛػ ث٪ؼ٤ٛ ث٬ٛ ثٚال ٯظ
زَٟٔثٛث زٛ٪ِـٛز ثٌٜفٟ ٬ُ ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )ٌٰ ٓظ٫(أَُٝ ٦ٛ٪ن ؿٟ جّٔز٤ضٟ ٰزٜٔوٛ ث٫٪ٔٛ ثّٰٜٞ ْٰج٤ؼؼ ؽ٤ٯ
(4) Cretinism and mixoedema . ج٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٛث٩ جءر٠ٔٛث Dwarfism Causes: Length of the individual Head and extremities Mental powers Sexual maturity
Cretinism
Growth hormone deficiency in childhood Dwarf (short).
Thyroxin hormone deficiency in childhood
Proportional with the length
No proportional; characterized by a large head and short neck Mental retardation. Does not reach sexual maturity
Short
Sound mental power Sexually mature
(5) comparison between cretinism and mixoedema . Mixoedema Causes: External features
Metabolism Heart rate
ْذخٛث ٌِهٛ ثٙ٪ؿ ٍثألؿٌث٩ ٌُأٛث ٰزٜٔوٛ ث٫٪ٔٛث ٬ْ٤ؾٛػ ث٪ؼ٤ٛث
Thyroxin hormone deficiency after puberty. 1. Dry skin and loss of hair. (2) Delay mental and physical activity (idiocy). (3) increased body weight to the degree of obesity. Decrease so he can not tolerate cold Decrease so person gets tired quickly.
ج٠ْٰ٘وٯ٠ٛث وًٰٓز دووٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ى٪ٜذٛث شجؽ٤ٛ ث٬ُ ٔض٣)2(.ٌشوٛز ثٜٓ٩ وٜؾٛ ث٬ُ ٍؽِج.9 وًؽزٛ ْٞؾٛ ث١ٍ٩ )ٍٯجهر1(.)(دالهر٬٠ْؾٛث٩ ٬ٜٔوٛث ٌِؿز٠ٛز ث٤٠ْٛث هر٩ٌذٛ ثٚ٠ٖ ال ٯضقٛيٛ ٚٔٯ شنض دٌْهزٛٯضوخ ث٩ ٚٔص
Cretinism
Thyroxin hormone deficiency in childhood Dwarf (short); has a large head and short neck; mental retardation; did not reach to sexual maturity . Decrease so he can not tolerate cold Decrease so person gets tired quickly.
ج٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٛث٩ جءر٠ٔٛ ث٢ٰز د٣ًٔج٠ٛث جءر٠ٔٛث وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ْذخٛث زٛ٪ِـٛز ثٌٜفٟ ٬ُ ٌٓظ٩ ٌُأَٰٛ د٘ذٌ ث٠(ٓظٌٰ)ٯضَٝٓ ٬نجًؽٛ ثٚ٘شٛث ٚالٯظ-ٰزٜٔوٛ ث٫٪ٔٛ ث٬ُ َٜ صن٦وٯٛ-ٌٓذزٛث ٬ْ٤ؾٛػ ث٪ؼ٤ٛ ث٬ٛث هر٩ٌذٛ ثٚ٠ٖ ال ٯضقٛيٛ ٚٔٯ ٬ٌيثةٛثألٯغ ث شنض دٌْهزٛٯضوخ ث٩ ٚٔص خٜٔٛػٌدجس ث
(6) Acromegally and mixoedema. Cause External features
Metabolism Heart rate
Acromegally Increased growth hormone after puberty 1. Enlargement of the facial bones 2. Renewed growth in distant parts of long bones as hands , feet and fingers. Normal so tolerate cold Normal
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Mixoedema Decrease thyroxin hormone after puberty 1. Dry skin and loss of hair. 2. Delay mental and physical activity (idiocy) 3. Increased body weight to the degree of obesity. Decrease so can not tolerate cold Decrease so person gets tired quickly.
ج٠ْٰ٘وٯ٠ٛث ى٪ٜذٛ دوو ث٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ٌشوٛز ثٜٓ٩ وٜؾٛ ث٬ُ ٍ ؽِج.9 )(دالهر٬٠ْؾٛث٩ ٬ٜٔوٛشجؽ ث٤ٛ ث٬ُ ٔض٣ .2 ٌِؿز٠ٛز ث٤٠ْٛوًؽز ثٛ ْٞؾٛ ث١ٍ٩ ٍٯجهر.1 هر٩ٌذٛ ثٚ٠ٖ ال ٯضقٛيٛ ٚٔٯ شنض دٌْهزٛٯضوخ ث٩ ٚٔص
٬ٰٛؾجٟ٩ٌٗثأل ى٪ٜذٛ دوو ث٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٯجهر ؽز٪ٛ ثٝ هلج٬ُ ٞ صؼن.9 ٝولجٛ ث٬ُ ذوٰورٛ ثألؽَثء ث٪٠٣ صؾوٯو.2 ثألطجدن٩ ٝثألٓوث٩ ٫ز ٗجألٯوٜٯ٪ـٛث هر٩ٌذٛ ثٚ٠ٖ ٯضقٛيٛ ٬ؿذٰو ؿذٰوٰز
ْذخٛث ٬نجًؽٛ ثٚ٘شٛث ٬ٌيثةٛثألٯغ ث خٜٔٛػٌدجس ث
(7) Simple goiter and exophthalmic goiter. ٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٛث٩ ذْٰؾٛ ثٞضؼنٛث Causes Age Symptoms
Treatment
Simple goiter Iodine deficiency in food, water, and air. Appear in childhood and adult. - Enlargement of the thyroid gland. - May be associated hypo secretion.
Exophthalmic goiter increase in the secretion of the thyroxin hormone.
Appear in adult. 1- Enlargement of the thyroid gland swelling in front of the neck. 2- Protrusion of the eye balls 3- Increase in food oxidation and metabolic rate; which leads to 4- Loss of weight. 5- Increase in heart beats and nervous irritability. - Administration of Iodine supplement 1- Surgical removal of a part of the gland. in food. 2- Use medications to suppress the gland (anti- If hypothyroid : thyroxin hormone. thyroid drugs). 3- Radioactive iodine.
٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٛث ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ إٌُث٬ُ ٌِؿز٠َٛٯجهر ثٛث ٌٓذزٛ ث٢ٟ ٬ٟجٟؾَء ثالٛضِجك ث٣ث٩ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٜٛ كج٪قٜٟ ج٠ ٯْذخ صؼن.9 ٢ٰ٤ٰوٛ ث٬ُ ف٪ ؽق.2 ْٞؾٛ ث١ٍ٩ ٬ُ ٔض٣ .1 ٬ٰؼ هظذ٨ص٩ خٜٔٛ ٍٯجهر ػٌدجس ث.4 ٫ٌٌٗذجس ؿذٰز أم٠ دٞضؼنٛؾز ثٛوجٟ ٩وًٰٓز أٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ؽَءٙدجّضتظج
ذْٰؾٛ ثٞضؼنٛث ه٪ٰٛٔض ث٣ ٌورٛ ث٬ُ دْٰؾٞصؼن
ْذخٛث ثألهٌثع
ٌيثءٛ ث٬ُ ه٪ٰٛدئػجُز ث
والػٛث
(8) Calcitonin hormone and Parathormone: ١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧٩ ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ Source Stimulus of its secretion Action
calcitonin hormone Thyroid gland increase calcium in the blood
Parathormone Parathyroid gland Decrease calcium in the blood
Reduce calcium in the blood and prevents its withdrawal from bone
Increase calcium in the blood and withdrawal of calcium and phosphorus from the bones that become fragile and prone to bending and fracture.
١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ وًٰٓزٛؽجًثس ث ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛٔض ث٣ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٖٛ دْقخ ثٛى٩ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ٍٯجهر٬ٜ هٚ٠ٯو جء٤ق٣ألٛ وٌػزٟ٩ شز٧ صظذـ٬ضٛ ثٝولجٛ ث٢ٟ ً٪ِّ٪ِٛث٩ ٌْ٘ٛث٩
٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ وًٰٓزٛث ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٍٛٯجهر ث ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ٰٜٚٔ ص٬ٜ هٚ٠ٯو ٝولجٛ ث٢ٟ ٦ضظجطٟن ث٤٠ٯ٩
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٦ٛ ٌٍِر٠ٌٛور ثٛث ٍ ثإلٌُث٦ذ٤ٟ ٦ٜ٠ه
(9) ADH hormone and aldosterone hormone. Source Action
ADH hormone pars nervosa of the pituitary gland 1. Decrease amount of urine through water reabsorption in renal tubules. 2. Constriction of blood vessels causing high blood pressure
١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧٩ ٙ٪ذٛؼجه إلهًثً ث٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث Aldosterone Adrenal cortex 1. Maintaining mineral balance in the body. 2. Re-absorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the kidneys. .
١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧
ٙ٪ذٛؼجه إلهًثً ث٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬وظذٛؾَء ثٛث ْ ؿٌٯ٢ هٙ٪ذٰٛز ث٠ٗ ٰٜٚٔ ص٬ٜ هٚ٠ ٯو.9 ٯز٪ٜ٘ٛجدٰخ ث٣ ثأل٬ُ جء٠ٛضظجص ثٟإهجهر ث ج٠ٟ ٯز٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ٔذجع ثأل٣ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ٯو.2 ٝوٛٯْذخ ثًصِجم ػٌؾ ث
١ٍث٪ ص٬ٜقِجف هٛ ث٬ُ جٟج٧ ًث٩ ه١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧ وخٜ ٯ.9 ْٞؾٛ دج١وجه٠ٛث ٚغٟ الؿٟضظجص ثألٟ إهجهر ث٬ٜ ه١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧ ٯْجهو٩.2 ٢ٰٰضٜ٘ٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٛ ث٢ٟ ضٜضنٛث٩ ٝ٪هٯ٪ظٛث
ٌٍِر٠ٌٛور ثٛث ٦ٜ٠ه
(10) The consequences of lack of insulin the ADH hormone. Source Action
Its Deficiency Leads to
% of blood glucose Glucose in urine Water loss in urine
Frequency of urination
ٙ٪ذٛؼجه إلهًثً ث٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ٬ٜضٌصذز ه٠ٛضجةؼ ث٤ٛث Insulin ADH Beta cell of Islets of Neurohypophysis of pituitary gland . Langerhans of pancreas. Decrease glucose 1- Decrease amount of urine through concentration in blood reabsorption of water from renal tubules. 2- Constriction of blood vessels which leads to increase blood pressure. More than 120 mgm/100 cm3. Normal i.e. equal to 80 - 120 mgm/100 cm3. Present Not Present Large amount of water loosing in urine because loss of glucose in urine associated with loss of water Frequent urination and thirst.
Large amount of water loosing in urine due to inability to reabsorb water from renal tubules. Frequent urination and thirst.
ٙ٪ذٛ إلهًثً ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛٔض ث٣ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ّٞ999/ٰٝؾٌثٜٜٟ919٬ٛث59 ٫٩ ٯْج٫ أ٬ؿذٰو ّٞ999/ٰٝؾٌثٜٜٟ929 ٢ٟ ٌأٗغ ؽو٪الٯ ؽو٪ٯ ٬ٜٔوًر هٛ ثٝضٰؾز هو٣ ٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ جء٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰجس ٗذٌٰر٠ٗ ٯِٔو ٬ُ جء٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰجس ٗذٌٰر٠ٗ ٯِٔو ٯز٪ٜ٘ٛجدٰخ ث٣ ثأل٬ُ جء٠ٛضظجص ثٟ إهجهر ثٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ث١ ُٔوث١ ألٙ٪ذٛث جءٟ ١ ُٔوث٦ٯظجفذ وـشٛٯشوٌ دج٩ ًٌ٘ضٟ وـشٛٯشوٌ دج٩ ًٌ٘ضٟ
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ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٌْْ٘ٛذز ث٣ ٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛث ٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ جء٠ُٛٔو ث ٙ٪ضذٛصٌ٘ثً ث
(11) Effect of growth hormone, thyroxin, and cortisone on the metabolism of food. Growth hormone Controls metabolism of food, especially protein synthesis so it control the growth of the body
ٯز٪ش٤ٛثه ث٪٠ٛ أٯغ ثٞل٤*ٯ
ٌيثةٰزٛثه ث٪٠ٛ أٯغ ث٬ٜ ه١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛث٩ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛث٩ ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٟ ٚٗ ٌٰصؤع Thyroxin hormone Cortisone hormone Control the rate of metabolism . Regulates metabolism of Stimulates absorption of carbohydrates. monosaccharide from the intestine. ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٦ُٰ ٞ٘ٯضق٩ ٬ٌيثةٛ ثألٯغ ثٙووٟ ٬ُ ٌمجطز *ٯؤع٩ ٌيثةٰزٛثه ث٪٠ٛ ثٯغ ث٬ُ ٞ٘*ٯضق ٢ٟ ٌْ٘ٯجس ثألفجهٯزٛضظجص ثٟ*ٯقَِ ث ٪٠٣ ٬ُ ٖٞ٘ ٯضقٛدي٩ ٢ٰص٩ٌذٰٛن ث٤صظ وجءٟثأل ْٞؾٛث
(12) Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla hormones of the adrenal gland .
Stimulant for its secretion
Hormones of Adrenal cortex Steroid (fatty) 1. Mineralocorticoid such as aldosterone. 2. Glucocorticoids such as cortisone. 3. Sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. ACTH hormone secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Function Result of its removal
death of human
Chemical structure Types
٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛ ث٬ُ نجم٤ٛث٩ ٔشٌرٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ Hormones of adrenal medulla Amino acids Adrenaline and noradrenaline
Eemergency conditions : psychological, neurological and physical state . Does not cause death
نجم٤ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧
ٰز٤ٰٟجع أ٠أف ٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ثألهًٯ
وظذٰزٛث٩ ِْٰز٤ٛ ثْٞؾٛز ثٛفج )ء٫ًث٪ـٰٛز(فجالس ث٠ْؾٛث٩ َكجة٩ صيٌٗ دجمضظجً دوغ ٢ٰٛج٤ثألهًٯ ١ْج٣س ثإل٪ٟ ال صْذخ
ٔشٌرٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ )ٰز٤٧ٯوٯز(ه٩ٌّٰض ١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ ثألٚغٟ ٰز٣ووٟ جس٣٪ٌٟ٧ .9 ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ ثٚغٟ جس ٌّ٘ٯز٣٪ٌٟ٧ .2 ١٩ٌٰؽْٰض٩ٌذٛث٩ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌ ثألّضٚغٟ ْٰز٤جس ؽ٣٪ٌٟ٧ .1 ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛث٩ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ ثACTH١٪ٌٟ٧
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٬ٰجة٠ٰ٘ٛج ث٨صٌٰٗذ ج٨ثه٪٣أ
ٍشؾ ثإلٌُث٤ٟ
١٪ٌٟ٧ ٚٗ كِٰز٩ ًصيٌٗ دجمضظج
كِٰز٪ٛث
١ْج٣س ثإل٪ٟ
ج٨ضٛضٰؾز إٍث٣
زٜؾ٠ٛث I- Complete the following: 1 - The pituitary gland is located below ..........While the thyroid gland is located in the front surface of ........ The Islands of Langerhans is located in the ........ (The brain - the neck - the pancreas). – ل٠ٛ (ث........ ٬ُ ج صٔن٨٣َ ُج٣ج٧ٌؾ٣ج ؽًَ الٟأ........ ـٛ ٬ٟجْٟــ ثألٛ ث٬ُ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛج صٔن ث٠٤ٰ د.......... ِّٰٚز أٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ صٔن ث-9 ) ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذْٛ – ث٤وٛث
2 - Increased hormone ......... And hormone ........... ............. leads to curvature and broken bones.(Parathormone - calcitonin). ) ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ – ث١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعٛ (ث. ٝولجٌْٛٗ ث٩ جء٤ق٣ث............. ٬ٛث........... ١٪ٌٟ٧٩ ......... ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٯجهر٫ صؤه-2
3 - The adrenal cortex produces three groups of hormones group …………group ………..and a group………(glucocorticoids - Mineralocorticoids – sex hormones). جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛهز ث٪٠ؾٟ٩........ جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛهز ث٪٠ؾٟ ٬٧ ٰز٣٪ٌٟ٧ هجس٪٠ؾٟ ٘لٌٯز صٌٍِ عالطٌٛور ثٛٔشٌر دجٛـٔز ث٤ٟ -1 )ْٰز٤ؾٛ ث- ٰز٣وو٠ٌْٛ٘ٯز – ثٛ (ث............ جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛهز ث٪٠ؾٟ٩...........
4 – Vasopressin hormone reduces ............and increases .......... (The amount of urine blood pressure). )ٝوٛ – ػٌؾ ثٙ٪ذٰٛز ث٠ٗ( .......... ًُن٩............ ٰٜٚٔ ص٬ٜٯز ه٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ألٛ ٔجدغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثٚ٠ ٯو-4
5 - Male sex hormones including testosterone and ......... secreted from …….. cells in the testis .............(Androsterone - interstitial). )١٩ٌّٰض٩ًو٣ (ثأل.نظٰزٛ ث٬ُ............ نالٯجٛج ث٠٧ٌٍِ ص٢يٯٜٛ ث......... ٩ ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛيٌٗٯز ثْٰٛز ث٤ؾٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثٚ٠ صش-1
6 – Exophthalmic goiter can be treated by using ............. to break down active cells which cause this situation. (Radioactive iodine). )شن٠ٛه ث٪ٰٛ (ث. زٛقجٛ ث٥ي٨ٛ ْذذز٠ٛشـز ث٤ٛنالٯج ثٛ ثٰٞضقـٛ............. ٝ دجّضنوث٬ك٪ؾقٛٯضٌ ث٪ؾٛ هالػ ث٢٘٠ ٯ-6
7 - The hormone that its increase causes increase irritability is ............ (Parathormone) )١٪ٌٟذجًثعٛ (ث............ ٪٧ ِٙوج٣ ٌّهز ثأل٬ـذٰوٛ ثٙوو٠ٛ ث٢ صْذخ ٍٯجهصز ه٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث-7
8 - Growth hormone secreted from ........... of the ………..gland. ( anterior lobe pituitary) ) ٰزٟنج٤ٛ – ث٬ِٟض ثألثٛ (ث............. ٌورٜٛ ........... ٢ٟ ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ-5
9 – Enlargement of the Pituitary gland and increase its excretion in children cause the appearance of .......... but if enlargement occurs in adults, it leads to the appearance of ........... (Gigantism - acromegally) ً٪٨لٛ ٫ٖ ٯؤهٛ ى١٘ذجً ُجٛو ث٤ هٞضؼنٛج أىث فوط ثٟأ.......... ً٪٨ ٯْذخ كٙو ثألؿِج٤ج ه٧ٍٍٯجهر أٌُث٩ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ثٞ صؼن-1 )ٍٔز – صؼل ثألؿٌثٜ٠وٛ (ث...........
10 – Parathyroid glands secrete hormone .......... Which regulates ……. and .......... ........... In the blood. (Parathormone - calcium and phosphorus) )ً٪ِّ٪ِٛث٩ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ – ث١٪ٌٟذجًثعٛ (ث. ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ........... ٩.......... ٫٪قضٟ ٞل٤ ٯ٫يٛ ث.......... ١٪ٌٟ٧ وًٰٓزٌٛوه ؽجً ثٛ صٌٍِ ث-99
11 - ........... gland is located at the bottom of the brain and called the President of the endocrine glands. (Pituitary) )ٰزٟنج٤ٛ (ث. جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛ ًةْٰز ث٬٠ْص٩ ل٠ٛ ثِّٚ أ٬ُ........... ٌورٛ صٔن ث-99
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II- Choose the correct answer: ثص٪ٓ ثأل٢ٰ د٢ٟ ظقٰقزٛصنٌٰ ثألؽجدز ث
1 - The scientist which considered sugar stored in the liver is internal secretion is ..........( Langerhans - Klodbernard - Starling). )ؼ٤ًٛ ّضج- جًه٣ٌهد٪ٜٗ – َ٣ج٧ٌؾ٣(ال.......... ٪٧ ٬ٜ أٌُثٍ هثم٪٧ ٘ذوٛ ث٬ُ ٌوم٠ٌْٛ٘ ثٛ ث١ ٯوضذٌ أ٫يٛ ثٞٛوجٛ ث-9
2 - Oxytocin produced by the pituitary gland causes ........( facilitate the process of childbirth – regulate uterine contractions – release of breast milk - all of the above). ٢ذٜٛ – ثهًثً ثٌٞفٛظجس ثٜٔ صٰٞل٤الهر – ص٪ٰٛز ثٜ٠ هٰٚ٨ْ(ص........ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ صٌٍِر ث٫يٛ ثٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ذز٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ٯْذخ ث-2 )ْج ّذٟ ٚٗ – ٢ٰغوٯٛ ث٬ُ
3 - Mental and physical activity, and heart rate, and metabolism decrease as a result of ......( dwarfism – exophthalmic goiter – mixoedema - cretinism). – ٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٛز – ثَٟٔثٛ(ث...... ٌع٠ضٰؾز ثألطجدز د٣ ٬ٌيثةٛ ثٰٚغ٠ضٛث٩ خٜٔٛػٌدجس ث٩ ٬٠ْؾٛث٩ ٬ٜٔوٛشجؽ ث٤ٛ ث٢ٟ ٚٗ ٚٔ ٯ-1 )جءر٠ٔٛ ث- ج٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٛث
4 – Under normal circumstances the amount of sugar in 100 cm3 of blood is ..........( a) 1020 mg. . (b) 80-120 mg. . (c) 10-20 grams. . (d) 80-120 grams. )(ػ. . ٝ ؽٌث٬ٜٟ 929-59 )(ح. . ٝ ؽٌث٬ٜٟ 29-99 )(أ.......... ٬٧ ٝ ه1 ّٞ 999 ٬ُ ٌْٰ٘ٛز ث٠ٗ ١٪٘وجهٯز صٍٛ ث٩ٌلٛ ث٬ُ -4 . ٝ ؽٌث929 - 59)(ه. . ٝ ؽٌث29-99
5 - All of the following hormones are female sex hormones except ...........( relaxin androsterone - progesterone - estrogen). )٢ٰؽ٩ٌٰ ثألّض- ١٩ٌٰؽْض٩ٌذٛ – ث١٩ٌّٰض٩ًو٣ – ثأل٢ٌْٰٗٯالٛ(ث........... ١٪ٌٟ٧ هوث٦ع٪٣جس أ٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌجس صوضذ٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٥ي٧ ٚٗ -1
6 - Hormones produced by the corpus luteum , placenta and uterus and the placenta and cause relaxation of symphysis pubis is a hormone .......( estarogen - Aldosterone - relaxin - progesterone). ٙ٪ – ثألّضٌثهثٯ٢ٰؽ٩ٌٰ(ثألّض....... ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٪٧ ٬٣وجٛٯْذخ ثًصنجء ثألًصِجء ث٩ ٌٞفٛث٩ ز٠ٰش٠ٛث٩ ٌِ ثألطْٞؾٛ ٯٌٍِر ث٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث-6 )١٩ٌٰؽْض٩ٌذٛ ث- ٢ٌْٰٗٯالٛ– ث
III- Write a scientific concept: : ٬٠ٜوٛ ثٝ٪٨ِ٠ٛأٗضخ ث
1 - Four glands found on both sides of the trachea. (parathyroid gland) )ؾجً هًٰٓزِٛوه ثٛ (ث. ثةٰز٪٨ٛٔظذز ثٛ ث٬ذ٣ ؽج٬ٜؽو ه٪ أًدوز ًوه ص-9
2 - Small glandular cells in the pancreas secrete the hormone insulin and glucagons and is divided into two types. (Islands of Langerhans). )َ٣ج٧ٌؾ٣ (ؽًَ ال. ٢ٰه٪٣ ٬ٛ ثْٞٔ٤ص٩ ١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛث٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٌٍِ٘ٯجُ ص٤ذٛ ث٬ُ مالٯج ًوٯز طٌٌٰر-2
3 - Case of increase bone growth of distant parts as hands , feet and fingers in adults and its enlargement .(Acromegally). )٬ٰٛؾجٟ٩ٌٗ (ثأل. ج٨٠صؼن٩ ٢ٌٰٛذجٛو ث٤ثألطجدن ه٩ ٝثألٓوث٩ ٫ذوٰور ٗجألٯوٛ ثألؽَثء ث٪٠٣ ز صؾوٯوٛ فج-1
4 - Hormone that helps re-absorption of sodium and get rid of potassium. (Aldosterone). )١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ (ثأل. ٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٛ ث٢ٟ ضٜضنٛث٩ ٝ٪ٯ٪ظٛالؿ ثٟضظجص أٟ ثهجهر ث٬ٜ ٯْجهو ه١٪ٌٟ٧ -4
5 - Hormone that causes relaxation of muscles of the pelvis at the end of pregnancy. (Relaxin) )٢ٌْٰٗٯالٛ (ث. ٚ٠قٛجٯز ُضٌر ث٨٣ و٤ ه٬٣وجٛ ٯْذخ أًصنجء ثألًصِجّ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ -1
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IV- G.R. for each of the following: 1 - Gigantism? A - Due to continuous elongation of bones of extremities due to increase secretion of growth hormone in childhood.. ٔز ؟ٜ٠وٌٛر ث٧ط كج٩ فو-9 . زٛ٪ِـٛز ثٌٜفٟ ٬ُ ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ثألؿٌثٍ دضجعٌٰ ٍٯجهر ثٌُثٍ ثٝ هلجٙ٪ ؿ٬ُ ٌ٠ْض٠ٛ ث٪٠٤ٛ دْذخ ث-ػ
2 - Ability of the pituitary to reduce the amount of urine? A – Because it secrete antidiuretic hormone , which activates re-absorption of water in the renal tubules, which reduce the amount of urine. ؟ٙ٪ذٰٛز ث٠ٗ ٰٜٚٔ ص٬ٰٜز هٟنج٤ٌٛز ثٛ ٓوًر ث-2 ٙ٪ذٰٛز ث٠ٗ ٰٜٚٔ ص٬ٜ هٚ٠ج ٯو٠ٟ ٰزٛ٪ذٛجدٰخ ث٣ ثأل٬ُ جء٠ٛضظجص ثٰٟز أهجهر ثٜ٠شؾ ه٤ ٯ٫يٛ ثٙ٪ذٛؼجه ألهًثً ث٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛج صٌٍِ ث٨ ٣ أل-ػ .
3 - Increased secretion of Parathormone make bones break easily? A – Because it convert calcium salts deposited in the bone to salts dissolved in the blood, leading to increase in the level of calcium in blood weak bone hardness and expose them to break.. ز ؟ٛ٪٨ٌْْ٘ دٜٛ ٝولجٛ ٯوٌع ث١٪ٌٟذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ ٍٯجهر أٌُث-1 َ ُٰؼوٝولجٛ ث٬ُ ضزٜٓ٩ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ْذضز٣ ٍٯجهر٬ٛ ث٫ج ٯؤه٠ٟ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ الؿ ىثةذزٟ أ٬ٛ ثٝولجٛ ث٬ُ ضٌّذز٠ٛ ثٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛالؿ ثٟ أٚٯ٪ضقٛ -ػ . ٌْٜ٘ٛ ج٨ٯوٌػ٩ ج٨طالدض
4 - Effect of insulin in the body is opposite to the effect of glucagons? A - because insulin convert glucose in the blood to glycogen stores in the liver. While glucagons converts part of the liver glycogen to glucose in the blood. ؟١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛ هِ٘ أعٌ ثْٞؾٛ ث٬ُ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ أعٌ ثأل-4 ه٪ؽ٪٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛ ث٢ٟ ؽَءٙ٪ ٯق١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛج ث٠٤ٰ٘ذو دٛ ث٬ُ ١َ ٯن٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٛ ثٝوٍٛ دج٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٚٯ٪ صق٬ُ ٞ٧ ٯْج٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١ أل-ػ . ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜ ؽ٬ٛ٘ذو ثٛدج
5 - Feeling of diabetic patient with continuous thirst? A - because diabetic peoples has high glucose level in urine, which is accompanied with excretion of large amounts of water so they feel thirst. ز ؟٠وـش دظِز هثةٌْٛ٘ دجٛ ث٬ٌػٟ ً٪ شو-1 وٯزٛ ؾو٣ ٖٛيٛ٩ جء٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰجس ٗذٌٰر ؽوث٠ٗ ٯظجفذز ثمٌثػ٫يٛ ثٙ٪ذٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ ثًصِجم٢ٟ ١٪٣ٌْ٘ ٯوجٛ ث٬ٌػٟ ١ أل-ػ . وـشٌٛ دج٠ْضٟ ً٪شو
6 - Dwarfism in some individuals? A - because of lack of secretion of growth hormone in childhood stop elongation, and weak physical and mental powers. دوغ ثألٌُثه؟٫وٛ جء٠ٔٛز ثًٛ فج٪٨ ك-6 . ٰزٜٔوٛث٩ ٰز٣ذوٛ ث٫٪ٔٛ ث٬ُ َن ػوٟ زٟٔجٛ ث٪٠٣ َٔز فٰظ ٯٛ٪ِـٛ ُضٌر ث٬ُ ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٔض ثٌُث٣ دْذخ-ػ
7 - The anterior lobe of pituitary gland is more important than the posterior lobe? A - because the anterior lobe produces hormones stimulating the other endocrine glands, such as STH which stimulate the thyroid gland. And ACTH which stimulate adrenal cortex and (FSH & LH) which stimulate of gonads . Also secretes growth hormone which is the most important hormones of the gland, and secretes prolactine hormone which stimulate breast glands to secrete milk. ؟٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٰز٠٧ٰز أٗغٌ أٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث-7 )ACTH( ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٩ . وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٜٛ شؾ٤ٟ )STH( ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٚغٟ ٫ٌجء ثم٠ٌوه طٛ شـز٤ٟ جس٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث١ أل-ػ ج٠ٗ ، ٌورٖٛ ثٜجس ص٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٞ٧ أ٪٧٩ ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِٖ ٯٛ ٗي. ٰزّٜج٤ضٌٛوه ثٜٛ شـز٤ٟ ٬٧٩ )FSH & LH( ٩ ٢ٰ٘لٌٯضٛ ث٢ٌٰوصٜٛ شؾ٤ٟ . ٢ذٜٛضٌٍِ ثٛ ٫غوٛذز ًوه ث٤الهر ٯ٪ٛ ثٚ مجص ٓذ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِٯ
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V- Correct the error : : جصقضز مؾٟ ن صغذٰشٟ نـجٛح ث٪ط
1 – Growing tip of stem is known as the reception area, and produces a chemical substance colchicine, which acts as auxins. (Indole acetic acid). )ٰٖٜنٛغ ث٠ فٙ٩و٣ (ث. ٢ْٰٗ٩ ثألٚ٠ هٚ٠ صو٬ضٛ ث٢ْٰٰشٛ٪٘ٛ ث٬٧ جهر ٰٰٗجةٰزٟ ٌٍِص٩ ٙـٔز ثألّضٔذج٤٠ْجّ دٜٛ ٰزٟج٤ٛز ث٠ٔٛ صوٌٍ ث-9
2 - The most important endocrine gland in the body is thyroid gland because it secretes several hormones that affect the activity of other endocrine glands. (Pituitary). )ٰزٟنج٤ٛ (ث.٫ٌجء ثألم٠ظٌٛوه ثٛشجؽ ث٣ ٬ُ ٌ صؤع٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٢ٟ ج صٌٍِ هوهث٨٣وًٰٓز ألٌٛور ثٛ ث٬٧ ْٞؾٛجء دج٠ظٌٛوه ثٛ ثٞ٧ أ-2
3 – Thyroid gland secrete cortisone hormone. (Thyroxin) )٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ (ث. ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ صٌٍِ ث-1
4 – Estrogen hormone is known as androsteron. (estradiol) .)ٙ٪ (ثألّضٌثهثٯ. ١٩ٌّٰض٩ًو٣ أٯؼج دجأل٢ٰؽ٩ٌ ثألّض١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍ ٯو-4
ٞٯ٪ٔضٛث
I- Choose the correct answer in each of the following: 1 - Gland, which stimulates the mammary glands of the breast milk after the adoption of birth. (A) ovary. (B) the adrenal gland. (C) parathyroid gland. (D) the pituitary gland. ) (ه. ؾجًهًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ (ؽـ) ث. ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛ (ح) ث. ذٰغ٠ٛ (أ) ث. الهر٪ٛ دوو ث٢ذٜٛغو٭ إلٌٓثً ثٰٛز دج٤ذٌٜٛوه ثٛ ث٦ٰذ٤ دضٝ٪ٔضٮ صٌٛور ثٛ ث-9 . ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛث
2 - Condition known Bagaymeh arise as a result of: (a) increase the thyroid hormone during childhood. (B) the lack of thyroid hormone during childhood. (C) increase the thyroid hormone after puberty. (D) the lack of thyroid hormone after puberty. جء ُضٌر٤وًٰٓز ثعٌٛور ثٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ )(ح. زٛ٪ِـٛجء ُضٌر ث٤وًٰٓز ثعٌٛور ثٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ (أ) ٍٯجهر: ضٰؾز٣ جءر٠ُٰٔٛز دج٩ٌو٠ٛز ثٛقجٛشؤ ث٤ ص-2 . ى٪ٜذٛوًٰٓز دوو ثٌٛور ثٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ ) (ه. ى٪ٜذٛوًٰٓز دوو ثٌٛور ثٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ (ؽـ) ٍٯجهر. زٛ٪ِـٛث
3 - The hormone Aladeranalin b (a) stimulate the body to do the activity necessary to confront the danger (b) stimulate the liver to convert glucose into glycogen (c) show some sexual characteristics. (D) increase the body's resistance to infections and microbes. ٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٚٯ٪ضقٛ ٘ذوٛ ث٦ٰذ٤نـٌ (ح) صٛز ث٨ثؽ٪٠ٛ ٍٝالٛشجؽ ث٤ٛ دجٰٝٔجٜٛ ْٞؾٛ ث٦ٰذ٤ دـ (أ) ص٢ٰٛج٣ ثالهًث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٝ٪ٔ ٯ-1 . دجس٩ٌٰ٘٠ٛث٩ ٫٩ووٜٛ ْٞؾٛز ثٟ٩ٔجٟ (ه) ٍٯجهر. ْٰز٤ؾٛظِجس ثٛجً دوغ ث٨(ؽـ) ثك
4 - Condition known Balblahh arise as a result of lack of secretion of the hormone: (a) thyroxin (b) growth (c) Alkrotazon (d) Parathormone. . ١٪ٌٟذجًعٛ(ه) ث١٩َٰص٩ٌ٘ٛ (ؽـ) ث٪٠٤ٛ (ح) ث٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ (أ) ث: ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٔض ثٌُث٣ ضٰؾز٣ ز٧ذالُٛز دج٩ٌو٠ٛز ثٛقجٛشؤ ث٤ ص-4
5 - Influenced by the degree of concentration of the urine hormone (a) hormone clutch of blood vessels (b) cortisone (c) estrogen and (d) calcitonin ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ (ه) ث٢ٰؽ٩ٌ (ؽـ) ثالّض١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛٯز (ح) ث٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ألٛ ٔجدغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ (أ)ث١٪ٌٟ٨ دٙ٪ذٛ صضؤعٌ هًؽز صٌَٰٗ ث-1
6 - The availability of the necessary human element iodine diets because: (a), helps prevent tooth decay (b) disinfectant for the intestines (c) enter into the composition of thyroxin (d) the body needs to produce vitamin D. ُٮٚوجء (ؽـ) ٯومٟألٛ ٌ٨ـٟ ) (ح١ج٤ُّ ثال٪ْن ص٤ٟ ٬ٜ (أ) ٯْجهو ه: ٦٣ أل١ْج٣ ثإلٝه دـوج٪ٰٛظٌ ث٤ثٌُ ه٪ً٭ ص٩ٌؼٛ ث٢ٟ -6 . ه٢ٰٟضجػ ُٰضج٣ إلْٞؾٛ ث٦ (ه) ٯقضجؽ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث٢ٯ٪ٰ٘ز صٜ٠ه
7 - Enter the iodine in the composition of the hormone: (a) Albrthormon (b) thyroxin (c) calcitonin (d) adrenaline. . ٢ٰٛج٤ (ه) ثالهًٯ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ (ؽـ)ث٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ (ح) ث١٪ًٟ٪ذٌثعٛ (أ) ث: ١٪ٌٟ٧ ه ُٮ صٌٰٗخ٪ٰٛظٌ ث٤ هٚ ٯوم-7
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8 - Calcitonin hormone secreted from the gland (a) thyroid (b) pituitary (c) adrenal (d) parathyroid. . ؾجًهًٰٓزٛ٘لٌٯز (ه) ثٰٛز (ؽـ) ثٟنج٤ٛوًٰٓز (ح)ثٌٛور (أ) ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ-5
9 - The hormone that encourages Alinveronat to re-absorb the water before leaving with the urine is excreted from: (a) the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (b) the adrenal cortex (c) the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (d) marrow adrenal gland. )ٰز (حٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٮٟجِٟض ثألٛ (أ) ث: ٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯٙ٪ذٛن ثٟ ٦ؽ٩ٌ مٚجء ٓذ٠ٛضظجص ثٟ ثهجهر ث٬ٜجس ه٣٩ٌِ٤ٛي٭ ٯقظ ثٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث-1 . ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣)ٰز (هٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ِٮٜنِٛض ثٛ٘لٌٯز (ؽـ) ثٌٛور ثٛٓشٌر ث
10 - Examples of hormones produced by the corticosteron (c) Aldosteron (d) all of the above.
adrenal cortex: (a) cortisone (b)
) (ه١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ (ؽـ) ثأل١٩ٌٰ ّض٪ًٰ٘ص٩ٌ٘ٛ (ح) ث١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ (أ) ث: ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛج ٓشٌر ث٧ٌٍِضٮ صٰٛز ث٣وو٠ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛز ثٜغٟ ث٢ٟ -99 . ْج ّذٟ ٰن٠ؽ
11 - The hormone that helps in the absorption of sodium ions in the kidneys is to: (a) parathormone (b) Aloldosteron (c) calcitonin (d) thyroxin. ) (ه٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ (ؽـ) ث١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ (ح) ثأل١٪ٌٟذجًعٛ (أ) ث: ٪٧ ٢ٰٰضٜ٘ٛ ُٮ ثٝ٪هٯ٪ظٛجس ث٣٪ضظجص ثٯٟي٭ ٯْجهو ُٮ ثٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث-99 . ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌغجٯٛث
12 - Androgens are hormones: (a) cortisone and corticosteron (b) estrogen and progesterone (c) testosterone and androstenedione (d) adrenaline and noradrenalin. ٩ ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ (ؽـ) ث١٩ٌؽْض٩ٌذٛث٩ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌ (ح) ثالّض١٩ٌٰ ّض٪ٰ٘ص٪٘ٛ ث٩ ١٩َٰص٩ٌ٘ٛ (أ)ث: جس٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٬٧ جس٤ٰ ؽ٩ًو٣ ثأل-92 . ٢ٰٛج٤ًثهًٯ٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٤ (ه)ثألهًٯ١٩ٌّٰض٩ًو٣ثال
13 - In one experiment, the researchers removed pancreas of one mice, and note the symptoms arising in this mouse after the operation, what symptoms may have resulted from this experiment ? (A) diabetes, (b) enlargement (c) idiocy (d) dwarfism. أ٭ ثهٌثع ٓو، ٰزٜ٠وِٛؤً دوو ثٛيث ث٨جشتز د٤ٛ الفق ثالهٌثع ثٞ ع١ِتٌثٛذٌ٘ٯجُ دجفو ثٛز ثٛ دجٍث٢ٰذجفغٛ ثفو ثٝضؾجًح ٓجٛ ث٫ ُٮ ثفو-91 . زَٟٔثٛ (ه) ث٦٧ذالٛ (ؽـ) ثٞضؼنٌْٛ٘٭ (ح)ثٛ ثٙ٪ذٛضؾٌدز ؟ (أ) ثٛ ث٥ي٧ ٢ضؾش ه٣
14 - Which of the following does not belong to the hormone insulin (a) results from a lack of excretion onset of diabetes (b) controls the level of blood glucose (c) results in specific cells of the pancreas (d) results only in adults (e) has the opposite effect of the impact of the hormone glucagons . ٌّ٘ ٫٪ْضٟ ُٮٌْٞ٘٘٭ (ح) ٯضقٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛع ث٠ ثالطجدز د٥ٍز ثٌُثٜٓ ٢ضؼ ه٤ (أ) ٯ: ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثال١٪ٌٟ٧ ٮ ال ٯنضٛضجٛ ث٢ٟ أ٭-94 ١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٰضؤعٛ ِٗوجٟ ٌٰ صؤع٦ٛ )ـ٧( ٢ٌٰٛذجٛضؼ ُٔؾ ُٮ ثألٌُثه ث٤ٌ٘ٯجُ (ه) ٯ٤ذٛز دج٤ٰوٟ مالٯج٢ٟ ضؼ٤ (ؽـ) ٯٝوٍٛ دج٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛث
15 - The hormone that antagonize the work of parathormone is : (a) thyroxin (b) progesterone (c) calcitonin (d) aldosterone. ) (ه٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛ (ؽـ) ث١٩ٌؽْٰض٩ًذجٛ (ح)ث٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ (أ)ث: ٪٧ ؾجًهًثٰٓزٌٛور ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٚ٠ ه٦ٜ٠ي٭ ٯؼجه هٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث-91 . ١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛثال
16 – Mixoedema arises as a result of accumulation of mucoid material beneath the skin due to decrease secretion of hormone ............... After puberty (a) Parathormone (b) thyroxin (c) cortisone (d) growth. )ى (أ٪ٜذٛ دوو ث............... ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٔض ثٌُث٣ ٢ٟ وٜؾٛ ثِّٚنجؿٰز ث٠ٛثه ث٪٠ٛ ثٞٗضٰؾز صٌث٣ ج٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ُٛز ث٩ٌو٠ٛز ثٛقجٛشؤ ث٤ ص-96 . ٪٠٤ٛ (ه) ث١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ (ؽـ) ث٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ (ح) ث١٪ٌٟذجًعٛث
17 - Parathormone increase the secretion of the hormone leads to the emergence of: (a) osteoporosis (b) enlargement of the liver and spleen (c) ulcers, stomach and duodenum (d) increased blood sugar. ) هشٌ (ه٬٤ثالع٩ وور٠ٛ (ؽـ) ٌٓؿ دجٙـقجٛث٩ ٘ذوٛ ثٞ (ح) صؼنٝولجٛ ث٢ٰٛ ) (أ: ً٪٨ ك٬ٛ ٯؤه٭ ث١٪ٌٟذجًعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ ٍٯجهر ثٌُث-97 . ٝوٍٛٯجهر ٌّ٘ ث
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18 - All of the following effects of the hormone adrenaline, except: (a) the high heart rate (b) reduced movement of the intestines medicines (c) the high respiration rate (d) lower blood sugar. وجء (ؽـ) ثًصِجمٟألٛ ٯز٩وٛقٌٗز ثٛنِجع ث٣خ (ح) ثٜٔٛ ػٌدجس ثٙووٟ (أ) ثًصِجم: جهوثٟ ٢ٰٛج٤ ثالهًٯ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ٮ صؤعٌٰثسٜج ٯٟ ٰن٠ ؽ-95 . ٝوٛنِجع ٌّ٘ ث٣ِِ (ه)ث٤ضٛ ثٙووٟ
19 - Hormones of the endocrine gland affect other endocrine glands by stimulation or affect other non glandular tissue. Any of the following hormones affect non-glandular tissues : (a) TSH (b) ACTH (c) FSH + LH ( d) ADH . ُؤ٭، ْؾز ًٌٰ ًوٯز٣ ث٬ٜ صؤعٌ ه٩ج ث٨ ثٌُثٍص٦ٰذ٤ضٛ ٫ٌجء ثم٠ ًوه ط٬ٜج ه٨ٌ صؤعٌٰص٨ضٮ ٓو ٯلٛجء ث٠ظٌٛوه ثٛ ث٢ٟ جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ صٌٍِ ث-91 ADH ) (هFSH + LH ) (ؽـACTH ) (حTSH) (أ: ٌوٯزْٛؾز ًٌٰ ث٣ ُٮ ثال٬ٰٜز صؤعٌ هٛضجٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث٢ٟ
20 - The hormone that induces contraction of the muscle wall of the uterus during childbirth is produced by the gland: (a) adrenal (b) of the pancreas (c) pituitary and (d) the thyroid. )ٰز (هٟنج٤ٌٛ٘ٯجُ (ؽـ) ث٤ذٛ٘لٌٯز (ح) ثٛ (أ) ث: ٌورٛ ث٥ٌٍِالهر ص٪ٛجء ث٤ ثعٌٞفٜٛ ٮٜوؼٛؾوثً ثٛٔذجع ث٣ي٭ ٯْضقظ ثٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث-29 . وًٰٓزٛث
21 - Any of the following functions do not belong to the thyroid gland: (a) control the growth of the body (b) regulation of metabolism (c) control the amount of urine (d) The organization of calcium in the blood. ٙ٪ذٰٛز ث٠ٗ ُٮٞ٘ضقٰٛجس ثالٯغ (ؽـ) ثٜ٠ هٰٞل٤ (ح) صْٞؾٛ ث٪٠٣ ُٮٞ٘ضقٛ (أ) ث: وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٰٛز ال صنض ثٛضجٛكجةَ ث٪ٛ ث٢ٟ أ٭-29 . ٝوٛ دجٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ٰٞل٤(ه) ص
22 - Any of the following occurs as a reaction or response to stress, fear of Oz: (a) less secretion of adrenaline (b) increases blood flow to the skin (c) increase the level of blood glucose (d) increase insulin secretion from the pancreas. وٜؾٛ ث٬ٛ ثٝوٛ ث١ (ح) ٯَٯو ٌّٯج٢ٰٛج٤ ثٌُثٍ ثالهًٯٚٔ (أ) ٯ: وظذٮٛؼٌؾ ثٍٛ ث٩ٍ ث٪نٜٛ ثّضؾجدز٩ ثٚج ٯجصٮ ٯقوط ٌٗه ُو٠ٟ أ٭-22 . ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ (ه) ٯَهثه ثٌُثٍ ثالٝوٍٛ دج٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ (ؽـ) ٯَهثه
II - Choose from the column (b) the suitable from the column (a) by placing the appropriate number in brackets at the end of the column (a): : )ه (أ٪٠وٛجٯز هذجًثس ث٨٣ ُٮ٢ّٰ٪ٔٛ ث٢ٰز د٠الة٠ٛوذجًر ثٛ ثًٞٓ ػن٪ٖ دٛى٩ )ه (أ٪٠وٛ ث٢ٟ ٦٠ج ٯالةٟ ) ه (ح٪٠وٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٰصن
1Column (a))ه (أ٪٠وٛث
Column (b))ه (ح٪٠وٛث
A - Adrenaline hormone secreted from () B - Insulin hormone secreted from () C – Thyroxin hormone secreted from () D - Growth hormone secreted from ()
1 - Thyroid gland. 2 - Adrenal cortex. 3 - Parathyroid gland. 4 - Pituitary gland. 5 - Adrenal medulla . 6 - Testis. 7 - Pancreas.
2– Column (a)
Column (b)
A - thyroid gland is known as () B – pancreas is known as () C - parathyroid gland is known as () D - the adrenal gland is known as ()
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1 - Emotion gland. 2 – Master gland. 3 – Bone gland. 4 - Activity gland. 5 - Sugar regulating gland. 6 – Gonads.
3– Column (a)
Column (b)
A - The pituitary gland is located () B - The adrenal gland is located () C - The thyroid gland is located ()
1 – below the stomach. 2 – below the brain. 3 – below the larynx. 4 - below the kidneys. 5 - above the kidney
4– Column (a) A – Corticosteron () B - Relaxin () C - Aldosterone () D - Calcitonin () E - Glucagon () F - Cholecystokinine ()
Column (b) 1 - converts stored glycogen into glucose. 2 - secreted by the small intestine. 3 - responsible for growth of the prostate and seminal vesicles. 4 - regulate carbohydrate metabolism in the body. 5 - raise the blood pressure. 6 - balance salts in the body. 7 - reduces the calcium in the blood. 8 - cause relaxation of symphysis pubis at birth.
III- Story problems: 1 – What is the role of the following scientists in discovery of hormones (Boyce JenseStarling - Claude Bernard) ) ًج٣ٌه د٪ٜٗ – ؼ٤ًِٛ – ّضج٤ٯِ ؽ٪ (د: جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ُٮ ثٗضشجٍ ثٞ٨جة٠ّجء ثالصٰز ث٠ٜوٛ ث٢ٟ ً ٗال٩جهٟ -9
2 - A friend was diseased by thyroid disease lead to increased secretion of thyroxin at the same time other friend diseased by lack of secretion of the hormone thyroxin. How you can distinguished between the two? ٬ٛ ث٫ٌع ثه٠ٖ دٛ ً ثطٰخ ؽج٦ِْ٣ ٓش٪ُٛٮ ث٩ ، ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ٍٯجهر ثٌُثٍ ث٬ٛ ث٫وًٰٓز ثهٌٛور ثٌٛع ُٮ ث٠ٖ دٛ ْ (ثطٰخ طوٯ-2 ج ؟٠٨٤َٰٰ د٠ضٛ ث٢٘٠ ) َٰٗ ٯ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٔض ثٌُث٣
3 – Enlargement of thyroid gland leads to appearance of symptoms differs according to the activity of the gland and the stage in which enlargment occurs . Explain this statement explaining the following: (a) site of thyroid gland in the human body. (b) function of thyroid gland in the body. (c) Effect of increased or decreased secretion in the body. . ٞضؼنٛج ث٨ُٰ ٯقوط٬ضٛز ثٌٜف٠ٛث٩ ٌورٛشجؽ ث٣ ٍَ دجمضالٜثػقز صنض٩ ٌػٰزٟ ً أهٌثع٪٨ ك٬ٛوًٰٓز ثٌٛور ثٛ ثٞ صؼن٫ ٯؤه-1 ٩ج أ٧ٍ أعٌ ٍٯجهر أٌُث- ػ. ْٞؾٜٛ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛكِٰز ث٩ - ح. ١ْج٣ ثألْٞ ؽ٬ُ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛٓن ث٪ٟ - أ: ٬ج ٯؤصٟ ػقج٪ٟ وذجًرٛ ث٥ي٧ أشٌؿ . ْٞؾٛ ث٬ُ ضزٜٓ
4 - Mention the cause of each of the following: Mixoedema – exophthalmic goiter gigantism - idiocy. . ز٧ذالٛٔز – ثٜ٠وٛ – ث٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٛج – ث٠ْٰٰ٘وٯ٠ٛ ث: ٬ج ٯؤص٠ٟ ٚٗ أىٌٗ ّذخ-4
5 - pituitary gland is considered the President of the endocrine glands in the human body. Explain this statement, explaining: (a) site of pituitary gland in the human body. (b) the most important hormones of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland and its functions. (c) posterior lobe hormones and its importance. . ١ْج٣ ثألْٞ ؽ٬ُ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛٓن ث٪ٟ - أ: ػقج٪ٟ وذجًرٛ ث٥ي٧ أشٌؿ. ١ْج٣ ثألْٞ ؽ٬ُ جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٰٛز ًةْٰز ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ صوضذٌ ث-1 . ج٨ٰض٠٧ث٩ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ - ػ. ج٨ِكجة٩٩ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٞ٧ أ-ح
6 – A child diseased by certain disease in the pituitary gland, what do you expect to happen to this child? ؟ِٚـٛيث ث٨ٛ ٯقوط١ٓن أ٪جىث صضٟ ، ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٬ُ ٢ٰوٟ ٌع٠ دِٚ أطٰخ ؿ-6
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7 - Adrenaline hormone called emergency hormone . Explain this statement? ج هًّش ؟ٟ ء٪ ػ٬ُ وذجًرٛ ث٥ي٧ أشٌؿ. ؾور٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ د٢ٰٛج٣ً ثأله١٪ٌٟ٧ ٬٠ْ ٯ-7
8 - Four glands, each the size of a grain of wheat each two are on one side of the trachea: (a) What is the glands talking about the previous statement? (b) What its functions in the body? (c) What is the effect of increase or decrease in the secretions? ْجدٔز ؟ٛوذجًر ثٛج ث٨٤ صضقوط ه٬ضٌٛوه ثٛج ثٟ - أ: ثةٰز٪٨ٛٔظذز ثٛ ث٬ذ٣ أفو ؽج٬ٜ ه٢ٰ٤ أعٚٗ ؽو٪ـ – ٯ٠ٔٛ فذز ثٞج دقؾ٨٤ٟ ٚٗ أًدن ًوه-5 ج ؟٨ ثٌُثٍثص٬ُ ٔض٤ٛ ث٩َٯجهر أٛج صؤعٌٰ ثٟ - ؟ ػْٞؾٜٛ ج٨ صؤهٯ٬ضٛكجةَ ث٪ٛج ثٟ -ح
9 - Above the kidneys and called emotion gland: (a) What is glands the previous statement talking about? (b) What is the structure of emotion gland? (c) What its functions in the body? صضٌٗخ ًوهٟٞ -ْجدٔز ؟ حٛوذجًر ثٛج ث٨٤ صضقوط ه٬ضٌٛوه ثٛج ثٟ - أ: ِٙوج٣ دٌوه ثأل٬٠ْج – ص٠٨ د١ضظٔجٜص٩ ٢ٰٰضٜ٘ٛ ث٬ٜ ه١ صٌصَ٘ث-1 ؟ْٞؾٜٛ ج٨ صؤهٯ٬ضٛكجةَ ث٪ٛج ثٟ - ؟ ػِٙوج٣ثأل
10 - Correct the following statements without changing what is beneath the line: : ج صقضز مؾٟ ٌٌٰ ص١ أ١٩ٰز هٛضجٛوذجًثس ثٛ طقـ ث-99
A - thyroxin hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. . ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ-أ
B - the hormone that regulates salt balance of sodium and potassium in the human body is oxytocin. . ٢ّٰ٪ ثألْٰٗض٪٧ ١ْج٣ ثألْٞ ؽ٬ُ ٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٛث٩ ٝ٪هٯ٪ظٜٛ ٬قٜ٠ٛ ث١ٍث٪ضٛ ثٞل٤ ٯ٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث-ح
C – Parathyroid gland is the most important gland in the human body. . ١ْج٣ ثألْٞ ؽ٬ُ ًورٞ٧ؾجً هًٰٓز أٌٛور ثٛ صوضذٌ ث-ػ
D - Lack of insulin hormone causing enlargement of the extrimities. . ٍ ثألؿٌثٞ ٯْذخ صؼن٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٔض أٌُث٣ -ه
E - Cortisone is produced by the parathyroid gland which regulates metabolism and growth in man. . ١ْج٣ ثأل٬ُ ٪٠٤ٛث٩ ٬ٌيثةٛ ثٰٚغ٠ضٰٛز ثٜ٠ هٞل٤ ٯ٫يٛث٩ ؾجً هًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛ صٌٍِر ث١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ ث-ـ٧
11 - Compare between each two of the following: : ٬ج ٯؤص٠ٟ ٢ٰ٤ أعٚٗ ٢ٰ د١ً ٓج-99
A - simple goiter and exophthalmic goiter . B - Adrenal cortex hormones and hormones of adrenal medulla. C - Role of insulin and adrenaline in glucose metabolism within the body. ٬ُ ٢ٰٛج٣ًثأله٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ً ثأل٩ ه- ػ. ٘لٌٯزٌٛوه ثٛ ث٬ُ نجم٤ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧٩ ٔشٌرٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ - ح. ٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٛث٩ ذْٰؾٛ ثٞضؼنٛ ث-أ ْٞؾٛ ثٍٚ هثم٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛأٯغ ث
12 - Choose the correct statement of the following: : ٬ج ٯؤص٠ٟ ظقٰقزٛوذجًر ثٛ صنٌٰ ث-92
A – FSH formed in ovary and causing maturation of Graafian follicle. B – LH formed in the pituitary gland and causing ovulation. C – Estrogen formed by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and causes increase in the thickness of the wall of the uterus. D – Progesterone formed in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and causes an increase in the thickness of the wall of the uterus. E - no words are correct. . ٯغ٪ضذٰٛز رٯْذخ ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٬ُ )LH( ١٪ٌٟ٧ ١٪٘ ٯض- ح. ٍز ؽٌثٜٯظ٪ؼؼ ف٣ ٯْذخ٩ ذٰغ٠ٛ ث٬ُ )FSH( ١٪ٌٟ٧ ١٪٘ ٯض-أ ١٩ٌٰؽْض٩ٌذٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ١٪٘ ٯض- ه. ٌٞفٖٛ ؽوثً ث٠ّ ٬ُ ٯْذخ ٍٯجهر٩ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث٢ٟ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌ ثألّض١٪ٌٟ٧ ١٪٘ ٯض-ػ . ؽو هذجًر طقٰقز٪ ال ص-ـ٧ . ٌٞفٖٛ ؽوثً ث٠ّ ٬ُ ٯْذخ ٍٯجهر٩ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛ ث٬ُ
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13 - using the following drawing answer the following questions: A - Write the data referred to in numbers 1: 6. B - Complete the following: - The structure (1) secrete ................ And its function ............. - The structure (2) secrete ........... And its function ............. . : ٰزٛضجٛز ثٜ ثألّت٢ أؽخ هٌّٞٛز دج٣ دجألّضوج-91 . 6 : 9 ٝج دجألًٓج٨ٰٛشجً ث٠ٛجس ث٣ذٰجٛ أٗضخ ث-أ : ٬ج ٯؤصٟ ٚ٠ٗ أ-ح ............. كِٰضز٩٩ ................)9( ضٌٰٗخٛ ٯٌٍِ ث............. كِٰضز٩٩ ........... )2( ضٌٰٗخٛ ٯٌٍِ ث-
14 – G.R. for each of the following: A - length of a person not increase if secretion of growth hormone increase after puberty. B - Pituitary gland named President of the glands. C - Pancreas gland has double functions. D - Idiocy appears with lack of hormonal secretion of the thyroid gland. E - The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is more important than the posterior lobe. : ٬ج ٯؤص٠ٛ ٜٚ ه-94 . ى٪ٜذٛ دوو ث٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ ثٌُث٬ُ ثىث فوط ٍٯجهر١ْج٣ ثألٙ٪ ٍٯجهر ؿٝ هو-أ . ٌوهٌٛور ًةْٰز ثٛ ثّٰٞز ثٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٬ْٜ هٜ ٯـ-ح . كِٰز٪ٛؽز ث٩َهٟ ٌ٘ٯجُ ًور٤ذٛ ًور ث-ػ . وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛٔض ثألٌُثٍ ث٣ زٛ فج٬ُ ز٧ذالٌٛع ثٟ ً٪٨ ك-ه . ٬ِٜنٛج ث٨ ُظ٢ٟ ٞ٧ أ١ْج٣ ثأل٬ُ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ٯوضذٌ ث-ـ٧
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15 - using the following figure. Answer the following questions: : ز ثألصٰزٜ ثألّت٢ػـ أؽخ ه٪٠ٛ ثٚ٘شٛج دج٤ْٰضوٟ -91
A - Write the name of parts numbers (1) to (5). B - Mention secretions of part number (4). C - Mention the secretion pass in the structure number (5). D - Where secretion that accumulates in the structure number (2) is formed? . )1( ٬ٛ) ث9( ٢ٟ ٰٝز ثألًٓجٜ هٙج ٯوٟ أٗضخ-أ . )4( ًٞٓ ٪وؼٛ أىٌٗ ثٌُثٍثس ث-ح .)1( ًٞٓ ضٌٰٗخٛ ث٬ُ ٌ٠ ٯ٫يٛ أىٌٗ ثألٌُثٍ ث-ػ ) ؟2( ًٞٓ ضٌٰٗخٛ ث٬ُ ن٠ ٯضؾ٫يٛ ثألٌُثٍ ث١٪٘ ٯض٢ أٯ-ه
16 - pituitary gland is the leading and controlling of all other endocrine glands. Discuss this statement with an indication of at least three examples to illustrate your answer. ػٰـ٪ضٛ ٚٓ ثأل٬ٜز هٜغٟن ىٌٗ عالعز أٟ وذجًرٛ ث٥ي٧ جٓش٣ . ٫ٌجء ثألم٠ظٌٛوه ثٰٛن ث٠ ؽ٬ُ ز٠٘ضق٠ٛث٩ ٔجةورٌٛور ثٛ ث٬٧ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث-96 . ٖثؽجدض
17 - the following figure shows two people, each suffering from a disturbance in a pituitary hormone. Write a brief comment to this figure. يث٧ ٬ٜنضظٌث هٟ ٰٔجٜ أٗضخ صو. ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ثٌُثٍ أفوٙ أمضال٢ٟ ج٠٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ٬٣ ٯوج١ػـ شنظج٪ ٯٚٔجد٠ٛ ثٚ٘شٛ ث-97 . ٚ٘شٛث
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18 - What happens in the following cases: A - Remove the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland in a pregnant woman. B - injection of a pregnant women in five months with an extract of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? C - decrease beta cells in the pancreas ? D - injection of the hormone testosterone in adult woman? E – Exposure of human to fear and panic. F - Absence of testosterone in childhood? G - injection of vasopressin hormone to a person ? : ٰزٛضجٛقجالس ثٛ ث٬ُ جىث ٯقوطٟ -95 .ٌٟٚأر فجٟ أ٬ُ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛز ثٛ أٍث-أ ٰز ؟ٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثِٛ دنالطز ثٟنجٛج ث٧ٌ٨ ش٬ُ ٌٟٚأر فجٟ أ٢ٔ ف-ح ٌ٘ٯجُ ؟٤ذٛ ث٬ُ َ٤ٜ٧ٌؾ٣ ال٬ُ جٓض مالٯج دٰضج٤ ص-ػ ؟١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٌز دٌٛأر دجٟ أ٢ٔ ف-ه . َِمٛث٩ ٍ٪نٛقجالس ثٛ ١ْج٣ صوٌع ثأل-ـ٧ ز ؟ٛ٪ِـٛز ثٌٜفٟ ٬ُ ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ًٰجح-٩ ٯز؟٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ألٛ ٔجدغٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ شنض دج٢ٍٔ – ف
19 - The following 2 figures illustrate some symptoms of hormonal imbalance of one of the endocrine gland in some people. answer the following questions: A - What endocrine gland in which this imbalance occurs ?and its position in the human body? . B - Write a brief comment about the symptoms appears in this figure ? C - What is the hormone that is produced by this gland? What its function? D - Mention the symptoms associated in the following cases: 1- Decrease secretion of this gland after puberty. 2 – decrease secretion of this gland in childhood. :ٰزٛضجٛز ثٜ ثألّض٢ أؽخ ه. دوغ ثألشنجص٬ُ جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛ ث٫ أٌُثٍثس أفوٙ دوغ أهٌثع أمضال١ػقج٪ ٯ١ٰجٛضجٛ ث١ش٘الٛ ث-91 . ؟١ْج٣ ثألْٞ ؽ٬ُ ج٨ٓو٪ٟ جٟ٩ ، ٙيث ثألمضال٧ ج٨ فوط د٫يٛجء ث٠ظٌٛور ثٛج ثٟ -أ ؟ٙ ثألش٘ج٥ي٨ٌر د٧لجٛ ثألهٌثع ث٢نضظٌثً هٟ ٰٔجٜ ثٗضخ صو-ح كِٰضز ؟٩ جٟ٩ ٌور ؟ٛ ث٥ي٧ صٌٍِر٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛج ثٟ -ػ زٛ٪ِـٛز ثٌٜف٠ٌور دٛ ث٥ي٧ ٍٔض ثٌُث٣ - ح. ى٪ٜذٌٛور دوو ثٛ ث٥ي٧ ٍٔض ثٌُث٣ - أ: ٰزٛضجٛقجالس ثٛ ث٬ُ ظجفذز٠ٛ أىٌٗ ثألهٌثع ث-ه . ذٌ٘ر٠ٛث
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20 - Why body's cells need glucose? ٍ؟٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ث٬ٛ ثْٞؾٛجىث صقضجػ مالٯج ث٠ٛ -29
21 - In a healthy individual the ratio of glucose in the blood 60: 110 mg / 100 cm3. What are the glands that secrete the hormone responsible for the stability of the level of sugar in the blood? ٢ هٙ٪ْت٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ صٌٍِ ث٬ضٌٛوه ثٛ ث٬٧ جٟ . 1 ّٞ 999 / ٰٝؾٌثٜٜٟ 999 : 69 ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ ١٪٘ صٌِْٰٜٞٛه ثٛ ث٬ُ -29 ؟ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ عذجس
22 - The following chart shows the level of change in blood sugar after a meal. Explain the shape of the curve in the following cases: A - B, from B - C, C - D. ٢ٟ ، أ – ح٢ٟ : ٰزٛضجٛقجالس ثٛ ث٬ُ ٬٤ق٤٠ٛ ثٚ٘ أشٌؿ ش. ؽذز٩ ٙ٩ج٤ دوو صٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٌْ٘ٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ ٌٌٰ ص٬ٛضجٛ ث٬٣ذٰجٛ ثٌّٞٛػـ ث٪ ٯ-22 . ػ – ه٢ٟ ، ح – ػ
23 - The following chart illustrates some of the endocrine glands in human body . Write the number of glands or numbers next to each of the following statements: A – Endocrine glands ( ) are duct glands. ( ) B - Glands regulate carbohydrate metabolism. ( ) C - Abnormal secretion of these glands after puberty, cause bones enlargement , especially in the extrimities and lower jaw and front of the face leading to deformation of the face and skull. ( ). D - Gland Increase secretion of its cortex lead to appearance of male characteristics on female traits? E - Removal of this gland leads to impaired metabolism of calcium the body (). F- gland secretes a hormone called hormone of attack and fear. () G - A gland seacrea its secretions in childhood leads to dwarfism. () وذجًثسٛ ث٢ٟ هذجًرٚٗ ًث٪ٌوه دؾٛ ثٝ ثًٓج٩ٌور أٛ ثًٞٓ أٗضخ. ١ْج٣ ثألْٞجء دؾ٠ظٌٛو ثٛػـ دوغ ث٪ ٯ٬ٛضجٛ ث٬ضنـٰـٛ ثٚ٘شٛ ث-21 : ٰزٛضجٛث ) ( . جء٠ًوه ًٌٰ ط٩ )( جء٠ ٌٗوه طٚ٠ ًوه صو-أ ) ( . ٰوًثس٧٪ٌ٘دٛ أٯغ ثٞل٤ ًوه ص-ح ٦ؽ٪ٛر ث٪ صش٬ٛؤهٯج ثٟ ز٨ؾذٛث٩ ٬ِِْٜٖٛ ثٛث٩ ٍطج دجألؿٌث٪ مظٝولجٛ ثٌٞور ٯْذخ صؼنٛ ث٥ي٨ٛ ى٪ٜذٛ دوو ث٬ـذٰوٛ ثألٌُثٍ ًٌٰ ث-ػ .) ( . ز٠ؾ٠ؾٛث٩ ٯز ؟٪غ٣ظِجس ثألٛ ث٬ًٜ طِجس ىٌٗٯز ه٪٨ ك٬ٛ ث٫ ٯؤه٫ٌٔشٛج ث٧ؾَءٛ َثةوٛ ًور ثألٌُثٍ ث-ه .) ( ْٞؾٛ دجٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ أٯغ ثٙ ألمضال٫ٌور ٯؤهٛ ث٥ي٧ زٛ أٍث- ـ٧ ) ( . ّ٪نٛث٩ ٝ٪ؾ٨ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٬٠ْج ٯ٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ًور ص-٩ ) ( . زَٟٔثٜٛ ٫ز ٯؤهٛ٪ِـٛز ثٌٜفٟ ٬ُ ج٨ز أٌُثٍثصٜٓ ٍ – ًور
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24 - Using the following form, which shows the relationship between the hormone adrenaline and some organs of the body. Answer the following questions: A - Hormone adrenaline secreted from ......... B - Explain the physiological changes caused by the hormone adrenaline on each organ in the figure ? : ٰزٛضجٛز ثٜ ثألّت٢ ثؽخ ه. ْٞؾٛدوغ أهؼجء ث٩ ٢ٰٛج٣ً ثأله١٪ٌٟ٧ ٢ٰوالٓز دٛػـ ث٪ ٯ٫يٛ ث٬ٛضجٛ ثٚ٘شٛز دج٣ دجألّضوج-24 ......... ٢ٟ ٢ٰٛج٣ً ثأله١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ-أ ؟٥ػـ أهال٪ٟ ٪ هؼٚٗ ٬ٜ ه٢ٰٛج٣ً ثأله١٪ٌٟ٧ ج٨ ٯْذذ٬ضٛؽٰز ث٪ٛ٪ِْٰٛضٌٌٰثس ثٛػـ ث٩ -ح
25 - From the following schematic form. Answer the following questions: A - Why the hepatic portal vein contains variable amounts of glucose in (1) & (2).? B - Why the amount of glucose in hepatic veins in equal in both (1) & (2)? C - Mention 2 hormones regulate blood glucose level? their sources ? Explain their role in regulation of glucose blood sugar level? : ٰزٜ ص٬ضٛز ثٜ ثألّت٢ أؽخ هٞ ع. ٬ٛضجٛ ث٬ضنـٰـٛ ثٚ٘شٛ أُقض ث-21 ؟. )2( ، )9( ٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ث٢ٟ هز٪٤ضٟ ٰجس٠ٗ ٬ٜ ه٫٘ذوٛ ث٬ذجدًٛٯو ث٪ٛ ث٫٪جىث ٯقض٠ٛ -أ ) ؟2( ، )9( ٢ٟ ٚٗ ٬ُ ٫٘ذوًٛٯو ث٪ٍٛ دج٪ٗ٪ٜؾٰٛز ث٠ٗ ٫٩ج ّذخ صْجٟ -ح ٌّ٘ ٫٪ْضٟ ٰٞل٤ ص٬ُ ج٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ً٩ج ؟ أشٌؿ ه٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ٍظوً ثٌُثٟ جٟ٩ ؟ٝوٍٛ دج٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ٌّ٘ ث٫٪ْضٟ ١ج٠ل٤ ٯ١ج٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٗ أى-ػ ؟ٝوٍٛ دج٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛث
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26 – Frim the following chart answer the following questions ? ٰز ؟ٜ ص٬ضٛز ثٜ ثألّت٢ أؽخ هٞ ع٬ٛضجٛ ث٬ضنـٰـٛ ثٚ٘شٛ أُقض ث-26
A - explain the changes occurred to the liver glycogen; blood glucose and insulin during the period (x), ( y). B - Mention a hormone – other than insulin - affect the level of blood sugar and Mention the circumstances at which this effects occurs. C - What is the disease that results from lack of insulin hormone? .) (ص، )ُ( ِضٌرٛ ثٙ مال٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧٩ ٝوٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؽ٩ ٘ذوٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛ فوعش٬ضٛضٌٌٰثس ثٛ ثٰٜٚضوٛن ثٟ أشٌؿ-أ . ٌٰضؤعٛيث ث٧ ج٧و٤ ٯقوط ه٬ضٍٛ ث٩ٌلٛأىٌٗ ث٩ ٝوٛ ٌّ٘ ث٫٪ْضٟ ٬ٜ – ٯؤعٌ ه٢ْٰٛ٪ْ٣ج – ًٌٰ ثأل٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٗ أى-ح ؟٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٔض ثٌُث٣ ٢ضؼ ه٤ ٯ٫يٌٛع ث٠ٛج ثٟ -ػ
27 – The following chart shows the relationship between parathormone secretion and the level of calcium in the blood. Explain indication of the chart ? and its result? ٖ ؟ٛضٰؾز ى٣ جٟ٩ ٌّٰٞٛز ثٜ هٙج ٯوٟ أشٌؿ. ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ٩ ١٪ٌٟذجًعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ أٌُث٢ٰوالٓز دٛػـ ث٪ ٯ٬٣ذٰجٛ ثٌّٞٛ ث-27
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28 - A person running, but did not drink enough water to replace what is lost in the form of sweat. Explain the effect of this on his body ; as folow : A - Mention the name of the hormone (a). B - What is the effect of hormone (a) on the kidneys. C - how it affects the composition of urine? ػـ٩ . ٌّ ه٥ً٪ ط٬ُ ج ٯِٔورٟ ع٪ٰوٛ جء٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ٰز ٗجُٰز٠ٗ ٯشٌحٞٛ ٢٘ٛ٩ ٫ٌؾٜٛ ْجدٔزٟ ٬ُ ٕألشضٌثٛ ٢ٰٔضْجد٠ٛ ٯضوًح أفو ث-25 : ٬ضْجدْ ٗجألص٠ٛ ثْٞ ؽ٬ٜٖ هٛأعٌ ى . ) (أ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثّٞ أىٌٗ ث-أ . ٢ٰٰضٜ٘ٛ ث٬ٜ (أ) ه١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٰج صؤعٟ -ح ؟ٙ٪ذٛ ث٢ٯ٪٘ ص٬ٜٖ هٛ َٰٗ ٯؤعٌ ى-ػ
29 - Mention the scientific term indicative of the following statements : A – A gland secretes hormone controls the metabolic processes especially combustion of food and generation of energy? B - Hormone functions in a way opposite the hormone insulin? C - A hormone regulates calcium leve in the body. ؟٦ٰوذجًثس ثألصٛ ث٬ٜ هٙوثٛ ث٬٠ٜوٛـ ثٜظـ٠ٛ أىٌٗ ث-21 ـجٓز ؟ٰٛو ثٛ٪ص٩ ٌيثءٰٛجس ثألٯغ مجطز أفضٌثّ ثٜ٠ ه٬ُ ٞ٘ ٯضق١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ًور ص-أ ؟٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ِ٘ دـٌٯٔز هٚ٠ ٯو١٪ٌٟ٧ -ح . ْٞؾٛ دجٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ٞل٤ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ -ػ
30 – G.R. to each of the following: A – It may be difficult to see the parathyroid gland ? B - Pallor of the face in cases of extreme fear? C - Insulin works to lower glucose in the blood? : ٬ج ٯجص٠ٛ ٜٚ ه-19 ج ؟٣ٌوه ؽجً هًٰٓز أفٰجٛور ث٧شجٟ ٓو ٯظوخ-ث شوٯو ؟ٍٛ ث٪نٛ فجالس ث٬ُ ٦ؽ٪ٛ ث١٪ٛ ح٪ شق-ح ؟ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ مِغ٬ٜ ه٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثألٚ٠ػ – ٯو
31 - Compare each of the following: A - simple goiter and exophthalmic goiter. B - growth hormone deficiency before and after puberty? C – Duct and endocrine glands. D – Effect of growth hormone and cortisone hormone on metabolism of the food? : ٬ج ٯؤص٠ٟ ٚٗ ٢ٰ د١ً ٓج-19 . ٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٛث٩ ذْٰؾٛ ثٞضؼنٛ ث-أ ى ؟٪ٜذٛدوو ث٩ ٚ ٓذ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ -ح . ٯز٪٤ٌٔٛوه ثٛث٩ جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛ ث-ػ ٌيثةٰز ؟ٛثه ث٪٠ٛ ثٯغ ث٬ُ ١٩ًَٰص٪٘ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧٩ ٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌ أع-ه
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32 - How to tratment each of the following cases: A – Decrease blood pressure at surgical operations and obstructed labour. B - Increasing the level of glucose in the blood. C – Increased secretion of thyroxin. : قجالس ثألصٰزٛؼ ثٛ َٰٗ صوج-12 . ضوٌْر٠ٛ ث٥اله٪ٛث٩ ؾٌثفٰزٰٛجس ثٜ٠وٛو ث٤ هٝوٛنِجع ػٌؾ ث٣ أ-أ . ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ٌّ٘ ث٣ ثًصِجم-ح .٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ ٍٯجهر ثٌُثٍ ث-ػ
33 - Nervous system coordinate with hormones to control the biological processes within the human body: A - Mention examples of how this coordination occurs. B - Explain the difference between hormonal regulation and nervous control and similarities between them. : ١ْج٣ ثألْٞ ؽٚٯز هثم٪ٰقٰٛجس ثٜ٠وٛ ث٬ُ ٞ٘ضقٜٛ جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث٩ ٬وظذٛجٍ ث٨ؾٛ ٯضآًٍ ث-11 . ّْج٤ضٖٛ ثٛػـ ِٰٰٗز ى٪ز صٜغٟ أىٌٗ أ-أ . ٞ٨٤ٰ دٚجع٠ضٛثٯؼجً ث٩ ٬وظذٛ ثٞ٘ضقٛث٩ ٬٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثٰٞل٤ضٛ ث٢ٌِّٰ دٛ أشٌؿ ث-ح
34 - Choose the correct answer of each of the following: A – Ovary secrete all of the following hormones except .....( FSH - Relaxine progesterone - estrogen). )FSH – Relaxine – progesterone - estrogen(..... ج هوثٟ ٰزٛضجٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ثٚٗ ذٰغ٠ٛ ٯٌٍِ ث-أ
B – Testosterone hormone in human secreted from ......( Cooper gland - seminal vesicles Sertoli cells – interstetial cells of testicle) )نظٰزٛ دج٦ٰ٤ٰذٛنالٯج ثٛ – ث٬ٛ٪ٯز – مالٯج ٌّص٪٤٠ٛٯظالس ث٪قٛدٌ – ث٪ٗ (ًور...... ٢ٟ ١ْج٣ ثأل٬ُ ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ-ح
C - The hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland and stimulate thyroid gland is .........( FSH - ACTH - TSH - GH). )FSH – ACTH – TSH - GH(......... ٪٧ وًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛذز ث٤ٯ٩ ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث-ػ
D – Parathormone deficiency causes .......( increase blood calcium - increased heart rate painful muscle spasms - osteoporosis) - ز٠ٛؤٟ ٰزٜؾجس هؼ٤ط صش٩خ – فؤٜٛ – ٍٯجهر ػٌدجس ثٝوٛ دجٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ (ثًصِجم....... ٯْذخ١٪ٌٟذجًثعٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٔض٣ -ه )ٝولجٛشجشز ث٧
E - Hormones secretine and cholecystokinine secreted from ......( mucosa lining of the intestines - adrenal gland - mucous membrane lining of the stomach - the parathyroid gland). ٢ذـ٠ٛ ث٬نجؿ٠ٌٛشجء ثٛ٘لٌٯز – ثٌٛور ثٛوجء – ثٟألٛ ٢ذـ٠ٛ ث٬نجؿ٠ٌٛشجء ثٛ(ث...... ٢ٟ ٢ٰ٤ٰٗ٪ْٰذْضٛ٪٘ٛث٩ ٢ٌْٰ٘صٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ-ـ٧ ) ؾجً هًٰٓزٌٛور ثٛوور – ث٠ٜٛ
F – Diabetic patient suffering from high blood glucose as a result of ........( increase glucose oxidation in cells and tissues of the body – convertion of glucose into glycogen the lack of secretion of insulin - defect in the metabolism of proteins) – ْٞؾْٛؾز ث٣ث٩ مالٯج٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ أْٗور ث٥(ٍٯجه........ ضٰؾز٣ ٖٛى٩ ٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾْٛذز ث٣ ثًصِجم٢ٟ ٌٌْ٘ٛٯغ ثٟ ٬٣ – ٯوج٩ )جس٤ٰص٩ٌذٛ ثٯغ ث٬ُ ٜٚ م-٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍٔض ثٌُث٣ – ٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ ؽ٬ٍٛ ث٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٚٯ٪ضقٛ
G - Parathormone and calcitonin hormone acts on .....(increase blood calcium - decrease calcium in bone - decrease blood calcium - maintain the level of blood calcium). ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ٔض٣ – ٝولجٛ دجٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛٔض ث٣ – ٝوٛ دجٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ (أًصِجم..... ٬ٜ ه٢ٰ٣٪ْٰضٛ٘جٛث٩ ١٪ٌٟذجًثعٛ ث٬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٚ٠ ٯو-ٍ ) ٝوٛ دجٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛ ث٫٪ْضٟ ٬ٜقِجف هٛ – ثٝوٛدج
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H – neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland represent .......( anterior lobe only - anterior and posterior lobe – posterior lobe and part infundibulum of the brain - posterior lobe only). ن٠ٍٔٛ دج٩ٌو٠ٛؾَء ثٛث٩ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛ – ث٬ِٜنٛث٩ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ُٔؾ – ث٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ(ث....... ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٬وظذٛؾَء ثٛ ثٚغ٠ ٯ-ؿ ) ُٔؾ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛل – ث٠ٛ ث٢ٟ
I - Any of the following does not contain endocrine glands ...........( stomach - pancreas small intestine - liver). ) ٘ذوٛوٰٓٔز – ثٛوجء ثٌٟ٘ٯجُ – ثأل٤ذٛوور – ث٠ٛ(ث........... جء٠ ًوه ط٬ٜ ه٫٪ ال ٯقض٬ج ٯؤص٠ٟ ٫ أ-ؽ
J - ............. may cause diabetes. (Lack of insulin - lack of receptors of various cells and tissues - obesity - all of the above). ٖٛ دجثثثثثثثثث٬ٜم ٰن٠ز – ؽ٣ذوثٛ ث- ِزٜنض٠ْٛؾز ث٣ثأل٩ نالٯجٛ ث٢ٟ ْضٔذالصزٟ زٜٓ – ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ِٗجٯز ثألٝ (هو.٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛع ثٟ ٬ُ............. ٓو ٯضْذخ-٫ )ْج ّذٟ
K - hormone stimulating uterine muscles contraction ........( secreted by the corpus luteum in the ovary and placenta - secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland - working on irregulating pregnancy cycle - causes relaxation of symphysis pubis at the end of pregnancy). - ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٜٛ ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِز – ٯ٠ٰش٠ٛث٩ ذٰغ٠ٛ ث٬ُ ٌِ ثألطْٞؾٛ ث٢ٟ ٌٍِ(ٯ........ ٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ٦ذ٤٠ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٨ٛ ث-ٕ ) ٚ٠قٛجٯز ُضٌر ث٨٣ و٤ ه٬٣وجٛ – ٯْذخ ثًصنجء ثألًصِضْ ثٚ٠قًٛر ث٩ هٝضلج٣ ث٬ٜ هٚ٠ٯو
L- The rate of metabolism in the body is regulated by ..........( parathyroid gland - thyroid gland - the hypothalamus - the pineal gland). )دٌٯز٪٤ظٌٛور ثٛجه – ث٨٠ٛوًٰٓز – صقش ثٌٛور ثٛؾجً هًٰٓز – ثٌٛور ثٛ(ث.......... ثّـز٪ دْٞؾٛ ثألٯغ دجٙووٟ ٞل٤ ٯ-ٙ
M – Cardiac asma may be trated by injection of hormone .........( thyroxin - insulin prolactin - adrenaline) )٢ٰٛج٣ً ثأله- ٢ٰالٗض٩ٌذٛ – ث٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ – ثأل٢ْٰٗ٩ٌٰغٛ(ث......... ١٪ٌٟ٨ د٢ٔقٛ ث٬ٛذٰز ثٜٔٛز ثٍٟجء ثأل٤ـذٰخ أعٛؾؤ ثٜ ٓو ٯ-ٝ
35 - What is the similarities and differences between nervous and hormonal coordination and the relationship between them? ج ؟٠٨٤ٰوالٓز دٛج ثٟ٩ ٬٣٪ٌٟ٨ْْٰٛ ث٤ضٛث٩ ٬وظذٛجٍ ث٨ؾٛ ث٢ٰثألمضالٍ د٩ ٦ضشجدٛؽز ث٩ج أٟ -11
36 – Ductless glands produce chemical substances that alter the activity of some important organs of the human body. Mention two important glands and materials produced from them, and changes caused by each one in the body? Some of this glands may be affected by secretions of other ductless glands. Explain this phrase? ج٠٨ضؾ٤ ص٬ضٛثه ث٪٠ٛث٩ ٢ٰضٟج٧ ٢ٰ أىٌٗ ًوص. ١ْج٣ ثألْٞؾٛ زٟج٨ٛشجؽ دوغ ثألهؼجء ث٣ ٢ٟ ٌٌٰٰجةٰز ص٠ٰٗ ثه٪ٟ ٯز٪٤ٓالٌٛوه ثٛضؼ ث٤ ص-16 وذجًر ؟ٖٛ ثٜ أشٌؿ ص. ٫ٌٯز أم٪٤ٓ ج صٌٍِر ًوه ال٠ٌوه دٖٛ ثٜ ؟ ٓو صضؤعٌ دوغ صْٞؾٛج دج٠٨٤ٟ ٚٗ صقوعز٫يٛضٌٌٰثس ثٛث٩
37 – G.R. for each of the following: A - Aldosterone hormone plays an important role in maintaining balance of minerals in the body. B - Male manifestations may appears in women and manifestations of females may appears in men? C - Hormones may secreted in small quantities estimated by microgram. : ٬ج ٯؤص٠ٛ ٜٚ ه-17 . ْٞؾٛ دج١وجه٠ٛ ث١ٍث٪ ص٬ٜقِجف هٛ ث٬ُ ج٠٨ٟ ًث٩ ه١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ وخٜ ٯ-أ ؟ٌٚؽٛ ث٬ُ عز٪٣ٌ ثأل٧لجٟ٩ ْجء٤ٛ ث٬ُ زٛ٪ٌؽٌٛ ث٧لجٟ ٌ٨ ٓو صل-ح . ٝؽٌث٩ٌٰ٘٠ٛز صٔوً دجٰٜٜٓ ٰجس٠٘جس د٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛ صٌٍِ ث-ػ
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38 – The following shows concentration of blood glucose for three people (I - H-G) for 48 hours, two of them are diabetic because pancreas to one of them produces insulin in small amounts and the other the pancreas does not produce insulin and the third is a healthy person. A - Use the figure to identify each case ? why ? - The healthy person is ………….because ........... - The diabetic person due to secration of small amount of insulin is ......... because .......... - The diabetic person due to absence of insulin secretion is ............ because ........... B - Describe how the liver maintain the normal concentration of glucose in blood. C - Explain two methods for treatment of diabetic patients? D - The main symptoms of diabetes are ……. and ........... E - There is a close relationship between thirst for a diabetic and secretion of the hormone (ADH) explain that phrase? ٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٛ دج٬ٌػٟ ٞ٨٤ٟ ١ج٤ ّجهز ثع45 ٥و٠ٛ )I – H -G( غالعز أشنجصٛ ٝوٍٛ دج٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ صٌَٰٗ ث٬ٛضجٛ ث٬٣ذٰجٛ ثٌّٞٛ ث٢ٰ ٯذ-15 . ٌع٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ّٰٜٞ شنض٪٨ُ ظٛغجٛج ثٟ أ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ٌ٘ٯجُ ال ٯٌٍِ أ٤ذٛثألمٌ ث٩ زٰٜٜٓ ٰجس٠٘ د٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ٯٌٍِ أٞ٧ٌ٘ٯجُ ألفو٤ذٛ ث١ أل٦ضٰؾ٣ ضوٌٍ ؟ٛن ىٌٗ ّذخ ثٟ زٛ فجٚٗ ٬ٜضوٌٍ هٜٛ ٬ٛضجٛ ثٌّٞٛ ثٝ أّضنو-أ ........... ْذخٛث......... ٪٧ ٌع٠ٛ ث٢ٟ ْٰٜٞٛشنض ثٛ ث.......... ْذخٛ ث............ ٪٧ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل٢ٟ زٰٜٜٓ ٰز٠ٗ ٍ ألٌُث٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛٯغ دج٠ٛشنض ثٛ ث........... ْذخٛ ث............ ٪٧ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثٌُثٍ ثألٝووٛ ٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛٯغ دج٠ٛشنض ثٛ ث. ٝوٍٛ دج٪ٗ٪ٜؾٜٛ ٬ـذٰوٛضٌَٰٗ ثٛ ث٬ٜقِجف هٛ ث٬ُ ٥ً٩٘ذو دوٛ ثٝ٪ٔ طَ َٰٗ ٯ-ح ؟٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٌٛٯغ ثٟ والػٛ ٢ٰ أشٌؿ ؿٌٯٔض-ػ .......... ٩........... ٫ٌْ٘ٛ ثٙ٪ذٛ أهٌثع ثٞ٧ أ٢ٟ -ه وذجًر؟ٖٛ ثٜ) أشٌؿ صADH( ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍثٌُث٩ ٌٌْ٘ٛٯغ ث٠ٛ وـشًٛ دج٪شوٛ ث٢ٰعٰٔز د٩ ؽو هالٓز٪ ص-ـ٧
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األوي Q 1: G.R . for each of the following: 1 - Pancreatic secretion of digestive juice immediately after the food reaches the duodenum does not need nervous connection? A – Due to the ability of mucosa lining the duodenum to secrete hormone that stimulate pancreas to secrete its digestive juice without the need to nervous connection, but the connection to be nervous system regulate the secretion by increase or decrease. ؟٬ هظذٙ ثصظج٬ٛ هشٌ ال ٯقضجػ ث٬٤ألعٛ ٌيثءٛ ثٙ٪ط٩ ً٪ُ ز٠جػ٨ٛ ث٦وظجًصٛ ٌُ٘ٯج٤ذٛ أٌُثٍ ث-9 ٙ ثألصظج٬ٛج فجؽز ث٠٣٩ٌ٘ٯجُ ألٌُثٍ هظجًصز ه٤ذٛذٰز ث٤ دضٝ٪ٔ ٯ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٍ ثٌُث٬ٜ هشٌ ه٬٤ألعٛ ٢ذـ٠ٛ ث٬نجؿ٠ٌٛشجء ثٛٔوًر ثٛ -ػ . ٔض٤ٛ ث٩َٯجهر ثٛيث ثألٌُثٍ دج٧ ٰٞل٤ضٛ ١٪٘ ٯ٬وظذٛ ثٙ ثألصظج٢٘ٛ٩ ، ٬وظذٛث
2 - The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is more important than the posterior lobe. A – Because it secrete trophic hormones, which activate other endocrine glands as thyroid gland - the adrenal gland - gonads. Also it secretes prolactine which stimulate mammary glands to secrete milk, and produce growth hormone. . ٬ِٜنِٛض ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٞ٧ٰز أٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٬ٟجِٟض ثألٛ ث-2 ز٣ج ث٠ٗ . ٰزّٜج٤ضٌٛوه ثٛ٘لٌٯز – ثٌٛور ثٛوًٰٓز – ثٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٚ٘ٛ شـز٤ٟ جس٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ٪٨ُ ، ِزٜنض٠ٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٜٛ ٥ٍ٘غٌر ثٌُثٛ -ػ .٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِج ٯ٠ٗ ، ٢ذٜٛغوٯٰز ألٌُثٍ ثٌٛوه ثٛذٰز ث٤ضٛ ػن٪ٛ ثٚ ٓذ١٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِٯ
3 – Appearance of male characters in women sometimes? A - due to enlargement of the adrenal cortex , which secretes hormones resembling testosterone imbalance of this hormone with female hormones secreted from reproductive system in females leads to appearance of male characters in females. ج ؟٣ْجء أفٰج٤ٛ ث٬ُ زٛ٪ٌؽٛثًع ث٪ه٩ ً طِجس٪٨ ك-1 ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧ ١ٍث٪ ص٬ُ ٜٚج ٯقوط م٠ٟ ١٩ٌّٰض٪ضْضٛجس صشذز ث٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ٘لٌٯز ثٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٫ٌ ٔشٛؾَء ثٛ ثٞضٰؾز صؼن٣ -ػ . ٢٨ًٰٜر ه٪ٗيٛجس ثًٟ هال٪٨ ك٬ٛ ث٫جط ُٰؤه٣و ثأل٤ ه٬ّٜج٤ضٛجٍ ث٨ؾٛ ث٬ُ ٯز٪غ٣جس ثأل٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث٩
4- Appearance of female characteristics in men sometimes? A - Due to enlargement of the adrenal cortex , which secretes hormones resembling estrogen and progesterone imbalance of this hormone and hormones in the male reproductive system appearance of female characters on them. ج ؟٣ أفٰجٌٙؽجٛ ث٬ُ عز٪٣ثًع ثأل٪ه٩ ً طِجس٪٨ ك-4 ١ٍث٪ ص٬ُ ٜٚج ٯقوط م٠ٟ ١٩ٌٰؽْض٩ٌذٛث٩ ٢ٰؽ٩ٌجس صشذز ثألّض٣٪ٌٟ٧ ٌٍِ ٯ٫يٛ٘لٌٯز ثٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ ٫ٌٔشٛؾَء ثٛ ثٞضٰؾز صؼن٣ -ػ . ٞ٨ٰٜجط ه٣جس ثألًٟ هال٪٨ ك٬ٛ ث٫ ٯؤهٌٙؽجٛو ث٤ ه٬ّٜج٤ضٛجٍ ث٨ؾٛ ث٬ُ يٌٗٯزٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛث٩ ١٪ٌٟ٨ٛيث ث٧
Q 2: Compare between: 1 - Duct and endocrine glands. 2 - Simple and exophthalmic goiter. : ٢ٟ ٚٗ ٢ٰ د١ً ٓج: 2 ُ .جء٠ظٌٛوه ثٛث٩ ٯز٪٤ٌٔٛوه ثٛ ث-9 . ٬ك٪ؾقٛ ثٞضؼنٛث٩ ذْٰؾٛ ثٞضؼنٛ ث-2
Q 3: Explain the relationship between: 1 - calcium and parathyroid glands. 2 - salts of sodium, potassium and adrenal gland. 3 - insulin and glucagons in glucose metabolism. 4 - beta cells and diabetes. : ٢ٟ ٚٗ ٢ٰوالٓز دٛػـ ث٩ : 1 ُ
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. وًٰٓزٌٛوه ؽجً ثٛث٩ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جٛظٌ ث٤ ه-9 . ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛث٩ ٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٛث٩ ٝ٪هٯ٪ظٛالؿ ثٟ أ-2 .ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ثٯغ ث٬ُ ١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛث٩ ٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل-1 . ٌٌْ٘ٛع ثٟ٩ مالٯج دٰضج-4
Q 4: Mention the name of the hormones, which perform the following action: 1 - stimulate storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. (Insulin). 2 – regulate calcium and phosphorus. (parathormone) 3 - Its secretion increase in cases of fear, anger and emotion. (Noradrenaline or adrenalin) . 4 - Control food metabolism when secreted from the pituitary gland. (Growth hormone) 5 - Regulate sodium and potassium. (Aldosterone) 6 - Stimulate release of milk in response to breast feeding process.(oxytocin). : ٬ج ٯجص٠ دٝ٪ٔ ص٬ضٛجس ث٣٪ٌٟ٨ٛجء ث٠ّ أىٌٗ أ: 4ُ .)٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ (ثأل. ٢ٰؽ٪ًٰٜ٘ر ؽ٪ ط٬ُ ٍ٪ٗ٪ٜؾٛ ث٢ٰز صنٌٯٜ٠ صقَِٰ ه-9 )١٪ًٟ٪ذجًثعًٛ (ث٪ِّ٪ِٛث٩ ٝ٪ْٰٛ٘جْٛذز ث٣ ٰٞل٤ ص-2 )٢ٰٛج٣ًًثه٪٤ٛ ث٩ أ٢ٰٜ٣ً (ثأله. شوٯوٛ ثِٙوج٣ ثأل٩ ٌؼخٛث٩ ٍ٪نٛ فجالس ث٬ُ ٥ٍ ٯَهثه ثٌُث-1 )٪٠٤ٛ ث١٪ٌٟ٧( . ٰزٟنج٤ٌٛور ثٛ ث٢ٟ و ثٌُثٍر٤ٌيثء هٛ ثٰٚغ٠ ص٬ْٰٜـٌر هٛ ث-4 )١٩ٌّٰض٩وٛ (ثأل. ٝ٪ّٰصج٪ذٛث٩ ٝ٪هٯ٪ظْٛذز ث٣ ٰٞل٤ ص-1 ) ٌٞفٛوؼالس ثٛ ذز٤٠ٛ (ث. ٌػجهزٛ ث٦ٰٜ٠وٛ ٰخ ثّضؾجدزٜقٛ ثٙ٩َ٣ وُجم٣شٰؾ ث٤ ص-6
Q 5: Mention three different hormones releated to female breast. Secreted gland; and the effect of each one . Hormone Estradiol Prolactine Oxytocin
. ج٨٤ٟ ٚٗ ٌٰ صجع٩ . ج٨٤ٟ ٚ٘ٛ ٌٍِر٠ٛ ث٥ٌوٛ ث: فوهٞ ع. ٬غ٣ ثأل٫ج هالٓز دغو٨ٛ ِزٜنضٟ جس٣٪ٌٟ٧ أىٌٗ عالط: 1ُ Gland secrete it Action of hormone on the breast - Graafian follicle in ovary. - Enlargment of breast at puberty . - Placenta during pregnancy. Adenohypophysis of pituitary gland - Milk secretion after labour. (anterior and middle lobe). Neurohypophysis of pituitary - Help in rush of milk from mammary gland in (posterior lobe) response to suckling.
Q 6 - the graph below shows the relationship between the rates of activity of adrenal medulla of a person within an hour of time. What is the name of secretion of this part of gland? Explain what happened to this person in a minute(25)? ؾَءٛيث ث٧ ٍ ثٌُثّٞج ثٟ . ٢َٟٛ ث٢ٟ ّجهزٙشنض مالٛ ٘لٌٯزٌٛور ثٛنجم ث٣ شجؽ٣ ٙووٟ ٢ٰوالٓز دٛػـ ث٪ ٯ٬ٛضجٛ ث٬٣ذٰجٛ ثٌّٞٛ ث- 6ُ )؟21( وٰٓٔزٛ ث٬ُ شنضٛيث ث٨ٛ ج فوطٟ ٌُْ ٌور ؟ٛ ث٢ٟ
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A - secretion: adrenaline and nor adrenaline. In minute 25: sudden increase in secretion of gland as a result of excited state (tension anxiety - fear - anger). . ٢ٰٛج٣ًً أه٪٤ٛث٩ ٢ٰٛج٣ً ثأله٬٣٪ٌٟ٧ : ٍ ثألٌُث-ػ ) ٍ – ًؼخ٪ْ – مٜٓ – ٌص٪ز أعجًر (صٛضٰؾز فج٣ ٌور ُؾؤرٛ ٍثه ثٌُثٍ ث: 21 وٰٓٔزٛ ث٬ُ
Q 7 – The following diagram, shows the percentage of sugar in the blood vessels connected to the liver in normal person, and the arrows indicate the direction of the blood: A - What is the name of blood vessels (a) and (b)? B - How much sugar in dotted places in (2) and (3). C – Why the percent of sugar differ before entering into the liver and after leaving it? Explain the role of hormones in this? ٫وجهٛشنض ثٛ ث٬ُ ٘ذوٛز دجٜضظ٠ٛٯز ث٪ٟوٛهٰز ث٩ ثأل٬ُ ٌْْ٘ٛذز ث٣ ػـ٪ صٝغالعز ثألًٓجٛ ثٙ ثألش٘ج٬ُ : أؽخٞ عٌّٞٛ ث٬ٛلٌ ث٣ ث- 7ُ . ٝوٛػـ ثصؾجر ث٪ صٞ٨ّثأل٩ ١ ٘ذو ؟ٛ دج٢ٰٜضظ٠ٛ (ح) ث٩ ) (ث٢ٰٯ٪ٟوٛ ث٢ٰهجة٪ٛ ثّٞج أٟ -أ .)1( ٩ )2( ٢ٰٰٜ٘شٛ ث٬ُ ٔـز٤٠ٛ ث٢ٗجٟ ثأل٬ُ ٌْْ٘ٛذز ث٣ يٜ صذٞٗ -ح ٖ ؟ٛ ى٬ُ جس٣٪ٌٟ٨ًٛ ث٩ػـ ه٩ ؟٦٤ٟ ٦ؽ٩ٌْذضز دوو م٣ ٢٘ذو هٛ ث٬ٛز ثٛ٪ همٌْٚ٘ ٓذْٛذز ث٣ ٍج ّذخ ثمضالٟ -ػ
Answer A - The vessel (a) is the portal vein. Vessel (b) is the hepatic vein. B - 0.1% in both. C - before entering the liver , the % of sugar depends on the amount of carbohydrates in food. - After coming out of the liver: the liver regulates the blood sugar to remain constant at (0.1%) as follows: (1) If the % of sugar in the blood increase the excess glucose converted to glycogen stores in the liver by the help of the hormone insulin. (2) If the % of sugar in the blood decrease part of the glycogen stored in the liver is converted to glucose by the help of adrenaline and glucagons hormones. .٫٘ذوًٛٯو ث٪ٛ ث٪٧ )هجء (ح٪ٛ ث. ٬ذجدًٛٯو ث٪ٛ ث٪٧ )هجء (أ٪ٛ ث-أ . ج٠٨ٰٜٗ ٬ُ % 9.9 -ح . ٌيثءٛ ث٬ُ ٰوًثصٰز٧٪ٌ٘دٛثه ث٪٠ٰٛز ث٠ٗ ٬ٌْٜ٘ هْٛذز ث٣ َٓ٪٘ذو ٕ صضٛ ث٬ٛ ثٙ٪ومٛ ثٚ ٓذ-ػ ٬ِٛجةغ ثٛ ثٙ٪ ٯقٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٌْْ٘ٛذز ث٣ أىث ٍثهس: ٬) ٗجألص%9.9( و٤ عجدضز ه٬ٔضذٛ ٌْْ٘ٛذز ث٣ ٘ذوٛ ثٞل٤ ٯ: ٘ذوٛ ث٢ٟ ػ٩ٌنٛدوو ث ٬ٛ٘ذو ثٛ ث٬ُ ١َن٠ٛ ث٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؾٛ ث٢ٟ ؽَءٙ٪ ٯقٝوٛ ث٬ُ ٌْْ٘ٛذز ث٣ شٜٓ أىث- .٢ٰٛ٪ْ٣ ثأل١٪ٌٟ٧ ْجهور٠٘ذو دٛ ث٬ُ ١َ ٯن٢ٰؽ٪ٰٜ٘ؽ . ١٪ٗجؽ٪ٜؾٛث٩ ٢ٰٜ٣ً ثأله٬٣٪ٌٟ٧ ْجهور٠ٍ د٪ٰٜ٘ؽ
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