Chapter (1)

‫‪BIOLOGY‬‬ ‫)‪Unit (I‬‬

‫‪Structure & function in living organisms‬‬

‫اٌزشو‪١‬ت ‪ٚ‬اٌ‪ٛ‬ظ‪١‬فخ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ‪١‬خ‬

‫‪In plant‬‬

‫‪In man‬‬ ‫(دػبء لجً اٌّزاوشح)‬

‫ال اٌٗ إال اهلل اٌؾٍ‪ ُ١‬اٌىش‪ - ُ٠‬ال اٌٗ إال اهلل اٌؼٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌؼظ‪ - ُ١‬ال اٌٗ إال اهلل سة اٌؼشش اٌؼظ‪ ،ُ١‬اٌٍ‪ ُٙ‬أ‪ٝ‬‬ ‫اسبٌه ف‪ ُٙ‬إٌج‪ٚ ،ٓ١١‬ؽفظ اٌّشسٍ‪ٚ ،ٓ١‬أٌ‪ٙ‬بَ اٌّالئىخ اٌّمشث‪ٚ ،ٓ١‬اْ رغؼً ٌسبٔ‪ ٟ‬ػبِشاً ثزوشن‪ٚ ،‬لٍج‪ٟ‬‬ ‫ٍِ‪١‬ئ ًب ثخط‪١‬زه‪ٚ ،‬أسشاسٔب ٌؽبػزه‪ ،‬فأٔذ ؽسج‪ٔٚ ٟ‬ؼُ اٌ‪ٛ‬و‪ ،ً١‬أه ػٍ‪ ٝ‬وً ضٕئ لذ‪٠‬ش‪.‬‬

‫(دّحء ذْذ ج‪٪٥‬زج‪١‬شز)‬ ‫ج‪٦٥‬ٲ‪ ٨‬أ٭ٶ جعطٴدّط‪٩ ٠‬ح ‪ٝ‬شأش‪ ،‬ٳ‪٩‬ح ‪ٙ‬ٲ‪٪‬ص‪ ،‬ٳ‪٩‬ح ق‪َٚ‬ص‪ٙ ،‬شدز ئ‪٥‬ٶ ّٮذ قحؾطٸ ئ‪٥‬ٺٰ‪،‬‬ ‫ج٭‪٦ّ ٠‬ٶ ‪ ٤١‬ؽة ‪ٝ‬ذٹش ٳقغرٮح جهلل ٳ٭ْ‪ ٨‬ج‪٥‬ٴ‪١‬ٺ‪.٤‬‬

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Chapter 3 Respiration in living organisms ‫كٺس‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫ج‬

I - Concept of respiration . ‫كٺس‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٲٴ‬ٚ٩  Definition.  Function.  Role of respiratory system in excretion process. ‫ٺس جإلخشجؼ‬٦٪ّ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫غٸ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫دٳس ج‬  Source of energy in living organisms.  How living organisms obtain oxygen.  Difference between gas exchange and cellular respiration  The difference between respiration and combustion  Respiratory process.  Concept of cellular respiration ‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٲٴ‬ٚ٩ II- Respiration in plants:  Importance of cellular respiration for cell .‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪‫أٱ‬  Methods of oxygen entry to vascular plants . ‫ٴّحتٺس‬٥‫ٮرحضحش ج‬٦٥ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٣‫ دخٴ‬ٛ‫ىش‬  Methods of CO2 exit . ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ خشٳؼ غح٭ٸ أ‬ٛ‫ىش‬  Link between photosynthesis and respiration in plants. ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫نٴتٸ ٳج‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺطٸ ج‬٦٪ّ ٬‫س ذٺ‬ٝ‫ْال‬٥‫ج‬ III- Respiration in man:  Structure of respiratory system in man. ٫‫ٸ جإل٭غح‬ٙ ‫غٸ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫ٺد ج‬١‫ضش‬  Mechanism of respiration. )‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٢‫ح٭ٺ‬٢‫ٺ‬٩( ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٥‫آ‬

Concept of respiration And its importance to living organisms ‫كٺس‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٦٥ ‫ٺطس‬٪‫ظ ٳجٱ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٲٴ‬ٚ٩ Definition – Function – Role of respiratory system in excretion - Source - How – Difference - Respiratory process –cellular respiration

Definition:  Respiration is the transport of O2 from atmosphere to cells and CO2 and H2O from cells to atmosphere.

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Function of respiration: 1- Supply O2 to tissues and removal of CO2 from them. O2 is used for oxidation of foodstuffs in the cells and release of energy. 2- Regulation of PH of blood. 3- Regulation of body temperature. 4- Supply air to the larynx for voice production. 5- Excretion of water vapour. ٨‫ٲ‬٩  The respiratory system in Man plays an important role in the excretion of water, as the expired air contains water vapor.  Man usually loses daily about 500 cm3 of water through his lungs out of the 2500 cm3 of water that he loses daily (through lungs, skin and kidneys).  This amount of water loss through lungs represents 20% or 1/5 of the total water loss which is about 2500 cm3 . This loss occurs due to evaporation of water.  This is due to the evaporation of water that moistens the alveoli membranes. This water is necessary for : (1) Moisten the walls of the alveoli. (2) Prevent adhesion of the walls of the alveoli from the inside. (3) Dissolving Oxygen and Carbon dioxide, so that the exchange of gases between the air of the alveoli and the surrounding blood in the capillaries occurs easily. : ‫حء‬٪٥‫ٸ ئخشجؼ ج‬ٙ ‫غٸ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫♣ دٳسز ج‬ ‫زٷ ٹشىد ؾذس‬٥‫حء ج‬٪٥‫طرخش ج‬٥ ‫ذ ٭طٺؿس‬ٞٚ٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٨‫حء ٳٹط‬٩ ‫ٶ فٴسز ذخحس‬٦ّ ‫ٺش‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ِ ٱٴجء ج‬٩ ‫حء‬٪٥‫ٸ ئخشجؼ ذْل ج‬ٙ ٧‫غٸ دٳس ٱح‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٦٥  . 3٨‫ ع‬0555 ‫ٺح ٳٱٴ ٭كٴ‬٩‫ذٯ ٹٴ‬ٞٚ‫زٷ ٹ‬٥‫حء ج‬٪٥‫ٴُ ج‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ٬٩ ٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫حء خال‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ 3٨‫ ع‬555 ‫ٺح‬٩‫ذ ٹٴ‬ٞٚ‫ ٹ‬٫‫حإل٭غح‬ٙ.‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ج‬ :‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ؿذس ج‬٥ ‫حء‬٪٥‫حتذز ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٩  .‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫) ٹشىد ؾذس ج‬1 . ‫ٴٹس‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫كٺو ذٲح‬٪٥‫ ج‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫س ٳج‬٦‫كٴٹق‬٥‫ ٱٴجء ج‬٬‫ٖحصجش ذٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ٨‫طط‬٥ O2 ، CO2 ٫‫زٳذح‬٥ ٧‫) الص‬0

6- Living organism needs to breathe because food is only energy material, stored energy in chemical bonds of molecules of these nutrients so living organism needs to breathe to supply oxygen needed to break chemical bonds and release energy required for its vital activities. ‫ٴجد‬٪٥‫ؿضٹثحش ٱزٯ ج‬٥ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫س ٳضخطض‬ٝ‫ٴجد ىح‬٩ ‫ح ٱٶ جال‬٩ ‫ٖزجتٺس‬٥‫ٴجد ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫ظ ٳر‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫كٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ٹكطحؼ ج‬ ‫كٺٴٹس‬٥‫ٰ ال٭ؾيطٰ ج‬٩‫الص‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ٺحتٺس ٳئىال‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫غش ٱزٯ ج‬٢٥ ٧‫الص‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ذجدٯ ذحال‬٩‫ظ ال‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٦٥ ‫كٶ ٹكطحؼ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ح‬ٙ ٠٥‫ز‬٥ ←‫ٖزجتٺس‬٥‫ج‬

Role of respiratory system in excretion: Respiratory system has an important role in excretion of the following: 1- Volatile spices. ٤‫طٴجذ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫طيحٹش‬٪٥‫ؿضء ج‬٥‫ج‬ 2- CO2 produced from catabolism of organic molecules. 3- Water vapour with expired air. Q- How to explain: 1/5 of amount of water loss from human body occurs through the lungs? A- Because loss of water through the lungs occurs through evaporation of water. This water vapour moist the wall of alveoli which leads to 3

(1) prevent adhesion alveolar wall from inside. (2) Dissolving Oxygen and Carbon dioxide, so that the exchange of gases between the air of the alveoli and the surrounding blood in the capillaries occurs easily.

Source of energy in living organisms: 1) Most of the organisms can not get energy from its main source (the sun). 2) Plant is the only organism that can get energy from the sun directly and converted it to chemical energy, stored in food substances which are formed by the plant. Green plants absorb energy from sun light, and change it into chemical energy during photosynthesis. They store this chemical energy in high-energy compounds, the most important of which are carbohydrates, especially glucose. 3) Living organisms breaks down the chemical bonds of food molecules to release energy.  Most organisms use glucose in cellular respiration more than any other food. :‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫خـ‬٦‫ظ ضط‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫كٸ ئ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫قحؾس ج‬ . ) ‫ظ‬٪‫ؾ‬٥‫شتٺغٸ ( ج‬٥‫قذسٱح ج‬٩ ٬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٣‫كقٴ‬٥‫ٮٲح ج‬٢٪‫كٺس ال ٹ‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٥‫ ج‬٨َْ٩ )1 ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٫‫ٺحتٺس ضخض‬٪‫ٺ‬١ ‫س‬ٝ‫ٶ ىح‬٥‫ٲح ئ‬٦‫رحؽشز ٳضكٴٹ‬٩ ‫ظ‬٪‫ؾ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٣‫كقٴ‬٥‫ٮٰ ج‬٢٪‫زٷ ٹ‬٥‫ٴقٺذ ج‬٥‫كٸ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ٮرحش ٳٱٴ ج‬٥‫) ج‬0 .‫شٹحش‬٢‫غ‬٥‫س خحفس ج‬ٚ‫شذٴٱٺذسجش ٳذق‬٢٥‫ٴجد ٱٸ ج‬٪٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٨‫ ٳجٱ‬،‫نٴتٸ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ٴ٭ٲح ج‬٢‫طٸ ٹ‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٖٮٺس ذح‬٥‫ٖزجتٺس ج‬٥‫ٴجد ج‬٪٥‫ج‬ .‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫طكشٹش ج‬٥ ‫ٖزجء‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫غٺش ج‬٢‫ ذط‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫كٸ ٹ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫) ج‬3 ‫ٖزجء ّحدز‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬٬ّ ‫ ٹْرش‬٠٥‫ز‬٥ ‫ٲح ألٷ ؾضب ٕزجء أخش‬٩‫ جعطخذج‬٬٩ ‫ػش‬١‫ٴٷ أ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫كٺس ضغطخذ‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٥‫د ج‬٦ٕ‫ أ‬ .‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٴخ ٳخيٴجش ج‬٦‫ٴص ّٮذ ئٹنحـ أع‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٹؿضب ج‬

How living organisms obtain oxygen:  Respiration process comprises the uptake of Oxygen and the release of CO2. 1- In case of unicellular: Oxygen diffuses directly into the cell, and CO2 passes out as a biproduct. 2- In case of multicellulars: the presence of a respiratory system is essential. :٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ جأل‬٦ّ ‫كٸ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ققٴ‬ٚ‫ٺ‬١ .‫ؿٴٵ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫رحؽشز‬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ جألٳ‬٦ّ ‫كٸ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ققٴ‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٨‫ ضط‬:)‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫رغٺيس (ٳقٺذز ج‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٥‫أ) ج‬ .‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٮطؽ ٭ٲحتٸ‬٪١ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫غٸ ٳٹخشؼ غح٭ٸ أ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٨‫ ضط‬:‫خالٹح‬٥‫حتٮحش ّذٹذز ج‬٢٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ )‫خ‬

Difference between gas exchange and cellular respiration

::‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٖحصجش ٳج‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ضرحد‬٬‫ ذٺ‬ٛ‫ش‬ٚ٥‫ج‬

 Gaseous exchange: ‫ٖحصٵ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫طرحد‬٥‫♣ ج‬  It is the process by which the living organism uptake Oxygen and release CO2 : 1- In unicellular animals: gaseous exchange occurs by direct diffusion to and from atmospheric air. 2- In multicellalar animals: Through respiratory system  In which blood is in contact with respiratory medium within the lungs.  It is called pulmonary ventilation, where blood takes oxygen from the respiratory medium and gives CO2 obtained from the tissues to the respiratory medium.

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 Blood must be connected with respiratory medium because most of its cells living in the depths of the body far from the respiratory medium, so it is difficult for oxygen to reach to it . Communication of blood with respiratory medium allow blood to take oxygen and transferee it to cells , and release of carbon dioxide resulting from cell respiration to outside which is what is happens inside the lungs. .‫ٺٲح‬٥‫ ئ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٣‫رقْد ٳفٴ‬ٙ ‫غٸ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٴعو ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ‫ ذْٺذز‬٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ح‬٪ّ‫ٸ أ‬ٙ ‫د خالٹحٱح ضْٺؼ‬٦ٕ‫ أ‬٫‫غٶ أل‬ٞ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٴعو ج‬٥‫ ذح‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ ٹطق‬٫‫ أ‬٧‫ض‬٦‫ٹ‬ ‫خحسؼ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫خالٹح ئ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫ ضٮ‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ أ‬ٛ‫ ئىال‬٠٥‫ز‬١‫خالٹح ٳ‬٥‫ ج‬٠٦‫ٶ ض‬٥‫س ئ‬٦‫طٴفٺ‬٥ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ أخز جأل‬٧‫ذ‬٦٥ ‫ٴعو ٹطٺف‬٥‫ ذح‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٳجضقح‬ .٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ح ٹكذظ دجخ‬٩ ‫ٳٱٴ‬  Cellular respiration. ‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬It is the process by which cells of living organism

extracted energy from bonds in the food molecules (glucose) manufactured by the plant or eaten by the animal, and use this energy by the cell to perform its vital functions and generating molecules of ATP inside the cells of living organism. ‫ٲح‬٥‫ٮرحش أٳ ٹطٮحٳ‬٥‫طٸ ٹقٮْٲح ج‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫يْح‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫خض٭س‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٦٥ ‫كٸ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫طٸ ضكشس ذٲح خالٹح ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥‫ ج‬ . ATP ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬٩ ٰ‫ح صٳدش ذ‬٩ ‫ٺذ‬٥‫س إلّحدز ضٴ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٧‫ٸ ضغطخذ‬٢٥ ٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫ج‬

 The cell breaks down of food molecules in order to release the energy which is used by the cell to perform its vital functions and activities and then release waste products: CO2 & Water. Cellular respiration Definition: It is the process by which cells of living organism extracted energy from bonds in the food molecules (glucose) manufactured by the plant or eaten by the animal, and use this energy by the cell to perform its vital functions and generating molecules of ATP inside the cells of living organism. Aim: release the energy and use by the cell to perform its vital functions and activities Waste products: - CO2 & Water. Site : Occurs within the cell Cells takes oxygen from blood and gives CO2 obtained from the cell resoiration to the blood.

Gas exchange It is the process by which the living organism uptake Oxygen and release CO2 : 1- In unicellular animals: it occurs by direct diffusion to and from atmospheric air. 2- In multicellalar animals: Through respiratory system uptake Oxygen and release CO2

Occurs at the lung alveoli blood takes oxygen from the respiratory medium and gives CO2 obtained from the tissues to the respiratory medium.

The difference between respiration and combustion: A- Respiration  It is the process of oxidation of food within the cell, in which breaking of chemical bonds existing between the carbon atoms in the food occurs by special enzymes and co- enzymes that receives removed electrons and pass them to electrons carriers.  During it liberation of chemical energy between organic molecules occurs gradually and slowly on stages within the cells.  - Combustion:

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 It is the process of oxidation outside the body where the oxidation of carbon atoms occurs by direct union with the oxygen of the air to form CO2 and releases energy in the form of heat.  During it liberation of chemical energy from organic molecules to outside of cells occurs at once. ٛ‫ٺس جالقطشج‬٦٪ّ ٬ّ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٘٦‫ضخط‬ ‫ رسجش‬٬‫ٴؾٴدز ذٺ‬٪٥‫ٺحتٺس ج‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫غش ج‬١ ‫ٺٲح‬ٙ ٨‫طٸ ٹط‬٥‫ٺس ٳج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٖزجتٺس دجخ‬٥‫ٴجد ج‬٪٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ٺس أ‬٦٪ّ ‫ح ٱٸ ئال‬٩ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٫‫ أل‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ .‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫الش جال‬٩‫ٶ قح‬٥‫شسٱح ئ‬٪‫س ٳض‬٥‫ضج‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫طٸ ضغط‬٥‫حش ج‬٪‫غحّذجش جإل٭ضٹ‬٩‫حش خحفس ٳ‬٪‫ ئ٭ضٹ‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ٧‫يْح‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ج‬ .‫خالٹح‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ دجخ‬٤‫شجق‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ‫طذسٹؽ ٳذروء ٳ‬٥‫ْنٴٹس ذح‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٺحتٺس ذٺ‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ضكشٹش ج‬٨‫ٺٲح ٹط‬ٙ‫ٳ‬ ‫ؿٴٵ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ِ أ‬٩ ‫رحؽشز‬٩ ‫ ذٴجعيس جضكحدز‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غذز رسجش ج‬١‫ أ‬٨‫ قٺع ٹط‬٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫غذز خحسؼ ج‬١‫ٺس أ‬٦٪ّ ‫ح ٱٸ ئال‬٩ ٛ‫ٺس جالقطشج‬٦٪ّ ‫ح‬٩‫ أ‬ .‫ْس ٳجقذز‬ٙ‫خالٹح ٳد‬٥‫ْنٴٹس خحسؼ ج‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺٲح ضكشٹش ج‬ٙ‫ ٳ‬. ‫ٸ فٴسز قشجسز‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٦‫ ٳضٮي‬CO2٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٺ‬٥

Site Need for O2

Respiration process ‫خ اٌزٕفس‬١ٍّ‫ػ‬ Occur within the celiving cells of the organism‫كٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ خالٹح ج‬٤‫ضكذظ دجخ‬ Occurs in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) or absence of oxygen (anaerobic)

Temperature Occurs at the temperature of the body with the help of enzymes. Energy

Importance

Produced energy is stored in the ATP compounds and utilized for the activities of the cell Necessary for the organism to break the chemical bonds in molecules of food and liberation of energy required for its vital activities.

combustion process ‫خ االؽزشاق‬١ٍّ‫ػ‬ Occur in the air outside the body ٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ضكذظ خحسؼ ج‬ Occurs in the presence of oxygen, and does not need enzymes. Need for very high temperature The energy result is large and can not be saved. Not necessary for the organism ‫كٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٦٥ ‫ٺغص مشٳسٹس‬٥

٧‫يْح‬٥‫ٶ ؾضٹثحش ج‬ٙ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫غش ج‬٢٥ ‫كٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٦٥ ‫مشٳسٹس‬ ‫كٺٴٹس‬٥‫س ال٭ؾيطٰ ج‬٩‫الص‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٳضكشٹش ج‬

Requirement need enzymes to complete the process of respiration ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٧‫ح‬٪‫حش الض‬٪‫ٵح٭ضٹ‬٥‫ضكطحؼ ج‬

need to co enzymes or cytochromes to complete the process of respiration ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٧‫ح‬٪‫حش الض‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫حش جٳ عٺطٴ‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ضكطحؼ ج‬

Output

need spark to start the process of combustion ٛ‫ٺس جالقطشج‬٦٪ّ ‫رذأ‬٥ ٣‫ جؽْح‬٤٩‫ٶ ّح‬٥‫ضكطحؼ ج‬

Do not need to co enzymes or cytochromes to complete the combustion process. ٣‫ح‬٪٢‫حش العط‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫حش جٳ ج‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ال ضكطحؼ ج‬ ٛ‫ٺس جالقطشج‬٦٪ّ

Release energy in the form of ATP Release energy in the form of heat ATP‫ٶ فٴسز‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫ ىح‬ٜ٦‫ضٮي‬ ‫ٶ فٴسز قشجسز‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫ ىح‬ٜ٦‫ضٮي‬ Liberate carbon dioxide Liberate carbon dioxide ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٶ ج‬ٜ٦‫ٹٮي‬ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٶ ج‬ٜ٦‫ٹٮي‬

Division of respiration (respiratory process)  In high animals and man respiration occurs in 3 stages: 1- External respiration (mechanism of respiration): ‫خحسؾٸ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ج‬  It is the actual inflow and outflow of air to and out of the lungs during the process of inspiration and expiration (connects gases to the respiratory surfaces). ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٢‫ح٭ٺ‬٢‫ٺ‬٩ ‫ٺس أٳ‬٥‫ آ‬٤‫ػ‬٪‫ٺس ض‬٦٪ْ٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٫‫ٺش أٷ أ‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ ٳج‬ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٲٴجء ٳخشٳؾس أغٮحء‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ دخٴ‬٬ّ ‫ ٳٱٶ ّرحسز‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٺٲح ضٲٴٹس ج‬ٙ ٨‫ٹط‬

6

2- Gas exchange: It occurs at two sites: ‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ضرحد‬ A- In the lung alveoli: exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveolar air and blood of pulmonary capillaries (by simple diffusion). O2 diffuses from alveolar air into blood; while CO2 diffuse from blood into alveolar air. Then oxygenated blood is carried to left atrium  left ventricle  Aorta  systemic capillaries to the tissues cells. B- At the tissues cells: oxygen diffuses from the blood through the wall of capillaries  interstitial fluid  tissues cells. Similarly CO2 (resulting from cellular respiration) diffuses from tissues cells to the interstitial fluid through the wall of the capillaries to the blood, ‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫كٺيس ذح‬٪٥‫ٴٹس ج‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٶ د‬٥‫ٲٴجتٺس ئ‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ أخز جأل‬٨‫ قٺع ٹط‬:‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ (أ) دجخ‬:‫ح‬٪‫ ٱ‬٬‫غطٴٹٺ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ٺس‬٦٪ْ٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٨‫ضط‬ ‫ٶ جألٳسىٶ‬٥‫ٮٰ ئ‬٩‫ جألٹغش ٳ‬٬‫ريٺ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٮٰ ئ‬٩‫ جألٹغش ٳ‬٬‫ٶ جألرٹ‬٥‫ ئ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ذحأل‬٤٪‫ك‬٪٥‫ ج‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٤ٞ‫ ٭‬٨‫ غ‬.‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ئ‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٲٴجتٺس ٳىشد غح٭ٸ أ‬٥‫ج‬ ٨‫خالٹح ضط‬٥‫كٺيس ذح‬٪٥‫ٴٹس ج‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٦٥ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ذحأل‬٤٪‫ك‬٪٥‫ ج‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ذْذ ٳفٴ‬:‫خالٹح‬٥‫غطٴٵ ج‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ )‫ (خ‬. ٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ خالٹح ج‬٬‫ٮطؾشز ذٺ‬٪٥‫ٴٹس ج‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫س ج‬٢‫ٶ ؽر‬٥‫ٮس ئ‬٩‫ٳ‬ .‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٺٰ غح٭ٸ أ‬٥‫ٴٹس ٳضيشد ئ‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ د‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٺس قٺع ضأخز جأل‬٦‫خ‬٥‫غطٴٵ ج‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ٖحصجش‬٦٥ ٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ

3- Internal respiration (cellular respiration): ‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ج‬  Occurs within the cell, when blood carrying oxygen and high-energy food (especially glucose) reach into cells  glucose is oxidized to liberate energy in the chemical bonds of food molecules.  This energy is used by the cell to perform its vital activities and the product of oxidation (energy + carbon dioxide) carried by the venous blood to the heart  lungs  exit with expiration. ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٮس‬٩‫ح‬٢٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫طكشٹش ج‬٥ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ أ‬٨‫خالٹح ٹط‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٴص) ئ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫س (خحفس ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٥‫ٖزجتٺس ّح‬٥‫ٴجد ج‬٪٥‫ ٳج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ذحأل‬٤٪‫ك‬٪٥‫ ج‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ح ٹق‬٩‫ٺس قٺع أ٭ٰ ّٮذ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ دجخ‬٨‫ضط‬ ‫ جألٳسدز‬٣‫ خال‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫زٷ ٹأخزز ج‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ أ‬+ ‫س‬ٝ‫ ىح‬:‫غذز‬١‫ ٭حضؽ جأل‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫كٺٴٹس ٳٹ‬٥‫ٺس ألدجء أ٭ؾيطٲح ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٲح ج‬٩‫س ضغطخذ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ٳٱزٯ ج‬.٧‫يْح‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫ج‬ .‫ٺش‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ِ ج‬٩ ‫ ٹخشؼ‬ ٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬ ‫شز أخشٵ‬٩ ‫د‬٦ٞ٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٮس ئ‬٩‫ٳ‬

O2 + CO2 O2

Arterial blood Lung capillaries Venous blood

CO2

O2 Tissue capillaries

CO2

CO2 + O2 Lungs

Carriage of O2 and CO2 by blood

External respiration

The cellular respiration:

Gas exchange

Tissues Cellular respiration

‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫♣ ج‬

Definition – ATP – coenzymes – importance of glucose - Types  After gas exchange in the lungs, blood transferee O2 from air, and glucose absorbed from

small intestine to the body cells, to start cellular respiration. ‫ٺرذأ‬٥ ٠٥‫س ٳر‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ٶ خالٹح ج‬٥‫ْحء ئ‬٩‫ جأل‬٬٩ ‫طـ‬٪٪٥‫ٴص ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ٳج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ أ‬٤ٞ‫ ذٮ‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ ٹ‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ‫ذْذ‬ .‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ج‬

7

Fate of glucose after absorption: Anabolic pathway

Catabolic pathway Aerobic

Aerobic cellular respiration producing CO2 + water + 38 ATP in yeast - Stored as glycogen in liver cells. - Stored as disaccharide or glycogen in pith of stem of plant

alcoholic fermentation producing ethyl alcohol + CO2 + 2 ATP

Anaerobic

in anaerobic bacteria Acid fermentation producing lactic acid + 2 ATP

Definition:  Cellular respiration is the process by which cells of living organism extract energy

required for its activity from chemical bonds of food molecules manufactured by plants in the process of photosynthesis (carbohydrates - glucose) or eaten by animals.  The energy released in respiration is used to synthesize ATP to store this energy. The energy stored in ATP can then be used to drive processes requiring energy, including biosynthesis, locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes. ‫طٸ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫يْح‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫خض٭س‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮؾحىٲح‬٥ ‫س‬٩‫الص‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫كٸ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫طٸ ٹغطخشؼ ذٲح خالٹح ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥‫ ٱٴ ج‬ .٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫ٲح ج‬٥‫ش ) أٳ ضٮحٳ‬٢‫شذٴٱٺذسجش – ع‬١ ( ‫نٴتٸ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ٹقٮْٲح ج‬  Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions that take place in the cells of

organisms to convert stored energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.  The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions that involve the redox reaction (oxidation of one molecule and the reduction of another).  Nutrients commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar, amino acids and fatty acids, and a common oxidizing agent (electron acceptor) is molecular oxygen (O2). ATP (Adenosine tri-phosphate) molecule: o It is the energy store in the cell. o It is the international energy currency of the cell because in most cases, all amount of energy need by the cell will be obtained in the form of ATP molecules. o It is considered as the small currency of energy because it can be easily spent and exchanged.

8

o It is called the currency of energy in the cell, because when it breaks down to ADP; an amount of energy (7-12 kcal per mole) will release which promoting the chemical reactions that need energy. ‫ٶ فٴسٯ‬ٙ ‫ٺٲح‬٦ّ ٤‫ٺٲح ضكق‬٥‫ٺس ئ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫س ضكطحؼ ج‬ٝ‫ ىح‬٤١ ٫‫ٺس أل‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٦٥ ‫ٺس‬٥‫ذٳ‬٥‫س ج‬٦٪ْ٥‫ٺس ٳٱٴ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫خحص‬٩ ‫ ٱٴ‬ATP ‫ ؾضب‬ .٣‫طرحد‬٥‫قشٗ ٳج‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫س أ٭ٰ عٲ‬ٝ‫يح‬٦٥ ‫س‬٢ٚ٥‫س ج‬٦٪ْ٥‫ ٳٹْطرش ج‬ATP

o Role played by ATP molecules:  Any energy required by the cell, will be obtained in the form of ATP molecules.  It can be considered as the universal currency of energy in the cell.  When an ATP transformed to ADP: an amount of energy released = 7:12 Kcal/mol This energy is used to activate biochemical reactions: ATP  ADP + 7:12 Kcal ‫حّالش‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ٸ ضٮؾٺو ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٤ٖ‫ ٳضغط‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ٤٢٥ / ‫رٺش‬١ ‫ عْش قشجسٷ‬10 : 7 ٬‫ح ذٺ‬٩ ‫ذس‬ٞ‫س ض‬ٝ‫ ىح‬ٜ٦‫ ضٮي‬: ADP ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬ATP ٣‫ ّٮذ ضكٴ‬ ATP  ADP + ‫ عْش قشجسٷ‬10 : 7 : ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬١‫رٺٴ‬٥‫ج‬

 During cellular reactions, only one of ATP bonds usually break down, i.e. only one phosphate group is removed by hydrolysis of an ATP molecule, which becomes ADP (Adenosine di-phosphate), and an amount of energy (which is about 7-12 K Cal/mole) is released. Adenosine Adenosine + A Phosphate + Energy tri-phosphate di-phosphate group (7-12 K Cal/mole) Adenosine – P ~ P ~ P

Adenosine – P ~ P

+

P +E

o The structure of ATP molecules: ATP molecule is built up of 3 subunits which are: 1. Adenine: Which is a nitrogenous base (has the properties of a base) 2. Ribose: This is a 5-Carbon sugar (a pentose sugar) 3. Chain of three phosphate groups linked together by two high energy bonds (~). ‫) غالظ‬3. ) ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫حعٸ ج‬٪‫ش خ‬٢‫شٹرٴص ( ع‬٥‫) ج‬0 ) ‫حّذز ٭ٺطشٳؾٺٮٺس‬ٝ ( ٬‫) جألدٹٮٺ‬1: ‫ ٳقذجش ٱٸ‬3 ٬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٹط‬ : ATP ‫ٺد‬١‫ ضش‬ .‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ ‫ٴّحش‬٪‫ؿ‬٩

9

Triphosphate

Adenosine

NB: Adenine and ribose is called together adenosine. Adenosine + one phosphate group is called together adenosine mono phosphate (AMP). Adenosine + 2 phosphate group is called together adenosine di phosphate (ADP). Adenosine + 3 phosphate group is called together adenosine tri phosphate (ATP). o The time of its formation: :‫ٴٹٮٲح‬٢‫ص ض‬ٝ‫ٳ‬ (A) In plants: molecules of ATP formed in the photochemical reactions of the process of photosynthesis are as follows: 1. When light falls on the chlorophyll , its electrons absorbs light energy and transmitted to higher energy levels i.e. chlorophyll turns light energy into chemical potential energy excited chlorophyll. 2. When electrons of chlorophyll return to their natural sites , it lose their chemical energy , part of this energy is used for splitting of water , while the main part is used in the formation of ATP molecules from ADP and phosphate groups: ADP + P energy ATP 3. This energy is used in reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates. (B) in the animal: ATP molecules are formed during the process of cellular respiration as follows: 1. When the electrons carried on the NADH and FADH2 moved to Cytochromes in electron transport series  cytochromes carries electrons and descend it on different energy levels  passage of electrons from Cytochromes molecule to another , release energy  formation of ATP molecules from ADP molecules and phosphate groups . The process is called oxidative phosphorilation. ADP + P energy ATP :‫ٶ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪١ ‫ٴٵ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ جغٮحء‬ATP ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ ض‬٨‫ ٹط‬:٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ )‫(خ‬ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ٲح ٳضٮكذس ذٲح‬٦٪‫ح٭ٲح ضك‬ٙ ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬FADH2‫ٳ‬NADH‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫س‬٥‫ٴ‬٪‫ك‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ح ضٮط‬٩‫ّٮذ‬.1 ٬٩ATP ٬٩ ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٦‫حش ضٮي‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضٵء الخش‬٬٩ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫شٳس جال‬٩ ‫ٶ ّٮذ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫س ٳذح‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ٺس ذح‬٦٪ْ٥‫ٶ ٱزٯ ج‬٪‫حش ٳضغ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ٴّحش ج‬٪‫ؿ‬٩‫ٳ‬ADP‫ؾضٹثحش‬

2. When ATP hydrolyzed to ADP, an amount of energy is released which help in chemical reactions that need energy (about 7 to 12 Kcal per mole). ATP ↔ ADP + P + 7-12 K cal

10

10 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬7 ٬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ذس ذكٴج‬ٞ‫س ٳض‬ٝ‫ٶ ىح‬٥‫طٶ ضكطحؼ ج‬٥‫ٺحتٺس ج‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫س ٹغحّذ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ذجس‬ٞ٩ ٜ٦‫ ٹٮي‬ADP ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ٤٦‫ٳّٮذ ضك‬.0 ٣‫ٴ‬٩ ٤٢٥ ‫رٺش‬١ ‫عْش قشجسٵ‬

Coenzymes : 1- Hydrogen Carriers:  Oxidation of organic substance occurs by removal of H atom from it by co enzyme FAD & NAD+  disturbance in its chemical structure  liberation of CO2 molecule from it  new compound with less one carbon atoms , with liberation of energy used in formation of ATP molecule, ‫ٸ ذْل‬ٙ ‫ ٹكذظ‬٠٥‫ز‬٥ ‫ ٳ٭طٺؿس‬، FAD & NAD+ ‫حش‬٪‫غحّذجش جأل٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٲح ذٴجعيس‬٦٪‫ٮٰ ٳق‬٩ ٬‫ ٭ضُ رسجش ٱٺذسٳؾٺ‬٨‫ ٹط‬٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫د ّنٴٷ دجخ‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫ أ‬٨‫ح ٹط‬٩‫ّٮذ‬ ‫ٺس‬٦٪ّ ٬٩ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ؿذٹذ ج‬٥‫د ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٳٹ‬، ‫د‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ٭طٺؿس خشٳؼ أٹنح ؾضب غح٭ٸ أ‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ذ ٹ‬ٝ ‫د‬١‫ش‬٪٦٥ ‫ٺحتٸ‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫ٺد ج‬١‫طش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٤٦‫ْنٴٹس خ‬٥‫رحش ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ج‬ .‫زج‬٢‫ ٳٱ‬٫‫شذٴ‬١ ‫ذ رسز‬ٞٚ‫غذز ض‬١‫ خيٴز أ‬٤١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٫‫ أٷ أ‬، ‫ ٳجقذز‬٫‫شذٴ‬١ ‫ٸ ذزسز‬٦‫د جألف‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤ٝ‫غذز أ‬١‫جأل‬

 During Glycolysis (break down of glucose), and Krebs cycle, Hydrogen atoms are removed from the Carbon skeleton of the glucose molecule to pass to co-enzymes: NAD+ (Nicotinmide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) which act as Hydrogen carriers:  The two coenzymes (FAD & NAD+ ) are called Hydrogen carriers because they are reduced to FADH2 & NADH. NAD+

Reduction

+

H2

NADH + H+

Reduction

FAD + H2 FADH2 ‫طٸ‬٥‫ ٳج‬٨‫غحّذجش جإل٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ش ئ‬٪‫ط‬٥ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ؿضب ج‬٥ ‫شذٴ٭ٸ‬٢٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ٲٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ رسجش ج‬٣‫شذظ ضضج‬١ ‫ٴص ٳدٳسز‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٸ ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬ٙ  . FADH2 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٣‫زٷ ٹخطض‬٥‫ ج‬FAD ‫ػح٭ٸ ٱٴ‬٥‫ ٳج‬NADH ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٣‫زٷ ٹخطض‬٥‫ ج‬NAD+ ‫ٲح ٱٴ‬٥‫ أٳ‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫الش جإل‬٩‫كح‬١ ٤٪ْ‫ض‬

2- Electron Carriers:  Oxidation is loss of electron from the compound, associated with loss of hydrogen atoms. FADH2

Loss 2 electrons and 2 protons

FAD + 2H

In the form of 2 hydrogen atoms

 Reduction is addition of electrons to the compound; associated with addition of hydrogen atoms. FAD Addition 2 electrons and 2 protons FADH2 In the form of 2 hydrogen atoms

1 - FAD : o Flavin adenine Dinucletide; it is a co enzyme which acts as electron carrier and receives two electron and two protons and is reduced to FADH2. . FADH2 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٣‫ ٳٹخطض‬٬‫طشٳ٭ٺ‬٢٥‫ ٳئ‬٬‫ ذشٳضٴ٭ٺ‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫ ٳٹغط‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ ئ‬٤٩‫كح‬١ ٤٪ْ‫ ٳٹ‬٨‫غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٴضٺذ ٳٱٴ‬٦١‫ٮٺٴ‬٥‫ غٮحتٸ ج‬٬‫ أدٹٮٺ‬٬‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ال‬ٙ FAD -3

FAD is reduced into FADH2. FAD Addition 2 electrons and 2 protons In the form of 2 hydrogen atoms

FADH2

Krebs cycle for aerobic respiration: by NAD+ → citric acid is oxidized to Ketoglutaric acid, and then to Succinic acid and convert malic acid to oxaloacetic acid . By the help of FAD+ Succinic acid is converted to malic acid. o In

11

2- NAD + : o Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucletide; it is co enzyme which acts as electrons carries and receive proton and two electrons and is reduced to NADH. ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٣‫ ٳٹخطض‬٬‫طشٳ٭ٺ‬٢٥‫ ٳئ‬٫‫ ذشٳضٴ‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫ ٳٹغط‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ ئ‬٤٩‫كح‬١ ٤٪ْ‫ ٹ‬٨‫غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٴضٺذ ٳٱٴ‬٦١‫ٮٺٴ‬٥‫ غٮحتٸ ج‬٬‫ٺذأدٹطٺ‬٩‫ أ‬٬‫طٺ‬١‫ ٭ٺٴ‬NAD + -0 . NADH

NAD+ is reduced into NADH NAD+

Addition 2 electrons and one protons

NADH + H+

In the form of 2 hydrogen atoms

o Absence of co- enzyme NAD+ from the mitochondria. Stop the process of cellular respiration (anaerobic and aerobic) because NAD+ plays an important role in carrying protons of hydrogen and electrons removed during: (a) transforms PGAL to pyruvic acid. (b) Transform pyruvic acid to acetyl group. (c) Through the Krebs cycle during transformation of three intermediate compounds. So transfer of protons and electrons to Cytochromes to declines through the levels of different energy to produce their own energy does not occur. ‫ْد‬٦‫ ٹ‬NAD+٫‫ أل‬٠٥‫ٲٴجتٶ) ٳر‬٥‫الٱٴجتٶ ٳج‬٥‫ٴٵ(ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٘ٝ‫ٶ ضٴ‬٥‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٹإدٵ ج‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ NAD+ ‫حش‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٕٺحخ‬ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫(خ)ضكٴ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ج‬PGAL ٣‫س جغٮحء(أ)ضكٴ‬٥‫ضج‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ ٳجال‬٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ ذشٳضٴ٭حش ج‬٤٪‫ٶ ق‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪‫ٲ‬٩ ‫دٳسج‬ ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫رشٳضٴ٭حش ٳجال‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٤ٞ‫ ٭‬٨‫ٶ ال ٹط‬٥‫طح‬٥‫رحش ٳعيٺس ٳذح‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ غالظ‬٣‫شذظ جغٮحء ضكٴ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٣‫(ؼ)خال‬٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫خحفس ذٲح ال٭طحؼ ج‬٥‫س ج‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫غطٴٹحش ج‬٩ ٣‫طٮكذس خال‬٥

3- NADP : Point of comparison Importance

NADP

NAD+

Co enzyme (hydrogen carrier) )٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٩(٨‫غحّذ ج٭ضٹ‬٩

Site

in the chloroplasts of plant cell ‫ٮرحضٺس‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦‫خ‬٦٥ ‫خنشجء‬٥‫رالعطٺذجش ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ

Function

Combine with hydrogen resulting from splitting of water molecule producing NADPH2  and thus (1) Prevent escape of hydrogen. (2) Does not combine with oxygen again to form water. (3) Allows exit of oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis.

Co enzyme (hydrogen carrier) )٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٩(٨‫غحّذ ج٭ضٹ‬٩

in the mitochondria of living animal cells ‫كٺس‬٥‫كٺٴج٭ٺس ج‬٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ج‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ

Plays an important role in carrying protons of hydrogen and electrons removed during: (a) transforms PGAL to pyruvic acid. (b) Transform pyruvic acid to acetyl group. ‫د‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫حء ٳٹٮطؽ‬٪٥‫ ج٭ؾيحس ؾضٵء ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٲٺذٳسؾٺ‬٥‫ِ ج‬٩ ‫( ٹطكذ‬c) Through the Krebs cycle ‫شز غح٭ٺس‬٩ ‫)ٳالٹطكذ‬0(٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫)الٹٲشخ ج‬1(٠٥‫ ٳذز‬NADPH2 during transformation of three ‫ٮحضؽ‬١ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ف ذخشٳؼ جال‬٪‫)ٹغ‬3(‫حء‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ِ جال‬٩ intermediate compounds. ‫نٴتٶ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥ ‫غح٭ٴٵ‬

12

4- Cytocromes : o Cytochromes are sequence of co enzymes with sloping energy levels, found in the inner wall of the mitochondria; carry electrons at different energy levels. o Each cytochromes carrying two electrons received from NADH or FADH2 . They are chemical compounds with similar structures, but differ in carrying electrons on various energy levels. ‫ٺحتٺس رجش ذٮحء‬٪‫ٺ‬١ ‫رحش‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ ٳٱٶ‬FADH2 ، NADH ٬٩ ٨‫ٲ‬٦‫ر‬ٞ‫ ضغط‬٬‫طشٳ٭ٺ‬٢٥‫ٮٲح ئ‬٩ ٤١ ٤٪‫ ضك‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫الش جإل‬٩‫س قح‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬: ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ ج‬-5 . ‫س‬ٞ٦‫خط‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ ئ‬٤٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ٺٮٲح‬٢٪‫ط‬٥ ‫ٶ‬ٚ٢‫ح ٹ‬٪‫ٺ‬ٙ ٘٦‫ٮٲح ضخط‬٢٥‫طؾحذٰ ٳ‬٩

5 - COA : o It is co enzyme ; combined with acetyl group (2C) → compound (acetyl co - A) which enters the Krebs cycle to obtain energy. Then COA separated and repeated its work again. ٨‫س غ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٣‫كقٴ‬٦٥ ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٠٥‫ ذْذ ر‬٤‫د ٹذخ‬١‫ش‬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٳٹط‬2C ٤‫ٴّس جألعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ِ٩ ‫ ٹطكذ‬٨‫غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ أ ٳٱٴ‬٨‫ٴئ٭ضٹ‬١ COA -4 . ‫شز أخشٵ‬٩ ٰ٦٪ّ ‫شس‬٢‫ ٳٹ‬COA ٤‫ق‬ٚ‫ٹٮ‬

The importance of glucose in cellular respiration:  Carbohydrates, especially glucose is considered as a form of stored energy that can be transferred from one cell to another and from one living organism to another.  The glucose molecule is considered as an excellent example to study the steps of breaking down the food molecules, as it is the molecule commonly used by the majority of living organisms to produce energy more than any molecule of available food. ‫كٺس‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٥‫د خالٹح ج‬٦ٕ‫ أ‬٫‫ ٭َشج أل‬٠٥‫) ٳر‬٤٦ّ( ‫س‬٥‫ٴخ ٳخيٴجش ج٭كال‬٦‫ٴص ّٮذ ئٹنحـ أع‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٖزجء ٹؿضب ج‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬٬ ّ ‫طْرٺش‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫رح ٹط‬٥‫ٕح‬ .‫ش‬ٙ‫طٴ‬٩ ‫ٲح ألٷ ؾضب ٕزجء آخش‬٩‫ جعطخذج‬٬٩ ‫ػش‬١‫س أ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٴص إل٭طحؼ ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ضغطخذ‬ 

Glucose and other charbohydrates store energy and transmit energy from cell to other and from living organism to other.  The glucose molecule is used as an excellent example to study the steps of breakdown of food molecules because it is the most commonly used by the majority f living organism. .‫ٶ آخش‬٥‫ قٸ ئ‬٬‫حت‬١ ٬٩‫ٶ أخشٵ ٳ‬٥‫ٺس ئ‬٦‫ خ‬٬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺٲح ج‬ٙ ٤ٞ‫س ٳأٹنح فٴس ضٮط‬ٝ‫يح‬٦٥ ‫خض٭س‬٩ ‫شذٴٱٺذسجش جألخشٵ فٴس‬٢٥‫ٴص ٳج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٹْطرش ج‬

Types of cellular respiration:

1- Aerobic respiration

2- Fermentation

3- Anaerobic Respiration

1- Glycolysis. 2- Krebs cycle. 3- Electron transport chain (Oxidative phosphorilation.)  Organisms that use oxygen as a final electron acceptor in respiration are described as

aerobic, while those that do not are referred to as anaerobic.

13

I- Aerobic cellular respiration (oxidation of glucose) ‫ٲٴجتٸ‬٥‫ٴٷ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ج‬ Definition – reactants – products - Site – steps –calculation – importance of O2

Definition;  The process of cellular respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy (ATP). In

which oxygen is used as a final electron acceptor. It starts with glucose molecule. The product of this process is energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).  Oxidation of one mole of glucose by using oxygen to produce 38 ATP molecule as in the following equation: which indicates the amount of energy released from one mole of glucose : Respiratory enzymes

C6H12O6 + 6 O2

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP

‫ٲٴجتٸ‬٥‫ٴٷ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ : ‫س‬٥‫ْحد‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١ ATP 33 ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫س‬٦‫ػ‬٪٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫ٴص ضٮطؽ ىح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ٳجقذ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫ٴص ّٮذ أ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٴٷ ٹؿضب ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ضرذأ‬ C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

Reactants :  Glucose, fats, proteins; and pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis  Acetyl Co-enzyme – A

.  enter the mitochondrion in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle).  The raw materials required for the process of aerobic respiration of a cell is Glucose; oxygen, and 2 ATP molecules. Product :  Product of this process is energy in the form of : (1) ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), (2)

NADH and (3) FADH2.  Aerobic metabolism is 19 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 mol ATP per 1 mol glucose). They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Site in which it occurs: 1 – Glycolysis → takes place in cytosole (Non – organelle part of cytoplasm). 2 – Krebs cycle and electron transport → occurs in the Mitochondria:  Structure of mitochondria :  Mitochondria are rod-shaped structures that are enclosed within two membranes - the outer membrane and the inner membrane. The membranes are made up of phospholipids and proteins. 

14

 The structure of the various components of mitochondria are as following: 1- Outer Membrane: o It is smooth, and completely permeable to nutrient molecules, ions, ATP and ADP molecules. 2- Inner Membrane: o It contains the complexes of the electron transport chain and the ATP synthetase complex (that play an important role in producing ATP). o It is permeable only to oxygen, carbon dioxide and water, and also helps in regulating transfer of metabolites across the membrane. o The inner membrane has infoldings called the cristae (shelves) that increase the surface area for the complexes and proteins that aid in the production of ATP molecules. 3- Matrix: o Condensed solution between the shelves contains the enzymes (that are important for the synthesis of ATP molecules) and coenzymes, water, phosphate and other molecules. o Special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNAs and the mitochondrial DNA. o Besides these, it has oxygen, carbon dioxide and other recyclable intermediates.  Functions of mitochondria: Mitochondria is the field of chemical reactions in the cell.  Produce energy: The food is broken into simpler molecules like carbohydrates, fats, etc., These are sent to the mitochondrion to produce charged molecules that combine with oxygen and produce ATP molecules.  Maintain proper concentration of calcium ions within the various compartments of the cell: it acts as storage tanks of calcium ions.  Helps in building of certain parts of blood, and hormones like testosterone and estrogen.  Mitochondria in the liver cells have enzymes that detoxify ammonia. : ‫ٮذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٺد ج‬١‫♣ ضش‬ .‫ؿضٹثحش‬٥‫د ج‬٦ٕ‫ز أل‬ٚ‫ٮ‬٩‫ ٳ‬٨ّ‫) ٕؾحء خحسؾٸ ٭ح‬1 . ) ٗ‫ٴ‬ٙ‫ش‬٥‫( ج‬ ٗ‫ٶ جألّشج‬٪‫ عيكٰ ضغ‬٬٩ ‫طٴجءجش ضضٹذ‬٥‫و ٳذٰ ئ‬ٞٙ ‫ْٺٮس‬٩ ‫ؿضٹثحش‬٥ ‫ز‬ٚ‫ٮ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬٦‫) ٕؾحء دجخ‬0 .‫حش ٳؾضٹثحش أخشٵ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ‫حء ٳ‬٩‫غحّذز ٳ‬٪٥‫حش ج‬٪‫حش ٳجإل٭ضٹ‬٪‫ٶ ئ٭ضٹ‬٦ّ ‫ٴٗ ٹكطٴٵ‬ٙ‫ش‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ػ٘ ذٺ‬٢٩ ٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ‫حدز جألعحط‬٩ )3

Q- Explain the role of Mitochondria in respiration? A- In the inner membrane interactions of Krebs cycle and electron transfer reactions occurs where the enzymes and electron transport molecules are present. ‫ظ ؟‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٮذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ط) ٳمف دٳس ج‬ .٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫حش ٳؾضٹثحش ٭‬٪‫ قٺع ضٴؾذ جإل٭ضٹ‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫حّالش ٭‬ٚ‫شذظ ٳض‬١ ‫حّالش دٳسز‬ٚ‫ٸ ضكذظ ذٰ ض‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫ ج‬

15

Steps of aerobic cellular respiration:  Complete oxidation of a glucose molecule occurs in 3 major stages: :‫ ٱٸ‬٤‫شجق‬٩ ‫ٶ غالظ‬٦ّ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ؾضب ج‬١‫ أ‬٨‫ٴص ) ضط‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ؾضب ج‬١‫ أ‬٤‫شجق‬٩ ( :‫ٲٴجتٸ‬٥‫ٴٷ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫شجق‬٩ ♣

1. Glycolysis: o That takes place in the non organelle part of the cytoplasm (cytosole) of the cell. . ٣‫غٺطٴعٴ‬٥‫ْشٳٗ ذح‬٪٥‫ ٳج‬٧‫غطٴذالص‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ْنٶ‬٥‫ؿضء ٕٺش ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ٹكذظ ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬: ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫أ ) ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬

2. Krebs cycle . ‫شذظ‬١ ‫) دٳسز‬

3. Electron transport .٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ؾـ) ع‬

o The two stages (Krebs cycle and electron transport) called together respiration. o Both Krebs cycle and Electron transport take place inside the mitochondria because it contains: (a) Respiratory enzymes, water, and phosphate. (b) Co- enzymes , the most important of it : NAD+ & FAD , which are reduced by hydrogen atoms (removed during reactions of Krebs cycle inside the mitochondria ) and converted to NADH & FADH2 : as follows: NAD+ + H2 → NADH + H+ FAD + H2 → FADH2 (c) Electrons carriers molecules (Cytochromes): which holds the electrons removed from the hydrogen carriers on various energy levels to pass slope on electron transport chain. ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ دجخ‬٨‫ ضط‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫شٹظ ٳع‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٬٩ ٤١ ‫خيٴجش‬ ‫ٲح ذٴجعيس رسجش‬٥‫ جخطضج‬٨‫ ٹط‬٬‫زٹ‬٥‫ ج‬FAD+ & NAD+:‫ٲح‬٪‫غحّذز ٳأٱ‬٩ ‫حش‬٪‫ئ٭ضٹ‬.‫حش خ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ‫حء ٳ‬٩‫ظ ٳ‬ٚ‫حش ضٮ‬٪‫ئ٭ضٹ‬.‫ أ‬:‫ٴؾٴد‬٥ ‫ ٭َشج‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ :‫ٸ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪١ ٫‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳٹطكٴال‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ دجخ‬٨‫طٸ ضط‬٥‫شذظ ٳج‬١ ‫حّالش دٳسز‬ٚ‫ أغٮحء ض‬٣‫طٸ ضضج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ج‬ NAD+ + H2 → NADH+H+ FAD+H2→FADH2 ‫س‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫الش ج‬٩‫ قح‬٬٩ ‫س‬٥‫ضج‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤٪‫طٸ ضك‬٥‫ ٳٱٶ ج‬:‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش أٳ ج‬٢٥‫الش جال‬٩‫ؾضٹثحش قح‬.‫ؼ‬ ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬٦ّ ‫ٮكذسز‬٩ ‫ش‬٪‫ط‬٥ ‫س‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٩

1. Glycolysis: ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫س ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬٦‫شق‬٩ Def – Site – Aim – Steps – result – Equation  Definition:

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway occurs in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. This pathway does not require oxygen, and can therefore function under anaerobic circumstances. The process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of (pyruvic acid), making energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP.

16

 Site : o Glycolysis takes place in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration o It occurs in cytosole of the cell (non organellises protein cytoplasmic material). o All these reactions occur in the absence or lack of Oxygen, so it occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.  Aim :  To produce energy.  In Glycolysis one molecule of glucose breaks down forming two molecules of pyruvic acid (3-carbon), two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH + H+ ‫ ال ٹٴؾذ ذٲح‬٧‫غٺطٴذالص‬٥‫حدز ج‬٩ ، ‫حدز ذشٳضٺٮٺس‬٩ ‫ ( ٳٱٴ‬٣‫غٺطٴعٴ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٲٴجتٸ ٳج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫طٸ ج‬٥‫ٸ قح‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬٨‫) ٹط‬1 . ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٴص ذٖشك ئ٭طحؼ ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫س ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬٦‫شق‬٩ ٨‫) ضط‬0. ) ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ّنٺحش ج‬

 Steps of glycolysis :  Glucose breaks into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3 Carbon compound) passing through a group of reactions in which : 1. Initial phosphorylation : A- Glucose is transformed into Glucose 6-phosphate (6-carbon) : the phosphate group (P) (taken from ATP which is transformed to ADP) combined with 6 th carbon atom of glucose → with liberation of H instead of P → C6H11O6 – P . Then B- Glucose 6-phosphate is transformed into Fructose 6-phosphate (6-carbon) → C6H11O6 – P . (As glucose but differs in arrangement of OH group). Then

17

C. Fructose 6-phosphate transformed into Fructose 1-6-diphosphate (6-carbon). P~C6 H10O6~P ( the carbon atom number 1 & 6 combined with two groups of P coming from ATP which is transformed to ADP with liberation of H instead of p . 2. Spliting of hexoses (6C) into trioses (3) : Fructose 1-6-diphosphate split into two molecules of PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde) (3-carbon) C3H9O3 (from it fat and proteins are formed and stored or fat and proteins may enter to Kreps cycle instead of glucose as a source of energy ). 3. Oxidative step: Two molecules of phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) is oxidized into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3 C).  During these reaction two molecules of co enzyme NAD+ are reduced to NADH, and releasing two molecules of ATP in cytosole of cell.  Glycolysis takes place in absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic oxidation. :‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ خيٴجش ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬ :‫حّالش جٻضٺس‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٪‫حسج ذ‬٩ ) ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ ( غالغٸ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٬‫ٶ ؾضٹثٺ‬٥‫ٴص ئ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ٹٮؾيش ج‬ ٫‫شذٴ‬١ ‫ِ رسز‬٩ ‫ أضكذش‬P ‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ٴّس ج‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ٫‫ْٮحٱح أ‬٩ ) ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫د عذجعٸ ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫حش ( ٳٱٴ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ 6 ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ٶ ؾ‬٥‫ٴص ئ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫) ٹطكٴ‬1 . C6 H11 O6 – P ‫أفرف‬ٙ P ٣‫ ذذ‬H ‫ ) ٳٹخشؼ‬ADP ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٣‫ٺطكٴ‬٥ ATP ٬٩ ‫ ( ضأخزٱح‬6 ٨ٝ‫س‬ ‫ ضشضٺد‬ٛ‫ش‬ٚ٥‫ٴص ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ( C6 H11O6 – P ‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ 6 ‫طٴص‬١‫ش‬ٙ ‫ ٱٴ‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫د عذجعٸ ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫حش ئ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ 6 ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ ؾ‬٣‫) ٹطكٴ‬0 ) OH ‫ٴّحش‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ٴّطٸ‬٪‫ؿ‬٪‫ ذ‬6 ،1 ٨ٝ‫ س‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ ( ئضكحد رسز ج‬P~C6 H10-O6~P ‫ أٹنح‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫د عذجعٸ ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫حش ٳٱٴ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ غحتٸ ج‬6 – 1 ‫طٴص‬١‫شج‬ٙ ٨‫ غ‬- )3 . ) H ‫ ٳٹخشؼ‬P ٤‫ ٹذخ‬ADP ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬ATP ٣‫ ضكٴ‬٬٩ ٤‫حش ٹذخ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ P ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٮؾحه ٹكطحؼ ئ‬٥‫حش ٱزج ج‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٮٰ ٹط‬٩ ( C3 H9 O3 ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫د غالغٸ ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ ٳٱٴ‬PGAL ‫ذٱٺذ‬٥‫ٺغشج‬٦‫ٴ ؾ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ ٬٩ ٬‫حش ؾضأٹ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ غٮحتٸ ج‬6 -1 ‫طٴص‬١‫شج‬ٙ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫) ٹ‬4 . ) ٬‫طخضٹ‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ ٳٹط‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ أٳ ال ٹط‬، ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٦٥ ‫قذس‬٪١ ، ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٦٥ ٤‫شذظ ٳٱٴ ذذٹ‬١ ‫رشٳضٺٮحش دٳسز‬٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫ذٱٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ دخٴ‬٨‫ٮٰ ٹط‬٩‫ ٳذشٳضٺٮحش ٳ‬٫‫دٱٴ‬ ٨‫غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ‬٩ ٬٩ ٬‫ ؾضتٺٺ‬٣‫ ٹخطض‬٠٥‫ ) ٳأغٮحء ر‬3C ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ ( غالغٸ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٬‫ٶ ؾضتٺٺ‬٥‫ذٱٺذ ئ‬٥‫ٺغشج‬٦‫ٴؾ‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫غذ ج‬١‫) ٹطأ‬5 . ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٸ عٺطٴعٴ‬ٙ ATP ٬٩ ٬‫ ٳٹٮطؽ ؾضتٺٺ‬NADH ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬NAD+

 Results: 1- 2 ATP molecules are lost for phosphorilation processes: (1) Phosphorilation of glucose to glucose – 6- phosphate. (2) Phosphorilation of fructose – 6- phosphate to fructose - 1– 6di phosphate. 2- Four molecules of ATP per glucose are produced from convertion of PGAL into pyruvic acid. with Reduction of 2 molecules of NAD+ into 2 molecules NADH + H+ 3- So the net result of Glycolysis (the oxidation of the glucose molecule into 2 pyruvic acid molecules) is: (a) Two pyruvic acid molecules (3 C) . (b) Reduction of 2 molecules of NAD+ into 2 molecules NADH + H+ (b) Production of 2 molecules of ATP in the cytosole of the cell.  Equation of glycolysis: The overall reaction can be expressed this way: Anaerobic respiration 2C3H4O3 + 2ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+

C6H12O6 Respiratory enzymes

Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O

18

 The energy resulted from glycolysis is not enough to perform all the vital activities of living organisms. Therefore, in the presence of Oxygen, pyruvic acid molecules pass into the mitochondria to produce more energy. This takes place in two consecutive stages: Krebs cycle, and electron transport. ‫ٮذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫ ٹذخ‬٠٥‫ز‬٥ ، ‫كٺس‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫كٺٴٹس‬٥‫ٴٍحت٘ ج‬٥‫ٺس ألدجء ج‬ٙ‫ح‬١ ‫ٴص ٕٺش‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬ . ) ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫شذظ – ٳع‬١ ‫ ( دٳسز‬: ٬‫ٸ خيٴضٺ‬ٙ ٠٥‫ ر‬٨‫رش ٳٹط‬١‫س أ‬ٝ‫ إل٭طحؼ ىح‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٸ ٳؾٴد جألٳ‬ٙ

 PGAL in both plants and animals: Structure Formation

Importance

in plant in animal Phosphogluceraldehyde is a compound consisting of three carbon atoms During the process of During the process of cellular respiration (oxidation photosynthesis, where it is the first of glucose) where glucose molecule split to 2 fixed chemical compound produced molecule of PGAL. during the process of photosynthesis 1. Used in construction of glucose, Used as High-energy compound, because : starch, proteins and fats in the plant. (a) when oxidized, PGAL turn to pyruvic acid , with 2. Used as High-energy compound liberation of 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of in cellular respiration. NADH for each molecule of PGAL. (b) In aerobic respiration: pyruvic acid enters to the mitochondria to complete oxidized and release of energy in Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. (c) in absence of oxygen : pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and CO2

2. Krebs (citric acid) (tricarboxylic acid) cycle: Definition – Site – Stage – results -

Discovered by Hanz Krebs 1937. : ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ ٳمْٲح ٱح٭ض‬٬٩ ٣‫ أٳ‬:‫شذظ‬١ ‫دٳسز‬

Definition:  When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules (created from glycolysis).  Once acetyl-CoA is formed, two processes can occur, aerobic or anaerobic respiration: 1- If oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. 2- When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle inside the mitochondrial matrix, and gets oxidized to CO2 while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation.  To fully oxidize one glucose molecule, two acetyl-CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle. Two waste products, H2O and CO2, are created during this cycle.  Thus, the total energy yield from one glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.

19

Site : mitochondria : some reactions of krebs cycle occurs in matrix ; while other reactions of krebs cycle and electron transferee occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria where enzymes and cytochromes are present on the shelves . ‫ٶ قٺع‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ ضكذظ‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫شذظ ٳ٭‬١ ‫ذٳسز‬٥ ‫حّالش جألخشٵ‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ح ج‬٩‫حدز جألعحط أ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫شذظ‬١ ‫حّالش دٳسز‬ٚ‫ ضكذظ ذْل ض‬ . ) ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫حّالش ٭‬ٚ‫ٶ جألّشجٗ ( ض‬٦ّ ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫حش ٳج‬٪‫ضٴؾذ جإل٭ضٹ‬

Stages: Krebs cycle takes place in two stages: : ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ خيٴجش دٳسز‬

A- Stage 1: (Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvic acid and formation of acetyl co- A)  Each molecule of the two pyruvic acid molecules (3-carbon) is oxidized in the presence of Co-enzyme-A into acetyl Co-A (2-carbon) that join Krebs cycle.  In this reaction: Two molecules of NADH + H+ + Two molecules of CO2 are produced. 2NAD+

2NADH + H+

2 Pyruvic acid + 2 Co-A (3-carbon)

2 Acetyl Co-A + 2 CO2 (2-carbon)

٨‫غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٸ ٳؾٴد‬ٙ ٠٥‫ ٳر‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫د غٮحتٸ ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ ( ٳٱٴ‬COA ٤‫ ( أعطٺ‬٨‫غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٶ أعطٺ‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضب‬٤١ ٣‫ٹطكٴ‬ . CO2 ٬‫ ٳؾضٹثٺ‬NADH ٬‫ ؾضٹثٺ‬٠٥‫ ر‬٬٩ ‫ قٺع ٹٮطؽ‬، ) COA (

 Acetyl groups that are produced from breaking down of fat molecules or protein molecules can be joined with Co-A forming acetyl co – A and then they join to Krebs cycle.

) COA ( ) P( ٨‫غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ‬٩ ِ٩ ‫ ضطكذ‬٫‫ أ‬٬٩ ‫ٮٲح‬٢٪‫ٺٮٺس قٺع ٹ‬٩‫حك جأل‬٪‫ ٳجألق‬٫‫ذٱٴ‬٥‫غٺش ج‬٢‫ ض‬٬٩ ‫ ضٮطؽ‬٫‫ أ‬٬٢٪‫ ٹ‬٤‫ٴّسجألعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩  . ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ ذذٳسز‬ٜ‫ك‬٦‫ط‬٥

 This step is also known as the link reaction, as it links glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.  Two krebs cycles occurs for each glucose molecule. B- Stage 2: Krebs cycle:  Each molecule of Acetyl Co-A joins Krebs cycle where its Co-A splits off to repeat its role. . ‫ٸ دٳسز أخشٵ‬ٙ ‫س‬٦٪ّ ‫شس‬٢‫ٺ‬٥ )‫ (أ‬٨‫غحّذ جأل٭ضٹ‬٩ ٰ‫ ّٮ‬٤‫ق‬ٚ‫شذظ قٺع ٹٮ‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬٥‫ ج‬COA ) ‫ ( أ‬٨‫غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ ؾضب أعطٺ‬٤‫ٹذخ‬

 Acetyl group (2-carbon) combines with Oxaloacetic acid (4-carbon) to form Citric acid (6-carbon compound): Acetyl Co-A + Oxaloacetic acid Citric acid + Co-A (2-carbon) (4-carbon) (6-carbon)

6C ( ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫د عذجعٸ ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ٺٮطؽ‬٥ ٠‫ٴجعطٺ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل جأل‬٪‫ ٳٱٴ ق‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫د سذحّٸ ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ِ٩ ) 2C ( ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ غٮحتٸ ج‬٤‫ٴّس جألعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫) ضطكذ‬3 . ) ٫‫ٴ‬٪‫ٺ‬٦٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ ( ٹٴؾذ‬٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫) ٳٱٴ ق‬

 During Krebs cycle, Citric acid oxidizes passes through three intermediate compounds to form Oxaloacetic acid once more. These compounds are: - Ketoglutaric acid (5-carbon) ( first intermediate compounds ). - Succinic acid (4-carbon) - Malic acid (4-carbon)  At the end of the reactions citric acid is formed again, so Krebs cycle is called Citric acid cycle.

‫ ) سذحّٸ‬4C ( ٠‫غٺط‬١‫ل جالعح‬٪‫ ق‬٨‫ ) غ‬5C ( ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫حعٸ ج‬٪‫ خ‬٠‫ٴضحسٹ‬٦‫ٺطٴؾ‬٢٥‫ل ج‬٪‫رحش ٳعٺيس ضرذأ ذك‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ ذػالظ‬٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ش ق‬٪‫) ٹ‬4 ‫ل‬٪‫شذظ ذذٳسز ق‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬٪‫ذ ضغ‬ٝ ٠٥‫ز‬٥ ‫شز أخشٵ‬٩ ٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫حّالش ذك‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫طٮطٲٸ ج‬٥ ) 4C ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ ( سذحّٸ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٨‫ غ‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ج‬ . ) ٤٦ّ ( ٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ج‬

20

NB - One acetyl group consumed in Krebs cycle, while Oxalo-acetic acid enters Krebs cycle and exit from it as it is to start the cycle again. Cytosole

Glucose (6 C)

Glycolysis 2 NAD 2 ADP +

Protein

Fat 2 NADH

2 ATP

2 Pyruvic Acid (3C) Mitochondria

2 NAD+

2 Co - A

2 NADH

2 CO2

COA Amino acids

COA 2 Acetyl co - A (2 C)

Fatty acids

Acetyl group

Acetyl group

Co - A

Oxalo- acetic acid (4 C)

Citric Acid (6 C) NAD+ NADH

NADH NAD+ Malic acid (4 C)

ketoglutaric acid (5 C) NAD+ NADH

ADP FADH2 FAD

CO2

CO2

ATP Succinic acid (4 C)

Q – G.R. Formation of intermediate compounds in the Krebs cycle. ? - A- to release energy in stages during the transition between these intermediate compounds, where citric acid pass by 3 intermediate compounds ( ketoglutaric acid – then succinic acid – then malic acid) → outcome of each Krebs cycle between these three components = :

21

- 1 ATP + 1 FADH2 + 2 NADH → 1 ATP + 2 ATP + 6 ATP → 9 ATP The final outcome of each glucose molecule (two rolls of Kreps cycle) = 18ATP. ‫ٴعيٺس‬٥‫رحش ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٬‫ ذٺ‬٣‫طكٴ‬٥‫طذسؾس أغٮحء ج‬٩ ٤‫شجق‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ٜ٦‫ٸ ضٮي‬٢٥ ‫سح وشثس‬ٚ‫ د‬ٟ‫خ ف‬١‫سؽ‬ٚ ‫ٓ ِشوجبد‬٠ٛ‫رى‬ ‫س‬٦‫كق‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ط‬ٙ ٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٨‫ غ‬٠‫غٮٺ‬١‫غح‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٨‫ غ‬٠‫ٴضحسٹ‬٦‫ٺطٴؾ‬٢٥‫ل ج‬٪‫رحش ٳعيٺس ضرذأ ذك‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ ذػالظ‬٠‫غٺطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ش ق‬٪‫قٺع ٹ‬ ٬٩ ٫‫طح‬ٚ٥( ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ ؾضب ؾ‬٤١ ٬٩ ‫ٮٲحتٺس‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫كق‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ط‬ٙ 9 ATP :‫و ٱٸ‬ٞٙ ‫ػالغس‬٥‫رحش ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٬‫شذظ ذٺ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٬٩ ‫س ٳجقذز‬ٚ٥ ٤٢٥ . 18ATP = ‫شذظ ) ٱٸ‬١

 Krebs cycle is also called Citric acid cycle, because Citric acid (6-carbon) is the first compound formed during this cycle due to the combination of Acetyl Co-A (2-carbon) with Oxaloacetic acid (4-carbon) to form Citric acid (6-carbon). The result of Krebs cycle ;  In each Krebs cycle : - 1 molecule of acetyl group (COA): - 2 molecules of CO2 are released. - 1 molecule of ATP is produced. - 3 molecules of NADH + 3 H+ are produced. - 1 molecule of FADH2 are produced. So , each cycle can be expressed by the following equation: Oxaloacetic acid + Actyle CoA + ADP + P + 3 NAD+ + FAD Oxaloacetic acid + CoA + 2 CO2 + ATP + 3 NADH + 3 H+ + FADH2  Krebs cycle is repeated twice for each glucose molecule, once for each molecule of acetyl group. Because one glucose molecule produce two acetyl groups. : ‫شذظ‬١ ‫س دٳسز‬٦‫كق‬٩  . ATP ‫ ؾضب‬، CO2 ٬٩ ٫‫ذٳسز ؾضٹثح‬٥‫) ٹطكشس أغٮحء ج‬1 ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ٬٩ ‫ ؾضب‬٤٢٥ ‫شز‬٩ ( ٬‫شضٺ‬٩ ‫ذٳسز‬٥‫شس ج‬٢‫ دٳسز قٺع ضط‬٤١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٠٥‫ ٳر‬FADH2 ٬٩ ‫ ٳؾضب ٳجقذ‬NADH ٬٩ ‫) ٹٮطؽ غالظ ؾضٹثحش‬0 . ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٬‫ذٳسز ؾضٹثٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ ) أل٭ٰ ٹذخ‬٬‫ ؾضٹثٺ‬٨‫ أل٭ٲ‬٤‫جألعطٺ‬

The products of two Krebs cycle (one glucose molecule): - 2 COA - 4 CO2 - 2 ATP is produced. - 6 NADH + 6 H+ are produced. - 2 FADH2 are produced. NB  CO2 not liberated during glycolysis.‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫س ج٭ؾيحس ج‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫ أغٮحء‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ال ٹخشؼ غح٭ٸ أ‬  Oxidation during Krebs cycle doesn’t need Oxygen, because oxidation in krebs cycle, occurs by loss of electrons where all electrons and protons which are removed from the carbon skeleton during oxidation of carbon atoms and received by NAD+ and FAD molecules that are reduced into NADH + H+ and FADH2.

٤١ ٫‫طشٳ٭حش قٺع أ‬٢٥‫ذ جإل‬ٞٙ ‫كذٹع ٳٱٴ‬٥‫ٲح ج‬٩‫ٲٴ‬ٚ٪‫ ذ‬٨‫ٺٲح ضط‬ٙ ‫غذز‬١‫ جأل‬٫‫ ) أل‬٤٦ّ ( ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫د ٳؾٴد جألٳ‬٦‫شذظ ال ضطي‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٫‫ ٹالقٌ أ‬ . NAD+, FAD ‫ ذٴجعيس‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫حّالش ضغط‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ أغٮحء ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غذز رسجش ج‬١‫ٸ أ‬ٙ ٣‫طٶ ضضج‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫جإل‬

22

Q - When (in any interactions) carbon dioxide librated on oxidation of glucose (i.e. on oxidation of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid)? What are there number? A – Number: 6 molecules. All librated inside the mitochondria as following: (1) After entry of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid into the mitochondria both are oxidized to two molecules of co enzyme Acetyl Co- A, and 2 molecules of (NADH) , 2 molecules of (CO2) exit. (2) On conversion of citric acid to ketoglutaric acid  2 molecules of carbon dioxide exit. (3) On conversion of ketoglutaric acid to salicylic acid  2 molecules of CO2 exit.

‫؟‬٨‫ح ّذدٱ‬٩‫) ؟ ٳ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ؾضب ق‬0 ‫غذٯ‬١‫ٴص (جٵ ّٮذ أ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ ّٮذ أ‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫حّالش) ٹخشؼ غح٭ٸ أ‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ٸ جٵ ج‬ٙ( ‫طٶ‬٩ -‫ط‬ :‫ٸ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪١ ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٸ دجخ‬ٙ ٫‫ ٹخشؾٴ‬٨‫ٲ‬٦١‫ ؾضٹثحش – ٳ‬6 :‫ْذد‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ؾـ‬ ‫ ؾضب‬0 ‫ ٳٹخشؼ‬، ‫ – أ‬٨‫غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ أعطٺ‬٬‫ٶ ؾضٹثٺ‬٥‫ح ئ‬٪‫غذضٲ‬١‫ أ‬٨‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٹط‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٶ دجخ‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ؾضٹثح ق‬٣‫) ذْذ دخٴ‬1( .)CO2( ‫ ؾضب‬0 ‫) ٳ‬NADH( . ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ؾضبء غح٭ٸ أ‬0 ‫ ٹخشؼ‬ٟ‫ٴضحس‬٦‫ٺطٴؾ‬٢٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫) ّٮذ ضكٴٹ‬0( . ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ؾضب غح٭ٸ أ‬0 ‫ ٹخشؼ‬٠‫غٺٮ‬١‫غح‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ئ‬ٟ‫ٴضحس‬٦‫ٺطٴؾ‬٢٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫) ّٮذ ضكٴٹ‬3(

Q - How many molecules of (NADH) produced from oxidation of glucose Aerobic? A - 10 molecules - made up as following: (1) 2 molecules produced in cytosole during glycolysis, especially on oxidation of (PGAL) to pyruvic acid. (2) 8 molecules produced in the mitochondria (2 molecules on oxidation of pyruvic acid to acetyl groups + 6 molecules produced from Krebs cycle). ‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺحً؟‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضب ؾ‬١‫ أ‬٬٩ ‫) ٹٮطؽ‬NADH( ‫ ؾضب‬٨١ -‫ط‬ : ‫ٸ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪١ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ؾضٹثحش – ٳضط‬15 :‫ْذد‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ؾـ‬ .٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫) ج‬PGAL( ‫غذز‬١‫ٴص خحفس ّٮذ أ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫س أذؾيحس ج‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫ أغٮحء‬٣‫غٺطٴصٳ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ ؾضب ضٮطؽ‬0 )1( .) ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضٹثحش ضٮطؽ‬6 + ٤‫ٴّس أعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذٯ ق‬١‫ ؾضب ّٮذ أ‬0 ( ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ ؾضٹثحش ضٮطؽ‬3 )0(

Q - How may (FADH2) molecules produced from oxidation of molecule of glucose? And where they are produced? A – Number: 2 molecule - and formed in the mitochondria. ‫ ٹٮطؽ ً؟‬٬‫ٴص ٳأٹ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضب ؾ‬١‫ أ‬٬٩ ‫) ٹٮطؽ‬FADH2( ‫ ؾضب‬٨١ -‫ط‬ .‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ؾضٷء – ٳضط‬0 :‫ْذد‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ؾـ‬

Q - How many (FADH2) molecules produced from one Krebs cycle? A - Number: one molecule - and formed in the mitochondria. ‫شذظ ٳجقذز ً؟‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٬٩ ‫) ٹٮطؽ‬FADH2( ‫ ؾضب‬٨١ -‫ط‬ . ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ؾضٷء ٳجقذ – ٳضط‬: ‫ْذد‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ؾـ‬

Q - How many (ATP) molecules formed from the moment of entry and one molecule of pyruvic acid into Krebs cycle? (How many ATP molecules produced from Krebs cycle?) A - Number: one molecule - and formed in the mitochondria. )‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٬٩ ‫ ٹٮطؽ‬ATP ‫ ؾضب‬٨١( ‫شذظ ً؟‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضب ٳجقذ‬٣‫كَس دخٴ‬٥ ٬٩ ‫) ٹخشؼ‬ATP( ‫ ؾضب‬٨١ -‫ط‬ .‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ؾضٷء ٳجقذ – ٳضط‬:‫ْذد‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ؾـ‬

Q – What is the final outcome to enter of one molecule of the pyruvic acid to the mitochondria? A - (1) Liberation of 3 molecules of carbon dioxide.(2) liberation of 4 molecules NADH. (3) Liberation of one molecule FADH2. (4) Liberation of one molecule of ATP. ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ؟‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضب ٳجقذ‬٣‫ذخٴ‬٥ ‫ٮٲحتٺس‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫كق‬٪٥‫ش ج‬١‫ط – أر‬ ‫) خشٳؼ‬4(. FADH2 ‫) خشٳؼ ؾضٷء ٳجقذ‬3( .NADH ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬4 ‫) خشٳؼ‬0( .٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ؾضٹثحش غح٭ٸ أ‬3 ‫) خشٳؼ‬1( - ‫ؾـ‬ .ATP ‫ؾضٷء ٳجقذ‬

23

Q – What are the products of entry of one molecule of acetyl to Krebs cycle? A - (1) exit of 2 molecules of carbon dioxide. (2) Exit of 3 molecules of NADH. (3) Exit of one molecule FADH2. (3) Exit of one molecule ATP. (As the previous question minus one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO2)

‫شذظ ؟‬١ ‫ذٳسز‬٥ ٤‫ ؾضب أعطٺ‬٣‫ش ٭ٴجضؽ دخٴ‬١‫ط – أر‬ ‫) خشٳؼ‬3( . FADH2 ‫) خشٳؼ ؾضٷء ٳجقذ‬3( .NADH ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬3 ‫) خشٳؼ‬0( . ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ؾضٹثحش غح٭ٸ أ‬0 ‫) خشٳؼ‬1( - ‫ؾـ‬ )CO2 ‫ ٳؾضب‬NADH ‫ ؾضب‬ٜ‫غحذ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫غإج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ (٭يشـ‬.ATP ‫ؾضٷء ٳجقذ‬

Q – What is the final outcome to enter of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid to the mitochondria? A - (1) exit of 6 molecules of carbon dioxide. (2) Exit of 8 molecules NADH. (3) Exit of 2 molecule out FADH2. (4) Exit of 2 molecule ATP. ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ؟‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ؾضب‬0 ٣‫ذخٴ‬٥ ‫ٮٲحتٺس‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫كق‬٪٥‫ش ج‬١‫ط – أر‬ 0 ‫) خشٳؼ‬4( .FADH2 ‫ ؾضٷء‬0 ‫) خشٳؼ‬3( .NADH ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬3 ‫) خشٳؼ‬0( .٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ؾضٹثحش غح٭ٸ أ‬6 ‫) خشٳؼ‬1( - ‫ؾـ‬ .ATP ‫ؾضٷء‬

Q – What are the products of enter of one molecule of acetyl to Krebs cycle? A - (1) exit of 4 molecules of carbon dioxide. (2) Exit of 6 molecules NADH. (3) Exit of 2 molecule out FADH2. (3) Exit of 2 molecule ATP. (As the previous question minus 2 molecules NADH and 2 molecules CO2).

‫شذظ ؟‬١ ‫ذٳسز‬٥ ٤‫ ؾضب أعطٺ‬٣‫ش ٭ٴجضؽ دخٴ‬١‫ط – أر‬ 0 ‫) خشٳؼ‬3( .FADH2 ‫ ؾضٷء‬0 ‫) خشٳؼ‬3( .NADH ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬6 ‫) خشٳؼ‬0( . ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ؾضٹثحش غح٭ٸ أ‬4 ‫) خشٳؼ‬1( - ‫ؾـ‬ )CO2 ‫ ؾضب‬0‫ ٳ‬NADH ‫ؾضب‬0 ٜ‫غحذ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫غإج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ (٭يشـ‬.ATP ‫ؾضٷء‬

Q – What is the final outcome of oxidation of one molecule of glucose aerobic? A– (1) As a result of glycolysis phase: 2 molecules of ATP + 2 molecules of NADH + 2 molecules pyruvic acid. (2) Two molecules of pyruvic acid enter the mitochondria  oxidized to acetyl co enzyme – A, which enter Krebs cycle to be completed oxidized and produces: (a) Six molecules of carbon dioxide. (b) 8 molecules of NADH. (c) 2 molecule of FADH2. (d) 2 molecule of ATP. (3) By summation of the outputs of glycolysis + products of Krebs cycle  the final outcome is the following: (a) Six molecules of carbon dioxide. (b) 10 molecules NADH. (c) 2 molecules of FADH2. (d) 4 molecules of ATP.

‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح ؟‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضب ؾ‬١‫ٮٲحتٺس أل‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫كق‬٪٥‫ش ج‬١‫ط – أر‬ . ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ؾضب ق‬0 + NADH ‫ ؾضب‬0 + ATP ‫ ؾضب‬0 : ‫س جأل٭ؾيحس‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫) ٭طٺؿس‬1( - ‫ؾـ‬ ‫غذضس‬١‫ أ‬٤٪٢‫ٺغط‬٥ ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٤‫زٷ ٹذخ‬٥‫ – أ ج‬٨‫غحّذ جأل٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٶ جعطٺ‬٥‫غذ ئ‬١‫ ٹطأ‬ ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ؾضب ق‬0 ٤‫) ٹذخ‬0( 0 ‫ (د) خشٳؼ‬.FADH2 ‫ ؾضٷء‬0 ‫ (ؾـ) خشٳؼ‬.NADH ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬3 ‫ (خ) خشٳؼ‬.٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ؾضٹثحش غح٭ٸ أ‬6 ‫ (أ) خشٳؼ‬:‫ٳٹٮطؽ‬ .ATP ‫ؾضٷء‬ :‫ٶ‬٦‫حٹ‬٩ ‫س‬٦‫كق‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫شذظ ض‬١ ‫طٸ جأل٭ؾيحس ٳدٳسز‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫ٮٴجضؽ‬٥ ِ٪‫ؿ‬٥‫) ذح‬3( ‫ ؾضٷء‬4 ‫ (د) خشٳؼ‬.FADH2 ‫ ؾضٷء‬0 ‫ (ؾـ) خشٳؼ‬.NADH ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬15 ‫ (خ) خشٳؼ‬.٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ؾضٹثحش غح٭ٸ أ‬6 ‫(أ) خشٳؼ‬ .ATP

Q – G.R.: Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen? A - Because the process of oxidation, in the Krebs cycle means loss of electrons. All the electrons and protons, which removed in oxidation of carbon atoms, are received by Coenzyme (FAD & NAD+) according to the following equations: NAD+ + H2  NADH + H+ FAD + H2  FADH2

24

‫ ؟‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫د ٳؾٴد جأل‬٦‫شذظ ال ضطي‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬: ٤٦ّ -‫ط‬ ‫غذز رسجش‬١‫ص أغٮحء أ‬٦‫طٸ أصٹ‬٥‫رشٳضٴ٭حش ج‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش ٳج‬٢٥‫ ٳٱزٯ جال‬، ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ذ ج‬ٞٙ ‫شذظ ضْٮٶ‬١ ‫ٸ دٳسز‬ٙ ٨‫طٸ ضط‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ٺس جأل‬٦٪ّ ٫‫ أل‬-‫ؼ‬ :ٰ‫ْحدالش جألضٺ‬٪٦٥ ‫ح‬ٞ‫) ىر‬FAD & NAD+( ٨‫غحّذ جأل٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٲح ذٴجعيس‬٥‫رح‬ٞ‫ جعط‬٨‫ ٹط‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ج‬

3. Electron transport chain (Oxidative phosphorylation cycle)

:‫سلسلة نقل اإللكترون‬

Definition – steps

Definition:  Electron transfer chain is a sequence of co- enzymes called Cytochromes or electrons carriers, situated in the inner membrane of mitochondria; it is the final stage of aerobic respiration, start at the end of kreps cycle, in which ATP molecules are formed from ADP and phosphate group in a process called oxydetative phosphorylation. ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٴؾٴدز‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش) ٳج‬٢٥‫الش جال‬٩‫حش (أٳ قح‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ٶ ذح‬٪‫طٸ ضغ‬٥‫حش ٳج‬٪‫غحّذجش جإل٭ضٹ‬٩ ٬٩ ِ‫ ضطحذ‬٬ّ ‫ ٱٸ ّرحسز‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ع‬ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٺٲح ٳذٴجعيطٲح ضط‬ٙ‫شذظ ٳ‬١ ‫ِ ٭ٲحٹس دٳسز‬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٸ ٳضرذأ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س جألخٺشز‬٦‫شق‬٪٥‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳضْطرش ج‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٸ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫ج‬ ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٪‫ٺس ضغ‬٦٪ّ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ٴّس ج‬٪‫ؿ‬٩‫ ٳ‬ADP٬٩ATP‫ؾضٹثحش‬

 It is composed of a series of proteins that transfer NADH from protein to protein.  With each transfer to a new protein some of the energy in the NADH is released to form ATP by oxidative phosphorylation of ADP.  At the end of the electron transport system electrons are used to combine hydrogen with oxygen to form water. If there is no oxygen present the electron transport system cannot operate  therefore the organism will die as a result of the lack of energy (ATP) production.

Steps: It is the terminal stage of aerobic respiration, start at the end of Krebs cycle, in which: ‫ٺٲح‬ٙ‫شذظ ٳ‬١ ‫ِ ٭ٲحٹس دٳسٯ‬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٸ ٳضرذأ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س جألخٺشز‬٦‫شق‬٪٥‫ضْطرش ج‬

1- FADH2 & NADH loss hydrogen. 2- H2 molecule split to two electrons (e’) + two protons (H+).

25

3- Electrons and protons are transported over descending sequence of cytochromes Coenzymes (electron carriers which are present inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria). . ٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ ج‬ADH & FADH2 ‫ذ‬ٞٚ‫) ٹ‬1 . ٫‫ ذشٳضٴ‬0 ‫ ٳ‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ ئ‬0 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ ٹٮؾيش ؾضب ج‬-0 ) ٗ‫ٶ جألّشج‬٦ّ ( ‫ٮذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٸ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫طٸ ضٴؾذ‬٥‫حش ج‬٪‫غحّذجش جأل٭ضٹ‬٩ ٬٩ ِ‫ططحذ‬٩ ‫ٮكذس‬٩ ‫غحس‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫شٳس جال‬٪‫ ض‬-3 . )‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫الش جال‬٩‫حش (قح‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ٳضْشٗ ذح‬

4- These cytochromes carry electrons at different energy levels. So when high-energy electrons passed from one cytochrome to another, they descend from higher energy levels to lower ones → release of energy  form ATP from ADP + phosphate group, according to the following equation: This process is called Oxidative phosphorylation: ADP + P + Energy ATP ٜ٦‫حش ضٮي‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضب ٻخش‬٬٩ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫شٳس جال‬٩ ‫ٸ ّٮذ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫س ٳذح‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤٪‫حش ضك‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫) ج‬4 .‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ٺس ذح‬٦٪ْ٥‫ٶ ٱزٯ ج‬٪‫ ٳضغ‬:‫ْحدالش جٻضٺس‬٪٦٥ ‫ح‬ٞ‫حش ىر‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ٴّحش ج‬٪‫ؿ‬٩‫ ٳ‬ADP ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬٩ ATP ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ج‬

5- Oxygen is the last receptor of Hydrogen in the electron transport chain, where each two electrons combine with the two protons (H+) and one Oxygen atom to form a water molecule. As following: 2 e- + 2 H+ + ½ O2 H2O + 4 e- + 4 H + O2 2 H2O Most of the energy liberated from aerobic respiration is produced when electrons carried on NADPH and FADH2 moved to O2 who works as a final recipient in electrons transport chain. ‫س‬ٞٙ‫شج‬٪٥‫رشٳضٴ٭حش ج ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ِ صٳؼ‬٩ ‫طشٳ٭حش ضطكذ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٬٩ ‫ صٳؼ‬٫‫طشٳ٭حش قٺع أ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٸ ع‬ٙ ‫ جألخٺش‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٪٥‫ ٱٴ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫) ٹْطرش جأل‬5 2E- + 2H+ + 1/2O2  H2O: ‫س جٻضٺس‬٥‫ْحد‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١ ‫حء‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ِ رسز أٳ‬٩ ٨‫ ) غ‬H+ ( ‫ٲح‬٥

6- Although all cytochromes (electron transport chain) have similar structure; it differs in its ability to carry electrons on different energy levels. - Each NADH molecule releases energy enough to form 3 ATP molecules. - While each FADH2 molecule releases energy enough to form 2 ATP molecules.

‫ ؾضب ٳجقذ‬٤١ .‫س‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫غطٴٹحش ج‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫إل‬٥ ‫ٲح‬٦٪‫ذٵ ق‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٘٦‫ا٭ٲح ضخط‬ٙ ٰ‫طؾحذ‬٩ ‫ٲح رجش ذٮحء‬٦١ ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ أ‬٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫) ذح‬6 ATP ٬٩ ٬‫ ٹْيٶ ؾضتٺٺ‬FADH2 ٬٩ ‫ ؾضب ٳجقذ‬٤١ .ATP ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬3 ‫ ٹْيٶ‬NADH ٬٩ 7- Efficiency of respiration ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طاٮ‬٥‫احءز ج‬ٚ١: during aerobic respiration, each molecule of glucose

produces 38 ATP molecules, two of which are produced in the cytoplasm of the cell during glycolysis, and 36 ATP molecules are produced inside the mitochondria (the respiratory stage). ٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٸ عٺطٴذالص‬ٙ 0 ‫ٮٲح‬٩ ATP ‫ ؾضٹثح‬33 ‫ٲٴجتٸ ٹٮطؽ‬٥‫ٴٷ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٴص أغٮحء ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫غذ ؾضب ٳجقذ‬١‫ ضأ‬٫‫ا‬ٙ ٠٥‫ٶ ر‬٦ّ‫) ٳ‬7 . ‫ٮذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ دجخ‬ATP ٬٩ ‫ ؾضب‬36 ‫ ٳ‬،‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬

26

Q- G.R. Electron transfer reactions does not occur during in the cytoplasm ? A- This is because electrons liberated during the oxidation process has high energy and need to pass on co – enzymes with sloping energy levels called cytochromes, which only exist in the inner membrane of mitochondrial and not in the cytoplasm . ٧‫غٺطٴذالص‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫حّالش ٭‬ٚ‫ظ ال ضكذظ ض‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫جغٮحء ج‬ ‫س‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ‫حش رجش‬٪‫غحّذجش ج٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ش‬٪‫ط‬٥ ‫ٺس ٳضكطحؼ‬٥‫س ّح‬ٝ‫ رجش ىح‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫غذز ض‬١‫ٺس جال‬٦٪ّ ‫طكشسز جغٮحء‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ جال‬٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ٧‫غٺطٴذالص‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٺظ‬٥‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳ‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫و ذح‬ٞٙ ‫طٶ ضٴؾذ‬٥‫حش ٳج‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ٶ ذح‬٪‫ٮكذسز ضغ‬٩

 Oxidative phosphorylation: ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ج‬ o The process of formation of ATP molecules from ADP molecules and P, by using energy released during the passage of electrons from one cytochrome molecule to another along the electron transport chain (descend of electrons from high-energy level to lower energy level). ADP + P + Energy ATP . P ، ADP ٬٩ ATP ‫ٸ ذٮحء‬ٙ ‫س‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫نس ٳجعطخذج‬ٚ‫ٮخ‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٺس ئ‬٥‫س ّح‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ٬٩ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ ٱٸ ٱرٴه جإل‬

o Oxidative phosphorylation is necessary for vital activity because it is a process to store energy in ATP molecule from oxidation of ADP molecule during its combination with a phosphate group, and any vital activity need ATP molecules, where ATP is converted to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and liberate amount of energy between 7-12 k-calories per mole. o Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in stage of electron transfer and result in 2 molecules of water and energy stored in ATP. . ATP ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ذخشز‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫حء ٳىح‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٫‫ ٳٹٮطؽ ّٮٲح ؾضٹثح‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ ضكذظ ج‬

27

Q – G.R. Oxygen is considered the last receiver in electrons transfer chains ? A- Because a pair of electrons combine with a pair of protons H+ ; then with oxygen atom to form water, as in the following equation: 2e- + 2 H + + 1 / 2 O2 → H2O Number of ATP molecules produced from a series of electron transfer at the oxidation of one glucose molecule? ‫ٴٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٯ‬٦‫ق‬ A- Electron transport chain does not work except in case of aerobic respiration . Aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule produce: 1- 10 molecules of NADH: (including 2 molecule at the stage of glycolysis +2 molecule on oxidation of pyruvic acid to acetyl group + 6 molecules from Krebs cycle) . 2- 2 molecules of FADH2. * Since each molecule of NADH gives 3 molecules of ATP when it pass in electron transport chain, while FADH2 molecule gives 2 ATP  the total ATP molecules produced from electron transport series on oxidation of one molecule of glucose oxidation = 10 × 3 +2 × 2 = 34 ATP. ‫ٴص ٳجقذ؟‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٵء ؾ‬١‫ ّٮذ ج‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬٬٩ ‫ ٹٮطؽ‬ATP ‫ ؾضٵء‬٨١ :‫ٲٴجتٶ ٳقٺع ج٭ٰ ٹخشؼ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ ‫ جال‬٤٪ْ‫ ال ض‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬٫‫ ج‬٨٦ْ‫ ض‬٫‫ الذذ ٳج‬٠‫ ٱٴ ج٭‬٣‫غإج‬٥‫شز ٱزج ج‬٢ٙ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0+‫س جال٭ؾيحس‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ ؾضٵء‬0 ٨‫ٮٲ‬٩(‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٵء ٳجقذ ؾ‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ NADH‫ؾضٹثحش‬15* )‫شذظ‬١ ٬‫ؾضٹثحش جغٮحء دٳسضٺ‬6+٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ FADH2‫ؾضٵء‬0 ‫ ٹخشؼ‬٠٥‫ٶ ر‬٥‫س ج‬ٙ‫*ذحالمح‬ ٫‫ جر‬ATP ‫ ٹخشؼ‬FADH2‫ح ؾضٵء‬٩‫طشٳ٭ٶ ج‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ‫شٳسٯ‬٩ ‫ّٮذ‬ATP ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬3 ‫ٹْيٶ‬NADH‫ ؾضٵء‬٤١ ٫‫* ٳقٺع ج‬ 34=0×0+3×15=‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ ؾ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫و ّٮذ ج‬ٞٙ ‫طشٳ٭ٶ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬٬٩ ‫طٶ ضخشؼ‬٥‫ ج‬ATP‫ٴُ ؾضٹثحش‬٪‫ؿ‬٩

Calculation of ATP produced from complete zerobic oxidation of one mole glucose: :‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ؿضب ج‬٥ ‫س‬٦٩‫ح‬٢٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ جأل‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫كغحخ ؾضٹثحش‬٥ ٤٢‫ؽ‬

M I T O C H O N D R A

2 Acetyl co - a

2 38 ATP molecules

28

 The table : total yield from complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes. Site Glycolysis

Source of ATP

direct

Formed directly from conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid Oxidation of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid to two acetyl groups

2

Electron transport

ATP yield

2 NADH

6

8

2 NADH

6

30

Krebs cycle

One ATP formed directly. 2 9 ATP from 3 molecules of NADH 6 NADH 2 ATP from one molecule of FADH2 2 FADH2 Total yield From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes. Stages Glycolysis : Split of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid Conversion of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid to acetyl 2 krebs cycle

NADH molecules 2 x 3 = 6 ATP (each NADH gives to 3 ATP through electron transport chain ) 2 x 3 = 6 ATP

Total

10 x 3 = 30ATP

6 x 3 = 18ATP

FAD H2 molecules

ATP 2

18 4 38 ATP Total ATP 6+2= 8

6

2 x 2 = APT (each FADH2 gives 2 ATP through electron transport chain ) 2 x 2= 4ATP

2

18 + 4 + 2 = 24

4

30 + 4 + 4 = 38

NB - Complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose produce 38 ATP ( 30 during krebs cycle and 8 from glycolysis). - In krebs cycle only: o Each glucose molecule gives 30 ATP. o Each Active acetate (acetyl Co - A) gives 12 ATP o Each pyruvic acid gives 15 ATP - Glycolysis produce  2 ATP in cytosole. - Creb’s cycle directly produce  2 ATP in mitochondria during respiration. - Electron transport produce  34 ATP in mitochondria . - Number of ATP produced in mitochondria  36 ATP. - Number of ATP produced in cell from molecule of glucose  38 ATP . - Number of ATP produced from complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of lactic acid is:18 ATP. 29

- Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized due to losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria. - The number of CO2 molecules that result from complete oxidation of molecule of acetyl group is: Two molecules. - The number of CO2 molecules that result from the complete oxidation of one molecule of pyruvic acid is: three molecules. - The number of CO2 molecules produced in Cytoplasm from complete aerobic oxidation of molecule of glucose is: zero. - The number of CO2 molecules produced in mitochondria from complete aerobic oxidation of glucose molecule is: Six molecules. - Number of co - enzymes that reduced on aerobic oxidation of glucose molecule : 12. - Number of co - enzymes reduced on aerobic oxidation of one molecule pyruvic acid: 5 . - Number of co - enzymes reduced on aerobic oxidation of one molecule of acetyl group: 4. - Number of co - enzymes reduced on aerobic oxidation of one molecule of lactic acid is: 6. - Number of co - enzymes NAD+, reduced to NADH on aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule is : 10 . - Number of co - enzymes FAD+, reduced to FADH2 on aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule is : 2. Importance of oxygen in aerobic respiration: 1. Oxygen is necessary to enter the pyruvic acid to the mitochondria to complete oxidized in the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. 2- Oxygen is the final recipient, of the electrons emerged from the electron transport chain to form water molecules and release of energy (O2 +2 H + + 2 e - → 2H2O). So without oxygen no energy liberated from transmission of electrons in the electron transport chain. ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫شذظ ٳع‬١ ‫ٸ دٳسز‬ٙ ٰ‫غذض‬١‫ أ‬٣‫ح‬٪٢‫ٴ٭ذسٹح العط‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ذخٴ‬٥ ‫ مشٳسٷ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫جأل‬ O2+2H+2e--(‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫حء ٳج٭يال‬٪٥‫ ؾضٹثحش ج‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬٬٩ ‫ٮكذسز‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ال‬٥ ‫ جألخٺش‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٪٥‫ ٹْطرش ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫جأل‬ ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٸ ع‬ٙ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جال‬٣‫ح‬ٞ‫ ج٭ط‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ضطكشس ج‬٬٥ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٫‫) جٵ ج٭ٰ ذذٳ‬2H2O

CO2 transported to the lungs then to the outside of the body? ‫ٴٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳؾذججججججججج‬٦‫ق‬

٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ٶ خحسؼ ج‬٥‫ٮٲح ج‬٩‫ ٳ‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٶ ج‬٤ٞ‫ٺ٘ ٭‬١

1- When 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (produced from glycolysis) enter to mitochondria , each molecule of them is oxidized in the presence of co - enzyme A, the products of oxidation process includes : (a) formation of 2 molecules of acetyl co enzyme – A , which enter krebs cycle to complete oxidation process. (b) Liberation of 2 molecules of CO2. (c) Liberation of 2 molecules of NADH. 2. In each Krebs cycle oxidation of two compounds occurs , resulting in exit of 2 molecule of CO2 and as Krebs cycle is repeated twice for each glucose molecule, the output of two Krebs cycle = 4 molecules of CO2 per glucose molecule.

30

3. By summation of the two steps, the total CO2 molecules resulting from oxidation of glucose molecule = 2 molecules (at oxidation of pyruvic acid) +4 molecules from Krebs cycle = 6 molecules of CO2. 4- Transfer of CO2 to the lungs then to the outside of the body: A. at the body cells: The network of capillaries scattered among all the cells of the body  gas exchange occurs at the level of cell: CO2 (output of the process of cellular respiration) come out of the cell to blood capillaries by diffusion. B. Blood carrying carbon dioxide is collected in the veins of the body - which pour in the superior or inferior vena cava  right atrium  right ventricle  pulmonary artery  capillaries surrounding the lungs alveoli C. In the alveoli which are surrounded by blood capillaries, gas exchange occurs where CO2 comes out of the blood capillaries to the alveoli and it to outside the body through expired air.

2- Anaerobic respiration and fermentation: :)‫ش‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫الٱٴجتٶ ( أٳ ج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ج‬ Definition – site – steps – results - advantages

- When oxygen is not available, living organism resorts to anaerobic respiration to get an amount of energy required to maintain its vital activity. . ‫كٺٴٹس‬٥‫شجس أ٭ؾيطٰ ج‬٪‫س العط‬٩‫الص‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ذجس‬ٞ٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٣‫كقٴ‬٦٥ ‫الٱٴجتٸ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ؿأ ئ‬٦‫ا٭ٰ ٹ‬ٙ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ش جأل‬ٙ‫ح ال ٹطٴج‬٩‫ّٮذ‬

Definition: 1- Anaerobic respiration:  Process in which living organisms obtaining energy when Oxygen is missing or in lower quantity. It does not need oxygen but it is completed by a special group of enzymes. the final electron acceptor is inorganic material. The amount of produced energy is small.  It is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor. Rather, an inorganic acceptor (for example, Sulfur) is used. ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٳض‬،‫حش‬٪‫ جإل٭ضٹ‬٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫غحّذز‬٪‫ ذ‬٨‫ ٳضط‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫س ٳؾٴد جألٳ‬٦ٝ ‫ ٳؾٴد أٳ‬٧‫س ّذ‬٥‫ٸ قح‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٣‫كقٴ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٱٸ‬ .‫س‬٦‫ٮحضؿس مثٺ‬٥‫ج‬

 This reactions occurs in absence of O2 so called Anaerobic respiration as in the equation: C6H12O6

Anaerobic respiration Resp enz

2C3H4O3 +

2NADH+2ATP

:‫س‬٥‫ْحد‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١ ) ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫الٱٴجتٺس ( ج‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ ضْشٗ ذحأل‬٠٥‫ز‬٥ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٸ ٕٺحخ جألٳ‬ٙ ‫حّالش ضكذظ‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬ C6 H12 O6 2C3 H4 O3 )٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫ (ق‬+ 2 ATP

2- Fermentation:  It is a type of anaerobic respiration in which living organisms obtaining energy when Oxygen is not available. It does not need oxygen but it is completed by a special group of enzymes. the final electron acceptor is pyruvate. The amount of produced energy is small.

31

 Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation.  The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This waste product varies depending on the organism. 1- In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. 2- In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation.  The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen.  Fermentation is less efficient since 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose produced by aerobic respiration. This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain plenty of energy.  For multicellular organisms, during short strenuous activity, muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration, so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted.

Comparison between alcoholic fermentation and acid fermentation : Point of comparison Site End product

Alcoholic fermentation

Acid fermentation

Some fungi as yeast Ethyl alcohol + CO2

Muscles and some types of bacteria Lactic acid

Sites of anaerobic respiration: primitive organisms as bacteria and fungi and in muscle tissue during severe muscular exercise. Steps of Anaerobic respiration in yeast and plant cells:  Anaerobic respiration in yeast occurs in lower or missing of O2, while in the plant cells occurs during insufficient of O2.  Steps: 1- Glycolysis: Anaerobic respiration starts with the same beginning of the aerobic respiration by decomposition of a Glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid, with the formation of two molecules of NADH + H+ and a small quantity of energy (2 ATP molecules) released. Anaerobic respiration C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 (pyruvic acid) + 2ATP + 2 NADH

:‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫شجق‬٩ ♣ .‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٦‫ٺس مثٺ‬٪١ ٛ‫ ٳج٭يال‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ) 2ATP ( ٬‫ٶ ؾضتٺٺ‬٥‫ٴص ئ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫) ئ٭ؾيحس ؾضب ج‬1

32

2- Each Pyruvic acid is reduced into ethyl alcohol and CO2 and two molecules of NADH as following.

 This process is called alcoholic fermentation and it is used in the industry of some products. .‫قٮحّس‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٠٥‫ ر‬٧‫ٸ ) ٳٹغطخذ‬٥‫كٴ‬١ ‫ش‬٪‫ ( ضخ‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٶ ٳغح٭ٸ أ‬٦‫ ئغٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ٮرحش ٹطكٴ‬٥‫ أ٭غؿس ج‬:‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ

Q- What happen with lack of oxygen on pyruvic acid in the yeast fungus? A- In the yeast fungus in the absence of oxygen  Alcohol fermentation of pyruvic acid occurs by reducing it to ethyl alcohol and CO2 ‫ٺشٯ؟‬٪‫خ‬٥‫يش ج‬ٙ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٦ّ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ـ جال‬ٞ‫ٸ قحالش ٭‬ٙ ‫حرج ٹكذظ‬٩ -‫ط‬ .CO2 ‫ٶ ٳ‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٰ ئ‬٥‫ جخطضج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ك‬٥ ‫ٸ‬٥‫كٴ‬١ ‫ش‬٪‫ ٹكذظ ضخ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ ٕٺحخ جأل‬ٙ‫ٺشز ٳ‬٪‫خ‬٥‫يش ج‬ٙ ‫ٸ‬ٙ -‫ؼ‬

Steps of Anaerobic respiration in bacteria and muscle cells:  Anaerobic respiration in some bacteria in lower or missing of O2 , while in the muscle cells occurs during insufficient of O2.  Steps: 1- Glycolysis: by decomposition of Glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 NADH + H+ and a small quantity of energy (2 ATP molecules) released. Anaerobic respiration C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 (pyruvic acid) + 2ATP + 2 NADH 2- Each Pyruvic acid is reduced into lactic acid and two molecules of NADH as following. A – In case of animal cells, especially muscle fibers: when the muscles exert vigorous efforts or exercises, they consume all the Oxygen in their cells so cells convert an amount of glycogen to glucose which is converted to Pyruvic acid which is reduced by combination with hydrogen on NADH + H+ and transformed into Lactic acid (acidic fermentation). Which cause Muscular Fatigue i.e. accumulation of lactic acid in muscle cells. At rest → if Oxygen is available → Lactic acid is converted into Pyruvic acid again and then into Acetyl Co-A→ kreb's cycle to produce larger energy. ‫ٺس‬٪١ ‫خالٹح‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ضكٴ‬٠٥‫ز‬٥ ‫ٴؾٴد ذٲح‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جألٳ‬٤١ ‫ز‬ٚ‫ذ ضغطٮ‬ٝ ‫ْنالش‬٥‫ خالٹح ج‬٫‫ا‬ٙ ‫رٺش‬١ ‫ؿٲٴد‬٩ ٣‫ ّٮذ ذز‬:‫ْنالش‬٥‫كٺٴج٭ٺس ٳخحفس خالٹح ج‬٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫طٸ‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ِ جإل‬٩ ‫ ( ذاضكحدٯ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ٹخطض‬، ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ئ‬٣‫زٷ ٹطكٴ‬٥‫ٴص ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ٶ ؾ‬٥‫كٺٴج٭ٸ ) ئ‬٥‫ٮؾح ج‬٥‫ ( ج‬٬‫ٴؾٺ‬٢‫ٺ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٸ خالٹح‬ٙ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٨١‫ أٷ ضشج‬، ‫ٸ‬٦‫ْن‬٥‫طْد ج‬٥‫ح ٹْشٗ ذح‬٩ ٠٥‫نٶ ) ٳٹغرد ر‬٪‫ش ق‬٪‫ ( ضخ‬C3H6O3 ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ئ‬٣‫ ) ٳٹطكٴ‬NADH ‫شذظ إل٭طحؼ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٤‫زٷ ٹذخ‬٥‫ ( أ ) ج‬٨‫غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ أعطٺ‬٨‫ غ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫شز أخشٵ ئ‬٩ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ٹطكٴ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ش جأل‬ٙ‫ ئرج ضٴج‬، ‫ْنالش‬٥‫ج‬ . ‫رش‬١‫س أ‬ٝ‫ىح‬

Q- G.R. Increased lactic acid in muscle tissue after performing strenuous exercises? A - Because the oxygen available in these cells is not enough to get big energy need by the cell , therefore it convert a quantity of glycogen store in it to lactic acid (deposited in the muscles to get more energy in what is known as acid fermentation ).

33

B- In case of Bacteria (acid fermentation) : Pyruvic acid converts into Lactic acid.

. ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ٳؾٴد جألٳ‬٧‫ٸ ّذ‬ٙ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ٴص ئ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ذْذ ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ٹطكٴ‬: ) ‫نٶ‬٪‫ش ق‬٪‫طٺشٹح ( ضخ‬٢‫ر‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٸ قح‬ٙ

2 NADH

2 NADH

+ 2 NAD

+ 2 NAD

Energy produced from it: form 2 ATP molecules. NB - Pyruvic acid is transformed in anaerobic respiration to either Lactic acid Or to ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide according to the type of cells. – Anaerobic respiration in muscle tissue produce Lactic acid, While anaerobic respiration in plant cells produce ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide. - Anaerobic respiration in yeast is called Alcohol fermentation. While anaerobic respiration in the muscles of the body is called acidic fermentation. - Acid fermentation: Production of lactic acid from glucose. It is the type of fermentation carried out by several types of bacteria, resulting in acid instead of alcohol. Q- Difference between Anaerobic respiration and fermentation? Anaerobic respiration and fermentation are two distinct forms of oxygen-independent energy metabolism.

34

1- Anaerobic respiration: occurs in membrane, involve an electron transport chain in the membrane; and the final electron acceptor is an inorganic electron acceptor (for example, Sulfur). 2- Fermentation: occurs in the cytosol, not the membrane. ATP is directly synthesized from phosphorylated intermediates of metabolized compounds without the involvement of an electron transport chain. the final electron acceptor is pyruvate.

Q- Calculate the amount of energy produced from oxidation of one molecule of lactic acid when oxygen is available? A- Lactic acid is oxidized into pyruvic acid again → then to acetyl co – A → kreb's cycle Advantages of anaerobic respiration: A- This type of respiration produces ATP energy necessary for vital activities in absence of oxygen, so these organisms make this type of respiration in case of shortage or a lack of oxygen in spite of small energy formed. ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ُ‫ٮٴ‬٥‫ٶ ٱزج ج‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٥‫ؿح ٱزٯ ج‬٦‫ ض‬٠٥‫ز‬٥‫ ٳ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ٳؾٴد جال‬٧‫ٶ ّذ‬ٙ ‫كٺٴٹس‬٥‫س ال٭ؾيطٲح ج‬٩‫الص‬٥‫ ج‬ATP‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ظ ٹٮطؽ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ُ‫ٮٴ‬٥‫ٱزج ج‬ ‫ٴ٭س‬٢‫ط‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ مح‬٬٩ ٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫ ذح‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ـ جٳ ٕٺحخ جال‬ٞ‫س ٭‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ

Q- G.R.. The fermentation process (anaerobic respiration) does not require oxygen? A - because it take place in the presence of a group of enzymes and co- enzyme, and the final outcome of the process of anaerobic respiration are: 1. Glycolysis (as in the aerobic respiration) → 2 molecule of pyruvic acid +2 molecule of NADH + 2 molecule of ATP. 2. Reduction of pyruvic acid to lactic acid (as in bacteria and animal cells, especially muscle) or to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide (as in yeast). ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫د ج‬٦‫الٱٴجتٶ) ال ضطي‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ش(ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ :‫الٱٴجتٶ ٱٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥ ‫ٮٲحتٺس‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫كق‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫حش ٳض‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩‫حش ٳ‬٪‫ جال٭ضٹ‬٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ٶ ٳؾٴد‬ٙ ٨‫ ال٭ٲح ضط‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ‫ؾضٵء‬0 ‫ذسٱح‬ٝ ‫س‬٦‫س مثٺ‬ٝ‫ ىح‬ٜ٦‫ضٮي‬+NADH ٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0+٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٲٴجتٶ) ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١(‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ج٭ؾيحس ج‬.1 ATP٬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ْنالش جٳ ج‬٥‫كٺٴج٭ٺس ٳخحفس ج‬٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥‫طشٹح ٳج‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ح ج‬٩‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ جخطضج‬٨‫ ٹط‬٠٥‫ ذْذ ر‬٨‫غ‬.0

35

Q- G.R. In Anaerobic respiration the estimated amount of energy released by oxidation of glucose molecule is 2 ATP despite the release of 2 NADH2 molecules which stores 6 molecules of ATP. A- Because: * In anaerobic respiration the glucose molecule splits into two molecules of pyruvic acid + two molecules ATP + 2 NADH molecules * As a result of the absence of oxygen→ pyruvic acid not to enters the Krebs cycle to complete its oxidation. * Also O2 is the final recipient of the electrons in the electron transport series, so absence of oxygen, leads to lack of access to resulting molecules of NADH. * But instead of this electrons are removed from NADH to reduce pyruvic acid and convert it into lactic acid or ethyl alcohol, which remain a great amount of energy. ٫‫طٶ ضخطض‬٥‫ج‬NADH2‫ ؾضٵء‬0 ‫ خشٳؼ‬٬٩ ٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫ ذح‬ATP٬‫ٴص ذؿضٹثٺ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٵء ؾ‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ ‫ذس‬ٞ‫الٱٴجتٶ ض‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ : ٫‫ أل‬ATP‫ؾضٹثحش‬6 NADH٬‫ؾضٹثٺ‬+ATP٬‫ؾضٹثٺ‬+٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٬‫ٶ ؾضٹثٺ‬٥‫ٴص ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫الٱٴجتٶ ٹٮؾيش ؾضٵء ج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ* ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسٯ‬٣‫غذضٰ خال‬١‫ ج‬٣‫ح‬٪٢‫ العط‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫ ال ٹذخ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٖٺحخ جال‬٥ ‫*ٳ٭طٺؿس‬ ٬٩ ‫حدز‬ٚ‫ جالعط‬٧‫ٶ ّذ‬٥‫ ٹإدٵ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ٕٺحخ جال‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ‫ٶ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫طشٳ٭ٶ ذح‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ال‬٥ ‫ جالخٺش‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٪٥‫ ٹْطرش ج‬O2٫‫ح ج‬٪١* ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫ ج‬NADH‫ؾضٹثحش‬ ٫‫ٺح‬ٞ‫ ٹر‬٬‫زٹ‬٦٥‫ٶ ج‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ جٳ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ ٳضكٴٹ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫الخطضج‬NADH‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ ٭ضُ ج‬٨‫ ٹط‬٠٥‫ ر‬٬٩ ‫ ذذال‬٬٢٥‫*ٳ‬ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫رٺش‬١ ‫ذس‬ٞ‫ ذ‬٫‫َح‬ٚ‫طك‬٩

Q- G.R. Pyruvic acid does not turn to acetyl Co- enzyme- A in case of anaerobic respiration? A- This is because pyruvic acid can not enter the mitochondria in absence of oxygen, → so it is reduced by hydrogen carried on NADH to lactic acid as in animal tissue and bacteria, or ethyl alcohol and CO2, as in yeast. ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ )‫(أ‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ال ٹطكٴ‬ ٣‫ٴ‬٪‫ك‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ٰ ذٴجعيس ج‬٥‫ جخطضج‬٨‫ٶ ٹط‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ٳذح‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ ٕٺحخ جال‬ٙ ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ال ٹغطيٺِ دخٴ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١ CO2‫ٶ ٳ‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫طشٹح جٳ‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫ٶ ج٭غؿس ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬NADH‫ٶ‬٦ّ

36

Comparison between aerobic and anaerobic respiration (fermentation): Point of comparison

Site of glycolysis End products of glycolysis Site of pyruic acid reaction Products of pyruvic acid reaction

In cytosol of the cell 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation) Occur in absence of oxygen and presence of certain enzymes. Pyruvic acid turn into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid, depending on the type of cell. In cytoplasm Oxygen is not required , but completed by enzymes In cytoplasm The same products

Mitochondria

In cytoplasm

Oxidized into acetyl Co – A + NADH + CO2

Break down of glucose End products for one glucose molecule

Complete break down

Reduced into : 1- in yeast: alcoholic fermentation  ethyl alcohol + CO2. 2- In muscles: Lactic fermentation  lactic acid. Incomplete break down

Time of application No of ATP released Production of CO2 Kind of organisms

Occurs all the time High : 38 ATP Always is one from end products All air – respiration organisms

Time of occurrence

Most of the energy in the glucose molecule liberated. at any time

Site of process Needing of oxygen

Aerobic Respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen Pyruvic acid turns into an acetyl coenzyme – A which enters the Krebs cycle Inside the cell, mainly in mitochondria Oxygen is required

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP

‫لذ‬ٚ ٜ‫ ا‬ٝ‫ف‬

Type of organisms.

All living organisms and some types of bacteria‫طشٹح‬٢‫ر‬٥‫حتٮحش ٳذْل ج٭ٴجُ ج‬٢٥‫ٺِ ج‬٪‫ؾ‬ Site of its occurrence Glycolysis stage occurs in the in the cell cytoplasm while respiration stage ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٰ‫ قذٳغ‬٫‫ح‬٢٩ occurs in mitochondria

Need for O2 Decomposition of glucose

‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫ح‬٩‫ ج‬٧‫غٺطٴذالص‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫س جال٭ؾيحس ضكذظ‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ج‬ needs oxygen ٓ١‫ اوسغ‬ٌٝ‫ؾزبط ا‬٠

Completely decomposes

1- In yeast: 2 ethyl alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP. 2- In muscle : 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP. Lower or missing of O2. Low : 2 ATP Produced only in alcoholic fermentation. Yeast, plant cells, muscles and some bacteria. Energy in the glucose molecule is partially liberated Decrease or absence of oxygen ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ٳؾٴد ج‬٧‫س جٳ ّذ‬٦ٝ ‫ٶ‬ٙ

Yeast (Alcoholic fermentation) - muscle and bacteria. ‫طشٹح‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ْنالش ٳج‬٥‫ج‬-)‫ٶ‬٥‫كٴ‬١ ‫ش‬٪‫ٺشز (ضخ‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ج‬ Occurs in the cytoplasm only ‫و‬ٞٙ ٧‫غٺطٴذالص‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٹكذظ‬

does not need oxygen ٓ١‫ اوسغ‬ٌٝ‫ؾزبط ا‬٠ ‫ال‬ Partially decomposes

‫زؾًٍ وبِال‬٠

‫ب‬١‫زؾًٍ عضئ‬٠

‫ص‬ٛ‫و‬ٍٛ‫رؾًٍ اٌغ‬

Products of glycolysis

Same outputs

(a) 2 molecule of pyruvic acid (b) 2 molecule of ATP (c) 2 molecule of NADH

‫ص‬ٛ‫و‬ٍٛ‫ارظ أطؽبس اٌغ‬ٛٔ

37

Fate of pyruvic acid ‫ه‬١‫ف‬ٚ‫ش‬١‫ش ؽّط اٌج‬١‫ِص‬

Doesn’t enter the mitochondria, one molecule of pyruvic acid is reduced to: (a) in case of acid fermentation (muscle): produce 2 molecule of lactic acid. (b) In case of alcoholic fermentation (yeast): produce 2 molecules of ethyl alcohol, and 2 molecules of carbon ‫ل‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0 ‫غذ‬١‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳٹطأ‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ ٹذخ‬dioxide.

Enters the mitochondria where 2 molecule of pyruvic acid oxidized into: (a) Acetyl co enzyme A, which enters the acetyl group to Krebs cycle. (b) One molecule of NADH (c) One molecule of carbon dioxide.

:‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ج‬ ٣‫ ذحدخح‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫زٵ ٹ‬٥‫(أ)ج‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩)‫(أ‬ ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٴّس جالعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ NADH‫(خ)ؾضٵء‬ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫(ؼ)ؾضٵء غح٭ٶ ج‬

Number of produced ATP molecules

Production of CO2

38 molecules of ATP produced (including 2 molecule in the cytoplasm +36 2 molecule in the mitochondria) produce 6 molecules ‫ئبد‬٠‫ عض‬6 ‫ٕزظ‬٠

38

0٣‫ جخطضج‬٨‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳٹط‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫الٹذخ‬ :‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬ ‫ل‬٪‫ؾضٵء ق‬0:‫ْنالش)ٹٮطؽ‬٥‫نٶ(ج‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ )‫(أ‬ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬ ٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ؾضٵء‬0:‫ٺشز) ٹٮطؽ‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ٶ(ج‬٥‫كٴ‬٢٥‫شج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ )‫(خ‬ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ؾضٵء غح٭ٶ ج‬0+‫ٶ‬٦‫جغٺ‬

2 molecule in the cytoplasm َ‫ثالص‬ٛ‫ز‬١‫ اٌس‬ٝ‫ء ف‬ٜ‫عض‬2

produced only in the alcoholic fermentation 2 molecule

1- Respiration in plant ‫ٺس‬ٝ‫شج‬٥‫ٮرحضحش ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ج‬ Definition – Aim - Types – Aerobic respiration – Relation with photosynthesis - Experiments

Definition of Process of respiration in plants:  It is a process in which the plant obtains its needs energy (to carry out its vital activities) by releasing energy stored in its high energy organic food (formed by green plant by absorbs light energy from the Sun and transforms it into chemical energy through photosynthesis process) slowly in a chain of reactions which includes breaking down of carbon bonds of the high energy organic substances during aerobic or anaerobic respiration. :‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫قذ ذح‬ٞ‫♣ ٹ‬ ٬٩ ‫س‬٦‫غ‬٦‫نٴتٸ ذغ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ‫ظ ذ‬٪‫ؾ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٺٲح‬٦ّ ٤‫طٸ قق‬٥‫س ٳج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٖٮٶ ذح‬٥‫ْنٴٷ ج‬٥‫ٸ ٕزجتٰ ج‬ٙ ‫خضٳ٭س‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٰ٥‫ ققٴ‬ .‫ْنٴٹس‬٥‫حدز ج‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺش سٳجذو ج‬٢‫ٲح ض‬٥‫ خال‬٬٩ ٨‫حّالش ٹط‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ج‬

 The green plant absorbs light energy from the Sun and transforms it into chemical energy through photosynthesis process to store as high energy complex organic molecules (glucose). Aim of respiration: Obtain the energy needed to carry out vital activities of plant, by oxidation of organic food (by breaking down of carbon bonds of the organic substances). Types of respiration in plants:  Aerobic respiration: by use of oxygen, in which energy is released by oxidation is presence of oxygen.  Anaerobic respiration (fermentation): in absence of oxygen in which energy is released in absence of oxygen. It occurs in some bacteria – fungi – seeds. :‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫♣ أ٭ٴجُ ج‬ .٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٸ ٳؾٴد جألٳ‬ٙ ‫غذز‬١‫ٺس أ‬٦٪ّ‫س ٳ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺٰ ضكشٹش ج‬ٙ ٨‫ ٹط‬:‫ظ ٱٴجتٸ‬ٚ‫أ ) ضٮ‬ .٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٸ ٕٺحخ جألٳ‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ضكشٹش ج‬٨‫ٺٰ ٹط‬ٙ‫ ٳ‬:‫ظ ال ٱٴجتٸ‬ٚ‫خ) ضٮ‬

1- Aerobic respiration in plants: o Each living cell in the plant is in direct contact with the external environment and therefore gaseous exchange is easy. Oxygen gas diffuses inside, while Carbon dioxide is released outside the cell. o Most of the plants characterized by aerobic respiration, i.e. its cells need O2 for oxidation of food stuff and expel of CO2. ♣ ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٲٴجتٸ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫♣ ج‬ .‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ‫ ئ٭ؿحص‬٤‫ح ٹغٲ‬٪٩ ‫رٺثس‬٥‫رحؽش ذح‬٩ ٣‫ٶ جضقح‬٦ّ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٮرحش ض‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٺس‬٦‫ خ‬٤١  :٠٥‫ ر‬٨‫ٺ٘ ٹط‬٢ٙ CO2 ٬٩ ‫ـ‬٦‫طخ‬٥‫ٖزجتٺس ٳج‬٥‫حدز ج‬٪٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ أل‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ جألٳ‬٥‫ خالٹحٱح ضكطحؼ ئ‬٫‫غح ٱٴجتٺح ٹْٮٶ أ‬ٚ‫ٮرحضحش ضٮ‬٥‫د ج‬٦ٕ‫ظ أ‬ٚ‫ ضطٮ‬

39

o Gas exchange in respiration of most of the plants occurs by direct method because most of living plant tissues is in direct contact with the external environment. While in deep cells gaseous exchange occurs by mutual diffusion and in limited amount, as CO2 pass to xylem and phloem tissues which passes in return to stomata, then to the external atmosphere. ‫رحؽش‬٩ ٣‫ٶ جضقح‬٦ّ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫كٺس ض‬٥‫ٮرحضحش ج‬٥‫د أ٭غؿس ج‬٦ٕ‫ أ‬٫‫ أل‬٠٥‫ ) ٳر‬٤٦ّ ( ‫رحؽشز‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٞ‫يشٹ‬٥‫رح ذح‬٥‫ ٕح‬٨‫ٮرحش ٹط‬٦٥ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ضرحد‬ ‫طٸ‬٥‫كحء ج‬٦٥‫خؾد ٳج‬٥‫ٶ أ٭غؿس ج‬٥‫ ئ‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ش غح٭ٸ أ‬٪‫ٺ‬ٙ ‫كذٳدز‬٩ ‫ٺس‬٪٢‫ٖحصجش ذٲح ذحال٭طؾحس ٳذ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ضرحد‬٨‫ٺط‬ٙ ٜ٪ْ٥‫ح خالٹح ج‬٩‫خحسؾٺس أ‬٥‫رٺثس ج‬٥‫ذح‬ .‫خحسؾٸ‬٥‫ؿٴ ج‬٦٥ ‫ٮٲح‬٩‫ػٖٴس ٳ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫شسٯ ذذٳسٱح ئ‬٪‫ض‬

How plants get O2: :‫ٮرحضحش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جألٳ‬٣‫ دخٴ‬ٛ‫ ىش‬

1- In most plants, where each living cell is in direct contact with the external environment, in this case O2 gas diffuses inside the cell and CO2 outside the cell. 2. In vascular plants: That are complicated in structure, Oxygen reaches the cells through various passage ways: a. Through the stomata of leaves: when stomata open, air (O2) enters to the air chambers and then diffuses through the intercellular spaces spreading to various parts of the plant. Oxygen then diffuses through the cell membranes and dissolves in the water of the cell. ‫ٺس ٳٹزٳخ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ أعيف ج‬٣‫س ٳٹٮطؾش خال‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٪٥‫ٮرحش ج‬٥‫ أّنحء ج‬٤٦‫طٸ ضطخ‬٥‫رٺٮٺس ج‬٥‫حش ج‬ٙ‫غح‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ ٳٹٮطؾش‬ٛ‫ غٖٴس جألٳسج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ‫ٲٴجء‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫) ٹذخ‬1 .‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫حء ج‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ

b. Some of the Oxygen is carried to the phloem passage way, dissolved in water, and finally reaches the tissues of the stem and the root. . ‫ؿزس‬٥‫ ٳج‬ٛ‫غح‬٥‫ٶ أ٭غؿس ج‬٥‫ٲح ئ‬ٞ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ٤‫ ٳٹق‬، ‫كحء‬٦٥‫شجش ج‬٪٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫حء‬٪٥‫ِ ج‬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ذْل جألٳ‬٤٪‫) ٹك‬0

c. Oxygen may enter the plant through the roots: some of O2 soluble in water of the soil solution when water is absorbed by the root hairs or imbibed by the cell walls and finally by helping of xylem tissues, water reaches the tissues of the stem and leaves. .‫طشذس‬٥‫حء ج‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫زجذح‬٩ ‫ؿزٳس‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ خال‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جألٳ‬٤‫ذ ٹذخ‬ٝ )3

d. Through the stomata that spread on the surface of the green stems of some plants, acts as an entrance for air (O2 – CO2) . ‫خنشجء‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬ٞ‫غٺ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ػٖٴس‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جألٳ‬٤‫) ٹذخ‬4

e. Through the lenticels (holes in the cork layer that covers the stems of woody trees) or any cracks in the bark of woody stems. .‫خؾرٺس‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬ٞ‫غٺ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ، ٜ٦ٚ٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫حش‬ٞٞ‫طؾ‬٥‫ْذٹغحش أٳ ج‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جألٳ‬٤‫) ٹذخ‬5

f. In green tissues, part of O2 produced from the process of photosynthesis used in cellular respiration, and also CO2 is resulted as a product of respiration is used in photosynthesis. .‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫س ج‬٩‫نٴتٸ ٹغطخذ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٬٩ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٬٩ ‫) ؾضء‬6

40

O2

How plants get red of CO2 produced from respiration: : ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ ج‬CO2 ٬٩ ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ـ ج‬٦‫ ضخ‬ٛ‫ ىش‬

 Plant get red of CO2 through : (1) Direct diffusion: In case of the plant cells that are exposed directly to the environment or the soil: CO2 expelled to the external environment by direct diffusion. (2) Through phloem and xylem passages: In case of the deep plant cells, CO2 diffuses to xylem vessels or phloem tissue which passes CO2 in return to stomata then to the external atmosphere. (3) Stomata. (4) Part of CO2 produced from respiration consumed in Photosynthesis.  From superficial –seated cells: Carbon dioxide resulting from respiration of the plant is expelled to the external environment by direct diffusion from plant cells that are directly exposed to the external environment.  From deep-seated cells, gaseous exchange occurs by mutual diffusion of CO2 to xylem vessels or phloem tissues which pass CO2 to stomata, then to the external atmosphere. .‫خحسؾٺس‬٥‫رٺثس ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫طشذس ئ‬٥‫ٲٴجء أٳ ج‬٦٥ ‫رحؽشز‬٩ ‫ْشمس‬٪٥‫ٮرحش ج‬٥‫ خالٹح ج‬٣‫ خال‬٬٩ ‫رحؽش‬٪٥‫) جال٭طؾحس ج‬1 .‫خحسؾٸ‬٥‫ؿٴ ج‬٥‫ح‬ٙ ‫ػٖٴس‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٮٲح ئ‬٩‫كحء ٳ‬٦٥‫خؾد ٳج‬٥‫ٶ أ٭غؿس ج‬٥‫ ئ‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫شس غح٭ٸ أ‬٪‫ٮرحش ض‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٞ‫ٺ‬٪ْ٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥‫) ج‬0

2- Anaerobic respiration in plants : Economic benefit from anaerobic respiration of some types of bacteria: When some types of bacteria breath anaerobically  produced lactic acid instead of alcohol  this type called acid fermentation. Man benefit from this in many industries such as milk, cheese, butter and yogurt. ‫طشٹح‬٢‫ر‬٥‫رْل أ٭ٴجُ ج‬٥ ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫طقحدٹح‬ٝ‫حتذز جأل‬ٚ٥‫ج‬ ‫ٺذ‬ٚ‫ ٳٹغط‬،‫نٸ‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٮٴُ ج‬٥‫ٶ ٱزج ج‬٦ّ ٜ٦‫ ٳٹي‬،٣‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ذذال‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫طٺشٹح ال ٱٴجتٺح ٹٮطؽ ق‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ظ ذْل أ٭ٴجُ ج‬ٚ‫ح ضطٮ‬٩‫ ّٮذ‬.‫ضذحدٷ‬٥‫ضذذ ٳج‬٥‫ ٳج‬٬‫ؿر‬٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫رح‬٥‫ جأل‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫قٮحّحش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٠٥‫ ر‬٬٩ ٫‫جإل٭غح‬

41

The relation between photosynthesis and respiration in plants: :‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫نٴتٸ ذح‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫ّال‬

 Photosynthesis and respiration are 2 vital processes for energy handling (or) plant is considered producer and consumer of food. (or) Photosynthesis and respiration are associated with each other. A- This is because: 1. what happed in the green plastid is building of energy-rich materials from simple raw materials in the process of photosynthesis. 6 CO2 + 12 H2O Light + Chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2. 2. What happed in the mitochondria is opposite to what is happening in green plastid, where the process of respiration occur i.e. breakdown of energy-rich substances such as glucose through its oxidation and liberation of energy stored in chemical bonds as in the following equation, which describes the aerobic respiration: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 aerobic respiration 6 CO2 + 6 H2O = 38 ATP .  The following figure shows this relationship in the form of cycle between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. ‫خ اٌجٕبء‬١ٍّ‫شرجػ ػ‬٠ )ٚ‫اؽذ(أ‬ٚ ْ‫ أ‬ٟ‫ٍىب ٌٍغزاء ف‬ٙ‫ِسز‬ٚ ‫) اػزجبس إٌجبد ِٕزغب‬ٚ‫ي اٌؽبلخ(أ‬ٚ‫زبْ ٌزذا‬٠ٛ١‫زبْ ؽ‬١ٍّ‫اٌزٕفس ػ‬ٚ ٟ‫ئ‬ٛ‫اٌجٕبء اٌع‬ ‫ إٌجبد‬ٟ‫خ اٌزٕفس ف‬١ٍّ‫ ثؼ‬ٟ‫ئ‬ٛ‫اٌع‬ :ْ‫رٌه ال‬ٚ ٟ‫ئ‬ٛ‫خ اٌجٕبء اٌع‬١ٍّ‫ ػ‬ٟ‫رٌه ف‬ٚ ‫ؽخ‬١‫خ ثس‬١ٌٚ‫اد أ‬ِٛ ِٓ ‫خ ثبٌؽبلخ‬١ٕ‫اد غ‬ِٛ ‫خ ثٕبء‬١ٍّ‫ إال ػ‬ٛ٘ ‫ذح اٌخعشاء ِب‬١‫ اٌجالسز‬ٟ‫زُ ف‬٠ ‫ِب‬.1 6CO2+12H2O------------------C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2 ً‫خ ثبٌؽبلخ ِض‬١ٕ‫اد اٌغ‬ٌٍّٛ َ‫خ ٘ذ‬١ٍّ‫ ػ‬ٜ‫خ رٕفس ا‬١ٍّ‫ش رؾذس ػ‬١‫ذح اٌخعشاء ؽ‬١‫ اٌجالسز‬ٟ‫ؾذس ف‬٠ ‫ ػىس ِب‬ٛٙ‫ب ف‬٠‫ٔذس‬ٛ‫و‬ٛ‫ز‬١ٌّ‫زُ ا‬٠ ‫أِب ِب‬.2 :ٟ‫ائ‬ٌٛٙ‫ظؼ ٍِخص اٌزٕفس ا‬ٛ‫ ر‬ٟ‫خ اٌز‬١‫ر‬٢‫ اٌّؼبدٌخ ا‬ٟ‫خ وّب ف‬١‫بئ‬١ّ١‫اثؽٗ اٌى‬ٚ‫ س‬ٟ‫ٔخ ف‬ٚ‫ش اٌؽبلخ اٌّخض‬٠‫رؾش‬ٚ ٗ‫ك أوسذر‬٠‫ص ػٓ ؼش‬ٛ‫و‬ٍٛ‫اٌغ‬ C6H12O6+6O2---------6CO2+6H2O+38ATP ٍٞٛ‫اٌزٕفس اٌخ‬ٚ ٟ‫ئ‬ٛ‫ٓ اٌجٕبء اٌع‬١‫سح رزُ ث‬ٚ‫سح د‬ٛ‫ ص‬ٟ‫ظؼ رٍه اٌؼاللخ ف‬ٛ٠ ‫اٌطىً إِبِه‬ٚ

With the photosynthesis, the solar energy is cumulated by the chloroplasts as sugar molecules. With the glycolysis and the respiration , made by mitochondria, the energy is liberated and supplied to the cell for its biochemical processes.

42

 Comparison between respiration and photosynthesis: The process of cellular respiration

The process of photosynthesis

ٍٜٛ‫خ اٌزٕفس اٌخ‬١ٍّ‫ػ‬

Definition

ٝ‫ئ‬ٛ‫خ اٌجٕبء اٌع‬١ٍّ‫ػ‬

It is a catabolic process; in which cells of living organism extract energy required for its activity from the energy stored in chemical bonds of food molecules, which are made by plants or eaten by animals. ‫ اٌؽبلخ‬ٝ‫ب اٌىبئٓ اٌؾ‬٠‫ب خال‬ٙ‫ش رسزخشط ث‬١‫خ ٘ذَ ؽ‬١ٍّ‫ ػ‬ٝ٘ ‫خ‬١‫بئ‬١ّ١‫اثػ اٌى‬ٚ‫ اٌش‬ٝ‫اٌالصِخ ٌٕطبؼٗ ِٓ اٌؽبلخ اٌّخضٔخ ف‬ ْ‫ا‬ٛ١‫ب اٌؾ‬ٌٙٚ‫زٕب‬٠ ٚ‫ب إٌجبد ا‬ٙ‫صٕؼ‬٠ ٝ‫ئبد اٌؽؼبَ اٌز‬٠‫ٌغض‬

Types of living organism: ٗ١‫ رزُ ف‬ٜ‫ اٌز‬ٝ‫اٌىبئٓ اٌؾ‬

Site at the level of the cell:

It is done in all living organisms (plant animal - bacteria)

It is an anabolic (building) process: in which high-energy organic materials is formed in green leaf from raw materials such as CO2 and water using light energy. ‫خ اٌؽبلخ‬١ٌ‫خ ػب‬٠ٛ‫اد ػع‬ِٛ ‫ب ثٕبء‬ٙ١‫زُ ف‬٠ : ‫خ ثٕبء‬١ٍّ‫ ػ‬ٝ٘ ‫اٌّبء‬ٚ CO2 ً‫خ ِض‬١ٌٚ‫اد ا‬ِٛ ِٓ ‫سلخ إٌجبد االخعش‬ٚ ٝ‫ف‬ ‫خ‬١‫ئ‬ٛ‫ثبسزخذاَ اٌؽبلخ اٌع‬

It is done in green plants and some types of bacteria.

)‫ب‬٠‫ثىزش‬-ْ‫ا‬ٛ١‫ؽ‬-‫خ(ٔجبد‬١‫غ اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ‬١ّ‫ ع‬ٝ‫رزُ ف‬

In the mitochondria

‫ب‬٠‫اع اٌجىزش‬ٛٔ‫ثؼط ا‬ٚ ‫ إٌجبربد اٌخعشاء‬ٝ‫رزُ ف‬

In the chloroplasts ‫ب‬٠‫ٔذس‬ٛ‫و‬ٛ‫ز‬١ٌّ‫ا‬

‫ذاد اٌخعشاء‬١‫اٌجالسز‬

ٜٛ‫ ِسز‬ٍٝ‫ب ػ‬ٙ‫ص‬ٚ‫ِىبْ ؽذ‬ ‫خ‬١ٍ‫اٌخ‬

Raw materials required:

O2 + glucose ‫ص‬ٛ‫و‬ٍٛ‫ع‬+O2

‫اد اٌخبَ اٌالصِخ‬ٌّٛ‫ا‬

CO2 + water + light + chlorophyll + as well as the presence of some salts such as nitrate, magnesium, iron, phosphorus. ‫د ثؼط‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ ٓ‫فعال ػ‬+ً١‫ف‬ٚ‫س‬ٍٛ‫و‬+‫ء‬ٛ‫ظ‬+‫ِبء‬+CO2 ‫س‬ٛ‫سف‬ٛ‫ذ اٌف‬٠‫َ اٌؾذ‬ٛ١‫االِالػ ِضً إٌزشاد اٌّغٕس‬

The final products: ‫خ‬١‫بئ‬ٌٕٙ‫ارظ ا‬ٌٕٛ‫ا‬

CO2 + water + energy

carbohydrate + oxygen ‫أؽالق ؼبلخ‬+‫ِبء‬+CO2

Types of reactions

Aerobic respiration (glycolsis + Krebs ‫اع اٌزفبػالد‬ٛٔ‫ ا‬cycle + electron transport chain)

ٓ١‫اوسغ‬+‫خ‬١‫ذسار‬١٘ٛ‫اد وشث‬ِٛ

light reactions + dark reactions َ‫رفبػالد ظال‬+‫خ‬١‫ئ‬ٛ‫رفبػالد ظ‬

)ْٚ‫سٍسٍخ ٔمً االٌىزش‬+‫سح وشثس‬ٚ‫د‬+‫ (أطؽبس‬ٝ‫ائ‬ٛ٘ ‫رٕفس‬

Co enzymes

NAD+ and FAD and cytochromes uses food releases energy produces water produces carbon dioxide uses oxygen occurs in the dark as well as light

NADP

produces food stores energy uses water uses carbon dioxide releases oxygen occurs in sunlight

(1) Photosynthesis store energy as chemical energy (carbohydrates, proteins, etc.). Respiration is an oxidative process that converts sugars and starches into energy using oxygen. (2) Photosynthesis creates and stores energy and respiration releases it (3) Photosynthesis use water, while respiration produces water. (4) Photosynthesis use CO2, while respiration produces CO2. (5) Photosynthesis produce O2, Respiration uses oxygen, but plants simply create more than they use. (6) Photosynthesis occurs in sunlight while respiration does not depend on light, so it occurs at night as well as during the day. 43

(7) Respiration occurs in all life forms and in all cells. (8) This equation is essentially the opposite of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a building process, while respiration is a breaking-down process: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

Experiments on Respiration

Experiment 1: To illustrate the evolution of CO2 gas during aerobic respiration: :‫ٲٴجتٸ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ خال‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ أ‬ٛ‫♣ ضؿحسخ إلٹنحـ ج٭يال‬

A. In non-green parts of the plant (seeds): : ) ‫رزٳس‬٥‫خنشجء ( ج‬٥‫ٮرحضٺس ٕٺش ج‬٥‫ٸ جألؾضجء ج‬ٙ 

The Apparatus: as the diagram.

(1)

(2)

(3)

Steps: 1. Put some Potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) in a beaker. Put some dry seeds (e.g. peas) in a glass retort, and dip the end of the retort stem in the Potassium hydroxide solution in the beaker number (1). 2. Put some Sodium chloride solution (NaCl) in another beaker. put some soaked (germinating) seeds in another retort, and dip the end of the retort stem in the Sodium chloride solution in that beaker, no. (2). 3. Put another quantity of Potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) in a third beaker. Putt some soaked seeds in a third glass retort, and dip the stem of that retort in the Potassium hydroxide solution in that third beaker. (Apparatus no. 3) 4. Leave the three retorts for some time.

44

:‫خيٴجش‬٥‫ ج‬ ‫ْٴؾس‬٪٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ش ىشٗ عح‬٪ٕ‫ أ‬، ‫ْٴؾس‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ) ‫س‬٦‫رغ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٢‫ط‬٥ ( ‫س‬ٙ‫ ذزٳس ؾح‬٬٩ ‫ٺال‬٦ٝ ٤‫ أدخ‬، ‫أط‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٧‫رٴضحعٺٴ‬٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ أٹذسٳ‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ٬٩ ‫ذجس‬ٞ٩ ِ‫) م‬1 . ‫أط‬٢٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٧‫رٴضحعٺٴ‬٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ أٹذسٳ‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٧‫يْح‬٥‫ف ج‬٦٩ ٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ْٴؾس‬٪٥‫ش ىشٗ ج‬٪ٕ‫ أ‬، ‫ْٴؾس أخشٵ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫حء‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴّس‬ٞ‫ٮ‬٩ ‫ ذزٳس‬٤‫ أدخ‬، ‫أط أخش‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٧‫يْح‬٥‫ف ج‬٦٩ ٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ‫) ؾٲض‬0 . ‫أط‬٢٥‫ج‬ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ْٴؾس‬٪٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ش ىشٗ عح‬٪ٕ‫ أ‬، ‫ػس‬٥‫ْٴؾس غح‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٴّس‬ٞ‫ٮ‬٩ ‫ ذزٳس‬٬٩ ‫ ّذدج‬٤‫ أدخ‬، ‫ػس‬٥‫أط غح‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٧‫رٴضحعٺٴ‬٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ أٹذسٳ‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ٬٩ ‫) خز ذْنح‬3 .‫ص‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫طشز‬ٚ٥ ‫ػالغس‬٥‫ْٴؾحش ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬ٟ‫ أضش‬. ‫أط‬٢٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٧‫رٴضحعٺٴ‬٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ٱٺذسٳ‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩

Observation:  No change occurs in beaker no. 1 and 2.  Potassium hydroxide solution in beaker no. (3) : rises up in the stem of the retort. . ‫ػح٭ٺس ال ٹكذظ ضٖٺٺش‬٥‫ٶ ٳج‬٥‫س جألٳ‬٥‫كح‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ )1 .‫ْٴؾس‬٪٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ٸ عح‬ٙ ٧‫رٴضحعٺٴ‬٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ٱٺذسٳ‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ِٚ‫ػس ٹشض‬٥‫ػح‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫كح‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ )0

Interpretation: 1- In case of beaker no. (1):  Dry seeds do not respire actively, so the volume of air in retort no. (1) remains constant. . ‫غٲح‬ٚ‫س ال ٹٮؾو ضٮ‬ٙ‫ؿح‬٥‫رزٳس ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫س جألٳ‬٥‫كح‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ )1

2- In case of beaker no. (2):  Seeds soaked in water needed energy to germinate and grow; therefore they must respire actively to obtain energy.  They absorb Oxygen from the surrounding air, and they release an equal volume of CO2. So, no change is observed in the volume of the air inside the retort.  This is because the released CO2 is not absorbed by Sodium chloride solution in which the end of the retort stem is dipped. So, the components of the air inside the retort have changed, but the total volume remains constant. ٨‫كؿ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫غحٳٹح‬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٮحضؽ ٹ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ أ‬٫‫ظ أل‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٣‫طٖٺش خال‬٩ ‫ٶ ٕٺش‬ٞ‫ٲٴجء ٹر‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ قؿ‬٫‫ ٳأ‬، ‫غٲح‬ٚ‫ٮحذطس ٭ؾو ضٮ‬٥‫رزٳس ج‬٥‫) ج‬0 ‫ف‬٦٩ ٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٮحضؽ ال ٹزٳخ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ أ‬٫‫ أ‬٠٥‫ْٴؾس ر‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٲٴجء دجخ‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٸ قؿ‬ٙ ‫ ٍٲٴس أٷ ضٖٺش‬٧‫ ّذ‬٤‫ٺ‬٥‫طـ ذذ‬٪٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ألٳ‬٥ . ‫ غحذص‬٤َ‫ٰ ٹ‬٪‫ قؿ‬٬٢٥‫ذ ضٖٺشش ٳ‬ٝ ‫ْٴؾس‬٪٥‫ٴ٭حش ٱٴجء ج‬٢٩ ٫‫ أ‬٠٥‫ْٴؾس ٳٹْٮٶ ر‬٪٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ٺٰ ىشٗ عح‬ٙ ‫ش‬٪ٖ‫زٷ ٹٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫يْح‬٥‫ج‬

3- In case of beaker no. (3):  The germinating seeds are actively respiring CO2 gas is released in a volume equal to that of the absorbed Oxygen.  The released CO2 will be absorbed by Potassium hydroxide solution. So, the solution rises up the stem of the retort.  This proves that CO2 gas is produced as a result of respiration in non-green parts of the plant (seeds). ‫طـ‬٪٪٥‫ ج‬O2 ‫ذجس‬ٞ٪٥ ٤‫حغ‬٪٩ ‫ذجس‬ٞ٪‫ ذ‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫غٲح غح٭ٸ أ‬ٚ‫ ضٮ‬٬٩ ٜ٦‫ا٭ٰ ٹٮي‬ٙ ) ‫ٮحذطس ( ٳٱٶ أؾضجء ٭رحضٺس ٕٺش خنشجء‬٥‫رزٳس ج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫) ّٮذ ضٮ‬3 ‫ح ٹٴمف‬٪٩ ‫ْٴؾس‬٪٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ٸ عح‬ٙ ‫ٴ‬٦ْ‫ ٳٹ‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٪٥‫ِ ج‬ٙ‫ ٹٮذ‬٠٥‫ز‬٥ ‫ ٳ٭طٺؿس‬٧‫رٴضحعٺٴ‬٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ٱٺذسٳ‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫شز‬٪٥‫ ٹزٳخ ٱزٯ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ أ‬٬٢٥‫ٳ‬ . ) ‫خنشجء‬٥‫رزٳس ( ٕٺش ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٬٩ ٜ٦‫ ٹٮي‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ أ‬٫‫أ‬

Conclusion: By comparing the 3 cases, it is clear that: 1. Dry seeds do not respire actively. So, the volume and the components of air remain without change. 2. Germinating seeds respire actively, and the volume of air remains constant during respiration because the released CO2 is equal in volume to the absorbed Oxygen. 3. When germinating seeds (which are non green parts of the plant) respire, they release Carbon dioxide gas.

45

:‫خالفس‬٥‫ ج‬ . ‫غٲح‬ٚ‫س ال ٹٮؾو ضٮ‬ٙ‫ؿح‬٥‫رزٳس ج‬٥‫) ج‬1 .‫طـ‬٪٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جألٳ‬٨‫كؿ‬٥ ‫غحٳٹح‬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٮطؽ ٹ‬٪٥‫ ج‬CO2 ٫‫ظ أل‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٣‫طٖٺش خال‬٩ ‫ٶ ٕٺش‬ٞ‫ٲٴجء ٹر‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ ٳقؿ‬،‫غٲح‬ٚ‫ٮحذطس ٭ؾو ضٮ‬٥‫رزٳس ج‬٥‫) ج‬0 . CO2 ‫غٲح‬ٚ‫ ضٮ‬٬٩ ٜ٦‫ا٭ٰ ٹٮي‬ٙ ‫ٮحذطس ٳٱٶ أؾضجء ٭رحضٺس ٕٺش خنشجء‬٥‫رزٳس ج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫ح ضطٮ‬٩‫) ّٮذ‬3

NB Seeds of angiosperms have the power to respire anaerobically if they are kept under anaerobic conditions and produce lactic acid.

B. Green parts of the plant: :‫خنشجء‬٥‫ٮرحضٺس ج‬٥‫ جألؾضجء ج‬

The Apparatus: as the diagram.

Steps: 1. Take a green potted plant, and place it on a glass plate together with a small beaker containing clear lime water. Invert a glass bell-jar over the two. Then cover the jar with a black piece of cloth to stop photosynthesis which will consume CO2. 2. Prepare a similar apparatus, with a pot empty of any cultivated plant. 3. Put some clear lime water in a small beaker between the previous two apparatus, and leave it exposed to the atmospheric air. 4. Leave the 3 apparatus for some time. ‫ؿٺش‬٥‫حء ج‬٩ ٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ٰ‫ٴخ فٖٺش ذ‬١ ‫أط أٳ‬١ ‫ٶ ؾٴجسٯ‬٥‫ٴـ صؾحؾٸ ٳمِ ئ‬٥ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ْٰ‫ٸ أفٺـ فٖٺش ٳم‬ٙ ‫ضسٳّح‬٩ ‫) خز ٭رحش أخنش‬1 ٠٦‫طٸ عٴٗ ضغطٲ‬٥‫نٴتٸ ج‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٘ٝ‫ٴ‬٥ ٠٥‫ ) ٳر‬٤٦ّ ( ‫حػ عٴدجء‬٪ٝ ‫يْس‬ٞ‫ٴط ذ‬ٝ‫ٮح‬٥‫ٴعح صؾحؾٺح ٳٕو ج‬ٝ‫ ٭ح‬٬‫ جالغٮٺ‬ٛ‫ٴ‬ٙ ‫ظ‬٢‫ ٳ٭‬ٜ‫شجت‬٥‫ج‬ .٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫غح٭ٸ أ‬ .ٰ‫ٺ‬ٙ ُ‫ضسٳ‬٩ ‫ أٷ ٭رحش‬٬٩ ‫ح‬٩‫ح‬٪‫ٺح ض‬٥‫ خح‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ جألفٺـ ٹ‬٬٢٥‫ح ٳ‬٩‫ح‬٪‫ ض‬ٜ‫غحذ‬٦٥ ‫حغال‬٪٩ ‫) أّذ ؾٲحصج‬0 .٬٩‫ض‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫طشز‬ٙ ِ‫ٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬ٟ‫ ٳجضش‬،٬‫ٺ‬ٞ‫غحذ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ؿٲحصٹ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫أط فٖٺشز ذٺ‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫حء ؾٺش‬٩ ٬٩ ‫) مِ ذْنح‬3

Observation:  Lime water becomes turbid in beaker no. (1) Only. .‫و‬ٞٙ )1( ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ؿٺش‬٥‫حء ج‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ش‬٢ْ‫ ٹؾحٱذ ض‬

46

Interpretation (conclusion): o In (1), the green plant in the pot has respired and produced CO 2 gas, which causes the turbidity of lime water in the beaker. .‫أط‬٢٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ؿٺش‬٥‫حء ج‬٩ ‫ش‬٢ّ ‫زٷ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ظ ٳأخشؼ غح٭ٸ أ‬ٚ‫ذ ضٮ‬ٝ ‫ٸ جألفٺـ‬ٙ ُ‫ضسٳ‬٪٥‫ٮرحش جألخنش ج‬٥‫) ج‬1( ‫ٸ‬ٙ )1

o The bell-jar was covered with a black piece of cloth in order to keep light away from the green plant and to stop the process of photosynthesis (which uses up CO2 inside the bell-jar which has been released due to respiration). ‫ غح٭ٸ‬٠٦‫طٸ ضغطٲ‬٥‫نٴتٸ ج‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٘ٞ‫ط‬٥ ‫ٮرحش جألخنش‬٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ‫نٴء‬٥‫حػ عٴدجء قطٶ ٹكؿد ج‬٪ٝ ‫يْس‬ٞ‫ضؾحؾٸ ذ‬٥‫ٴط ج‬ٝ‫ٮح‬٥‫ذ ٕيٶ ج‬ٝ  .‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫طقحّذ‬٪٥‫ٴط ج‬ٝ‫ٮح‬٥‫ ٱٴجء ج‬٬٩ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫أ‬ o In (2) and (3), the lime water shows no turbidity due to the small percentage of CO2

whether in the air of the bell-jar or in the atmospheric air. . ‫ؿٴٵ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴط أٳ‬ٝ‫ٮح‬٥‫ٸ ٱٴجء ج‬ٙ ‫ عٴجء‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫قٖش ٭غرس غح٭ٸ أ‬٥ ‫ؿٺش ٭َشج‬٥‫حء ج‬٩ ‫ض‬٢ْ‫ ٹط‬٨٥ ٓ‫حس‬ٚ٥‫ٴط ج‬ٝ‫ٮح‬٥‫) ج‬3( ، )0( ‫ٸ‬ٙ )0

Conclusion: o Green plant respired and expel of CO2. :‫طؿشذس‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ٳٹطنف‬ .٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ظ ٳٹيشد غح٭ٸ أ‬ٚ‫ٮرحش جألخنش ٹطٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ أ‬

Experiment 2: To illustrate the process of alcoholic fermentation: ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٸ‬٥‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫♣ ضؿشذس ضٴمف‬

The Apparatus: as the diagram.

Procedures: 1. Put a sugary solution (or molasses diluted with double of its volume with water) in a conical flask. Add a piece of Yeast and mix it thoroughly. 2. Close the flask with a stopper of rubber through which a delivery tube passes. 3. Dip the free end of the tube into a beaker containing lime water. 4. Leave the apparatus in a warm place for several hours. :‫طؿشذس‬٥‫ خيٴجش ج‬ .‫حء‬٩ ٰ٪‫٘ ذنْ٘ قؿ‬ٚ‫خ‬٪٥‫ جألعٴد ج‬٤‫ْغ‬٥‫ش أٳ ج‬٢‫غ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ٰ‫ٺ‬ٙ ِ‫ م‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫خشٳىٸ ج‬٩ ٛ‫) خز دٳس‬1 .٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٪٥‫ضؾٲح ؾٺذج ذح‬٩‫ٺشز ٳأ‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ذس‬ٝ ٰ‫ٺ‬٥‫) أم٘ ئ‬0 .٤‫ٮٰ أ٭رٴذس ضٴفٺ‬٩ ‫ز‬ٚ‫ ذغذجد ضٮ‬ٛ‫ذٳس‬٥‫) عذ ج‬3 . ‫حء ؾٺش‬٩ ٰ‫أط ذ‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ـ‬٥‫خح‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫طٴفٺ‬٥‫ش ىشٗ أ٭رٴذس ج‬٪ٕ‫) أ‬4 . ‫ة‬ٙ‫ دج‬٫‫ح‬٢٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ؿٲحص ّذز عحّحش‬٥‫ ج‬ٟ‫) أضش‬5

47

Observation: 1. Gas bubbles are seen on the surface of the solution in the flask. 2. Lime water has become turbid. . ‫ؿٺش‬٥‫حء ج‬٩ ‫ش‬٢ْ‫ح ضؾحٱذ أٹنح ض‬٪١ ٛ‫ذٳس‬٥‫كطٴٹحش ج‬٩ ‫ عيف‬ٛ‫ٴ‬ٙ ‫حّحش ٕحصٹس‬ٞٙ ‫ ضؾحٱذ ضقحّذ‬

Conclusion:  Turbidity of lime water is a proof that CO2 gas has been evolved, as a result of the anaerobic respiration of yeast. ٌ‫ ضالق‬٠‫ا٭‬ٙ ٛ‫ذٳس‬٥‫كطٴٹحش ج‬٩ ‫ص‬٪٪‫ ٳئرج ؽ‬، ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫ ضٮ‬٬٩ ‫زٷ ٭طؽ‬٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٶ ضقحّذ ٕحص غح٭ٸ أ‬٦ّ ٣‫ؿٺش ٹذ‬٥‫حء ج‬٩ ‫ش‬٢ْ‫ ض‬ . ) ‫ٸ‬٥‫كٴ‬١ ‫ش‬٪‫ٺشز ( ضخ‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥ ‫ٴٹٮٰ أٹنح ٭طٺؿس‬٢‫ٶ ض‬٦ّ ‫س‬٥‫ ذٲح دال‬٣‫كٴ‬٢٥‫سجتكس ج‬

N.B.:  Acid fermentation is another kind of fermentation, carried out by several kinds of bacteria. It produces an acid instead of alcohol. Many milk products such as cheese, butter, and yoghurt are manufactured by this kind of fermentation. The equation of acid fermentation is : C6H12O6 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + 2ATP ٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٧‫ ٳٹغطخذ‬،٣‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٣‫ل ذذ‬٪‫ٮٰ ق‬٩ ‫طٺشٹح ٳٹٮطؽ‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ُ‫ ذٰ ّذز أ٭ٴج‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ش ض‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫نٸ ٭ٴُ أخش‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬ . ) ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫نٸ ) ق‬٪‫ش ق‬٪‫طٴص ( ضخ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ش ج‬٢‫ضذحدٷ ( ع‬٥‫ضذذ ٳج‬٥‫ ٳج‬٬‫ؿر‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫قٮحّحش‬٥‫ج‬

 Seeds of Angiosperms too, have the power to respire anaerobic ally, if they are kept under anaerobic conditions. .‫ٸ ٍشٳٗ الٱٴجتٺس‬ٙ ‫الٱٴجتٶ ئرج ٳمْص‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫ذسز‬ٞ٥‫رزسٹس ج‬٥‫ٮرحضحش ج‬٥‫رزٳس ج‬٥ 

Experiment (3) : To prove that heat is released during cellular respiration: Tools: 1- Germinated seeds. 2- Dry seeds. 3- Thermometer. 4- Thermo bottle. 5- Rubber plug (wet cotton).

Thermo bottle 

Procedure: 1. Soak pea seeds in water overnight. With oxygen and a suitable environment these seeds will germinate. 2. Kill half of the seeds by placing them in boiling water. 3. Sterilize the surface of the seeds with a sterilizing solution to kill all surface microorganisms. 48

4. Wash the insides of two vacuum flasks with a sterilizing solution to kill all microorganisms. 5. Place the live seeds in one flask (experiment) and the dead seeds in another (control). 6. Insert a thermometer into each flask, record the temperature and seal the flasks with cotton wool. 7. Record the temperature daily over the next five days.

Results: 1- Flask A that contains germinating seeds show rise in temperature; because heat is liberated during respiration. 2- Whereas flask B will not; because the seeds in B have been boiled; this destroys the enzymes  Thus, respiration cannot take place. Conclusion: 1- Only the living seeds caused a temperature rise, therefore respiring organisms produces heat.

49

2- Respiration in man ‫التنفس فى اإلنسان‬

Structure - Mechanism – Respiratory cycle - Center - Respiratory Volumes

Structure of Respiratory System in Man 1. Nose and mouth: An air entrance:  Air enters the body through the nose or the mouth.  It is preferable for air to enter through the nose, from the hygienic point of view, because: a. This passage is warm, as nose is lined with numerous blood capillaries. b. This passage is moist, as it secretes mucous that moisten the air. c. This passage serves as a filter, as it contains hairs that act as a filter.  Adaptation of the nose to its function : a. It is lined with numerous blood capillaries → warmth air. b. It secretes mucous → moisten the air. c. It contains hairs → that act as a filter → separate ducts and microbes. : ٨ٚ٥‫) جأل٭٘ ٳج‬1  :٫‫ أل‬٠٥‫ ) ٳر‬٤٦ّ ( ٨ٚ٥‫ ج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ٰ‫ جأل٭٘ ّٮ‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ‫ٲٴجء‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ دخٴ‬٤‫ن‬ٚ‫ ٹ‬٬٢٥‫ ٳ‬٨‫ؿغ‬٦٥ ‫ٲٴجء‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ذخٴ‬٥ ‫ جألّنحء‬٣‫ أٳ‬ .‫ػٺشز‬١ ‫ٴٹس‬٩‫ة ٹريٮٰ ؽْٺشجش د‬ٙ‫ش دج‬٪٩ ٘‫أ ) جأل٭‬ .‫خحه‬٪٥‫شجصٯ ج‬ٙ‫خ) سىد إل‬ .‫كؿض جألضشذس‬٥ ‫خحه‬٩‫ٶ ؽْش ٳ‬٦ّ ٰ‫ح ٹكطٴٹ‬٪٥ ‫شؽف‬٩ )‫ؾـ‬

 Respiration through the mouth instead of nose lead to: A - defect in the process of gas exchange as a result of entry of cold, dry air into the lungs  resulting in adhesion of the walls of the alveoli and decrease % of solubility of gases (O2 and CO2) in the cold water vapour, which in important in the process of gas exchange  resulting in hypoxia (decrease O2 in blood). B - Inflammation of the airways as a result of entry of air cold and laden with foreign particles. :ٌٝ‫ إ‬ٜ‫ؤد‬٠ ‫اٌزٕفس ِٓ اٌفُ ثذال ِٓ األٔف‬ ‫خ‬١‫ائ‬ٌٛٙ‫صالد ا‬٠ٛ‫ٕزظ اٌزصبق عذساْ اٌؾ‬٠ ‫عبفخ← ِّب‬ٚ ‫سح ثبسدح‬ٛ‫ٓ ثص‬١‫اء ٌٍشئز‬ٌٛٙ‫ي ا‬ٛ‫غخ دخ‬١‫خ رجبدي اٌغبصاد ٔز‬١ٍّ‫ ػ‬ٟ‫ خًٍ ف‬-‫أ‬ ٕٗ‫ٕزظ ػ‬٠ ‫خ رجبدي اٌغبصاد← ِّب‬١ٍّ‫ ػ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫س‬١‫ُ ثطىً سئ‬ٙ‫ رس‬ٟ‫اٌز‬ٚ ‫ ثخبس اٌّبء اٌجبسد‬ٟ‫) ف‬CO2 ٚ O2(‫ثبْ اٌغبصاد‬ٚ‫أخفبض ٔسجخ ر‬ٚ َ‫ٓ اٌذ‬١‫ٔمص أوسغ‬ ‫جخ‬٠‫ِؾّال ثبٌذلبئك اٌغش‬ٚ ‫اء ثبسد‬ٌٛٙ‫ي ا‬ٛ‫غخ دخ‬١‫خ ٔز‬١‫ائ‬ٌٛٙ‫بة اٌطؼت ا‬ٙ‫ اٌز‬-‫ة‬

2. The Pharynx:  Pharynx is a common passage for both air and food (common respiratory and digestive path). Because it is the path of air from the nose and mouth to the respiratory tract. At the

50

same time it is the passage of food during swallowing from the mouth to the digestive system (eosophagus). ‫ٖزجء‬٥‫شٳس ج‬٪٥ ٜ‫ص ىشٹ‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫ٸ ٭‬ٙ ‫ ٳٱٴ‬،٨ٚ٥‫ جأل٭٘ ٳج‬٬٩ ‫غٸ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٲٴجء ئ‬٥‫ش ذس ج‬٪‫ ٹ‬ٜ‫ أل٭س ىشٹ‬ٟ‫ؾطش‬٩ ‫غٶ‬ٚ‫ؿشٵ ٕزجتٸ ضٮ‬٩ ٧‫ْٴ‬٦‫ر‬٥‫ج‬ .٨ٚ٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٸ‬٪‫ٲن‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ئ‬

3. The Larynx:  Cartilaginous organ lies below the pharynx; above the trachea.  Larynx is also known as the voice box because it contains the vocal cord.  It transmits air from pharynx to trachea. .‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٲٴجء ئ‬٥‫ ج‬٤ٞ‫قٴش ضٮ‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ فٮذٳ‬:‫كٮؿشز‬٥‫) ج‬3 

4. The Trachea:  Air enters the trachea through the larynx.  Adaptation of the trachea to its function : 1- The trachea wall supported by a series of cartilage ¾ rings which prevent the trachea wall from collapsing, thus maintaining an open passageway for air. Rings are incomplete from behind: (1) to remain it always open. (2) To allow for esophageal stretching at moment of passage of food bolus. 2- The inner surface of the trachea is lined with cilia which which move from the bottom to the upwards to create air and mucous currents; this impedes the entry of small foreign bodies and moves it to the pharynx, where it can swallow. :‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫) ج‬4  .‫ٲٴجء‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ذخٴ‬٥ ‫شجس‬٪‫طٴقس ذحعط‬ٚ٩ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫ ج‬٤ْ‫ ) ضؿ‬٤٦ّ ( ‫س جالعطذجسز‬٦٩‫ح‬١ ‫ٺس ٕٺش‬ٙ‫حش ٕنشٳ‬ٞ٦‫ٶ ق‬٦ّ ‫أ ) ضكطٴٵ‬ ٧‫ْٴ‬٦‫ر‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٲح ئ‬٢‫ٖشٹرس ذطكشٹ‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ‫حت‬ٝ‫ذ‬٥‫ جألضشذس ٳج‬٬٩ ‫ٲٴجء‬٥‫ٺس ج‬ٞ‫ٶ ضٮ‬٦ّ ٤٪ْ‫ط‬٥ ) ٤٦ّ ( ) ‫حرج‬٪٥ ( ‫شجس‬٪‫ٶ ذحعط‬٦ّ‫ٶ أ‬٥‫س ئ‬١‫طكش‬٩ ‫ ذأٱذجخ‬٬‫خ) ضري‬ .ِ٦‫ ضرط‬٫‫ أ‬٬٢٪‫قٺع ٹ‬ ٬‫ٲٴجتٺطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ؾْرطٺ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٶ ئ‬٦ٚ‫غ‬٥‫ٲح ج‬ٙ‫ٲٴجتٺس ّٮذ ىش‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫شُ ج‬ٚ‫ؾـ) ضط‬

5. The two bronchi:  The trachea is divided at its lower end into two bronchi.  Each bronchus enters a lung, where it divides and sub-divides into progressively smaller and smaller bronchioles.  Each bronchiole finally opens into one of the many alveoli (air sacs), of which there are about 600 millions per lung. ٔ٦‫ٲٴجتٺس ) ٹر‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ؿذس ضغٮٶ ( ج‬٥‫س ج‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫ٺحط ٱٴجتٺس س‬١‫أفٖش ضٮطٲٸ ذأ‬ٙ ‫ٶ ؽْٺرحش أفٖش‬٥‫ٲح ئ‬٦‫شُ ذذجخ‬ٚ‫ٶ ستس ٳضط‬٥‫ح ئ‬٪‫ٮٲ‬٩ ٤١ ٤‫ضذخ‬ . ‫ٴٹس‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٢‫خحسؼ ذؾر‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫كحىس‬٩‫س ٳ‬٦‫ قٴٹق‬٫‫ٺٴ‬٦٩ 655 ‫ٴجقذز ٭كٴ‬٥‫شتس ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ّذدٱح‬

6. Bronchioles:  Each bronchiole finally opens into one of the many alveoli. 7- Alveoli ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ج‬  Alveoli (air sacs) are thin wall sacs present at the terminal part of bronchioles.

51

 Each lung contains about 600 millions alveoli; surrounded by a large network of blood capillaries. Water moist its inner wall.  The alveolar walls are considered the actual respiratory surface, because : (1) It is very thin and surrounded with a large network of blood capillaries; where gas exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries, blood in capillaries receives oxygen from the alveolar air and carries it to the rest of the body, while the alveoli receive CO2 from blood capillaries to get rid off. (2) the walls is thin to facilitate exchange of gases. (3) Walls are moist to facilitate dissolution of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange. (4) Wall surrounding by a huge network of capillaries its blood picks up oxygen from the air sacs and transmitted it to the body cells. (5) The number of alveoli in the lung about 600 million per lung, which increases the respiratory surface area. ‫و‬ٞ‫ط‬٦‫ٴٹس قٺع ٹ‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٪‫س مخ‬٢‫ ؽر‬٬٩ ‫ح ٹكٺو ذٲح‬٪٥ ) ٤٦ّ ( ‫ٺس‬٦ْٙ ‫غٺس‬ٚ‫ٲٴجتٺس أعيف ضٮ‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٦٥ ‫س‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫ش‬٥‫ؿذس ج‬٥‫ ضْطرش ج‬ .ٰ‫ٮ‬٩ ‫ـ‬٦‫طخ‬٦٥ ‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ئ‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ أ‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ٳٹيشد ج‬٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٝ‫ٶ ذح‬٥‫ٲح ئ‬٦ٞ‫كٴٹقالش ٳٹٮ‬٥‫ ٱٴجء ج‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٲح جألٳ‬٩‫د‬

 Blood in the capillaries receives Oxygen from the alveolar air and carries it to the rest of the body.  It gives out CO2 to the alveoli in return, so that it may get rid of it.  Adaptation of air alveoli to its function: 1 – It number are very large (up to 600 million alveolus per lung) and this works to increase the respiratory surface area→ provide the body with O2 needed. 2 - Its walls are characterized by: (a) It is moist by water vapor and the moisture is necessary for dissolution of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases making gas exchange between the moist air and blood capillaries surrounding the alveoli easy. (b) It is thin and surrounded from outside by a huge network of capillaries and these speeds up the process of gas exchange. So alveoli is actual respiratory surfaces where both oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolves in the water vapor mounting the walls of the alveoli, then the exchange of gases occurs by diffusion through the thin walls as follows: oxygen move from the alveoli to blood capillaries while carbon dioxide moves from the blood capillaries into the alveoli . .‫غٺس‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫غحقس جألعيف ج‬٩ ‫ٶ صٹحدز‬٦ّ ٤٪ْ‫ ستس ٳٱزج ٹ‬٤٢٥ ‫س‬٦‫ قٴٹق‬٫‫ٺٴ‬٦٩ 655 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٤‫رٺش ٹق‬١ ‫ ّذدٱح‬-1 ٤‫ح ٹغٲ‬٪٩ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ٳ غح٭ٸ أ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ٕحصٷ جأل‬٫‫ٺس رٳذح‬٦٪ْ٥ ‫شىٴذس مشٳسٹس‬٥‫حء ٳٱزٯ ج‬٪٥‫ ذخحس ج‬٤ْٚ‫ (أ) سىرس ذ‬: ‫ٺض ؾذسج٭ٲح ذأ٭ٲح‬٪‫ ضط‬-0 .‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫كٺيس ذح‬٪٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫شىد ٳد‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٖحصجش ذٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ٬٩ . ‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ٬٩ ُ‫ٴٹس ٳٱزج ٹغش‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٪‫س مخ‬٢‫خحسؼ ذؾر‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫كحىس‬٩‫س ٳ‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫(خ) س‬ ‫طٲح‬ٚ‫ٴٍٺ‬٥ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٺس أٳ ضالت‬٦ْٙ ‫غٺس‬ٚ‫ٲٴجتٺس أعيف ضٮ‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ضْطرش ج‬ ‫ؿذس‬٥ ‫شىد‬٪٥‫حء ج‬٪٥‫ٸ ذخحس ج‬ٙ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ٳغح٭ٸ أ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٬٩ ٤١ ‫ٺس قٺع ٹزٳخ‬٦ْٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫ٲٴجتٺس أعيف ضٮ‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ضْطرش ج‬٠٥‫ز‬٥ ‫ح‬٪‫ؾْٺشجش ذٺٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٶ د‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ئ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٤ٞ‫ ٹٮط‬:‫حالضٶ‬١ ‫س‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫ش‬٥‫ؿذس ج‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ خال‬٬٩ ‫ٖحصجش ذحال٭طؾحس‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ٨‫ ضط‬٨‫كٴٹقالش غ‬٥‫ج‬ ‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ئ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ د‬٬٩ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ أ‬٤ٞ‫ٹٮط‬

8- The two lungs:  Each animal, and also Man possesses two lungs, a right lung, and a left lung.  Each Lung formed of spongy, expandable, elastic tissues, consists of alveoli, and bronchioles together with a huge network of capillaries.  Alveoli together with the huge network of capillaries surrounding them is the structural and functional unit of a lung; at which exchange of gases takes place  The right lung divided into 3 lobes while the left lung divided into two lobes. 52

 Function of the lungs: (1) Gas exchange between blood and air. (2) Excretion of excess water. (3) Excretion of CO2 produced from metabolism. . ‫ٮٶ ٳٹغشٵ‬٪‫ ٹ‬٫‫ ستطح‬٫‫إل٭غح‬٥‫ٴٹس ٳ‬٩‫ ؽْٺشجش د‬٬٩ ‫ ذٲح‬٤‫ح ٹطق‬٩‫ٲٴجتٺس ٳ‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ٬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ضط‬

Adaptation of lung to its function:  Its tissue is elastic to facilitate its expansion during inspiration.  The human lungs are characterized by having a large surface area through which gas exchange occurs. .‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٰ ضرحد‬٥‫ خال‬٬٩ ٨‫رٺشج ٹط‬١ ‫غٺح‬ٚ‫ح عيف ضٮ‬٪‫ٲ‬٥ ٫‫ ذأ‬٫‫ٸ جإل٭غح‬ٙ ٫‫شتطح‬٥‫ٺض ج‬٪‫ ضط‬

 Its alveoli adapted to its function …..etc  Lung ventilation (aeration): During each respiratory cycle (inspiration and expiration), the aeration of the lungs does not exceed 10% from the whole volume of lungs (its capacity). This ratio varies according to: a. The state of the individual between rest and exhaustion. b. The depth of the inspiration. So changes in the rate and depth of respiration are accompanied with similar changes in heart beats. This is regulated by respiratory center in medulla oblongata of brain. ‫ضٹحدز‬٥‫ـ أٳ ذح‬ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫ٮغرس ذح‬٥‫حٳش ٱزٯ ج‬ٚ‫ذ ضط‬ٝ‫غٺس ٳ‬ٚ‫ دٳسز ضٮ‬٤١ ٣‫ٲح خال‬٥ ‫ٺس‬٦٢٥‫غْس ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫و‬ٞٙ % 15 ٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫تس ج‬.‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ال ضطح‬:٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫♣ ضٲٴٹس ج‬ ٣‫ْذ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫طٖٺشجش‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫يرٺْٸ ئ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫أ٭س‬ٙ ٠٥‫ز‬٥ .‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ّٮذ ج‬ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٪ّ ‫ذٵ‬٩ )0.‫طْد‬٥‫شجقس أٳ ج‬٥‫ قٺع ج‬٬٩ ٫‫س جإل٭غح‬٥‫) قح‬1 :‫ٸ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٩ ‫قغد‬ .‫خ‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٤‫غطيٺ‬٪٥‫ٮخحُ ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ض ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ٠٥‫ ر‬٨َ‫د ٳٹٮ‬٦ٞ٥‫ مشذحش ج‬٣‫ْذ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫س‬٦‫حغ‬٪٩ ‫ ٹقحقرٲح ضٖٺشجش‬٫‫ظ ال ذذ أ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٪ّ‫ ٳ‬٫‫عشٹح‬

 At the end of expiration, a part of air is always left in the lungs. Because air always left in the is lungs characterized by: (1) warm. (2) Rich in water vapour. So its presence leads to : (1) Warm the new air coming to the lungs rapidly, because air always left in the lungs is warm. (2) Prevent the adhesion of the internal alveoli membranes from the inside because air always left in the lungs is rich in water vapour (moist). (3) Keep the wall of the alveoli moist which it important to dissolve oxygen and CO2 during gas exchange between alveoli and blood in the surrounding capillaries. ‫حء‬٪٥‫ة ٳٕٮٶ ذرخحس ج‬ٙ‫ٺض ذأ٭س دج‬٪‫ٸ ٹط‬ٞ‫طر‬٪٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ ٳٱزج ج‬،‫شز‬٪‫غط‬٩ ‫س‬ٚ‫ٲٴجء ذق‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضء‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٘٦‫ا٭ٰ ٹطخ‬ٙ ‫ٺش‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٨‫ ضط‬٫‫ ذْذ أ‬ :‫ٸ جألضٸ‬ٙ ٨‫ ٳؾٴدز ٹغٲ‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ٠٥‫ز‬٥ .‫ة‬ٙ‫ ذغشّس قٺع ج٭ٰ دج‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ئ‬٤‫ذجخ‬٥‫ؿذٹذ ج‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ثس ج‬ٙ‫) ضذ‬1 .)‫حء (سىد‬٪٥‫ قٺع ج٭ٰ ٕٮٶ ذرخحس ج‬٤‫ذجخ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ؾذس ج‬ٛ‫طقح‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٶ ّذ‬٦ّ ٌٙ‫) ٹكح‬0 ٬٩ ٤١ ٫‫زٳذح‬٥ ‫شىٴذس مشٳسٹس‬٥‫ٲٴجتٺس سىرس ٳٱزٯ ج‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ح ؾذجس ج‬٩‫ دج‬٤ْ‫شىد ٹؿ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ‫حء‬٪٥‫) ٳقٺع أ٭س ٕٮٶ ذرخحس ج‬3 .‫ٴٹس‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫كٺو ذٲح‬٪٥‫ ج‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ٳج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫س ذٺ‬٥‫ٖحصجش ذغٲٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ٨‫ٸ ضط‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ٳذح‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ٳغح٭ٸ أ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫جأل‬

53

Nose Larynx Trachea

Bronchi

Rt lung Diaphragm Respiratory system in man

Q – How to explain: changes in the rate and depth of respiration are accompanied with similar changes in heart beats? A- Because respiratory center in the medulla oblongata of brain regulate this changes. This center coordinate between rate of respiration and rate of heart beat to make volume of air enter the alveoli proportional with the amount of blood passing in capillaries surrounding the alveoli so gas exchange occurs efficiently. ‫د ؟‬٦ٞ٥‫ مشذحش ج‬٣‫ْذ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫س‬٦‫حغ‬٪٩ ‫ ٹقحقرس ضٖٺشجش‬٫‫ظ الذذ ٳج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٪ّ‫ عشّس ٳ‬٣‫ْذ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ أٷ ضٖٺش‬: ‫غش‬ٚ‫ح ض‬٪‫ ذ‬-‫ط‬ ٠٥‫د ٳر‬٦ٞ٥‫ظ ٳ٭رل ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ عشّس ج‬٬‫ ذٺ‬ٜ‫ْقرٸ ٹٮغ‬٥‫ض ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ ٳٱزج ج‬. ‫خ‬٪٥‫ٵح‬ٙ ٤‫غطيٺ‬٪٥‫ٮخحُ ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ض ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ٠٥‫ ر‬٨َ‫زٵ ٹٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ أل‬٠٥‫ؼ – ٳر‬ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫كٺيس ذح‬٪٥‫ٴٹس ج‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ش‬٪‫طٸ ض‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ ِ٩ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫زٷ ٹذخ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٸ ٹطٮحعد قؿ‬٢٥ . ‫حءز‬ٚ٢‫ٖحجش ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ٨‫ٸ ضط‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ٳذح‬

54

Mechanism of respiration in Man : ) ٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ( ضٲٴٹس ج‬٫‫ٸ جإل٭غح‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٢‫ح٭ٺ‬٢‫ٺ‬٩ ♣

 The mechanism that regularly move lungs during gases exchange.  The inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli is brought about by the expansion of the chest during inspiration and contraction of the chest during expiration.  The lungs follow passively the change in the chest size because between the visceral pleura of the lung and the parietal pleura of the chest there is a thin layer of serous fluid. The cohesive forces within this layer make lung follow chest.  Mechanism of respiration in Man is the responsibility of: 1- The diaphragm: The main respiratory muscle; below the lungs, separating chest cavity from abdominal cavity, at rest the diaphragm is domes up. Paralysis of the diaphragm muscle leads to death, because diaphragm muscle is the main muscle of respiration mechanism. ‫س‬٥‫ْح‬ٙ ‫ ذقٴسز‬٨‫طٸ ضغٲ‬٥‫شتٺغٺس ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ْن‬٥‫كحؾض ضْطرش ج‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ ّن‬٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫ ٳر‬ٜٞ‫ك‬٪٥‫ٴش ج‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫كحؾض ٹإدٵ ئ‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ٸ ّن‬ٙ ٤٦‫ؽ‬ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٥‫ٸ ئ‬ٙ

2- The internal and external intercostals muscles: Two groups of internal and external chest muscles that move the ribs. .

NB - Respiratory tract of mammals is characterized by the presence of respiratory muscle called the diaphragm and intercostals muscles. :‫ٸ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪‫ػذٹٺحش ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٖٺشٯ‬١ ٫‫ٸ جإل٭غح‬ٙ ‫غٸ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫ٺض ج‬٪‫ ٹط‬ .‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٥‫ٸ آ‬ٙ ‫س أعحعٺس‬ٚ‫ ذق‬٨‫كحؾض ٳٱٶ ضغٲ‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٪‫غٺس ضغ‬ٚ‫س ضٮ‬٦‫ ٳؾٴد ّن‬-1 ُ‫ٴ‬٦‫ن‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٶ ضكشٹ‬٦ّ ٫‫ال‬٪ْ‫خحسؾٺس ض‬٥‫ٺس ٳج‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫قذسٹس ج‬٥‫ْنالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٬‫ٴّطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ ٳؾٴد‬-0

Respiratory cycle:  During rest a normal adult breathes 16 times (cycles) per minute.  Each respiratory cycle consists of two processes: A- Inspiration (inhalation): taking in oxygen. A B- Expiration (exhalation): giving off carbon dioxide. C- Expiratory pause ….period of rest may be present. .‫ٺش‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ ج‬-0

B C

ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ ج‬-1 :‫ح‬٪‫ ٱ‬٬‫ٺطٺ‬٦٪ّ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٤٪‫ ضؾط‬ :‫غٺس‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ذٳسز ج‬٥‫♣ ج‬

 During inspiration: (active process) - The intercostals muscle contract, thus moving the ribs up and forward  increase diameter of chest. - The diaphragm muscle contracts  move downward (become flatten) increase the length of the chest. - Contraction of intercostals muscles & diaphragm lead to increase the size of chest cavity (thoracic cage).

55

- Increase the size of chest cavity  decrease pressure inside the chest cavity and lungs which become lower than the eternal pressure. - The outside air flows from the outside through the nose and downwards through the trachea and finally into the lungs. - The lungs expands and its size increase  narrowing of pleural cavity (vacuum surrounding the lungs in the chest cavity). . ‫ل‬ٚ‫ ٳضٮخ‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤ٚ‫كحؾض أع‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫رل ّن‬ٞ‫) ضٮ‬0 ..‫ل‬ٚ‫ْٲح ٳضٮخ‬ٙ‫طش‬٥ ُ‫ٴ‬٦‫ن‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫طٸ ذٺ‬٥‫ْنالش ج‬٥‫رل ج‬ٞ‫) ضٮ‬1 ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ئ‬٨‫ جأل٭٘ غ‬٤‫ٶ دجخ‬٥‫خحسؾٸ ئ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٙ‫ٺٮذ‬ٙ ‫ٸ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ـ مٖيٰ ج‬ٞ‫ٸ ٹٮ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ٳذح‬،‫قذسٷ‬٥‫طؿٴٹ٘ ج‬٥‫شجٓ ج‬ٙ ٨‫ قؿ‬٠٥‫ٺضٹذ ذز‬ٙ )3 .٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ح‬ٙ

 During expiration (passive process): - The intercostals muscles relax, thus moving the ribs down  decrease diameter of chest. - The diaphragm relaxes return to its resting position (domes up). - Relaxation of intercostals muscles & diaphragm lead to decrease the volume of the chest cavity. - The internal pressure increases to be much more than the external pressure. - Air is forced outside the lungs. - The lungs retract and its size decrease  widening of pleural cavity. . ‫ٶ‬٦ّ‫ٶ أ‬٥‫ِ ئ‬ٚ‫كحؾض ٳضشض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫) ٳضشضخٶ ّن‬0 .ُ‫ٴ‬٦‫ن‬٥‫) ضشضخٸ ّنالش ج‬1 .٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٶ خحسؼ ج‬٥‫ٲٴجء ئ‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٙ‫ٺٮذ‬ٙ ‫ٸ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫نٖو ج‬٥‫قذسٷ ٳٹضٹذ ج‬٥‫طؿٴٹ٘ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ـ قؿ‬ٞ‫ٺٮ‬٥ ‫ْش‬ٞ‫) ٳضط‬3

Inspiration

Expiration

56

Intercostals muscles Diaphragm Size of the chest cavity

Pressure inside the chest cavity and lungs Lungs size: The pleural cavity

Inhalation Contract to rise the ribs up.

Exhalation Relaxed, to descend the ribs down.

Contract to the bottom to be flat. As a result of contraction of the intercostals muscles and diaphragm muscle the size of the chest cavity increase. As a result of widening the size of the thoracic cage, the pressure inside the chest cavity and lungs decrease than outside pressure. This leads to a rush of air into the lungs causes it to expand and increase in size. The pleural cavity narrow.

Relax, so it return doomed up (concave). 3. As a result of relaxation of intercostals muscles and diaphragm the size of the chest cavity decrees. As a result of decreasing the size of the thoracic cage, the pressure inside the chest cavity and lungs increase than outside pressure. This leads to a rush of air out of the lungs and decrease in size. The pleural cavity expands.

Pleural cavity

Q- Explain the role of diaphragm and intercostals muscles in Mechanism of respiration in Man? With draw inspiration and expiration? ‫ ؾذجججججججججج‬٧‫ٱحجججججججججججججج‬ ِAControl of respiration: (respiratory center)  This is regulated by the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata in the brain.  Respiratory centers control both respiratory rate and heart rate. So any changes in the rate of speed and depth of respiration must be accompanied by similar changes in heart rate, so that the amount of air entering the alveoli is proportional to the amount of blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli, so the process of gas exchange occurs efficiently. :‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ض ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ♣ .‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٪ّ‫ عشّطٰ ٳ‬٣‫ْذ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫طٖٺش‬٥‫ح ٹٮحعد ج‬٪‫د ذ‬٦ٞ٥‫ مشذحش ج‬٣‫ْذ‬٩ ٨‫ ذطٮَٺ‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫خ ٳٹ‬٪٥‫ ذح‬٤‫غطيٺ‬٪٥‫ٮخحُ ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ ٹٴؾذ‬

57

٫‫ظ الذذ أ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٪ّ‫ عشّس ٳ‬٣‫ْذ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ جٵ ضٖٺشجش‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ قطٶ ض‬٠٥‫د ٳر‬٦ٞ٥‫ مشذحش ج‬٣‫ْذ‬٩‫ظ ٳ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ عشّس ج‬٬٩ ٤١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ض ج‬١‫شج‬٩ ٨٢‫ضطك‬ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ِ٩ ‫طٮحعرس‬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫طٸ ضذخ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ مشٳسٷ قطٶ ض‬٠٥‫د ٳر‬٦ٞ٥‫ مشذحش ج‬٣‫ْذ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫س‬٦‫حغ‬٪٩ ‫ٹقحقرٲح ضٖٺشجش‬ ‫حءز‬ٚ٢‫ٖحصجش ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ٨‫طط‬ٙ ‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫كٺيس ذح‬٪٥‫ٴٹس ج‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫طٸ ضشد ج‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ج‬

Respiratory Volumes

 Tidal volume (TV) is the volume of air during each respiratory cycle. 500 ml.  Inspiratory reserve volume (IR) is the additional volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled following a normal inspiration.3500 ml.  Expiratory reserve volume (ER) is the additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled following a normal expiration. 1500 ml.  Residual volume (RV) is that volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration. 1200 ml.  Vital capacity (VC) is the maximal volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximal inspiration. VC = TV + IR + ER. 5500 ml.  Functional residual volume (FRV) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration. FRC = RV + ER. 2700 ml.  Inspiratory Capacity: amount of air that can be inspired over FRC. 4000 ml.  Total lung capacity (TLC) is the volume of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. TLC = FRV + TV + IR = VC + RV . 6700 ml.

58

‫‪BIOLOGY‬‬ ‫)‪Unit (I‬‬

‫‪Structure and function of living organisms‬‬

‫اٌزشو‪١‬ت ‪ٚ‬اٌ‪ٛ‬ظ‪١‬فخ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ‪١‬خ‬

‫(دػبء لجً اٌّزاوشح)‬ ‫ال اٌٗ إال اهلل اٌؾٍ‪ ُ١‬اٌىش‪ - ُ٠‬ال اٌٗ إال اهلل اٌؼٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌؼظ‪ - ُ١‬ال اٌٗ إال اهلل سة اٌؼشش اٌؼظ‪ ،ُ١‬اٌٍ‪ ُٙ‬أ‪ٝ‬‬ ‫اسبٌه ف‪ ُٙ‬إٌج‪ٚ ،ٓ١١‬ؽفظ اٌّشسٍ‪ٚ ،ٓ١‬أٌ‪ٙ‬بَ اٌّالئىخ اٌّمشث‪ٚ ،ٓ١‬اْ رغؼً ٌسبٔ‪ ٟ‬ػبِشاً ثزوشن‪ٚ ،‬لٍج‪ٟ‬‬ ‫ٍِ‪١‬ئ ًب ثخط‪١‬زه‪ٚ ،‬أسشاسٔب ٌؽبػزه‪ ،‬فأٔذ ؽسج‪ٔٚ ٟ‬ؼُ اٌ‪ٛ‬و‪ ،ً١‬أه ػٍ‪ ٝ‬وً ضٕئ لذ‪٠‬ش‪.‬‬

‫(دّحء ذْذ ج‪٪٥‬زج‪١‬شز)‬ ‫ج‪٦٥‬ٲ‪ ٨‬أ٭ٶ جعطٴدّط‪٩ ٠‬ح ‪ٝ‬شأش‪ ،‬ٳ‪٩‬ح ‪ٙ‬ٲ‪٪‬ص‪ ،‬ٳ‪٩‬ح ق‪َٚ‬ص‪ٙ ،‬شدز ئ‪٥‬ٶ ّٮذ قحؾطٸ ئ‪٥‬ٺٰ‪،‬‬ ‫ج٭‪٦ّ ٠‬ٶ ‪ ٤١‬ؽة ‪ٝ‬ذٹش ٳقغرٮح جهلل ٳ٭ْ‪ ٨‬ج‪٥‬ٴ‪١‬ٺ‪.٤‬‬

‫‪59‬‬

‫ب‬ٕٙ‫أسئٍخ ِغبة ػ‬ ٣‫جألٳ‬ 1 - G.R.: in large animals blood must be connected with respiratory medium? A - Because most of its cells living in the depths of the body far from the respiratory medium, so it is difficult for oxygen to reach to it . Communication of blood with respiratory medium allow blood to take oxygen and transferee it to cells , and release of carbon dioxide resulting from cell respiration to outside which is what is happens inside the lungs. ‫غٶ ؟‬ٞ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٴعو ج‬٥‫ ذح‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ ٹطق‬٫‫ أ‬٧‫ض‬٦‫ ٹ‬٨‫كؿ‬٥‫رٺشز ج‬١ ‫كٺٴج٭حش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ : ٤٦ّ - 1 ‫ أخز‬٧‫ذ‬٦٥ ‫ٴعو ٹطٺف‬٥‫ ذح‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ٳجضقح‬.‫ٺٲح‬٥‫ ئ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٣‫رقْد ٳفٴ‬ٙ ‫غٸ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٴعو ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ‫ ذْٺذز‬٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ح‬٪ّ‫ٸ أ‬ٙ ‫د خالٹحٱح ضْٺؼ‬٦ٕ‫ أ‬٫‫ أل‬-‫ؼ‬ .٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ح ٹكذظ دجخ‬٩ ‫خحسؼ ٳٱٴ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫خالٹح ئ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫ ضٮ‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ أ‬ٛ‫ ئىال‬٠٥‫ز‬١‫خالٹح ٳ‬٥‫ ج‬٠٦‫ٶ ض‬٥‫س ئ‬٦‫طٴفٺ‬٥ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫جأل‬

2 - G.R.: pharynx is a common respiratory and digestive path? A - Because it is the path of air from the nose and mouth to the respiratory tract. At the same time it is the passage of food from the mouth to the digestive system. ‫؟‬ٟ‫ؾطش‬٩ ‫غٶ‬ٚ‫ؿشٵ ٕزجتٸ ضٮ‬٩ ٧‫ْٴ‬٦‫ر‬٥‫ ج‬:٤٦ّ -0 .٨ٚ٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٸ‬٪‫ٲن‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٖزجء ئ‬٥‫شٳس ج‬٪٥ ٜ‫ص ىشٹ‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫ٸ ٭‬ٙ ‫ ٳٱٴ‬،٨ٚ٥‫ جأل٭٘ ٳج‬٬٩ ‫غٸ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٲٴجء ئ‬٥‫ش ذس ج‬٪‫ ٹ‬ٜ‫ أل٭س ىشٹ‬-‫ؼ‬

3 - G.R.: the alveoli walls are actual respiratory surfaces? A - Because it is very thin and surrounded by a huge network of capillaries, which facilitate the exchange of gases. ‫ٺس ؟‬٦ْٙ ‫غٺس‬ٚ‫ٲٴجتٺس ضْطرش أعيف ضٮ‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ؾذس ج‬:٤٦ّ -3 . ‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ٤‫ح ٹغٲ‬٪٩ ‫ٴٹس‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٪‫س مخ‬٢‫كحىس ذؾر‬٩‫س ؾذج ٳ‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫ أل٭ٲح س‬-‫ؼ‬

4 - G.R.: Man can get economic benefit from respiration of some types of bacteria? A - When some types of bacteria breath anaerobically  produced lactic acid instead of alcohol  this type called acid fermentation. Man benefit from this in many industries such as milk, cheese, butter and yogurt. ‫طشٹح ؟‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ظ ذْل أ٭ٴجُ ج‬ٚ‫ ضٮ‬٬٩ ‫طقحدٹح‬ٝ‫ ج‬٫‫ٺذ جإل٭غح‬ٚ‫ ٹغط‬:٤٦ّ -4 ‫ٺذ‬ٚ‫ ٳٹغط‬،‫نٸ‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٮٴُ ج‬٥‫ٶ ٱزج ج‬٦ّ ٜ٦‫ ٳٹي‬،٣‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ذذال‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫طٺشٹح ال ٱٴجتٺح ٹٮطؽ ق‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ظ ذْل أ٭ٴجُ ج‬ٚ‫ح ضطٮ‬٩‫ ّٮذ‬-‫ؼ‬ .‫ضذحدٷ‬٥‫ضذذ ٳج‬٥‫ ٳج‬٬‫ؿر‬٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫رح‬٥‫ جأل‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫قٮحّحش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٠٥‫ ر‬٬٩ ٫‫جإل٭غح‬

5 - Compare the alcoholic fermentation and acid fermentation ? Point of comparison Site End product

Alcoholic fermentation

‫نٸ ؟‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٸ ٳج‬٥‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ ذٺ‬٫‫حس‬ٝ -5 Acid fermentation

Some fungi as yeast Ethyl alcohol + CO2

Muscles and some types of bacteria Lactic acid

6 - How do you prove by experiment that carbon dioxide evolved through respiration of green plants? ‫خنشجء ؟‬٥‫ٮرحضحش ج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫ ضٮ‬٣‫ خال‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ أ‬ٛ‫طؿشذس ج٭يال‬٥‫ٺ٘ ضػرص ذح‬١ -6

7 – Correct the error in the following statements with fixed what is above the line? A – Oxidation of one molecule Glucose in aerobic respiration produces 2 Molecules of ATP. (Answer: Produced 38 Molecules of ATP) 60

B - The first intermediate compound produced in Krebs cycle is citric acid. (Answer: ketoglutaric) ‫ح ضكطس خو؟‬٩ ‫ِ ضػرٺص‬٩ ‫ْرحسجش جٻضٺس‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫خيأ‬٥‫ فٴخ ج‬-7 )ATP ‫ ؾضب‬33 ‫ ؟ (ٹٮطؽ‬ATP ‫ ؾضب‬0 ‫ٲٴجتٸ ٹٮطؽ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬٢‫ٺ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ؾضب ج‬١‫ ّٮذ أ‬-‫أ‬ ) ٠‫ٴضشٹ‬٦‫ٺطٴؾ‬٢٥‫ (ج‬. ٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫شذظ ٱٴ ق‬١ ‫ٸ دٳسز‬ٙ ‫د ٳعيٶ ٹٮطؽ‬١‫ش‬٩ ٣‫ أٳ‬-‫خ‬

8 – Aerobic Oxidation of one molecule of glucose produces 38 Molecules of ATP. Explain this mathematically only? Stages Glycolysis : Split of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid Conversion of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid to acetyl 2 krebs cycle

Total

‫و ؟‬ٞٙ ‫ قغحذٺح‬٠٥‫غش ر‬ٙ ..ATP. ‫ ؾضب‬33 ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ؿضب ٳجقذ‬٥ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ جأل‬٬ّ ‫ ٹٮطؽ‬-3 NADH molecules FAD H2 molecules ATP Total ATP molecules 2 x 3 = 6 ATP (each 2 6+2= 8 NADH gives to 3 ATP through electron transport chain ) 2 x 3 = 6 ATP 6

6 x 3 = 18ATP

10 x 3 = 30ATP

2 x 2 = APT (each FADH2 gives 2 ATP through electron transport chain ) 2 x 2= 4ATP

2

18 + 4 + 2 = 24

4

30 + 4 + 4 = 38

9 – What are the main stages of aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose? Its sites? A - (1) Glycolysis: occur in cytosole. (2) Krebs cycle: occurs in mitochondria. (3) Electron transport chain: occurs in mitochondria. ‫ قذٳغٲح؟‬٬١‫ح‬٩‫ قذد أ‬٨‫ٲٴجتٸ ؟ غ‬٥‫ٴٷ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٴص أغٮحء ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ؾضب ج‬١‫ٸ أ‬ٙ ٨‫طٸ ضط‬٥‫ جألعحعٺس ج‬٤‫شجق‬٪٥‫ش ج‬١‫ أر‬-9 ‫ (ضكذظ‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جأل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫) ع‬3( . )‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫شذظ (ضكذظ‬١ ‫) دٳسز‬0( .)٣‫غٺطٴعٴ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴص (ضكذظ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫س أذؾيحس ج‬٦‫شق‬٩ )1( -‫ؼ‬ . )‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ

10 - Explain the difference between gas exchange and cellular respiration? ‫ٴٷ ؟‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٖحصٷ ٳج‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫طرحد‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ ذٺ‬ٛ‫ش‬ٚ٥‫ ٳمف ج‬-15 ACellular respiration

Gas exchange Definition: It is the process by which the living organism It is the process by which cells of living organism uptake Oxygen and release CO2 : extracted energy from bonds in the food 1- In unicellular animals: it occurs by direct molecules (glucose) manufactured by the plant or diffusion to and from atmospheric air. eaten by the animal, and use this energy by the 2- In multicellalar animals: Through respiratory cell to perform its vital functions and generating system molecules of ATP inside the cells of living organism. Aim: uptake Oxygen and release CO2 release the energy and use by the cell to perform its vital functions and activities Waste products: - CO2 & Water. Site : Occurs within the cell Occurs at the lung alveoli Cells takes oxygen from blood and gives CO2 blood takes oxygen from the respiratory medium

61

obtained from the cell resoiration to the blood.

and gives CO2 obtained from the tissues to the respiratory medium.

‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ج‬ ‫ٮٲح‬٩ ‫ططكشس‬٥ ٧‫يْح‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥ ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ ضكذظ دجخ‬٧‫ٺس ٱذ‬٦٪ّ ‫كٺٴٹس‬٥‫ٲح ٳأ٭ؾيطٲح ج‬ٚ‫ٸ ٳٍحت‬ٙ ٧‫ ضغطخذ‬٫‫ أ‬٬٢٪‫طٸ ٹ‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ج‬ .‫حء‬٪٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ غح٭ٸ أعٺذ ج‬٠٥‫ز‬٥ ٘٦‫ٳٹطخ‬

‫ٖحصٵ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫طرحد‬٥‫ج‬ ‫ٺس‬٦ّ ٜ٦‫ ٳٹي‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫غٸ دجخ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٴعو ج‬٥‫ ذح‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس أ٭قح‬٦٪ّ ‫غٸ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٴعو ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫شتٴٹس قٺع ٹأخز ج‬٥‫طٲٴٹس ج‬٥‫ج‬ ‫ أ٭غؿس‬٬٩ ٰ‫ٺ‬٦ّ ٤‫زٷ قق‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٺس غح٭ٸ أأ‬٥‫ ئ‬ٜ٦‫ٳٹي‬ .٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ج‬

11 – In the following figure in front of you: (a) Mention the final results of the change, which happens to a molecules of glucose in each case where the points. (b) What is called each of the processes (2.3, 4)? ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٜ٦‫حرج ٹي‬٩ )‫ (خ‬.‫و‬ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬٢٩ ‫س‬٥‫ قح‬٤١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ؿضب ج‬٥ ‫زٷ ٹكذظ‬٥‫طٖٺش ج‬٦٥ ‫ٮٲحتٺس‬٥‫ٮطحتؽ ج‬٥‫ش ج‬١‫ (أ) أر‬:٠٩‫ح‬٩‫ أ‬٧‫شعٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ -11 ‫)؟‬4 ، 3 ، 0( ‫ٺحش‬٦٪ْ٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤١

(3)

(2)

Answer (A) :

Answer (B) : 1- Process (2) → Alcoholic fermentation. 2- Process (3) → Aerobic cellular respiration. 3- Process (4) → Acidic fermentation.

62

‫س‬٦‫ؿ‬٪٥‫ج‬ I- Complete: 1 – One molecule of ATP is formed of 3 units which are adenine .........&. .... (Ribose sugar three phosphate groups) )‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ ‫ٴّحش‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫شٹرٴص – غالظ‬٥‫ش ج‬٢‫ (ع‬.... ‫ٳ‬..........‫ ٳ‬٬‫ ٳقذجش ٱٸ جألد٭ٺ‬3 ٬٩ ATPِ ٬٩ ‫ٴجقذ‬٥‫ؿضء ج‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٹط‬-1

2 - During anaerobic respiration in yeast Pyruvic acid is converted to............. (Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide). )٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٶ ٳ غح٭ٸ أ‬٦‫ جغٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١(.............‫ٶ‬٥‫ٺشز ئ‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ٭رحش ج‬ٙ ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ أغٮحء ج‬ٙ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ٹطكٴ‬-0

3 - If oxygen is available, lactic acid formed at anaerobic respiration is transformed into.......... Again, and then to............ (pyruvic acid - acetyl Co A.) – ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫ (ق‬............‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٨‫شز أخشٵ غ‬٩ ..........‫ٶ‬٥‫الٱٴجتٶ ئ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ّٮذ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ط‬٪٥‫ ج‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ٹطكٴ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ش جأل‬ٙ‫ ئرج ضٴج‬-3 ) ٰ‫ٴ جٹ‬١ ٤‫أعطٺ‬

4 - Ventilation of the lungs during the respiratory cycle Do not exceed the ……......% of lungs capacity and in each lung there is ……alveoli......... (10% - 600 million). - %15(.‫س ٱٴجتٺس‬٦‫قٴٹق‬........ ‫ ستس ٭كٴ‬٤٢‫ٲح ٳٹٴؾذ ذ‬٥ ‫ٺس‬٦٢٥‫غْس ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ %........... ‫غٺس‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ذٳسز ج‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ خال‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ال ضطؿحٳص ضٲٴٹس ج‬-4 .)٫‫ٺٴ‬٦٩ 655

5 - In the process of respiration citric acid produced from combination of............ With .......... (Acetyl group – Oxalo- asatic acid). .)٠‫ٴأعٺطٺ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل أٳ‬٪‫ – ق‬٤‫ٴّس أعٺطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩( .......... ِ٩ ............ ‫ جضكحد‬٬٩ ٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ظ ٹٮطؽ ق‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٸ‬ٙ -5

6 – During oxidative phosphorylation the released energy is used to support the formation of ......... from ........( ATP from ADP). )ATP from ADP(........ ‫ ؾضب‬٬٩ ......... ‫ ؾضب‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ ض‬٨ّ‫ٸ د‬ٙ ‫س‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫غذٹس ضغطخذ‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ أغٮحء ج‬-6

7 - .......... called sound box. (Larynx) )‫كٮؿشز‬٥‫ (ج‬. ‫قٴش‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ ذقٮذٳ‬.......... ٗ‫ ضْش‬-7

8 - Respiratory tract of mammals is characterized by the presence of respiratory muscle called the …………..(diaphragm) )‫كحؾض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫(ج‬........... ‫ٶ‬٪‫غٺس ضغ‬ٚ‫س ضٮ‬٦‫ػذٹٺحش ذٴؾٴد ّن‬٦٥ ‫غٸ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫ٺض ج‬٪‫ ٹط‬-3

9 - The number of alveoli in one-lung is about........... (600 million) )٫‫ٺٴ‬٦٩ 655( ...........‫ٸ‬٥‫ٲٴجتٺس قٴج‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ٔ ّذد ج‬٦‫ٴجقذز ٹر‬٥‫شتس ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ -9

10 - Krebs cycle reactions do not require the presence of...........(oxygen) )٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫(أٳ‬...........‫شذظ ٳؾٴد‬١ ‫حّالش دٳسز‬ٚ‫د ض‬٦‫ ال ضطي‬-15

11 - Union of the phosphate group with ADP leads to the formation.......... (ATP molecule). )ATP molecule(.......... ٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ٶ ض‬٥‫ ٹإدٵ ئ‬ADP

‫ِ ؾضب‬٩ ‫حضٺس‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ جضكحد‬-11

12 –………consumed in one Krebs cycle, while .......... enters Krebs cycle and exit from it as it is to start the cycle again. (Acetyl group - Oxalacetic acid) – ٤‫ٴّس أعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩(. ‫شز أخشٵ‬٩ ٤‫غ‬٦‫طغ‬٥‫ٺرذأ ج‬٥ ‫ح ٱٴ‬٪١ ‫شذظ ٳٹخشؼ‬١ ‫دٳسز‬.......... ٤‫ح ٹذخ‬٪‫ ذٺٮ‬، ‫ٳجقذٯ‬.......... ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ٸ دٳسز‬ٙ ٠٦‫ ضغطٲ‬-10 )٠‫ٴجعٺطٺ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل أٳ‬٪‫ق‬

13 - Pyruvic acid is transformed in anaerobic respiration to either.......... Or to........ according to.......... (Lactic acid - ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide - the type of cell) ‫ٶ‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ – ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ (ق‬.......... ‫ قغد‬................‫ٶ‬٥‫ أٳ ئ‬..........‫ٶ‬٥‫ح ئ‬٩‫الٱٴجتٶ أ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ٹطكٴ‬-13 ) ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ – ٭ٴُ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ أ‬+

14 - Number of ATP molecules resulting from breakdown of molecule of glucose aerobically ..................( 38) )38(.................. ‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬٧‫ ٱذ‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫ ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬-14

63

15 – Anaerobic respiration in muscle tissue produce ............, While anaerobic respiration in plant cells produce …….and .........(Lactic acid - ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide) .........‫ٳ‬...........‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ٸ خالٹح ج‬ٙ ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ٘٦‫ح ٹطخ‬٪‫ ذٺٮ‬............‫ْنالش‬٥‫ٸ أ٭غؿس ج‬ٙ ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ٘٦‫ ٹطخ‬-15 )٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ أ‬+ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ – ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫(ق‬

16 - Anaerobic respiration in yeast is called.......... While anaerobic respiration in the muscles of the body is called.......... (Alcohol fermentation – acidic fermentation). – ‫ٸ‬٥‫كٴ‬١ ‫ش‬٪‫ (ضخ‬.......... ٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ٸ ّنالش ج‬ٙ ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٜ٦‫ح ٹي‬٪‫ ذٺٮ‬.......... ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٜ٦‫ ٹي‬-16 ) ‫نٸ‬٩‫ش قح‬٪‫٭خ‬

17 - The process of oxidative phosphorylation leads to formation of ….molecules.

(ATP)

)ATP( ............‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫غذٹس ٹٮؾأ ّٮٲح ض‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ -17

18 - Production of lactic acid from glucose known as ..........( acid fermentation) )‫ل‬٩‫كح‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫(ج‬.......... ٨‫ٴص ٹْشٗ ذحع‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ أ٭طحؼ ق‬-13

19 – Complete burning of seven molecules of glucose requires …….. Krebs cycle.( 14 times) )‫شز‬٩ 14(........... ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ ضذٳس دٳسز‬٫‫ أ‬٧‫ض‬٦‫س ٹغط‬٦٩‫ح‬١ ‫ٴص ذقٴسز‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ عرِ ؾضٹثحش‬ٛ‫ جقطشج‬-19

20 - During oxidation of glucose in cytosol, hydrogen atoms stripped of receiving by …….compound.( NAD +). .)NAD+(...........‫د‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ ذٴجعيس‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫ٮضٳّس ضغط‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ رسجش ج‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ٣‫غٺطٴعٴ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ أغٮحء أ‬-05

II- Select the correct answer: 1 - Most of the enzymes and coenzymes in the cell present in........... (Nucleus mitochondria - ribosome - Plastids). .) ‫رالعطٺذز‬٥‫ ج‬- ٧‫شٹرٴعٴ‬٥‫ب – ج‬٠‫ٔذس‬ٛ‫و‬ٛ‫ز‬١ٌّ‫ٮٴجز – ا‬٥‫(ج‬........… ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫طٲح ضٴؾذ‬ٞٙ‫شج‬٩‫حش ٳ‬٪‫ جأل٭ضٹ‬٨َْ٩ -1

2 – Complete combustion of glucose molecule requires that the rate of Krebs cycle .....(Twice - once - three times - five times). .) ‫شجش‬٩ ‫ظ‬٪‫شجش – خ‬٩ ‫شز ٳجقذز – غالظ‬٩ – ٓ١‫(ِشر‬..... ٣‫ْذ‬٪‫شذظ ذ‬١ ‫ ضذٳس دٳسز‬٫‫ أ‬٧‫ض‬٦‫س ٹغط‬٦٩‫ح‬١ ‫ٴص ذقٴسز‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬ٛ‫ جقطشج‬-0

3 - The process of glycolysis of cellular respiration occurs in.......... (Nucleus - endoplasmic reticulum - cytosole - mitochondria). .) ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬-‫ي‬ٛ‫س‬ٛ‫ز‬١‫ٺس – اٌس‬٩‫س جأل٭ذٳذالص‬٢‫ؾر‬٥‫ٮٴجز – ج‬٥‫(ج‬..........‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٲٴجتٸ‬٥‫ٴٷ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٺس ج٭ؾيحس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ ضكذظ‬-3

4 – From the inner membrane of mitochondria rise folds called ........( Cytosole - Matrix Grana - shelves). .)‫ األػشاف‬- ‫ؿشج٭ح‬٥‫ظ – ج‬١‫حضش‬٪٥‫ – ج‬٣‫غٺطٴعٴ‬٥‫(ج‬........‫ٶ‬٪‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ج٭ػٮحءجش ضغ‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٸ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ٹرشص‬-4

5 – Trachea is lined from inside by........ (Vocal cords - cartilage rings – mucous membrane – ciliated mucous membrane). .)‫ٲذخ‬٩ ‫خحىٸ‬٩ ‫ – ٕؾحء‬ٟ‫ٺٰ – غطبء ِخبؼ‬ٙ‫حش ٕنشٳ‬ٞ٦‫ فٴضٺس – ق‬٣‫(أقرح‬........ ‫ ذٴجعيس‬٤‫ذجخ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫ ج‬٬‫ ضري‬-5

6 - During the process of inspiration in humans, the diaphragm.............. (Rise - fall remains constant - fall and then rise). .)ِٚ‫ ٹشض‬٨‫ل غ‬ٚ‫ٶ غحذطح – ٹٮخ‬ٞ‫ٕخفط – ٹر‬٠ – ِٚ‫(ٹشض‬.............. ‫كحؾض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ٫‫ٸ جإل٭غح‬ٙ ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ أغٮحء‬-6

7 - The compounds FAD & NAD are...................... (Nitrogen base ring - enzymes – co enzymes - carbohydrates) )‫شٹحش‬٢‫ّبد ِسبػذح – ع‬٠‫حش – إٔض‬٪‫ٺٰ – ئ٭ضٹ‬ٞ٦‫ٴجّذ ٭ٺطشٳؾٺٮٺس ق‬ٝ( ...................... FAD & NED ‫رحش‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ ضْطرش‬-7

8 - During inspiration, the diaphragm of the man..... (Fall - rise - flattens - fluctuate remains static) )‫ٮح‬١‫ عح‬٤َ‫ِ – ٹٮرغو – ٹطزذزخ – ٹ‬ٚ‫ٕخفط – ٹشض‬٠(.....٫‫إل٭غح‬٥ ‫كحؾض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ أغٮحء ج‬-3

9 - Material that can not provide energy for living cell............ (Fat - water - protein carbohydrates). )‫شذٴٱٺذسجش‬٢٥‫ ج‬- ٬‫رشٳضٺ‬٥‫ – اٌّبء – ج‬٫‫ذٱٴ‬٥‫(ج‬............ ‫كٺس‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦‫خ‬٦٥ ‫س‬ٝ‫ش ىح‬ٙ‫ ضٴ‬٫‫ٮٲح أ‬٢٪‫طٸ ال ٹ‬٥‫حدز ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬-9

64

10 – On conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl Co enzyme A NAD + molecule undergo…. ........... (Split - decomposition - Oxidation - reduction). .)‫غذٯ – اخزضاي‬١‫ – أ‬٤٦‫ (أذؾيحس – ضك‬...........NAD+

‫ؿضب‬٥ ‫ أ ٹكذظ‬٨‫ٴ ئ٭ضٹ‬١ ٤‫ٶ أعطٺ‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ّٮذ ضكٴ‬-15

11 - During cellular respiration the process of glycolysis occurs in........... (Stroma cytoplasm - matrix - cell sap) )‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ْقٺش ج‬٥‫حدز جألعحط – ج‬٩ – َ‫ثالص‬ٛ‫ز‬١‫ح – اٌس‬٩‫غطشٳ‬٥‫(ج‬...........‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٺس أذؾيحس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٴٷ ضكذظ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ أغٮحء ج‬-11

12 - Organisms that can convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide........ (Amoeba - milk bacteria - yaglina - yeast - paramecium) – ٬‫ر‬٦٥‫طشٹح ج‬٢‫ٺرح – ذ‬٩‫ (جأل‬........٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٶ ٳغح٭ٸ أ‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫طٸ ضغطيٺِ ضكٴٹ‬٥‫كٺس ج‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٥‫ ج‬٬٩ -10 ) ٧‫ٺغٺٴ‬٩‫رشج‬٥‫شح – ج‬١ّ‫ٺٮح – اٌخ‬٦‫ٺٴؾ‬٥‫ج‬

13 – Two molecules of ATP liberated in anaerobic respiration during............ (Glycolysis reduction of pyruvic acid - pyruvic acid oxidation). .)٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫ – أ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ص – جخطضج‬ٛ‫و‬ٍٛ‫(أثطؽبس اٌغ‬............ ‫الٱٴجتٶ ّٮذ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ATP ٫‫ ٹطكشس ؾضٹثح‬-13

14 - Ventilation of the lungs not exceed.......... Of its capacity. (5% - 10% - 15% - 20% 40%) )%45 - %05 - %15 - %11 - %5( . ‫ٲح‬٥ ‫ٺس‬٦٢٥‫غْس ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ..........٬ّ ٬‫شتطٺ‬٥. ٰ‫ ال ضطؿحٳص ضٲٴٹ‬-14

15 – Lowering of the ribs caused by.......... Intercostals muscle. (Contraction – relaxation decomposition) )٤٦‫ ضك‬- ‫رحك – أجسبغ‬ٞ‫ (ج٭‬. ُ‫ٴ‬٦‫ن‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ْنالش ذٺ‬٥‫ ج‬..........‫دظ ذغرد‬.ُ‫ٴ‬٦‫ن‬٥‫حك جج‬ٚ‫ ج٭خ‬-15

16 - Through both lungs man lose amount of water about ......... cm 3 per day. (200 - 500 1500 to 2500 - 3500) )3555 -0555 -1555 – 511 – 055( .ً‫ٺح‬٩‫ٹٴ‬.ً‫ٺح‬٩‫ٹٴ‬...... ‫ٶ‬٥‫ذس ذكٴج‬ٞ‫حء ض‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ٫‫ذ جإل٭غح‬ٞٚ‫ ٹ‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ -16

III- What is the scientific term of each of the following: 1 - The process by which the cells of the organism extracting stored energy in chemical bonds of food molecules, which are made by plants or eaten by animals . (Cellular respiration) .٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫ٲح ج‬٥‫ٮرحش أٳ ٹطٮحٳ‬٥‫طٸ ٹقٮْٲح ج‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫يْح‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫خطض٭س‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫كٸ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ٺس ضغطخشؼ ذٲح خالٹح ج‬٦٪ّ -1 )‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫(ج‬

2 - Carriers carry electrons in a specific path at the end of the process of respiration (cytochromes) )‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ظ (ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٸ ٭ٲحٹس‬ٙ ‫كذد‬٩ ‫غحس‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤٪‫الش ضك‬٩‫ قح‬-0

3 - Respiratory muscle contributes mainly in the mechanism of respiration. (Diaphragm) )‫كحؾض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫ (ج‬. ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٥‫ٸ آ‬ٙ ‫س أعحعٺس‬ٚ‫ ذق‬٨‫غٺس ضغٲ‬ٚ‫س ضٮ‬٦‫ ّن‬-3

4 - The mechanism that regularly movement lungs during gases exchange. (Mechanism of respiration). .)‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٢‫ح٭ٺ‬٢‫ٺ‬٩( ‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ أغٮحء ضرحد‬٧‫ ذح٭طَح‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫س ج‬١‫ٶ قش‬٦ّ ٤٪ْ‫طٸ ض‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٥‫ جٻ‬-4

5 - The process of anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid. (Acid fermentation) )‫نٸ‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ (ج‬. ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ظ ال ٱٴجتٶ ٹٮطؽ ّٮٲح ق‬ٚ‫ٺس ضٮ‬٦٪ّ -5

6 – Zone of cytoplasm in which glycolysis occurs. (cytosole). .)٣‫غٺطٴصٳ‬٥‫ٴص (ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٺٲح ج٭ؾيحس ج‬ٙ ٨‫ ٹط‬٧‫غٺطٴذالص‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٞ‫ٮي‬٩ -6

7 – Compound stored energy and generated by cellular respiration. (ATP) )ATP( .‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬ٙ ٫‫د ٹخطض‬١‫ش‬٩ -7

8 – Condensed solution fills the mitochondria. (Matrix) )‫حدٯ جألعحط‬٩( .‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٺس‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫كؾٴز ج‬٥‫أل ج‬٪‫ػ٘ ٹ‬٢٩ ٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ -3

9 - Organic acid produced from glycolysis during cellular respiration. (Pyruvic acid) 65

)٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ (ق‬.‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٴص أغٮحء ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج٭ؾيحس ج‬٬٩ ‫ل ّنٴٷ ٹٮطؽ‬٪‫ ق‬-9

10 - Organic acid produced from anaerobic respiratory in muscles. (Lactic acid) )٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ (ق‬. ‫ْنالش‬٥‫ال ٱٴجتٶ ذح‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ل ّنٴٷ ٹٮطؽ‬٪‫ ق‬-15

11 – Process by which the cells of the organism extracting energy stored in chemical bonds of food molecules (cellular respiration) )‫ٴٷ‬٦‫ظ خ‬ٚ‫ (ضٮ‬٧‫يْح‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫خضٳ٭س‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٦٥ ‫كٸ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ٺس جعطخشجؼ خالٹح ج‬٦٪ّ -11

12 - A type of fermentation carried out by several types of bacteria, resulting in acid instead of alcohol. (Acidic fermentation) )‫نٸ‬٩‫ش قح‬٪‫ (ضخ‬.٣‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ل ذذال‬٪‫طٺشٹح ٳٹٮطؽ ّٮس ق‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ُ‫ ذٰ ّذز أ٭ٴج‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ش ض‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ُ‫ ٭ٴ‬-10

13 - Drop of electrons from high energy levels to low energy levels with release of energy which is used in building of ATP molecules from ADP molecules (oxidative phosphorilation). ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬٩ATP ‫ٶ ذٮحء ؾضٹثحش‬ٙ ‫س‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫نس ٳجعطخذج‬ٚ‫ٮخ‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٪٥ ‫ٺس‬٥‫س ّح‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ٬٩ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ ٱرٴه جال‬-13 .)ٰ‫غذٹ‬١‫شٯ ضأ‬ٚ‫غ‬ٙ( ADP

IV- Correct words above the line: ‫ح ضكطس خو‬٩ ‫فكف‬ 1 - The number of alveoli in the lung is approximately 200 million per vesicle. (600) 2 – Complete combustion of glucose need Krebs cycle at rate of one time. (Twice) 3 - Man loss 250 cm3 of water through the lungs. (500 cm3) 4 - The first step in oxidation of glucose molecule is transfer of electrons. (Glycolysis) )655( .‫س‬٦‫ قٴٹق‬٫‫ٺٴ‬٦٩ 055 ‫ٴجقذز ٭كٴ‬٥‫شتس ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ّذد ج‬٤‫ ٹق‬-1 )٬‫شضٺ‬٩( . ‫شٯ ٳجقذٯ‬٩ ٣‫ْذ‬٪‫شذظ ذ‬١ ‫ ضذٳس دٳسز‬٫‫ أ‬٧‫ض‬٦‫س ٹغط‬٦٩‫ح‬١ ‫ٴص ذقٴسز‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬ٛ‫ جقطشج‬-0 )3 ٨‫ ع‬555( .٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫حء خال‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ 3 ٨‫ ع‬055 ‫ٺح‬٩‫ ٹٴ‬٫‫ذ جإل٭غح‬ٞٚ‫ ٹ‬-3 )‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ (أذؾيحس ج‬.‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٴص ٱٸ ٭‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ؾضب ج‬١‫ٶ أل‬٥‫خيٴز جألٳ‬٥‫ ج‬-4

V- G.R. 1 - Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen? A - Because all the electrons and protons, which removed in oxidation of carbon received by FAD & NAD + as oxidation is loss of electrons. ‫؟‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫د ٳؾٴد جأل‬٦‫شذظ ال ضطي‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬-1 .‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ذ جال‬ٞٙ ‫غذز ٱٸ‬١‫حأل‬ٙ FAD & NAD+ ‫ ذٴجعيس‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫ ضغط‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ٸ أ‬ٙ ٣‫طٸ ضضج‬٥‫رشٳضٴ٭حش ج‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش ٳج‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤١ ٫‫ أل‬- ‫ؾـ‬

2 - Increased lactic acid in muscle tissue after performing strenuous exercises? A - Because the oxygen available in these cells is not enough to get big energy need by the cell , therefore it convert a quantity of glycogen store in it to lactic acid (deposited in the muscles to get more energy in what is known as acid fermentation ). ‫س ؟‬ٝ‫ْنالش ذْذ أدجء ضذسٹرحش ؽح‬٥‫ٸ أ٭غؿس ج‬ٙ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ضضجٹذ ق‬-0 ٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ٤‫ٶ ضكٴٹ‬٥‫ؿأ ئ‬٦‫ ض‬٠٥‫ز‬٥‫ٺس ٳ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫طٸ ضكطحؾٲح ج‬٥‫رٺشز ج‬٢٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٣‫كقٴ‬٦٥ ‫ٺح‬ٙ‫ح‬١ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫خالٹح ال ٹ‬٥‫ ج‬٠٦‫ٸ ض‬ٙ ‫ش‬ٙ‫طٴج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٫‫ أل‬-‫ؾـ‬ ‫ش‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ح ٹْشٗ ذح‬٪‫ٺ‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ضٹذ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٤‫طكق‬٥ ‫ْنالش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ (ٹطشعد‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ئ‬٨‫ٴص غ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ٶ ؾ‬٥‫ٺٲح ئ‬ٙ ٫‫خض‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٴؾٺ‬٢‫ٺ‬٦‫ك‬٥‫ج‬ .)‫نٸ‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ج‬

3 - Breathe through the nose is preferable than respiration from the mouth? A - (1) the presence of blood capillaries worming the air. (2) Mucosa lining of the nose moisten the air. (3) The hairs prevent dusts and microbes and filtrate air. ‫ ؟‬٨ٚ٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ٘‫ جأل٭‬٬٩ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ن‬ٚ‫ ٹ‬-3 ‫ؾْٺشجش‬٥‫ ج‬٤٪ْ‫) ض‬3( .‫ٲٴجء‬٥‫ٶ ضشىٺد ج‬٦ّ ٘‫أل٭‬٥ ٬‫ري‬٪٥‫خحىٸ ج‬٪٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤٪ْ‫) ٹ‬0( .‫ٲٴجء‬٥‫س ج‬ٙ‫ٶ ضذ‬٦ّ ٤٪ْ‫ٴٹس ض‬٩‫) ٳؾٴد ؽْٺشجش د‬1( -‫ؾـ‬ .‫ٲٴجء‬٥‫ٶ ضشؽٺف ج‬٦ّ‫شٳذحش ٳ‬٢‫ٺ‬٪٥‫طشذس ٳج‬٥‫ٶ قؿض ج‬٦ّ

4 - Part of air remains in the lungs after expiration? A- To worm the new air inside the lungs quickly. To prevent adhesion wall of the alveoli. ‫ٺش؟‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ ذْذ ج‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٲٴجء‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫شجس ؾضء‬٪‫٘ ذحعط‬٦‫ ٹطخ‬-4 . ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ؾذجس ج‬ٛ‫طقح‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٶ ّذ‬٦ّ ٌٙ‫ٺكح‬٥‫ ٳ‬.٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥.‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫ؿذٹح‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ثس ج‬ٙ‫ٶ عشّس ضذ‬٦ّ ٤٪ْ‫ٺ‬٥ - ‫ؾـ‬

66

5 - The wall of alveoli similar to actual respiratory surface? A - (1) the walls is thin to facilitate exchange of gases. (2) Walls are moist to facilitate dissolution of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange. (3) Wall surrounding by a huge network of capillaries its blood picks up oxygen from the air sacs and transmitted it to the body cells. (4) The number of alveoli in the lung about 600 million per lung, which increases the respiratory surface area. ‫ٺس؟‬٦ْٙ ‫غٺس‬ٚ‫ أعيف ضٮ‬٤‫حغ‬٪‫ٲٴجتٺس ض‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ؾذجس ج‬-5 )3( .‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ أغٮحء ضرحد‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ٳغح٭ٸ أ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٫‫ رٳذح‬٤‫ٺغٲ‬٥ ‫ؿذس سىرس‬٥‫) ج‬0( . ‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ضرحد‬٤‫ٺغٲ‬٥ ‫س‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫ؿذس س‬٥‫ ج‬٠٦‫) ض‬1( - ‫ؾـ‬ ‫ٶ خالٹح‬٥‫س ئ‬٦ٞ‫ٺٮ‬٥ ‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫ ٱٴجء ج‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٲح جأل‬٩‫و د‬ٞ‫ط‬٦‫طٸ ٹ‬٥‫ٴٹس ٳج‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٪‫س مخ‬٢‫ٲٴجتٺس ؽر‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ٹكٺو ذؿذجس ج‬ .‫غٸ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫غيف ج‬٥‫غحقس ج‬٩ ٬٩ ‫ح ٹضٹذ‬٪٩ ‫س‬٦‫ قٴٹق‬٫‫ٺٴ‬٦٩ 655 ‫ٸ‬٥‫ٴجقذز قٴج‬٥‫شتس ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫ٔ ّذد ج‬٦‫) ٹر‬4( .٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ج‬

6 - Trachea is supported by cartilage rings incomplete from behind? A - (1) to remain it always open. (2) To allow for esophageal stretching at moment of passage of food bolus. ‫٘ ؟‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫قس جالعطذجسز‬ٝ‫ٺس ٭ح‬ٙ‫حش ٕنشٳ‬ٞ٦‫ٲٴجتٺس ق‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫ ج‬٨ّ‫ ٹذ‬-6 .‫شب‬٪٥‫ٖزجتٺس ذح‬٥‫ْس ج‬٦‫ر‬٥‫شٳس ج‬٩ َٰ‫ك‬٥ ‫ذد‬٪‫ط‬٥‫شبء ذح‬٪٦٥ ‫ف‬٪‫ٸ ضغ‬١ )0( .‫ح‬٪‫طٴـ دجت‬ٚ٩ ‫ش ٱٴجتٸ‬٪٩ ٤َ‫ٶ ض‬١ )1( - ‫ؾـ‬

7 - Respiration from the nose better than the health? A- Because the nasal passage (1) warm: by capillaries in its lining. (2) Wet: by mucous produced by mucosa. (3) Filter: by its hair which works as filter and mucus on it dust and microbes stick. ‫قكٺس؟‬٥‫ٮحقٺس ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤‫ن‬ٙ‫ جأل٭٘ أ‬٬٩ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬-7 ‫ ؽْش‬٬٩ ‫ح ٹكطٴٷ‬٪‫ ذ‬:‫شؽف‬٩ )3( .‫خحه‬٩ ٬٩ ‫ٺس‬ٙ ‫شصز‬ٚ‫ح ٹ‬٪‫ ذ‬:‫) سىد‬0( .‫ػٺشز‬١ ‫ٴٹس‬٩‫ ؽْٺشجش د‬٬٩ ‫ح ٹريٮس‬٪‫ ذ‬:‫ة‬ٙ‫) دج‬1( ‫ش‬٪٩ ٘‫ جأل٭‬٫‫ أل‬- ‫ؾـ‬ .‫شٳذحش‬٢‫ٺ‬٪٥‫ٺس جألضشذس ٳج‬٦ّ ٜ‫طق‬٦‫خحه ض‬٩‫حز ٳ‬ٚ‫ق‬٪١ ٤٪ْ‫ٹ‬

8 - ATP molecule is called the currency of energy in the cell? A - Because when it breaks down to ADP; an amount of energy (7-12 kcal per mole) will release which promoting the chemical reactions that need energy. ‫ٺس ؟‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫س ج‬٦٪ْ‫ ذ‬ATP ‫د ؾضب‬ٞ٦‫ ٹ‬-3 ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٙ‫ٸ د‬ٙ ٨‫) ٹغٲ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ٤٢٥ ‫رٺش‬١ ‫ عْش قشجسٷ‬10 – 7( ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ذجس‬ٞ٩ ٜ٦‫ ٹٮي‬ADP ‫ٶ‬٥‫ئ‬ATP ٤٦‫ح ٹطك‬٩‫ أل٭س ّٮذ‬- ‫ؾـ‬ .‫س‬ٝ‫ٶ ىح‬٥‫طٸ ضكطحؼ ئ‬٥‫ج‬

VI – Other questions: 1- From the following figure: connect the correct words with each number. A- Aerobic respiration. (4) B- Change occurs in the liver. (3) C- Anaerobic respiration. (1 & 5) D- Organic substance formed inside plant in storage parts. (2)

67

♣

‫♣ إٌذ‬

1 – G.R. :ًٍ‫ػ‬

1 - Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen. A - Because oxidation in it is loss of electrons; all electrons and protons removed during oxidation of carbon received by NAD +, FAD. .٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫د ٳؾٴد جألٳ‬٦‫شذظ ال ضطي‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬-1 ، NAD ‫ ذٴجعيس‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫ ضغط‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ٸ أ‬ٙ ٣‫طٸ ضضج‬٥‫رشٳضٴ٭حش ج‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش ٳج‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤٢ٙ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ذ جإل‬ٞٙ ٬ّ ‫ٺٲح ّرحسز‬ٙ ‫غذز‬١‫ جأل‬٫‫ أل‬-‫ؼ‬ . FAD  II- Compare between :ِٓ ً‫ٓ و‬١‫لبسْ ث‬ +

1 - Aerobic respiration - anaerobic respiration. ** Answer: Point of comparison

Site of glycolysis End products of glycolysis Site of pyruic acid reaction Products of pyruvic acid reaction

In cytosol of the cell 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation) Occur in absence of oxygen and presence of certain enzymes. Pyruvic acid turn into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid, depending on the type of cell. In cytoplasm Oxygen is not required , but completed by enzymes In cytoplasm The same products

Mitochondria

In cytoplasm

Oxidized into acetyl Co – A + NADH + CO2

Break down of glucose End products for one glucose molecule

Complete break down

Reduced into : 1- in yeast: alcoholic fermentation  ethyl alcohol + CO2. 2- In muscles: Lactic fermentation  lactic acid. Incomplete break down

Time of application No of ATP released Production of CO2 Kind of organisms

Occurs all the time High : 38 ATP Always is one from end products All air – respiration organisms

Site of process Needing of oxygen

Aerobic Respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen Pyruvic acid turns into an acetyl coenzyme – A which enters the Krebs cycle Inside the cell, mainly in mitochondria Oxygen is required

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP

Most of the energy in the glucose molecule liberated.

68

1- In yeast: 2 ethyl alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP. 2- In muscle : 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP. Lower or missing of O2. Low : 2 ATP Produced only in alcoholic fermentation. Yeast, plant cells, muscles and some bacteria. Energy in the glucose molecule is partially liberated

2 - Cellular respiration - gas exchange. see before  III- Other questions : ٜ‫أسئٍخ أخش‬

1 - What is known about : ATP, NAD +, FAD, COA, oxidative phosphorylation, acid fermentation, cytochromes)? . ) ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ ج‬، ‫نٸ‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬، ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ ج‬، COA ، FAD ، NAD+ ، ATP ) ‫ ؾضب‬٬ّ ٗ‫حرج ضْش‬٩ -1

** Answer: 1 –ATP: is the cell's energy currency and is made up of: A) adenine (nitrogen base). B) Pentathlon sugar (ribose). C) 3 phosphate groups. . ) ‫شٹرٴص‬٥‫حعٸ ( ج‬٪‫ش خ‬٢‫ خ) ع‬. ) ‫حّذز ٭ٺطشٳؾٺٮٺس‬ٝ ( ٬‫ أ ) جألدٹٮٺ‬: ٬٩ ‫د‬١‫ٺس ٳٹطش‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫س ج‬٦٪ّ : ATP ‫ ؾضب‬-1 . ‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ ‫ٴّحش‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ 3 )‫ؾـ‬

2 - NAD + : Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucletide; it is co enzyme which carries electrons and receive proton and two electrons and is reduced to NADH. ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٣‫ ٳٹخطض‬٬‫طشٳ٭ٺ‬٢٥‫ ٳئ‬٫‫ ذشٳضٴ‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫ ٳٹغط‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ ئ‬٤٩‫كح‬١ ٤٪ْ‫ ٹ‬٨‫غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٴضٺذ ٳٱٴ‬٦١‫ٮٺٴ‬٥‫ غٮحتٸ ج‬٬‫ٺذأدٹطٺ‬٩‫ أ‬٬‫طٺ‬١‫ ٭ٺٴ‬NAD + -0 . NADH

3 - FAD : Flavin adenine Dinucletide; it is a co enzyme and works as electron carrier and receives two electron and two protons and is reduced to FADH2. . FADH2 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٣‫ ٳٹخطض‬٬‫طشٳ٭ٺ‬٢٥‫ ٳئ‬٬‫ ذشٳضٴ٭ٺ‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫ ٳٹغط‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ ئ‬٤٩‫كح‬١ ٤٪ْ‫ ٳٹ‬٨‫غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٴضٺذ ٳٱٴ‬٦١‫ٮٺٴ‬٥‫ غٮحتٸ ج‬٬‫ أدٹٮٺ‬٬‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ال‬ٙ FAD -3

4 - COA : is co enzyme ; combined with acetyl group (2C) → compound (acetyl co - A) which enters the Krebs cycle to obtain energy. Then COA separated and repeated its work again.

٨‫س غ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٣‫كقٴ‬٦٥ ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٠٥‫ ذْذ ر‬٤‫د ٹذخ‬١‫ش‬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٳٹط‬2C ٤‫ٴّس جألعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ِ٩ ‫ ٹطكذ‬٨‫غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ أ ٳٱٴ‬٨‫ٴئ٭ضٹ‬١ COA -4 . ‫شز أخشٵ‬٩ ٰ٦٪ّ ‫شس‬٢‫ ٳٹ‬COA ٤‫ق‬ٚ‫ٹٮ‬

5 – Cytochromes: electron carrier chain, each carrying two electrons received from NADH, FADH2 . They are chemical compounds with similar structures, but differ in carrying electrons on various energy levels. ‫ٺحتٺس رجش ذٮحء‬٪‫ٺ‬١ ‫رحش‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ ٳٱٶ‬FADH2 ، NADH ٬٩ ٨‫ٲ‬٦‫ر‬ٞ‫ ضغط‬٬‫طشٳ٭ٺ‬٢٥‫ٮٲح ئ‬٩ ٤١ ٤٪‫ ضك‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫الش جإل‬٩‫س قح‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬: ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ ج‬-5 . ‫س‬ٞ٦‫خط‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ ئ‬٤٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ٺٮٲح‬٢٪‫ط‬٥ ‫ٶ‬ٚ٢‫ح ٹ‬٪‫ٺ‬ٙ ٘٦‫ٮٲح ضخط‬٢٥‫طؾحذٰ ٳ‬٩

6 – Oxidative phosphorylation: Drop of electrons from high energy level to low levels and use the produced energy in construction of ATP molecules from ADP and phosphate. ATP ‫ٸ ذٮحء ؾضٹثحش‬ٙ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫نس ٳجعطخذج‬ٚ‫ٮخ‬٪٥‫غطٴٹحضٲح ج‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٺس ئ‬٥‫س ّح‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ٬٩ ‫شضٴ٭حش‬٢٥‫ ٱرٴه جإل‬:‫غذز‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ ج‬-6 .‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ ٳج‬ADP ٬٩

7 – Acid fermentation: A type of fermentation carried out by several types of bacteria, it produces acid instead of alcohol, and it is the base of industry such as cheese, butter and yogurt. ٬‫ؿر‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ٫‫رح‬٥‫ٺٰ فٮحّس جأل‬٦ّ ٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ ٳض‬٣‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ل ذذال‬٪‫ٮٰ ق‬٩ ‫طٺشٹح ٳٹٮطؽ‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ُ‫ ذٰ ّذز أ٭ٴج‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ش ض‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ُ‫ ٭ٴ‬:‫نٸ‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬-7 .‫ضذحدٷ‬٥‫ضذذ ٳج‬٥‫ٳج‬ 

IV- What is the scientific terms 1 - The process in which cells of the organism extract energy required for its activity from energy stored in chemical bonds of food molecules which are made by plants or eaten by animals .( cellular respiration) ‫طٸ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫يْح‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫خض٭س‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮؾحىٲح‬٥ ‫س‬٩‫الص‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫كٸ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫طٸ ضغطخشؼ ذٲح خالٹح ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥‫ ج‬-1 .)‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ (ج‬٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫ٲح ج‬٥‫ٮرحش أٳ ٹطٮحٳ‬٥‫ٹقٮْٲح ج‬

2 – Non – organelle part of cytoplasm, in which glycolysis occurs. (Cytosole) 69

)٣‫غٺطٴعٴ‬٥‫ ج‬-( .‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٺس ج٭ؾيحس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫زٷ ضكذظ ذٲح‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫غٺطٴذالص‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ْنٸ‬٥‫ؿضء ٕٺش ج‬٥‫ ج‬-0

3 - The first compound (5 C) in the Krebs cycle. (Ketoglutaric acid) )٠‫ٴضحسٹ‬٦‫ٺطٴؾ‬١ ‫ل‬٪‫ (ق‬.‫شذظ‬١ ‫ٸ دٳسز‬ٙ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫حعٸ ج‬٪‫د ٳعيٸ خ‬١‫ش‬٩ ٣‫ أٳ‬-3

4 - The last receiver in electron transfer chain. (Oxygen) )٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫( جأل‬.٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٸ ع‬ٙ ‫ جألخٺش‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٪٥‫ ج‬-4

5 - A sequence of co enzymes found in the inner membrane of the mitochondrial, working as electron carriers on different energy levels. (Cytochromes) -( .‫س‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ‫ٸ‬٦ّ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫الش ئ‬٩‫كح‬١ ٤٪ْ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳٱٸ ض‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٸ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫حش ضٴؾذ‬٪‫غحّذجش جإل٭ضٹ‬٩ ٬٩ ِ‫ ضطحذ‬-5 )‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ج‬

6 - The process of formation of ATP molecules from ADP molecules, by using energy released during the passage of electrons from one cytochrome molecule to another along the electron transport chain. (Oxidative phosphorylation) ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٸ آخش‬٥‫ ؾضب ئ‬٬٩ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫شٳس جإل‬٩ ‫س أغٮحء‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ ذحعطخذج‬ADP ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬٩ ATP ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ٺس ض‬٦٪ّ -6 )‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ ج‬-( .٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬٣‫ٸ ىٴ‬٦ّ

7 - The field of chemical reactions in the cell. (Mitochondria) )‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ (ج‬.‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٤ٞ‫ ق‬-7

8 - Common respiratory phase between aerobic and anaerobic respiration for energy production. (Glycolysis) )‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج٭ؾيحس ج‬-( .‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫الٱٴجتٸ إل٭طحؼ ج‬٥‫ٲٴجتٸ ٳج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫س ذٺ‬١‫ؾطش‬٪٥‫غٺس ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫شق‬٪٥‫ ج‬-3

9 - A common path for both air and food. (Pharynx) )٧‫ْٴ‬٦‫ر‬٥‫ ج‬-( .‫ٖزجء‬٥‫ٲٴجء ٳج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤٢٥ ٟ‫ؾطش‬٩ ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬-9

10 - A human voice box. (Larynx) )‫كٮؿشز‬٥‫( ج‬.٫‫ذٷ جإل٭غح‬٥ ‫قٴش‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ فٮذٳ‬-15

11 - Thin minute air bags at the end of the bronchioles, its wall acts as actual respiratory surfaces. (Alveoli.) )‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬-( ‫ٺس‬٦ْٙ ‫غٺس‬ٚ‫أعيف ضٮ‬١ ٨٦ْ‫شتٴٹس ٳؾذسٱح ض‬٥‫ؾْٺرحش ج‬٦٥ ‫س‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫ذ‬٥‫شّحش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ٸ ٭ٲحٹس ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫س ٳس‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫ٺحط د‬١‫ أ‬-11

12 - Respiratory muscle acts as the main muscle in the mechanism of respiration. (Diaphragm.) )‫كحؾض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫( ج‬.‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٥‫ٸ آ‬ٙ ‫س أعحعٺس‬ٚ‫ ذق‬٨‫غٺس ضغٲ‬ٚ‫س ضٮ‬٦‫ ّن‬-10

13 - Half respiratory cycle in which intercostals muscles contract to raise the ribs and the diaphragm muscle contract to below the lungs. (Inspiration) .٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤ٚ‫كحؾض أع‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ٺٲح ّن‬ٙ ‫رل‬ٞ‫ح ضٮ‬٪١ ‫ٸ‬٦ّ‫ٸ أ‬٥‫ْٲح ئ‬ٙ‫طش‬٥ ُ‫ٴ‬٦‫ن‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫طٸ ذٺ‬٥‫ْنالش ج‬٥‫ٺٲح ج‬ٙ ‫رل‬ٞ‫غٺس ضٮ‬ٚ‫ ٭ق٘ دٳسز ضٮ‬-13 )ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫(ج‬

14 - Vacuum surrounding the lungs in the chest cavity. (Pleural cavity) )‫ٴسٷ‬٦‫ر‬٥‫طؿٴٹ٘ ج‬٥‫ ج‬-( .‫قذسٷ‬٥‫طؿٴٹ٘ ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫كٺو ذح‬٪٥‫شجٓ ج‬ٚ٥‫ ج‬-14

15 - Holes in the cork layer that covers the stems of woody trees. (Lenticels) .)‫ْذٹغحش‬٥‫خؾرٺس (ج‬٥‫ جألؽؿحس ج‬٫‫ح‬ٞ‫طٸ ضٖيٸ عٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٺ‬٦ٚ٥‫س ج‬ٞ‫ٸ ىر‬ٙ ‫طكحش ضٴؾذ‬ٙ -15

16 - Nitrogen base enter in structure of ATP. (Adenine.) )٬‫ (جألد٭ٺ‬. ATP ‫ٸ ذٮحء‬ٙ ٤‫حّذز ٭ٺطشٳؾٺٮٺس ضذخ‬ٝ -16

17 – A process in which pyruvic acid turns into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in yeast.( alcoholic fermentation) )‫ٸ‬٥‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ (ج‬.‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٸ ٳغح٭ٸ أ‬٦‫ أٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ٸ‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٺٲح ق‬ٙ ٣‫ٺس ٹطكٴ‬٦٪ّ -17

18 - Stores energy in the body can be likened to small loose change currency. (ATP) )ATP( . ‫س‬٢ٚ٥‫قٖٺشز ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦٪ْ٥‫ ضؾرٺٲٲح ذح‬٬٢٪‫ ٹ‬٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٦٥ ٫‫خحص‬٩ -13

19 - The two organic compounds in the ATP. (Adenine and sugar) )‫ش‬٢‫غ‬٥‫ ٳج‬٬‫ (جألد٭ٺ‬.ATP ‫ٸ ؾضب‬ٙ ٫‫ْنٴٹح‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫رح‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ ج‬-19

70

20 - Inorganic compound in the ATP molecule. (Phosphate) )‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ (ج‬.ATP ‫ٸ ؾضب‬ٙ ‫ٖٺش ّنٴٷ‬٥‫د ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ ج‬-05 

V- G. R.: 1- cellular respiration differs from combustion: Cellular respiration combustion • Occurs within a living cell. • Occurs in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) or absence of oxygen (anaerobic). • Occurs at the temperature of the body with the help of enzymes. • Produced energy is stored in the ATP compounds s and utilized for the activities of the cell. ٛ‫جالقطشج‬ .‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ؿٴٷ خحسؼ ج‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٨‫ ٹط‬ .‫حش‬٪‫إل٭ضٹ‬٥ .ً‫ ٳالؾذج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٸ ٳؾٴد جأل‬ٙ ٨‫ ٹط‬ . ً‫ٺس ؾذج‬٥‫ذسؾس قشجسز ّح‬٥ ‫ ٹكطحؼ‬ .‫ جدخحسٱح‬٬٢٪‫رٺشز ٳال ٹ‬١ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬

• Occurs is in the air outside the cell. • Occurs in the presence of oxygen, and does not need enzymes. • need for very high temperature. • The energy result is large and can not be saved. ٛ‫ جالقطشج‬٬ّ ‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫٘ ج‬٦‫ ٹخط‬1 ‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ج‬ .‫كٸ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ٺس ج‬٦‫ خ‬٤‫ دجخ‬٨‫ ٹط‬ ‫ (ال‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ٳؾٴد جأل‬.)‫ (ٱٴجتٺٲٴجتٸ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٸ ٳؾٴد جأل‬ٙ ٨‫ ٹط‬ . )‫ٱٴجتٸ‬ .‫حش‬٪‫غحّذز جإل٭ضٹ‬٪‫ ذ‬٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ٸ دسؾس قشجسز ج‬ٙ ٨‫ ٹط‬ . ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٮٲح أل٭ؾيس ج‬٩ ‫حد‬ٚ‫ ٳٹغط‬ATP ‫رحش‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ .‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٮحج‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬

2 – Formation of intermediate compounds in the Krebs cycle. A- to release amount of energy in stages during the transition between these intermediate compounds, where citric acid pass by 3 intermediate compounds ( ketoglutaric acid – then succinic acid – then malic acid) → outcome of each Krebs cycle between these three components only: 1 ATP + 1 FADH2 + 2 NADH → 1 ATP + 2 ATP + 6 ATP → 9 ATP The final outcome of each glucose molecule (two rolls of the Corps) is a = 18ATP. . ‫سح وشثس‬ٚ‫ د‬ٟ‫خ ف‬١‫سؽ‬ٚ ‫ٓ ِشوجبد‬٠ٛ‫ رى‬-2 ‫رحش‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ ذػالظ‬٠‫غٺطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ش ق‬٪‫ٴعيٺس قٺع ٹ‬٥‫رحش ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٬‫ ذٺ‬٣‫طكٴ‬٥‫طذسؾس أغٮحء ج‬٩ ٤‫شجق‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ٜ٦‫ٸ ضٮي‬٢٥  ‫ ٱزٯ‬٬‫شذظ ذٺ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٬٩ ‫س ٳجقذز‬ٚ٥ ٤٢٥ ‫س‬٦‫كق‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ط‬ٙ ٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٨‫ غ‬٠‫غٮٺ‬١‫غح‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٨‫ غ‬٠‫ٴضحسٹ‬٦‫ٺطٴؾ‬٢٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٳعيٺس ضرذأ ذك‬ :‫و ٱٸ‬ٞٙ ‫ػالغس‬٥‫رحش ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ج‬ 9 ATP = 1 ATP + 2 ATP + 6 ATP = 1 ATP + 1 FADH2 + 2 NADH . 18ATP = ‫شذظ ) ٱٸ‬١ ٬٩ ٫‫طح‬ٚ٥( ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ ؾضب ؾ‬٤١ ٬٩ ‫ٮٲحتٺس‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫كق‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ط‬ٙ

3 - Link between photosynthesis in plant and respiration: A- There is a relationship between them, what is happen in Plastids reversed in the mitochondria to liberate energy by respiration , where H2O & CO2 liberated from respiration and moving to Plastids as raw materials for photosynthesis → liberation of oxygen as a byproduct → used for the completion of aerobic cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. .‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫نٴتٸ ذح‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ جسضرحه ج‬-3 ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ CO2 ، H2O ٜ٦‫ظ قٺع ٹٮي‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ذح‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫طكشٹش ج‬٥ ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬٢ْ‫رالعطٺذز ٹٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٨‫ح ٹط‬٩ ٫‫ا‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪‫س ذٺٮٲ‬ٝ‫ ّال‬ٟ‫ ٱٮح‬ ٤‫ٲٴجتٸ دجخ‬٥‫ٴٷ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ح‬٪‫ إلض‬٤ٖ‫ٮحضؽ غح٭ٴٷ ٹغط‬١ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬ٜ٦‫ٺٮي‬ٙ ‫نٴتٸ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٨‫طط‬٥ ٧‫ٴجد خح‬٪١ ‫رالعطٺذز‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ئ‬٫‫ٳٹذخال‬ . ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ج‬

71

4 – Oxidative phosphorylation is necessary for vital activity. A- Because oxidative phosphorylation is a process to store energy in ATP molecule from oxidation of ADP molecule during its combination with a phosphate group, and any vital activity need ATP molecules, where ATP is converted to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and liberate amount of energy between 7-12 k-calories per mole. . ٞٛ١‫خ ٌٍٕطبغ اٌؾ‬٠‫س‬ٚ‫خ ظش‬٠‫ اٌفسفشح اٌزأوسذ‬-4 ‫ ٳأٷ ٭ؾحه‬،‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٪‫ ّٮذ جسضرحىٰ ذ‬ADP ‫غذز ؾضب‬١‫ أ‬٬٩ ATP ‫ٸ ؾضٷء‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫طخضٹ‬٥ ‫ٺس‬٦٪ّ ‫غذٹس ٱٸ‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ ج‬٫‫ أل‬ 10-7 ٬‫ح ذٺ‬٩ ‫ذس‬ٞ‫س ٹ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ذجس‬ٞ٩ ٜ٦‫حش) ٳٹٮي‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ غٮحتٸ ج‬٬‫ ( أدٹٮٴعٺ‬ADP ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ّٮذتز ئ‬ATP ٣‫ قٺع ٹطكٴ‬،ATP ‫ؿضٹثحش‬٥ ‫قٺٴٷ ٹكطحؼ‬ . ٣‫ٴ‬٩ ٤٢٥ ‫رٺش‬١ ‫عْش قشجسٷ‬

5 - ATP molecule is the energy currency in the cell. A- Because all the energy need by the cell requires the presence of ATP, which can be likened to small currency (loose change), which is characterized by easy handling and dispensing. .‫خ‬١ٍ‫ اٌخ‬ٟ‫ ػٍّخ اٌؽبلخ ف‬ATP ‫ؼزجش عضئ‬٠ -5 ‫ٲح‬٥‫س ضذجٳ‬٥‫ٺض ذغٲٴ‬٪‫طٸ ضط‬٥‫س) ج‬٢ٚ٥‫قٖٺشز (ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦٪ْ٥‫ ضؾرٺٲٲح ذح‬٬٢٪‫طٸ ٹ‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫طنٸ ٳؾٴد‬ٞ‫ٶ ضذذٺشٱح ض‬٥‫ٺس ئ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫س ضكطحؼ ج‬ٝ‫ ىح‬٤١ ٫‫ أل‬ . ‫ٲح‬ٙ‫ٳفش‬

6 - The walls of the alveoli are true respiratory surfaces. A - Because it is surrounded from outside by a huge network of blood capillaries pick up oxygen from the thin walls air sacs to move it into the cells of the body. . ‫خ‬١ٍ‫خ فؼ‬١‫خ أسؽؼ رٕفس‬١‫ائ‬ٌٛٙ‫صالد ا‬٠ٛ‫ رؼزجش عذس اٌؾ‬-6 ‫ٶ خالٹح‬٥‫ٰ ئ‬٦ٞ‫ٮ‬٥ ‫ؿذس‬٥‫س ج‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫كٴٹقالش س‬٥‫ ٱٴجء ج‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٲح جأل‬٩‫و د‬ٞ‫ط‬٦‫ٴٹس ٹ‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٪‫س مخ‬٢‫خحسؼ ؽر‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ أل٭ٰ ٹكحه ذٲح‬ .‫س‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ج‬

7 - Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen. A- Because all the electrons that removed in oxidation of carbon atoms during the reaction is received by NAD + and FAD. .ٓ١‫د أوسغ‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ ‫سح وشثس‬ٚ‫ ال رزؽٍت د‬-7 . FAD ‫ ٳ‬NAD+ ٬٩ ٤١ ‫ ذٴجعيس‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫حّالش ضغط‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ أغٮحء ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غذز رسجش ج‬١‫ٸ أ‬ٙ ٣‫طٸ ضضج‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤١ ٫‫ أل‬

8 – Passage of the organism to anaerobic respiration. A- When oxygen is not available, it resorts to anaerobic respiration to get on the amount of energy required to maintain its vital activity. . ٟ‫ائ‬ٛ٘‫ اٌزٕفس اٌال‬ٌٝ‫ إ‬ٟ‫ء اٌىبئٓ اٌؾ‬ٛ‫ ٌغ‬-8 . ‫كٺٴٹس‬٥‫شجس أ٭ؾيطٰ ج‬٪‫س العط‬٩‫الص‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ذجس‬ٞ٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٣‫كقٴ‬٦٥ ‫الٱٴجتٸ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ؿأ ئ‬٦‫ا٭ٰ ٹ‬ٙ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ش جأل‬ٙ‫ح ال ٹطٴج‬٩‫ ّٮذ‬

9 - Part of air left behind in the lungs after exhalation. A- To warm the new air enter the lungs quickly and prevent adhesion of wall of alveoli from inside. .‫ش‬١‫خ اٌضف‬١ٍّ‫اء ثصفخ ِسزّشح ثؼذ أْ رزُ ػ‬ٌٛٙ‫ٓ عضء ِٓ ا‬١‫ اٌشئز‬ٟ‫زخٍف ف‬٠ -9 .٤‫ذجخ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫ ؾذس ج‬ٛ‫طقح‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٶ ّذ‬٦ّ ٌٙ‫ ٳٹكح‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٦٥ ٤‫ذجخ‬٥‫ؿذٹذ ج‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ثس ج‬ٙ‫ٸ ضذ‬ٙ ُ‫ٺغش‬٥ 

10 - Occurance of muscle tired. A- This occurs when muscle cells exhausted all the oxygen in the cells → resorting cells to convert pyruvic acid (after its reduction by union with electrons on NADH) to lactic acid ( C3H6O3)) that accumulates cause the muscle fatigue, which disappear if O2 become available where lactic acid is transformed to pyruvic acid again, and then to Acetyl co enzyme A. .ٍٟ‫ؼشف ثبٌزؼت اٌؼع‬٠ ‫س ِب‬ٚ‫ ؽذ‬-11

72

ِ٩ ‫ٰ ( جضكحدٯ‬٥‫ ذْذ جخطضج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫ٶ ضكٴٹ‬٥‫خالٹح ئ‬٥‫ؿأ ج‬٦‫ط‬ٙ ‫ٴؾٴد ذٲح‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٤١ ‫ْنالش‬٥‫ز خالٹح ج‬ٚ‫ح ضغطٮ‬٩‫ ّٮذ‬٠٥‫ ٹكذظ ر‬ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ش جأل‬ٙ‫ ئرج ضٴج‬٣‫زٷ ٹضٳ‬٥‫ٸ ٳج‬٦‫ْن‬٥‫طْد ج‬٥‫ٺغرد ج‬ٙ ٨١‫زٷ ٹطشج‬٥‫ ) ٳج‬C3H6O3) ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ) ئ‬NADH ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫طٸ‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫جإل‬ . ) ‫ ( أ‬٨‫غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ أعطٺ‬٨‫شز أخشٵ غ‬٩ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫قٺع ٹطكٴ‬

11 - Oxygen is considered the last receiver in electrons transfer chains. A- Because a pair of electrons combine with a pair of protons H+ ; then with oxygen atom to form water, as in the following equation: 2e- + 2 H + + 1 / 2 O2 → H2O

. ‫ٔبد‬ٚ‫ سٍسٍخ ٔمً اإلٌىزش‬ٟ‫ش ف‬١‫ اٌّسزمجً األخ‬ٛ٘ ٓ١‫ُؼزجش األوسغ‬٠ -11 : ‫س جٻضٺس‬٥‫ْحد‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١ ‫حء‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ِ رسز أ‬٩ ٨‫ غ‬H+ ‫رشٳضٴ٭حش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ِ صٳؼ‬٩ ‫طشٳ٭حش ضطكذ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٬٩ ‫ صٳؼ‬٫‫ أل‬ 2e- + 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O

12 – Krebs cycle may be called citric acid cycle. A- Because the reactions of Krebs cycle ends with formation of citric acid.

. ‫ه‬٠‫زش‬١‫سح ؽّط اٌس‬ٚ‫سح وشثس ثذ‬ٚ‫ د‬ّٝ‫ لذ رس‬-12 . ٠‫غٺطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫شذظ ضٮطٲٸ ذط‬١ ‫حّالش دٳسز‬ٚ‫ ض‬٫‫ أل‬

13 – Glycolysis occurs in both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. A- To produce energy during glycolysis where glucose molecule split to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. . ‫اء‬ٛ‫ اٌس‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٟ‫ائ‬ٛ٘‫اٌزٕفس اٌال‬ٚ ٟ‫ائ‬ٌٛٙ‫ اٌزٕفس ا‬ٟ‫ ؽبٌز‬ٟ‫ص ف‬ٛ‫و‬ٍٛ‫ رزُ ِشؽٍخ أطؽبس اٌغ‬-13 . ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫ ؾضب ق‬0 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٴص ئ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫س أغٮحء ج٭ؾيحس ؾضب ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ إل٭طحؼ ج‬٠٥‫ ٳر‬

14 - Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen. A- because the energy resulting from glycolysis is insufficient to perform vital functions of living organisms, so pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen to produce more energy through two steps the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. . ٓ١‫د األوسغ‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ ٟ‫ب ف‬٠‫ٔذس‬ٛ‫و‬ٛ‫ز‬١ٌّ‫ ا‬ٌٝ‫ه إ‬١‫ف‬ٚ‫ش‬١‫ذخً ؽّط اٌج‬٠ -14 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫ ٹذخ‬٠٥‫ز‬٥ ، ‫كٺس‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫كٺٴٹس‬٥‫ٴٍحت٘ ج‬٥‫ٺس ألدجء ج‬ٙ‫ح‬١ ‫ٴص ٕٺش‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج٭ؾيحس ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ أل‬ . ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫شذظ ٳع‬١ ‫ح دٳسز‬٪‫ ٱ‬٬‫ خيٴضٺ‬٣‫رش خال‬١‫س أ‬ٝ‫ إل٭طحؼ ىح‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٸ ٳؾٴد جأل‬ٙ ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ج‬

15 - Steps of Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur within the mitochondria. A- Because mitochondria is the field of chemical reactions in the cell as it contains the respiratory enzymes and co enzymes and electron carrier's molecules or cytochromes, phosphate and water. .‫ب‬٠‫ٔذس‬ٛ‫و‬ٛ‫ز‬١ٌّ‫ْ داخً ا‬ٚ‫سٍسٍخ ٔمً اإلٌىزش‬ٚ ‫سح وشثس‬ٚ‫اد د‬ٛ‫س خؽ‬ٚ‫ ؽذ‬-15 ‫الش‬٩‫غحّذز ٳؾضٹثحش قح‬٩ ‫حش‬٪‫غٺس ٳئ٭ضٹ‬ٚ‫حش ضٮ‬٪‫ٶ ئ٭ضٹ‬٦ّ ‫ٺس القطٴجتٲح‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٤ٞ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ضْطرش ق‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ أل‬ .‫حء‬٪٥‫حش ٳج‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫حش ٳج‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش أٳ ج‬٢٥‫جإل‬

16 – Food molecule is usually expressed as glucose molecule on explaining the methods and steps of dissolution. A- Because most of the cells of living organisms use glucose to produce energy more than the use of any other food molecule available. .ٌٗ‫اد أؾال‬ٛ‫خؽ‬ٚ ‫ة‬ٍٛ‫عبػ أس‬٠‫ص ػٕذ إ‬ٛ‫و‬ٍٛ‫ء اٌغ‬ٞ‫ؼجش ػٓ عضئ اٌغزاء ػبدح ثغض‬٠ -16 .‫ش‬ٙ‫طٴ‬٩ ‫ٲح ألٷ ؾضٷء ٕزجء آخش‬٩‫ جعطخذج‬٬٩ ‫ػش‬١‫س أ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٴص إل٭طحؼ ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫كٺس ضغطخذ‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٥‫د خالٹح ج‬٦ٕ‫ أ‬٫‫ أل‬

17 – Relaxation of muscles of the ribs and diaphragm during exhalation. A- To decrease the size of the chest cavity and increases the internal pressure→ Push air to outside of the lungs. . ‫ش‬١‫خ اٌضف‬١ٍّ‫اٌؾغبة اٌؾبعض أصٕبء ػ‬ٚ ‫ع‬ٍٛ‫ اسرخبء ػعالد اٌع‬-17 . ٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٶ خحسؼ ج‬٥‫ٲٴجء ئ‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٙ‫ٺٮذ‬ٙ ‫ٸ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫نٖو ج‬٥‫قذسٷ ٳٹضٹذ ج‬٥‫طؿٴٹ٘ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ـ قؿ‬ٞ‫ٺٮ‬٥ 

18 - Contraction of the intercostals muscle and the diaphragm during inspiration. A- Contraction of the intercostals muscle → lifts the ribs up → increase diameter of chest. 73

Contraction of the diaphragm muscle → make it fall down → increase the size of chest cavity → decrease its internal pressure → push air from outside into the nose; trachea , lungs. .‫ك‬١ٙ‫خ اٌط‬١ٍّ‫ػعٍخ اٌؾغبة اٌؾبعض أصٕبء ػ‬ٚ ‫ع‬ٍٛ‫ٓ اٌع‬١‫ ث‬ٟ‫ أمجبض اٌؼعالد اٌز‬-18 ٓ‫شج‬ٙ ٨‫ٺضدجد قؿ‬ٙ ٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤ٚ‫طٲرو أع‬٥ ‫كحؾض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫رل ّن‬ٞ‫ ٳضٮ‬٬‫ؿح٭رٺ‬٥‫ٶ ٳج‬٦ّ‫ٶ أ‬٥‫ْٲح ئ‬ٙ‫طش‬٥ ُ‫ٴ‬٦‫ن‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫طٸ ذٺ‬٥‫ْنالش ج‬٥‫رل ج‬ٞ‫ ضٮ‬ .٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٶ دجخ‬٥‫ا‬ٙ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٤ٚ‫ٶ أع‬٥‫ ئ‬٨‫ جأل٭٘ غ‬٤‫ٶ دجخ‬٥‫خحسؾٸ ئ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٙ‫ٺٮذ‬ٙ ‫ٸ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ مٖيٰ ج‬٠٥‫ـ ذز‬ٞ‫ٺٮ‬ٙ ‫قذسٷ‬٥‫طؿٴٹ٘ ج‬٥‫ج‬ 

VI - General questions 1 – Write a brief about the role of oxalacetic acid in Krebs cycle. A- When acetyl-Co enzyme A entering to the Krebs cycle → co – A leave acetyl and combine with oxalacetic acid → citric acid in the first step of the Krebs cycle reactions. . ‫سح وشثس‬ٚ‫ د‬ٟ‫ه ف‬١‫ز‬١‫أس‬ٌٛ‫س ؽّط األوسب‬ٚ‫ اوزت ٔجزح ِخزصشح ػٓ د‬-1 ‫ل‬٪‫ٴ٭حً ق‬٢٩ ٠‫ٴأعٺطٺ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل جأل‬٪‫ِ ق‬٩ ‫ٺطكذ‬٥ ٤‫ جألعٺطٺ‬ٟ‫( ٹطش‬CoA) ٜٙ‫شج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ا‬ٙ ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬٥‫ أ ) ئ‬٨‫ٴ ئ٭ضٹ‬١ ٤‫ ( أعٺطٺ‬٣‫ ّٮذ دخٴ‬:  . ‫شذظ‬١ ‫حّالش دٳسز‬ٚ‫ ض‬٬٩ ‫ خيٴز‬٣‫ٸ أٳ‬ٙ ٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ج‬

2 - In any stage of cellular respiration, oxydative phosphorylation occurs? What is the final outcome of this stage? A- Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in stage of electron transfer and result in 2 molecules of water and energy stored in ATP. ‫زٖ اٌّشؽٍخ؟‬ٌٙ ‫خ‬١‫بئ‬ٌٕٙ‫ارظ ا‬ٌٕٛ‫خ ؟ ِب ا‬٠‫خ اٌفسفشح اٌزأوسذ‬١ٍّ‫ رؾذس ػ‬ٍٞٛ‫ ِشؽٍخ ِٓ ِشاؽً اٌزٕفس اٌخ‬ٞ‫ ثأ‬-2 . ATP ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ذخشز‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫حء ٳىح‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٫‫ ٳٹٮطؽ ّٮٲح ؾضٹثح‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ ضكذظ ج‬ 

VII - Choose the correct answer with the cause if possible:: ٬٢٩‫ أ‬٫‫غرد ئ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ِ ذٺح‬٩ ‫قكٺكس‬٥‫جخطش جإلؾحذس ج‬ 1 - Electron transfer chain allows electrons to ... (a) move from Grana to stroma. (b) Transition from solar energy to chlorophyll. (c) Conversion to-carotene. (d ) Release energy. ‫ٶ‬٥‫غٺس ئ‬٪‫ؾ‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٣‫ح‬ٞ‫خ – جال٭ط‬

. ‫ح‬٩‫غطشٳ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ؿشج٭ح ئ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٣‫ح‬ٞ‫ جال٭ط‬- ‫أ‬... ‫طشٳ٭حش ذـ‬٢٥‫إل‬٥ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ف ع‬٪‫ ضغ‬-1 . ‫د – أؽالق ؼبلخ‬ . ٬‫حسٳضٺ‬١ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٣‫طكٴ‬٥‫ ؼ – ج‬. ٤‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ٴسٳ‬٦٢٥‫ج‬

2 - Krebs cycle begins with combination of acetyl group with four-carbon compound to form ... (Citric acid - acetic acid - adenine - malic acid). – ٬‫ – أدٹٮٺ‬٠‫ٺ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ه – ق‬٠‫( ؽّط اٌسزش‬

... ٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫د سذحّٸ ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ِ٩ ٤‫ٴّس جألعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫شذظ ذحضكحد‬١ ‫ ضرذأ دٳسز‬-0 . ) ٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ق‬

3 - Glucose is oxidized in cellular respiration through .... (a) Union of glucose with oxygen. (b) The glucose loss hydrogen. (c) Union of glucose with electrons. (d) The glucose loss of electrons. . ٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٦٥ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ذ ج‬ٞٙ – ‫خ‬

.٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٴص ذحأل‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫أ – جضكحد ج‬....٣‫ خال‬٬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٸ‬٥‫ٴٷ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٸ قح‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ أ‬٨‫ ضط‬-3 . ‫ٔبد‬ٚ‫ص ٌإلٌىزش‬ٛ‫و‬ٍٛ‫د – فمذ اٌغ‬ ..‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫إل‬٥‫ٴص ذح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ؼ – جضكحد ج‬

4 - CO2 molecule is librated a result of.... (a) Glycolysis. (b) Lactic acid fermentation. (c) Alcoholic fermentation. (d) The hydrolysis of glycogen. ٤٦‫طك‬٥‫د – ج‬

. ٌٟٛ‫ ط – اٌزخّش اٌىؾ‬.ٟ.‫ٸ‬٥‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ح‬٪‫ش ق‬٪‫خ – ضخ‬

.‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫أ – ج٭ؾيحس ج‬

....‫ ٭طٺؿس‬CO2 ‫ ؾضب‬ٜ٦‫ ٹٮي‬-4 .٬‫ٴؾٺ‬٢‫ٺ‬٦‫ؿ‬٦٥ ‫حتٸ‬٪٥‫ج‬

5 - Pyruvic acid is reduced to form. (a) PGAL (b) carbon dioxide and ethanol. (c) Fructose 1-6 phosphate. (d) malic acid.

74

– ‫ د‬. ‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ 6-1 ‫طٴص‬١‫شج‬ٙ – ‫ ؼ‬. ‫ي‬ٛٔ‫ضب‬٠‫اإل‬ٚ ْٛ‫ذ اٌىشث‬١‫ أوس‬ٟٔ‫ة – صب‬

PGAL – ‫ أ‬.. ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٺ‬٥ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ٹخطض‬-5 . ٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ق‬

6 - Electron transfer chain is ..(a) Oxidative phosphorulation cycle. (b) Exothermic reaction. . ‫كشجسز‬٦٥ ‫ ىحسد‬٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫خ – ض‬

. ‫خ‬٠‫س‬ٛ‫سف‬ٛ‫سح األوسذح اٌف‬ٚ‫أ – د‬

..‫طشٳ٭حش ذأ٭ٲح‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ضٴف٘ ع‬-6

7 - Anaerobic cellular respiration requires the presence of ... (oxygen - certain enzymes ethyl alcohol - CO2) ) CO2 – ‫ٸ‬٦‫ ئٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ – ‫ٕخ‬١‫ّبد ِؼ‬٠‫ – أٔض‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫( جأل‬... ‫الٱٴجتٸ ٳؾٴد‬٥‫ٴٷ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫د ج‬٦‫ ٹطي‬-7

8 - Turning molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid and two molecules of ATP are evidence of …………(aerobic respiration - Anaerobic respiration - Krebs cycle) ‫ظ‬ٚ‫ظ ٱٴجتٸ – ضٮ‬ٚ‫( ضٮ‬

‫ٶ قذٳظ‬٦ّ ٣‫ ٹذ‬ATP ٬٩ ٬‫ ؾضٹثٺ‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٳض‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٬‫ٶ ؾضٹثٺ‬٥‫ٴص ئ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬٣‫ ضكٴ‬-3 ) ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ال ٱٴجتٸ – دٳسز‬

9 - Active oxygen, which is part of the electron transmission system enters as an atom in molecule of ... (Glucose - CO2 - oxygen). . ) ٓ١‫ – األوسغ‬CO2 - ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫( ج‬

...‫ٸ ؾضب‬ٙ ‫زسز‬١ ٤‫طشٳ٭حش ٹذخ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٣‫ح‬ٞ‫ ج٭ط‬٧‫ ٭َح‬٬٩ ً‫ ؾضءج‬٤٢‫زٷ ٹؾ‬٥‫ٮؾو ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬-9

10 – On glycolysis of four molecules of glucose, it will give..... Molecule of ATP. (8-4 - 16 - 12) ) 10 – 16 – 4 – 8 ( ‫ ؟‬ATP ‫ ؾضٷء‬.....‫ا٭ٲح عٴٗ ضْيٸ‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ّٮذ ج٭ؾيحس أسذْس ؾضٹثحش‬-15

11 – In cellular respiration the largest number of ATP molecules released is in ... (glycolysis - Krebs cycle - fermentation - a series of electron transfer). ً‫ش – سٍسٍخ ٔم‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫شذظ – ج‬١ ‫ٴص – دٳسز‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫( ج٭ؾيحس ج‬...‫ٸ‬ٙ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫س ض‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬٩ ‫رش ّذد‬١‫ٴٷ أ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ -11 )ْٚ‫اإلٌىزش‬

12 – Hydrolysis of one phosphate bond in ATP molecule leads to the formation of: (a) ADP and the release of energy. (b) ADP and no energy. (c) The five- carbon ribose sugar. (d) The base adenine. ‫ؼ‬

. ‫س‬ٝ‫ ىح‬ٛ‫ ج٭يال‬٧‫ ٳّذ‬ADP – ‫ خ‬.‫أؽالق ؼبلخ‬ٚ ADP – ‫ أ‬:٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٶ ض‬٥‫ ٹإدٷ ئ‬ATP ‫ ؾضب‬٬٩ ‫قذز‬.‫س‬ٝ‫حىح‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ ‫ سجذيس‬٤٦‫ ضك‬-10 . ٬‫حّذز جألدٹٮٺ‬ٝ – ‫د‬ .‫حعٸ‬٪‫خ‬٥‫شٹرٴص ج‬٥‫ش ج‬٢‫– ع‬

13 - Fatty acids (or amino acids) enter in aerobic cellular respiration in the form of a molecule (mono carbon - bicarbon – triple carbon - all of the above) ‫ْ – غالغٸ‬ٛ‫ اٌىشث‬ٟ‫ – صٕبئ‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ٶ ٱٺثس ؾضب ( أقحدٷ ج‬٦ّ ‫ٲٴجتٸ‬٥‫ٴٷ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ) ‫ٺٮٺس‬٩‫ذٱٮٺس ( أٳ جأل‬٥‫حك ج‬٪‫ جألق‬٤‫ ضذخ‬-13 ) ٜ‫ح عر‬٩ ٤١ – ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ج‬

14 - The organism which converts pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide is ... (spirogyra - yeglina - yeast - amoebas) ‫ٺرح‬٩‫شح – جأل‬١ّ‫ٺٮح – اٌخ‬٦‫ٺٴؾ‬٥‫( جإلعرٺشٳؾٺشج – ج‬... ‫ ٱٴ‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٸ ٳغح٭ٸ أ‬٦‫ ئٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫زٷ ٹكٴ‬٥‫كٸ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ ج‬-14 )

15 - The material that do not supply the cell with energy (fat - proteins - carbohydrates water) ) ‫شذٴٱٺذسجش – اٌّبء‬٢٥‫رشٳضٺٮحش – ج‬٥‫ – ج‬٫‫ذٱٴ‬٥‫س ٱٸ ( ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ذح‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ذ ج‬٪‫طٸ ال ض‬٥‫حدز ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬-15 enzyme

16 – Glucose lactic acid + 2ATP. This equation refers to: (hydrolysis - anaerobic respiration - aerobic respiration - alcoholic fermentation) ) ‫ٸ‬٥‫كٴ‬١ ‫ش‬٪‫ظ ٱٴجتٸ – ضخ‬ٚ‫ – ضٮ‬ٟ‫ائ‬ٛ٘ ‫حتٸ – رٕفس ال‬٩ ٤٦‫ ( ضك‬: ‫ٸ‬٥‫س ضؾٺش ئ‬٥‫ْحد‬٪٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬2ATP + ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ق‬

ُ٠‫إٔض‬

‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ ؾ‬-16

enzyme

17 - 2C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O . The enzyme necessary for the completion of the previous equation is (maltase - lactase - sucrose - amylase). – ‫طٺض‬١‫ال‬٥‫ض – ج‬١‫س ٱٴ ( اٌّبٌز‬ٞ‫غحذ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ْحد‬٪٥‫ ج‬٧‫ح‬٪‫ إلض‬٧‫الص‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫جإل٭ضٹ‬

C12H22O11 + H2O

ُ٠‫إٔض‬

2C6H12O6 -17 . ) ‫ٺض‬٦‫ٺ‬٩‫شٹض – جأل‬٢‫غ‬٥‫ج‬

18 - each of the following are four-carbon compound except ... (malic acid – succinic acid Oxalacetic acid – Kitoglutarik acid). 75

. )‫ه‬٠‫ربس‬ٍٛ‫ع‬ٛ‫ز‬١‫ – ؽّط و‬٠‫ٴأعٺطٺ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل أ‬٪‫ – ق‬٠‫غٮٺ‬١‫غح‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ – ق‬٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫( ق‬... ‫ح ّذج‬٩ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫د سذحّٸ ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ٸ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪٩ ٤١ -13

19 - Each of the following included in the structure of the lung except ... (The two bronchi – bronchioles - the capillaries - the alveoli) ) ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ٴٹس – ج‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ؾْٺرحش – ج‬٥‫( اٌطؼجزبْ – ج‬... ‫ح ّذج‬٩ ‫غٲح‬ٚ‫شتس ٭‬٥‫ٺد ج‬١‫ٸ ضش‬ٙ ٤‫ح ٹأضٸ ٹذخ‬٪٩ ٤١ -19

20 - during the process of expiration, the rib cage (down - up - contract). . ) ‫رل‬ٞ‫ِ – ٹٮ‬ٚ‫ٕخفط – ٹشض‬٠ ( ‫قذسٷ‬٥‫ـ ج‬ٚٞ٥‫ ج‬٫‫ا‬ٙ ‫ٺش‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ أغٮحء‬-05

21 - During the process of inspiration, the rib cage (down - up - flattens). . ) ‫شرفغ – ٹٮرغو‬٠ – ‫ل‬ٚ‫قذسٷ ( ٹٮخ‬٥‫ـ ج‬ٚٞ٥‫ ج‬٫‫ا‬ٙ ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ أغٮحء‬-01

22 – Relaxation and dome up of the diaphragm muscle occurs in the process ... (inhalation exhalation - inhale and exhale together). . ) ‫ْح‬٩ ‫ٺش‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ ٳج‬ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ش – ج‬١‫ – اٌضف‬ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫( ج‬...‫ٺس‬٦٪ّ ‫ أغٮحء‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ْشٯ ٹ‬ٞ‫كحؾض ٳض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ ج٭رغحه ّن‬-00

23 - Contraction of the diaphragm and flattened it occurs in the process of .....(Inspiration – expiration - inhales and exhales together). . ) ‫ْح‬٩ ‫ٺش‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ ٳج‬ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ٺش – ج‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ك – ج‬١ٙ‫( اٌط‬.....‫ٺس‬٦٪ّ ‫ أغٮحء‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫يكٰ ٹ‬٦ٚ‫كحؾض ٳض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫رحك ّن‬ٞ‫ ج٭‬-03

24 - Number of muscles of the body is estimated at about .... Muscle or more. (260-620 206-602) ) 650 – 056 – 621 – 065(. ‫غش‬.‫ػش‬١‫سأ‬٦‫ ّن‬.... ‫ٸ‬٥‫ذس ذكٴج‬ٞ‫ ض‬٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ ّذد ّنالش ج‬-04

25 – The percentage of the number of molecules (ATP: CO2) generated during one Krebs cycle is: - (2: 2 -2: 1 -3: 1 -4: 1 -2: zero) ) ‫ش‬ٚ‫ ف‬: 0 – 1 : 4 – 1 : 3 - 1 : 2 – 0 : 0 (

- : ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫شذظ ٳجقذز ض‬١ ‫ٮحضؿس أغٮحء دٳسز‬٥‫( ج‬ATP : CO2) ‫ ٭غرس ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬-05

26 – The percentage of the number of molecules (FADH2: NADH) resulting in one Krebs cycle are: (2: 2 -2: 1 -3: 1 -4: 3)

) 3 : 4 – 1 : 3 – 1 : 0 – 0 : 0 (: ‫شذظ ٱٸ‬١ ‫ذٳسز‬٥ ‫س ٳجقذز‬ٚ٥ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫( ج‬FADH2 : NADH) ‫ ٭غرس ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬-06

27 - Actual stock of energy within the muscle is .. (ATP - lactic acid - glucose - glycogen) ) ٓ١‫ع‬ٛ‫ى‬١ٍ‫ٴص– اٌغ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫– ج‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ – ق‬ATP(.. ‫س ٱٴ‬٦‫ْن‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫س دجخ‬ٝ‫يح‬٦٥ ‫ٸ‬٦ْٚ٥‫ ج‬٫‫خضٳ‬٪٥‫ ج‬-07

28 - The process of oxidation of NADH molecule occurs in: (a) electron transfer chain. (b) During reduction of pyruvic acid in anaerobic respiration (c) Glycolysis. (d) a, b together. ‫الٱٴجتٸ ؼ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ خ – أغٮحء جخطضج‬. ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ أ – ع‬: ‫ٸ‬ٙ NADH ‫ؿضب‬٥ ‫غذز‬١‫ٺس أ‬٦٪ّ ‫ – ضكذظ‬03 . ً‫ ة ِؼب‬، ‫د – أ‬ .‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫– ج٭ؾيحس ج‬

29 - The source of carbon dioxide resulting from respiration during muscular effort is .. (Glycolysis - Krebs cycle - both together) ) ً‫شذظ – والّ٘ب ِؼب‬١ ‫ٴص – دٳسز‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫( ج٭ؾيحس ج‬..‫ٸ ٱٴ‬٦‫ؿٲٴد ّن‬٩ ٣‫ظ أغٮحء ذز‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫قذس غح٭ٸ أ‬٩ – 09

76

‫س‬١‫إٌف‬ I- Multiple-choice questions‫بس اٌّزؼذد‬١‫ اسئٍخ االخز‬:‫ال‬ٚ‫ا‬ 1. During external respiration (the mechanism of respiration) the following occurs .......: (a) exchange of gases through the respiratory surfaces (b) connect gases to the respiratory surfaces. (c) Liberation of stored energy in food (d) all of the above. ‫العيف‬٥ ‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫(خ)ضٴفٺ‬

‫غٺس‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ جالعيف ج‬٣‫ٖحصجش خال‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ (أ) ضرحد‬:.......‫ٸ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٩ ‫ظ) ٹكذظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٥‫خحسؾٸ(ج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ جغٮحءج‬.1 . ٜ‫ح عر‬٩ ِ‫ٺ‬٪‫(د)ؾ‬ ‫ٖزجء‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٮس‬٩‫ح‬٢٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫غٺس (ؼ)ضكشٹش ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ج‬

2. During inspiratory process, air rushes into the lungs because of: (a) contraction of the intercostals muscle, leading to elevation of the ribs. (b) Relaxation of the diaphragm to the bottom (c) increased pressure within the lungs than outside. (d) Both (a) and (b) ‫ٶ‬٦ّ‫ٴُ أل‬٦‫ن‬٥‫حُ ج‬ٚ‫ٶ جسض‬٥‫ح ٹإدٵ ئ‬٪٩ ُ‫ٴ‬٦‫ن‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫رحك ّنالش ذٺ‬ٞ‫ (أ)ج٭‬:‫ ذغرد‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٶ دجخ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ئ‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٙ‫ ٹٮذ‬ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫أغٮحء‬.0 )‫(أ) ٳ(خ‬٬٩ ٤١ )‫نٖو خحسؾٲح (د‬٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫نٖو دجخ‬٥‫ (ؼ)صٹحدز ج‬٤ٚ‫ٶ أع‬٥‫كحؾض ئ‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫(خ)جسضخحء ّن‬

3. Air rush into the lungs during inhalation as a result of: (a) increase pressure within the lungs (b) contraction of the diaphragm and intercostals muscle (c) relaxation of both the diaphragm and intercostals muscle (d) Decrease pressure within the lungs as a result of relaxation of the diaphragm muscle ‫كحؾض ٳّنالش‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ ّن‬٬٩ ٤١ ‫رحك‬ٞ‫ (خ)ج٭‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫نٖو دجخ‬٥‫ (أ)صٹحدز ج‬:‫ ٭طٺؿس‬ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ ئغٮحء ج‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٶ دجخ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ئ‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٙ‫ٹٮذ‬.3 ‫س‬٦‫ ٭طٺؿس ج٭رغحه ّن‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫نٖو دجخ‬٥‫حك ج‬ٚ‫ٴُ (د)ج٭خ‬٦‫ن‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫كحؾض ٳّنالش ذٺ‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ ّن‬٬٩ ٤١ ‫ٴُ (ؼ)ج٭رغحه‬٦‫ن‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ذٺ‬ ‫كحؾض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫ج‬

4. The actual respiratory surface in humans are: (a) the trachea (b) the bronchi (c) alveoli (d) the nasal mucosa ‫خحىٸ‬٪٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫ٲٴجتٺس (د)ج‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ٲٴجتٺس (ؼ)ج‬٥‫ؾْٺرحش ج‬٥‫(خ)ج‬

‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫ (أ)ج‬:‫ ٱٸ‬٫‫ٸ جإل٭غح‬ٙ ‫ٺس‬٦ْٚ٥‫غٺس ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ جألعيف ج‬-.4 ٘‫أل٭‬٥

5. The main importance of the cellular respiration process of living organisms is: (a) extraction of energy to allow cell to perform its vital processes. (b) Produces oxygen which allow cell to perform process consume energy. (c) By helping the amount of carbon dioxide in the air decrease. (d) Water molecules formed through it which prevents dehydration of the organism. ‫كٺٴٹس‬٥‫ٺحش ج‬٦٪ْ٥‫ ذح‬٧‫ٺح‬ٞ٥‫ٺس ج‬٦‫خ‬٦٥ ‫س ضطٺف‬ٝ‫ـ ذٲح ىح‬٦‫ (أ)ضغطخ‬:‫كٺس ٱٸ‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٦٥ ‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥ ‫شتٺغٺس‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪‫ جألٱ‬-.5 ‫ؿٴ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٺس غح٭ٸ أ‬٪١ ٤ٞ‫غحّذضٲح ض‬٪‫ٺس (ؼ)ذ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫ ىح‬٠٦‫ٺحش ضغطٲ‬٦٪ْ‫ ذ‬٧‫ٺح‬ٞ٥‫ ٹطٺف ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٲح أ‬٥‫(خ)ٹٮطؽ خال‬ .‫كٸ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫حٗ ج‬ٚ‫ٮِ ؾ‬٪‫حء ض‬٩ ‫ٲح ؾضٹثحش‬٥‫ خال‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫(د)ضط‬

6. Liberation of the energy stored in food to build and maintain tissues of living organisms are: (a) photosynthesis. (b) Respiration (c) photosynthesis and respiration. (d) Digestion. ‫نٴتٶ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫(ؼ)ج‬

‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫(خ)ج‬

‫نٴتٶ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ (أ)ج‬:‫كٺس ٱٸ‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٥‫رٮحء ٳفٺح٭س أ٭غؿس ج‬٥ ‫ٖزجء‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫خض٭س‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ضكشٹش ج‬٦٪ّ.6 ٨‫ٲن‬٥‫ظ (د)ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٳج‬

7. The equation a (C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP) represent: (a) external respiration (b) gas exchange (c) aerobic respiration (d) anaerobic respiration ‫ظ‬ٚ‫(د)ضٮ‬

‫ظ ٱٴجتٸ‬ٚ‫(ؼ)ضٮ‬

‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫(خ)ضرحد‬

‫ظ خحسؾٸ‬ٚ‫ (أ)ضٮ‬:٤‫ػ‬٪‫)ض‬C6H12O6→6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP(‫س‬٥‫ْحد‬٪٥‫ج‬.7 ‫ال ٱٴجتٸ‬

8. On Glycolysis fructose 1-6 – diphosphate is formed from ……: (a) glucose directly (b) glucose - 6 - phosphate. (c) Fructose - 6-phosphate (d) phosphoglyceraldhyde ‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ-6-- ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫(خ)ؾ‬

‫رحؽشز‬٩ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ (أ)ج‬:٬٩ ‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫غٮحتٸ ج‬-6-1 ‫طٴص‬١‫ش‬ٚ٥‫ش ج‬٢‫ ع‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٴص ٹط‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ّٮذ ج٭ؾيحس ج‬.3 ‫ذٱٺذ‬٥‫ٺغش ج‬٦‫ٴؾ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫(د) ج‬ ‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ6--‫طٴص‬١‫ش‬ٙ)‫(ؼ‬

77

9. The end product of glycolysis ..................( a) 2 molecule from each of FAD and NAD+ and ADP . (b) Molecule of each of CO2 and NAD+ and ADP. (c) 2 molecules of each of lactic acid; ATP and CO2. (d) 2 molecule of each of pyruvic acid; NADH and ATP (e) molecule of each of ethyl alcohol and CO2. ADP‫ٳ‬NAD+‫ٳ‬FAD٬٩ ٤١ ٬٩ ‫(أ)ؾضٷء‬..................‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫س ج٭ؾيحس ج‬٦‫شق‬٪٥ ‫ٮٲحتٺس‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫كق‬٪٥‫ج‬.9 CO2‫ٳ‬ATP‫ ٳ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٤١ ٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0)‫ (ؼ‬ADP‫ٳ‬NAD+‫ٳ‬CO2٬٩ ٤١ ٬٩ ‫(خ)ؾضٷء‬ CO2‫ٶ ٳ‬٦‫ جالغٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤١ ٬٩ ‫ (ٱـ)ؾضٵء‬ATP‫ٳ‬NADH‫ ٳ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٤١ ٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0)‫(د‬

10. Turning molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid and formation of two molecules of ATP indicates occurrence of.............. (a) Aerobic respiration (b) anaerobic respiration (c) transfer of electrons (d) Krebs cycle ‫ظ ٱٴجتٸ‬ٚ‫(أ)ضٮ‬..............‫ٶ قذٳظ‬٦ّ ٣‫ٹذ‬ATP٬٩ ٬‫ ؾضٹثٺ‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ ٳض‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٬‫ٶ ؾضٹثٺ‬٥‫ٴص ئ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضٷء ج‬٣‫ضكٴ‬.15 ‫شذظ‬١ ‫طشٳ٭حش (د)دٳسز‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫(ؼ)٭‬ ‫ظ ال ٱٴجتٸ‬ٚ‫(خ)ضٮ‬

11. The raw materials required for the process of aerobic respiration of a cell is................ (a) Glucose and oxygen, 2 ATP molecules. (b) PGAL; chlorophyll and NADP. (c) Oxygen; NADH and FADH2. (d) Acetyl Coenzyme or Krebs cycle and electrons transport chain.

ATP‫ ؾضٷء‬0 ‫ ٳ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٴص ٳأ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫(أ)ؾ‬.................‫ٺس ٭ؾيس ٱٸ‬٦‫خ‬٥ ‫ٲٴجتٸ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥ ‫س‬٩‫الص‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫خح‬٥‫ٴجد ج‬٪٥‫ج‬.11 ٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫غ‬٦‫شذظ ٳع‬١ ‫ أٳ دٳسز‬٨‫غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ (د)جعطٺ‬FADH2‫ٳ‬NADH ‫ ٳ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ (ؼ)أ‬NADP‫ ٳ‬٤‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ٴسٳ‬٦١ ‫ ٳ‬PGAL)‫(خ‬ ‫طشٳ٭ٸ‬٢٥‫جال‬

12. Energy form aerobic respiration released in the form of number.......... ATP and the number ……….NADH and the number.......... FADH2 . (a) 4 molecules of ATP and 8 NADH and FAD. (b) 2 molecule of ATP and 8 NADH and 2 FADH2. (c) 4 molecules of ATP and 10 NADH and FADH2 (d) 36 molecules ATP and 6 NADH and 2 FADH2. FADH2.............‫ ٳّذد‬NADH..........‫ ٳّذد‬ATP ..........‫ٸ فٴسز ّذد‬ٙ ‫ٲٴجتٸ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫ ىح‬ٜ٦‫ضٮي‬.10 NADH10ٚ ATP‫ؾضٹثحش‬4 )‫ (ؼ‬FADH22 ‫ ٳ‬NADH8 ‫ ٳ‬ATP‫ؾضٵء‬0)‫(خ‬ FADH22‫ ٳ‬NADH8‫ ٳ‬ATP‫ؾضٹثحش‬4)‫(أ‬ FADH22‫ ٳ‬NADH6‫ ٳ‬ATP‫ؾضٵء‬36)‫(د‬ FADH2‫ٳ‬

13. In aerobic respiration carbon atoms of glucose molecule is oxidized to .............(a) 6 molecules of CO2. ( b) 4 molecules of ATP. (c) 10 molecules of NAD+ (d) all of the above. ATP‫ؾضٹثحش‬4)‫خ‬

CO2‫ؾضٹثحش‬6)‫(أ‬.............‫ٶ‬٥‫ٴص ئ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ؿضٵء ج‬٥ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غذز رسجش ج‬١‫ ج‬٨‫ٲٴجتٸ ٹط‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ.13 ٜ‫ح عر‬٩ ِ‫ٺ‬٪‫(د)ؾ‬ NAD+‫ؾضٹثحش‬15)‫(ؼ‬

14. In aerobic respiration a small amount of energy is liberated in the form of ATP, but most of the energy is stored in molecules..................... (A) NAD+ and FAD. (b) pyruvic acid and PGAL (c) a Acetyl Coenzyme A. (d) NADH and FADH2 . .....................‫ٸ ؾضٹثحش‬ٙ ‫خطض٭س‬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫س ض‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٨َْ٩ ٬٢٥‫ ٳ‬ATP ‫ٸ فٴسز‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٦‫ٺ‬٦ٝ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ‫ٲٴجتٸ ضطكشس‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ.14 FADH2‫ ٳ‬NADH)‫(د‬ ‫ أ‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ (ؼ)جعطٺ‬PGAL‫ ٳ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫(خ)ق‬ FAD‫ٳ‬NAD+)‫(أ‬

15. Krebs cycle begins with combination of acetyl group with 4 carbon compound to form...... (a) Citric acid (b) acetic acid (C) adenine (d) malic acid. ٠‫ٺ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫(خ)ق‬

٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ (أ)ق‬......٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫د سذحّٸ ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ِ٩ ٤‫ٴّٰ جالعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫شذظ ذحضكحد‬١ ‫ضرذأ دٳسٯ‬.15 ٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫(د)ق‬ ٬‫(ؼ)أدٹٮٺ‬

16. The number of molecules of ATP produced from complete aerobic oxidation of acetyl group is: (a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 36 . 36)‫(د‬

13)‫(ؼ‬

15)‫(خ‬

10)‫ (أ‬:‫ ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ‬٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ؿضٵء‬٥ ‫س‬٩‫غذز ضح‬١‫ أ‬٬٩ ‫طٸ ضٮطؽ‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬.16

17. The number of molecules of ATP produced from complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of pyruvic acid is: (a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 36 . 36)‫ (د‬13)‫(ؼ‬

15)‫(خ‬

10)‫ (أ‬:‫ ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫ؿضٵء ق‬٥ ‫س‬٩‫غذز ضح‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫طٸ ضٮطؽ‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫ ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬.17

78

18. The number of molecules of ATP produced from complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of lactic acid is: (a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 36. 36)‫(د‬

13)‫(ؼ‬

15)‫ (خ‬10)‫ (أ‬:‫ ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ؿضٷء ق‬٥ ‫س‬٩‫غذز ضح‬١‫ أ‬٬٩ ‫طٸ ضٮطؽ‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫ ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬.13

19. The number of molecules of ATP produced in mitochondria on aerobic oxidation glucose molecule: (a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 36. 36)‫(د‬

13)‫ (ؼ‬15)‫ (خ‬10)‫ (أ‬: ‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٷء ؾ‬١‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ّٮذ أ‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫طٸ ضٮطؽ‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫ ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬.19

20. The number of CO2 molecules that result from complete oxidation of molecule of acetyl group is: (a) zero (b) single molecule. (c) Two molecules. (d) Three molecules. (e) Six molecules. ٫‫(ؼ)ؾضٹثح‬

‫(خ)ؾضٷء ٳجقذ‬

‫ش‬ٚ‫ (أ)ف‬:‫ ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ‬٤‫ٴّس جعط‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ؿضٷء‬٥ ‫س‬٩‫غذز ضح‬١‫ أ‬٬٩ ‫طٸ ضٮطؽ‬٥‫ ج‬CO2 ‫ ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬.05 ‫(د)غالظ ؾضٹثحش (ٯ)عطس ؾضٹثحش‬

21. The number of CO2 molecules that result from the complete oxidation of one molecule of pyruvic acid is: (a) zero (b) a single molecule (c) Two molecules (d) three molecules (e) six molecules ٫‫(ؼ)ؾضٹثح‬

‫(خ)ؾضٷء ٳجقذ‬

‫ش‬ٚ‫ (أ)ف‬:‫ ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫ؿضٷء ق‬٥ ‫س‬٩‫غذز ضح‬١‫ أ‬٬٩ ‫طٸ ضٮطؽ‬٥‫ ج‬CO2 ‫ ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬.01 ‫(د)غالظ ؾضٹثحش (ٱـ)عطس ؾضٹثحش‬

22. The number of CO2 molecules produced in Cytoplasm from complete aerobic oxidation of molecule of glucose is: (a) zero (b) a single molecule (c) Two molecules (d) three molecules (e) six molecules ‫(خ)ؾضٷء ٳجقذ‬

‫ش‬ٚ‫ (أ)ف‬:‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿضٷء ؾ‬٥ ‫س‬٩‫غذز ضح‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ ٧‫غٺطٴذالٳ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫طٸ ضٮطؽ‬٥‫ ج‬CO2 ‫ ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬.00 ‫ (د)غالظ ؾضٹثحش (ٱـ)عطس ؾضٹثحش‬٫‫(ؼ)ؾضٹثح‬

23. The number of CO2 molecules, which produces in mitochondria from complete aerobic oxidation of glucose molecule is: (a) zero (b) a single molecule (c) Two molecules (d) three molecules. (e) Six molecules. ‫(خ)ؾضٷء ٳجقذ‬

‫ش‬ٚ‫ (أ)ف‬:‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿضٷء ؾ‬٥ ‫س‬٩‫غذز ضح‬١‫ أ‬٬٩ ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٵح‬ٙ ‫طٸ ضٮطؽ‬٥‫ ج‬CO2 ‫ ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬.03 ‫ (د)غالظ ؾضٹثحش (ٱـ)عطس ؾضٹثحش‬٫‫(ؼ)ؾضٹثح‬

24. The number of co - enzymes that reduced on aerobic oxidation of glucose molecule is: (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 10 (f) 12. 15)‫(ٱـ‬

6)‫(د‬

5)‫(ؼ‬

4)‫(خ‬

3)‫ (أ‬:‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٷء ؾ‬١‫ٲح ّٮذ أ‬٥‫ جخطضج‬٨‫طٸ ٹط‬٥‫حش ج‬٪‫غحّذجش جإل٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ّذد‬.04 10)‫(ٳ‬

25. Number of co - enzymes that reduced on aerobic oxidation of one molecule pyruvic acid: (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 . (d) 6 (e) 10 (f) 12 . 15)‫(ٱـ‬

6)‫(د‬

5)‫(ؼ‬

4)‫(خ‬

3)‫ (أ‬:‫ ٱٴجتٺح‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫غذز ؾضٵء ق‬١‫ٲح ّٮذ ج‬٥‫ جخطضج‬٨‫طٸ ٹط‬٥‫حش ج‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ ّذد‬.05 10)‫(ٳ‬

26. Number of co - enzymes that reduced on aerobic oxidation of one molecule of acetyl group is: (a) 3 (b) 4. (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 10 (f) 12 . 6)‫(د‬

5)‫(ؼ‬

4)‫(خ‬

3)‫ (أ‬:‫ ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ‬٤‫ٴّس جط ٹط‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫غذز ؾضٵء‬١‫ٲح ّٮذ ج‬٥‫ جخطضج‬٨‫طٸ ٹط‬٥‫حش ج‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ ّذد‬.06 10)‫(ٳ‬ 15)‫(ٱـ‬

27. Number of co - enzymes that reduced on aerobic oxidation of one molecule of lactic acid is : (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6. (e) 10 (f) 12. 6)‫(د‬

5)‫(ؼ‬

4)‫(خ‬

3)‫ (أ‬:‫ ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫غذز ؾضٵء‬١‫ٲح ّٮذ ج‬٥‫ جخطضج‬٨‫طٶ ٹط‬٥‫حش ج‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ ّذد‬.07 10)‫(ٳ‬ 15)‫(ٯ‬

28. Number of co - enzymes NAD+, which is reduced to NADH on aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule is : (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 10 (f) 12 . 5)‫(ؼ‬

4)‫(خ‬

3)‫ (أ‬:‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٵء ؾ‬١‫ّٮذ ج‬NADH+‫ٶ‬٥‫ٲح ج‬٥‫ جخطضج‬٨‫طٶ ٹط‬٥‫ج‬NAD9+‫حش‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ ّذد‬.03 10)‫(ٳ‬ 15)‫ (ٱـ‬6)‫(د‬

79

29. Number of co - enzymes FAD+, which is reduced to FADH2 on aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule is : (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 10 (f) 12 5)‫(ؼ‬

4)‫(خ‬

0)‫ (أ‬:‫ٴص ٱٴجتح ٱٴ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٵء ؾ‬١‫ ّٮذ ج‬FADH2 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٲح ج‬٥‫ جخطضج‬٨‫طٶ ٹط‬٥‫ ج‬FAD+‫حش‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ ّذد‬.09 10)‫(ٳ‬ 15)‫ (ٱـ‬6)‫(د‬

30. The number of molecules of ATP and FADH2, which are produced during the Krebs cycle are: (a) 1.1 (b) 2.1 (c) 1.2 (d) 2.2 0.0)‫(د‬

1.0)‫(ؼ‬

0.1)‫(خ‬

1.1)‫ (أ‬: ‫شذظ ٱٶ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٣‫طٶ ضٮطؽ خال‬٥‫ ج‬FADH2‫ٳ‬ATP‫ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬.35

31. Complete oxidation of one molecule of acetyl group resulting from the oxidation of fat, produce : (a) 12ATP (b) 15ATP (c) 18ATP (d) 36ATP . ATP18)‫(ؼ‬

ATP15)‫(خ‬

ATP12)‫ (أ‬:٫‫ذٱٴ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٴّس جالعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ٬٩ ‫ؿضٵء ٳجقذ‬٥ ‫س‬٩‫غذز ضح‬١‫ ج‬٬ّ ‫ٹٮطؽ‬.31 ATP36)‫(د‬

32. Electronic transfer series start …..: (a) Prior to formation of pyruvic acid (b) after oxidation of pyruvic acid (c) during the Krebs cycle (d) after the Krebs cycle ‫شٹرظ‬١ ‫ (ؼ)جغٮحء دٳسز‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫(خ)ذْذ ج‬

٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ ض‬٤‫ر‬ٝ)‫ (أ‬:‫طشٳ٭ٺحش‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ضرذج ع‬.30 ‫شٹرظ‬١ ‫(د)ذْذ دٳسز‬

33. The number of ATP molecules, which produce directly from the oxidation of glucose molecule in aerobic respiration are: (a) 2 molecule (b) 4 molecules (c) 8 molecules (d) 38 molecule . ‫ؾضٹثحش‬4)‫(خ‬

‫ؾضٵء‬0)‫ (أ‬:٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٲٴجتٶ ض‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٴص خال‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٵء ؾ‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫رحؽشز‬٩ ‫طٶ ضٮطؽ ذقٴسز‬٥‫ ج‬ATP‫ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬.33 ‫ؾضٹثح‬33)‫(د‬ ‫ؾضٹثحش‬3)‫(ؼ‬

34. The number of molecules of ATP, which produces directly from oxidation of molecule of glucose through the Krebs cycle: (a) 2 molecule (b) 4 molecules (c) 8 molecules (d) 38 molecule ‫ؾضٹثحش‬4)‫(خ‬

‫ؾضٵء‬0)‫ (أ‬:‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٣‫ٴص خال‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٵء ؾ‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫رحؽشز‬٩ ‫طٶ ضٮطؽ ذقٴسز‬٥‫ ج‬ATP‫ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬.34 ‫ؾضٹثح‬33)‫(د‬ ‫ؾضٹثحش‬3)‫(ؼ‬

35. The number of ATP molecules produced in the cytoplasm directly from the oxidation of glucose molecule through the aerobic respiration is: (a) 2 molecule (b) 4 molecules (c) 8 molecules (d) 38 molecule. ‫ؾضٵء‬0)‫ (أ‬:٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٲٴجتٶ ض‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٴص خال‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٵء ؾ‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫رحؽشز‬٩ ‫ ذقٴسز‬٧‫غٺطٴذالص‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫طٶ ضٮطؽ‬٥‫ ج‬ATP‫ ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬.35 ‫ؾضٹثح‬33)‫(د‬ ‫ؾضٹثحش‬3)‫(ؼ‬ ‫ؾضٹثحش‬4)‫(خ‬

36. Complete combustion of glucose molecule requires cycle Krebs rate....... (a) Twice. (b) Once (c) 3 times (d) 5 times. ‫شجش‬٩ 3)‫(ؼ‬

‫شز ٳجقذز‬٩)‫(خ‬

٬‫شضٺ‬٩)‫ (أ‬....... ٣‫ْذ‬٪‫شذظ ذ‬١ ‫ ضذٳس دٳسز‬٫‫ ج‬٧‫ض‬٦‫س ٹغط‬٦٩‫ح‬١ ‫ٴص ذقٴسز‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضٵء ج‬ٛ‫جقطشج‬.36 ‫شجش‬٩ 5)‫(د‬

37. The amount of ATP produced by oxidation of one molecule of glucose in the Krebs cycle (a) 8 (b) 36 (c) 28 (d) 24. 04)‫(د‬

03)‫(ؼ‬

36)‫(خ‬

3)‫شذظ (أ‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ‫ٴص ٳجقذ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٵء ؾ‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫ ج‬ATP٣‫ٺس ج‬٪١.37

38. The number of NADH resulting from one glucose molecule by aerobic respiration ..........( a) nothing (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 10 . 4)‫(ؼ‬

0)‫(خ‬

‫(أ)الؽٶء‬..........‫ال ٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٴص ٳجقذ ذح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ ؾضٵء ؾ‬٬ّ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫ج‬NADH ‫رحش‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ّذد‬.33 15)‫(د‬

39. On glycolyis of four molecules of glucose, it will be given........ molecule of ATP. (a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 16 (d) 12 10)‫(د‬

16)‫(ؼ‬

4)‫(خ‬

3)‫ (أ‬ATP‫ؾضٵء‬........‫ا٭ٲح عٴٗ ضْيٶ‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬4 ‫ّٮذ ج٭ؾيحس‬.39

80

40. Acetyl co enzyme A form a citric acid by combined with the compound: (a) 2- carbon atoms compound. (b) 3- carbon atoms compound. (c) 4- carbon atoms compound. (d) 5carbon atoms compound. ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫(خ)غالغٶ رسجش ج‬

٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ (أ)غٮحتٶ رسجش ج‬:‫د‬١‫ش‬٩ ِ٩ ٠‫غٺطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ‫ أ‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫د جعطٺ‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ٹطكذ‬.45 ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫حعٶ رسجش ج‬٪‫(د)خ‬ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫(ؼ)سذحّٶ رسجش ج‬

41. Differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration: (a) the use of glucose in production of energy. (b) The production of ethyl alcohol. (c) The production of carbon dioxide (d) producing a compound ATP ٣‫كٴ‬٢٥‫(خ)ج٭طحؼ ج‬

‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٶ ج٭طحؼ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ (أ)جعطخذج‬: ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٲٴجتٶ ٳج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٬‫حش ذٺ‬ٙ‫ جالخطال‬٬٩.41 ATP‫د‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫(د)ج٭طحؼ‬ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٶ (ؼ)ج٭طحؼ ٕحص غح٭ٶ ج‬٦‫جالٹػٺ‬

42. Carbon dioxide exit during the following stage of cellular respiration in bacteria: (a) Glycolysis and oxidation of pyruvic acid to Acetyl Coenzyme – A. (b) oxidation of pyruvic acid to Acetyl Coenzyme – A and Krebs cycle. (c) Cycle Corps and a series of electronic transport (d) splitting the fermentation of glucose and pyruvic acid. ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫ٴص ٳج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ (أ)ج٭ؾيحس ج‬:‫طٺشٹح‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴٵ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫شق‬٪٥‫ جغٮحء ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٹخشؼ غح٭ٶ ج‬.40 ‫س‬٦‫غ‬٦‫شذظ ٳع‬١ ‫شذظ (ؼ)دٳسز‬١ ‫أ ٳدٳسز‬-٨‫غحّذ ج٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫أ (خ)ج‬-٨‫غحّذ ج٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ش ق‬٪‫ٴص ٳضخ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫طشٳ٭ٶ (د)ج٭ؾيحس ج‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫ج‬

43. The stage of cellular respiration, which occurs both in the presence or absence of oxygen: (a) transfer of electrons (b) Glycolysis (c) Krebs cycle (d) oxydative phosphorylation. ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ٴص (ؼ)دٳسز‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫(خ)ج٭ؾيحس ج‬

‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ (أ)٭‬: ٰ‫ٶ ٕٺحذ‬ٙ ‫ جٳ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ ٳؾٴد جال‬ٙ ‫ عٴجء‬٨‫طٶ ضط‬٥‫ٴٵ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫شق‬٩.43 ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫(د)ج‬

44. On conversion of pyruvic acid to Acetyl co enzyme A , a molecule NAD+ undergo ………process. (a) Reduction (b) oxidation (c) splitting (d) decomposition. ‫(ؼ)ج٭ؾيحس‬

‫غذز‬١‫(خ)ج‬

٣‫ٺس (أ)جخطضج‬٦٪ّNAD+ ‫ؿضٵء‬٥ ‫ أ ٹكذظ‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٶ جالعطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ّٮذ ضكٴ‬.44 ٤٦‫(د)ضك‬

45. When a pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, NADH molecule undergo …….. Process. (a) Reduction (b) oxidation (c) splitting. (d) Decomposition. ‫(ؼ)ج٭ؾيحس‬

‫غذز‬١‫(خ)ج‬

٣‫ٺس (أ)جخطضج‬٦٪ّNADH‫ؿضٵء‬٥ ‫ ٹكذظ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ّٮذ ضكٴ‬.45 ٤٦‫(د)ضك‬

46. Muscle cells that are actively violent form high percentage of ……..: (a) lactic acid (b) pyruvic acid. (c) Citric acid (d) acetic acid. ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫(خ)ق‬

٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ (أ)ق‬: ٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٥‫ ذٮؾحه ّٮٺ٘ ٭غرس ّح‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫طٶ ض‬٥‫ْنالش ج‬٥‫ خالٹح ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ض‬.46 ٠‫ل جالعطٺ‬٪‫(د)ق‬ ٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫(ؼ)ق‬

47. Cytochroms of electronic transport chain is present in................ (a) The cytoplasm of the cell (b) the outer membrane of mitochondria. (c) Of the inner mitochondrial membrane (d) the matrix of the mitochondrial. ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫خحسؾٶ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫(خ)ج‬

‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ (أ)عٺطٴذالص‬................‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫طشٳ٭ٶ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫غ‬٦‫غ‬٥ ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ضٴؾذ ج‬.47 ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫حدز جالعحط‬٩)‫(د‬ ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫(ؼ)ج‬

48. The energy required for cell activity released on conversion of ..........to....... (a) NADH → NAD+ (b) ADP → ATP. (c) FADH2 → FAD+ (d) ATP → ADP . ADP→ATP)‫(خ‬

NADH→NAD+)‫(أ‬.................٣‫ح ٹطكٴ‬٩‫ٴٵ ّٮذ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٮؾحه ج‬٦٥ ‫س‬٩‫الص‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٦‫ضٮي‬.43 ATP→ADP)‫(د‬ FADH2→FAD+)‫(ؼ‬

49. In the absence of oxygen, the process of fermentation acts on................. (a) Oxidation of pyruvic acid to lactic acid or ethyl alcohol. (b) Reduction of pyruvic acid by oxidation of

81

NADH to NAD+. (c) Reduction of pyruvic acid by reduction of NAD+ to NADH. (d) Oxidation of lactic acid by reduction of NAD+ to NADH. ‫ٶ‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ جٳ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫(أ)أ‬.................‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٤٪ْ‫ش ض‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٫‫ا‬ٙ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ ٕٺحخ جال‬ٙ.49 NADH‫ٶ‬٥‫ج‬NAD+٣‫ ذٴجعيس جخطضج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫(ؼ)جخطضج‬ NAD+‫ٶ‬٥‫ج‬NADH‫غذز‬١‫ ذٴجعيس ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫(خ)جخطضج‬ NADH‫ٶ‬٥‫ج‬NAD+٣‫ ذٴجعيس جخطضج‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫(د)أ‬

50. Most of the energy liberated from aerobic respiration is produced when electrons carried on........ And...........moved to ............ who works as a final recipient in electrons transport chain. (a) NADPH2 and FADH2 to O2 (b) NAD+ and FAD to the O2. (c) NADPH and FADH2 to O2 (d) chemical bonds of pyruvic acid and Co.A Cytochromes.

٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٪١ ٤٪ْ‫زٵ ٹ‬٥‫ج‬............‫ٶ‬٥‫ج‬...........‫ٳ‬........‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫س‬٥‫ٴ‬٪‫ك‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ح ضٮط‬٩‫ٲٴجتٶ ضٮطؽ ّٮذ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫طكشسز‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٨َْ٩.55 O2‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬FAD‫ ٳ‬NAD+)‫ (خ‬O2‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬FADH2‫ٳ‬NADPH2)‫ (أ‬: ‫طشٳ٭ٶ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ال‬٥ ‫جخٺش‬ ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬Co. A ‫ ٳ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ك‬٥ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫ (د)ج‬O2‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬FADH2‫ ٳ‬NADPH)‫(ؼ‬

51. The final receptor of the electrons in electrons transport chain is.............. (a) O2 (b) H2O. (c) NAD+. (d) CO2. CO2)‫(د‬

NAD+)‫(ؼ‬

H2O)‫(خ‬

O2)‫ (أ‬..............‫طشٳ٭ٶ ٱٴ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ال‬٥ ‫ جالخٺش‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٪٥‫ج‬.51

52. The active oxygen, which is part of electron transport system, enters as an atom in molecule............. (a) Glucose (b) water (c) CO2 (d) oxygen. ‫حء‬٪٥‫(خ)ج‬

‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ (أ)ج‬.............‫ٶ ؾضٵء‬ٙ ‫زسز‬١ ٤‫طشٳ٭ٶ ٹذخ‬٢٥‫ال‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ح‬ٞ‫ ج٭ط‬٧‫ ٭َح‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضءج‬٤٢‫زٵ ٹؾ‬٥‫ٮؾو ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫جال‬.50 ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫(د)جال‬ CO2)‫(ؼ‬

53. Electron transport chain transfer electrons............ (a) From granna to Stroma (b) from solar energy to chlorophyll. (c) To turn into carotene. (d) For the release of energy. ٤‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ٴسٳ‬٦٢٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫غٺس ج‬٪‫ؾ‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩)‫(خ‬

‫ح‬٩‫غطشٳ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ؿشج٭ح ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩)‫(أ‬............‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٶ ٭‬٦ّ ‫طشٳ٭ٶ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬٤٪ْ‫ض‬.53 ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫(د)ال٭يال‬ ٬‫حسٳضٺ‬١ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ططكٴ‬٥)‫(ؼ‬

54. Muscle cells that are actively violent form high percent of..................... (a) Lactic acid (b) pyruvic acid (c) citric acid (d) acetic acid. ‫ل‬٪‫ (ؼ)ق‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫(خ)ق‬

٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫(أ)ق‬.....................٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٥‫ ٭غرٰ ّح‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ذٮؾحه ّٮٺ٘ ض‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫طٶ ض‬٥‫ْنالش ج‬٥‫خالٹح ج‬.54 ٠‫ل جالعطٺ‬٪‫(د)ق‬ ٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ج‬

55. Glucose is oxidized in case of aerobic cellular respiration through.................... (a) Union of glucose with oxygen. (b) Loss of glucose to oxygen atoms. (c) Union of glucose with hydrogen. (d) Loss of glucose to electrons. ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ذ ج‬ٞٙ)‫(خ‬

٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٴص ذحال‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫(أ)جضكحد ج‬....................٣‫ خال‬٬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ٴٵ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٰ ج‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ ج‬٨‫ضط‬.55 ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ال‬٥ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ذ ج‬ٞٙ)‫(د‬ ٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ٴص ذح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ (ؼ)جضكحد ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫زسجش جال‬٥

56. CO2 molecule is liberated as a result of.................. (a) Glycolysis. (b) Fermentation of lactic acid. (c) Alcoholic fermentation. (d) Hydrolysis of glycogen. ‫ٶ‬٥‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ (ؼ)ج‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ش ق‬٪‫(خ)ضخ‬

‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫(أ)ج٭ؾيحس ج‬..................‫ ٭طٺؿس‬CO2‫ ؾضٵء‬ٜ٦‫ٹٮي‬.56 ٬‫ٴؾٺ‬٢‫ٺ‬٦‫ؿ‬٦٥ ‫حتٶ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤٦‫طك‬٥‫(د)ج‬

57. Pyruvic acid is reduced to form ....................(a) PGAL. (b) Carbon dioxide and ethanol (c) fructose 1-6 diphosphate. (d) Malic acid. ٣‫ ٳجالٹػح٭ٴ‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫(خ)غح٭ٶ ج‬

PGAL)‫(أ‬....................٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٺ‬٥ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ٹخطض‬.57 ٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫(د)ق‬ ‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ غٮحتٶ ج‬6-1‫طٴص‬١‫ش‬ٙ)‫(ؼ‬

58. Electron transfer chain is described as …... (a) molecules carrier, which vary with enzymes (b) oxidative phosphorulation cycle . (c) A sequence of redox reactions (d) exothermic reaction. ‫ٴسٹس‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫غذٯ ج‬١‫حش (خ)دٳسٯ جال‬٪‫طٶ ضطٖٺش ذطٖٺش جال٭ضٹ‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥‫الش ج‬٩‫ (أ)قح‬:‫طشٳ٭حش ذأ٭ٲح‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٰ ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ضٴف٘ ع‬.53 .‫كشجسز‬٦٥ ‫ ىحسد‬٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ (د)ض‬٣‫غذز ٳجالخطضج‬١‫حّالش جال‬ٚ‫ ض‬٬٩ ِ‫(ؼ)ضطحذ‬

82

59 ................... made within the mitochondrial inner membrane: (a) Krebs cycle (b) oxidative phosphorylation. (c) Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme – A. (d) all of the above. ‫ أ‬٨‫غحّذ ج٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ جعطٺ‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫غذٹس (ؼ)ض‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫(خ)ج‬

‫شذظ‬١ ‫ (أ)دٳسز‬:‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ خال‬٨‫ضط‬...................59 ٜ‫ح عر‬٩ ٤١)‫(د‬

60. In aerobic respiration oxygen is used only during the stage................ (a) oxidative phosphorylation (b) Krebs cycle. (c) Formation of PGAL (d) fermentation. ‫شذظ‬١ ‫(خ)دٳسز‬

‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫(أ)ج‬................‫س‬٦‫شق‬٩ ٣‫و خال‬ٞٙ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٧‫ جعطخذج‬٨‫ٲٴجتٶ ٹط‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ.65 ‫ش‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫(د)ج‬ PGAL٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫(ؼ)ض‬

61. Fatty and amino acids can be used in the production of ATP by converting it to ............. that enter in............. (a) glucose -6 - phosphate enters the stage of glycolysis. (b) Citric acid that enter in electron transport chain .(c) A cetyl group that enter Krebs cycle. (d) Lactic acid that enters in the muscle. .............‫ٶ‬ٙ ٠٥‫ ذْذ ر‬٤‫طٶ ضذخ‬٥‫ج‬.............‫ٶ‬٥‫ٲح ج‬٦‫ ضكٴٹ‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ATP ‫ٶ ج٭طحؼ‬ٙ ‫ٲح‬٩‫ جعطخذج‬٬٢٪‫ٺٮٺس ٹ‬٩‫ذٱٮٺس ٳجال‬٥‫حك ج‬٪‫جالق‬.61 ‫طشٳ٭ٶ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ٤‫زٵ ٹذخ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫س جال٭ؾيحس (خ)ق‬٦‫شق‬٩ ٤‫زٵ ٹذخ‬٥‫حش ج‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ -6-‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫(أ)ؾ‬ ‫ْنالش‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫زٵ ٹذخ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫شذظ (د)ق‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٤‫طٶ ضذخ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩)‫(ؼ‬

62. Fatty acids enter in cellular respiration in the form of molecule............ (a) One carbon. (b) 2- carbon. (c) 3 – carbons. (d) 5- carbon. ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫(خ)غٮحتٶ ج‬

٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫(أ)جقحدٵ ج‬............‫ٶ ٱٺثس ؾضٵء‬٦ّ ‫ٴٵ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ذٱٮٺس‬٥‫حك ج‬٪‫ جالق‬٤‫ضذخ‬.60 ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫حعٶ ج‬٪‫(د)خ‬ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫(ؼ)غالغٶ ج‬

II- Write the scientific term: 1. Surface, upon which gas exchange occurs in humans (respiratory surfaces) )‫غٺس‬ٚ‫ (أعيف ضٮ‬٫‫ٶ جال٭غح‬ٙ ‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ‫س‬ٞ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ٨‫زٵ ٹط‬٥‫غيف ج‬٥‫ ج‬.1

2. Respiration mechanism in which the size of the chest cavity decrease due to relaxation of the intercostals muscle and diaphragm (exhalation) )‫ٺش‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫كحؾض ( ج‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫ٴُ ٳج‬٦‫ن‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫قذسٵ ذغرد ج٭رغحه ّنالش ذٺ‬٥‫طؿٴٹ٘ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٺٲح قؿ‬ٙ ٤ٞ‫ظ ٹ‬ٚ‫ٺس ضٮ‬٥‫ ج‬.0

3. The mechanism of respiration in which the size of the chest cavity increase, due relaxation of the intercostals muscle and the diaphragm (inspiration) )ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫كحؾض (ج‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫ٴُ ٳج‬٦‫ن‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫قذسٵ ذغرد ج٭رغحه ّنالش ذٺ‬٥‫طؿٴٹ٘ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٺٲح قؿ‬ٙ ‫ظ ٹضٹذ‬ٚ‫ٺس ضٮ‬٥‫ ج‬.3

4. Acid produce from its oxidation in one Krebs cycle, one molecule of ATP and one molecule FADH2. (Succinic acid) )٠‫غٺٮٺ‬٢‫غ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ (ق‬FADH2‫ٳؾضٵء‬ATP‫ٴجقذز ؾضٵء‬٥‫شذظ ج‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ٰ‫غذض‬١‫ أ‬٬٩ ‫ل ٹٮطؽ‬٪‫ ق‬.4

5. Compound (or acid) produce from its oxidation in one Krebs cycle, one molecule of ATP , one molecule of FADH2, and 3 molecules of NADH. (Acetyl group) )٤‫ٴّس أعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩( NADH‫ؾضٹثحش‬3‫ ٳ‬FADH2‫ ٳؾضٵء‬ATP ‫ٴجقذز ؾضٵء‬٥‫شذظ ج‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ٰ‫غذض‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ل) ٹٮطؽ‬٪‫د(أٳ ق‬١‫ش‬٩ .5

6. A compound resulting from its oxidation in Krebs cycle three molecules of CO2 (pyruvic acid). )٠ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ (ق‬CO2‫شذظ غالغس ؾضٹثحش‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ٰ‫غذض‬١‫ أ‬٬ّ ‫د ٹٮطؽ‬١‫ش‬٩ .6

7. Process where the organism extracts energy stored in chemical bonds of food molecules (respiration) )‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ (ج‬٧‫يْح‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫خضٳ٭س‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫كٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ٺٲح ج‬ٙ ‫ٺس ٹغطخشؼ‬٦٪ّ .7

8. Respiratory muscle contributes mainly in the mechanism of respiration (the diaphragm) )‫كحؾض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫ظ (ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫س أعحعٺس‬ٚ‫ ذق‬٨‫غٺس ضغٲ‬ٚ‫س ضٮ‬٦‫ ّن‬.3

9. Intermediate compound to it both fat and protein are converted when used for energy production. (Acetyl group) )٤‫ٴّس جألعٺطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩( ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ال٭طحؼ ج‬٧‫ح ضغطخذ‬٩‫رشٳضٺٮحش ّٮذ‬٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫ذٱٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤١ ٰ‫ٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫د ٳعيٶ ضطكٴ‬١‫ش‬٩ .9

83

10. The only way to save energy within the cell and is liberated from it at the time of need, or is the international currency of the cell and is characterized by easily traded. (ATP) )ATP( ‫ٲح‬٥‫س ضذجٳ‬٥‫ٺض ذغٲٴ‬٪‫ٺس ٳضط‬٦‫خ‬٦٥ ‫ٺس‬٥‫ذٳ‬٥‫س ج‬٦٪ْ٥‫كحؾس أٳ ضْطرش ج‬٥‫ص ج‬ٝ‫ٮٰ ٳ‬٩ ‫ٺس ٳضطكشس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫س دجخ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٌ ج‬ٚ‫ك‬٥ ‫ٴقٺذز‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ٴعٺ‬٥‫ ج‬.15

11. six-carbon acid formed in Krebs cycle. (Citric acid) )٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫شذظ (ق‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٤‫ دجخ‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٹط‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ل عذجعٶ ج‬٪‫ ق‬.11

12. 4 carbon acid from it Krebs cycle start. (Oxalo acetic acid) ) ٠‫ جعطٺ‬ٟ‫ٴ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل أ‬٪‫شذظ (ق‬١ ‫ٮٰ دٳسز‬٩ ‫زٵ ضرذج‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ل سذحّٶ ج‬٪‫ ق‬.10

13. 5 carbon acid formed in Krebs cycle. (Ketoglutaric acid) )ٟ‫ٴضش‬٦‫ٺطٴ ؾ‬١ ‫ل‬٪‫شذظ (ق‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٹط‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫حعٶ ج‬٪‫ل خ‬٪‫ ق‬.13

14. Acid when oxidized in the Krebs cycle produces Ketoglutaric acid. (Citric acid) )٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ (ق‬٠‫ٴضحسٹ‬٦‫ٺطٴؾ‬٢٥‫ل ج‬٪‫شذظ ق‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ٰ‫غذض‬١‫ل ٹٮطؽ ّٮٰ ّٮذ أ‬٪‫ ق‬.14

15. Co- enzyme contributes in conversion of citric acid to Succinic acid. (NAD +) )NAD+( ٠‫غٺٮ‬١‫غح‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫ٶ ضكٴٹ‬ٙ ٨‫ ٹغحٱ‬٨‫غحّذ ج٭ضٹ‬٩ .15

16. Co- enzyme enzyme contributes in conversion of Succinic acid to malice acid. (FAD +) ) FAD+(٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫غٺٮ‬١‫غح‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫ٶ ضكٴٹ‬ٙ ٨‫ ٹغحٱ‬٨‫غحّذ ج٭ضٹ‬٩ .16

17. Co- enzyme contributesin conversion of malic acid to oxalacetic acid. (NAD +) )NAD+( ٠‫ٴأعٺطٺ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل جال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫ٶ ضكٴٹ‬ٙ ٨‫ ٹغحٱ‬٨‫غحّذ ج٭ضٹ‬٩ .17

18. The final recipient in series of electron transfer. (Oxygen) )٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ (جأل‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ‫ جالخٺش‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٪٥‫ ج‬.13

19. Form of stored energy in which energy is transmitted from cell to another and from living organism to another. (Glucose and other carbohydrate molecules) ) ‫شذٴٱٺذسجش‬٢٥‫ ؾضٹثحش ج‬٬٩ ‫ٴص ٳٕٺشز‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ قٶ الخش (ج‬٬‫حت‬١ ٬٩‫ٺس الخشٵ ٳ‬٦‫ خ‬٬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺٲح ج‬ٙ ٤ٞ‫س ضٮط‬ٝ‫يح‬٦٥ ‫خضٳ٭س‬٩ ‫ فٴسز‬.19

20. Sequence of co enzymes found in the inner wall of the mitochondria (cytochromes) )‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫ٴ٭ذسٹح (أعٺطٴ‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ؿذجس ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫حش ضٴؾذ‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٬٩ ِ‫ ضطحذ‬.05

21. The entry of air in and out during the process of inhalation and exhalation. (Respiration mechanism) )‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٥‫ٺش (أ‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ ٳج‬ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٲٴجء ٳخشٳؾٰ جغٮحء‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس دخٴ‬٦٪ّ .01

22. Free energy in the chemical bonds of food molecules (cellular respiration) )‫ٴٵ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ (ج‬٧‫يْح‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٮس‬٩‫ح‬٢٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ضكشٹش ج‬.00

23. Process in which blood takes oxygen from the respiration air and out to it CO2 gas as a final product of respiration, which got from the tissues of the body. (Gas exchange) ٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ ج٭غؿس ج‬٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٦ّ ٤‫زٵ قق‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٦٥ ‫ٮطؽ ٭ٲحتٶ‬٪٥ CO2‫ٺٰ ٕحص‬٥‫ظ ٳٹخشؼ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ٱٴجء ج‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫طٶ ٹحخز ذٲح ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥‫ ج‬.03 )‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫(ضرحد‬

24. Minute ramifications of the bronchioles. (Alveoli = air sacs) )‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ٲٴجتٺس (ج‬٥‫ؾْٺرحش ج‬٥‫شٹْحش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥ ‫س‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫ذ‬٥‫ٮٲحٹحش ج‬٥‫ ج‬.04

25. A common organ for the passage of food and air (pharynx) )٧‫ْٴ‬٦‫ر‬٥‫ٲٴجء (ج‬٥‫ ٳج‬٧‫يْح‬٥‫شٳس ج‬٪٥ ٟ‫ؾطش‬٩ ‫ ّنٴ‬.05

26. Organ of respiration known as voice box (larynx) )‫كٮؿشز‬٥‫قٴش (ج‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫غٶ ٹْشٗ ذقٮذٳ‬ٚ‫ ّنٴ ضٮ‬.06

27. One of the stages of cellular respiration occurs in cytosol of cell. (glycolysis) )‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٺس (أ٭ؾيحس ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٶ عٺطٴعٴ‬ٙ ٨‫ٴٵ ضط‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫شجق‬٩ ‫ جقذ‬.07

28. A sequence of co enzymes, called cytochromes (or electrons carrier) and situated in the inner mitochondrial membrane (electron transport chain) ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴؾٴدز‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش) ٳج‬٢٥‫الش جال‬٩‫حش (أٳ قح‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ٶ ذح‬٪‫طٶ ضغ‬٥‫حش ٳج‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٬٩ ِ‫ ضطحذ‬.03 )٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جأل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫(ع‬

29. Formation of lactic acid in the muscles at hard effort. (Acidic fermentation) )‫نٶ‬٪‫ش ق‬٪‫ (ضخ‬ٛ‫ؿٲٴد ؽح‬٩ ٣‫ْنالش ّٮذ ذز‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ ض‬.09

84

30. Formation of ATP molecules, from ADP molecules and a phosphate group by using energy liberated as a result of transmission of electrons on the steep of energy levels for a series of electron transfer (oxidative phosphorylation) ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جال‬٣‫ح‬ٞ‫طكشسز ٭طٺؿس ج٭ط‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫حش ذحعطخذج‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ٴّس ج‬٪‫ؿ‬٩‫ ٳ‬ADP‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬٩ ATP ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ٺس ض‬٦٪ّ .35 )‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ (ج‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫غ‬٥ ‫ٮكذسز‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫غطٴٹحش ج‬٩

Third: rewrite the following sentences after correction without changing what is beneath the line: ‫ح ضكطٰ خو‬٩ ‫ ضٖٺش‬٫‫ٺس ذْذ ضقكٺكٲح دٳ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ج‬٤٪‫ؿ‬٥‫طحذس ج‬١ ‫ أّذ‬:‫ػح‬٥‫غح‬

1. The number of alveoli in each lung in humans is about 200 000 (600 million) )٫‫ٺٴ‬٦٩ 655( ٘٥‫ج‬055‫ٶ‬٥‫ قٴج‬٫‫ٶ جال٭غح‬ٙ ‫ٴجقذز‬٥‫شتس ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ّذد ج‬٤‫ ٹق‬.1

2. Ventilation of the lungs during the respiratory cycle does not exceed 50% of total capacity (10% only) )‫و‬ٞٙ %15(

‫ٺس‬٦٢٥‫ عْطٲح ج‬٬٩ ‫و‬ٞٙ %55‫شجقس‬٥‫غٺس جغٮحء ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ذٳسز ج‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ خال‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ال ضطؿحٳص ضٲٴٹس ج‬.0

3. Increasing of the heart rate lead to opposite changes in the rate and depth of breathing. (Similar changes) )‫س‬٦‫حغ‬٪٩ ‫ظ (ضٖٺشجش‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٪ّ‫ عشّس ٳ‬٣‫ْذ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫طنحدز‬٩‫غس ٳ‬١‫ْح‬٩ ‫ٶ ضٖٺشجش‬٥‫د ٹإدٵ ج‬٦ٞ٥‫ مشذحش ج‬٣‫ْذ‬٩ ‫ ّٮذ صٹحدز‬.3

4. The amount of water that is lost from the body through the lungs represents 40% of the total water lost. (20%) )%05(

‫ٴد‬ٞٚ٪٥‫حء ج‬٪٥‫س ج‬٦٪‫ ؾ‬٬٩%45٤‫ػ‬٪‫ ض‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ خال‬٬٩ ٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ذٱح ج‬ٞٚ‫طٶ ٹ‬٥‫حء ج‬٪٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ .4

5. The first step in aerobic oxidation of glucose molecule is electrons transferee. (Glycolysis) )‫طشٳ٭حش (جأل٭ؾيحس‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح ٱٵٮ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ؾضٵء ج‬١‫ٶ أل‬٥‫خيٴز جالٳ‬٥‫ ج‬.5

6. Cytochromes play an important role in Krebs cycle of cellular respiration. (Electron transport chain) )٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جأل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٲٴجتٶ (ع‬٥‫ٴٵ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫شذظ ذح‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسٯ‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪‫ٲ‬٩ ‫حش دٳسج‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ْد ج‬٦‫ ض‬.6

7. Volatile flavoring exit from the human body through liver. (Lungs) )٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫رذ (ج‬٢٥‫ ذٴجعيس ج‬٫‫ جال٭غح‬٨‫ ؾغ‬٬٩ ٤‫طٴجذ‬٦٥ ‫طيحٹشز‬٪٥‫كطٴٹحش ج‬٪٥‫ ضخشؼ ج‬.7

8. Through one Krebs cycle produces 38 per molecule of ATP. (One molecule) ) ‫ (ؾضبء ٳجقذ‬ATP‫ ؾضٵء‬33 ‫ٴجقذز ٹٮطؽ‬٥‫شذظ ج‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٣‫ خال‬.3

9. The amount of energy released on aerobic oxidation of glucose molecule is 36 ATP molecules. (38 molecule) )‫ ؾضٹة‬33( ‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ ّٮذ أ‬ATP ‫ ؾضتٺح‬36‫ذسٱح‬ٝ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ٜ٦‫ ضٮي‬.9

10. The amount of energy released on anaerobic oxidation of glucose is 12 ATP molecules. (2 ATP molecules) )‫ ؾضب‬0( ‫ٴص الٱٴجتٺح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ ّٮذ أ‬ATP ‫ ؾضتٺح‬10‫ذسٱح‬ٝ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ٜ٦‫ ضٮي‬.15

11. The amount of energy released in the cytoplasm of the cell on aerobic or anaerobic oxidation of glucose is 38 ATP molecules. (2 Molecule) )‫ ؾضبء‬0( ‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح جٳ ال ٱٴجتٺح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ٺس ّٮذ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٶ عٺطٴذالص‬ٙ ATP ‫ ؾضتٺح‬33‫ذسٱح‬ٝ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ٜ٦‫ ضٮي‬.11

12. Oxidation of one mole of glucose produces 38 ATP within the mitochondria. (36 Molecule) )‫ ؾضبء‬36( ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫دجخ‬ATP ‫ ؾضتٺح‬33ٜ٦‫ٴص ٹٮي‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ٳجقذ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫ ّٮذ أ‬.10

13. Oxidation of one mole of glucose requires 8 molecules of NAD+. (10 molecules) ) ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬15( NAD+٬٩ ‫ؾضٹثحش‬3 ٰ٩‫ض‬٦‫ٴص ٹ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ٳجقذ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫ أل‬.13

14. Splitting of one mole of glucose necessary 6 molecules NAD+. (Two molecules) ) ٫‫ (ؾضٹثح‬NAD+ ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬6 ٰ٩‫ض‬٦‫ٴص ٹ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ٳجقذ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩‫ ال٭ؾيحس‬.14

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15. Oxidation of one mole of glucose in the mitochondria, require 4 molecules of NAD+. (8 molecules) )‫ ؾضٹثحش‬3( NAD+‫ؾضٹثحش‬4ٰ٩‫ض‬٦‫ح٭ٰ ٹ‬ٙ ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٴص دجخ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ٳجقذ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫ أل‬.15

16. Oxidation one mole of pyruvic acid requires 8 molecules NAD+. (4 molecules) ) ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬4( NAD+‫ؾضٹثحش‬3ٰ٩‫ض‬٦‫ح٭ٰ ٹ‬ٙ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ ٳجقذ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫ أل‬.16

17. Oxidation of one mole of acetyl group requires 4 molecules of NAD+. (3 molecules) ) ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬3(

NAD+ ‫ؾضٹثحش‬4 ٰ٩‫ض‬٦‫ح٭ٰ ٹ‬ٙ ٤‫ٴّس جالعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ٬٩ ‫ ٳجقذ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫ أل‬.17

18. 10 molecules of CO2 released on oxidation of one mole of glucose. (6 molecules)

) ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬6( ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ٳجقذ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫ّٮذ ج‬CO2‫ؾضٹثحش‬15ٜ٦‫ ضٮي‬.13

19. 6 molecules of CO2 released on oxidation of one mole of pyruvic acid. (3 molecules) ) ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬3(

٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ ٳجقذ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫ّٮذ ج‬CO2‫ؾضٹثحش‬6ٜ٦‫ ضٮي‬.19

20. 4 CO2 molecules released upon oxidation of one mole of acetyl group. (2 molecules) ) ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬0(

٤‫ٴّس جالعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ٬٩ ‫ ٳجقذ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫ّٮذ ج‬CO2‫ؾضٹثحش‬4ٜ٦‫ ضٮي‬.05

21. 10 atoms of hydrogen released on oxidation of one mole of glucose. (8 atoms) )‫ رسجش‬3(

‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ٳجقذ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫ ّٮذ ج‬٬‫رسجش ٱٺذسٳؾٺ‬15‫ ٹخشؼ‬.01

22. 3 molecules of hydrogen are produced on oxidation of one mole of glucose. (4 molecules) ) ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬4(

‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ٳجقذ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫ ّٮذ ج‬٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ؾضٹثحش‬3 ‫ ٹٮطؽ‬.00

Fourth: What happens in the following cases (the consequences?) )ٍٝ‫خ(إٌزبئظ اٌّزشرجخ ػ‬١ٌ‫ اٌؾبالد اٌزب‬ٝ‫ؾذس ف‬٠ ‫ ِبرا‬:‫ساثؼب‬

1. Respiration through the mouth instead of nose: This may lead to: A - defect in the process of gas exchange as a result of entry of cold, dry air into the lungs  resulting in adhesion of the walls of the alveoli and decrease % of solubility of gases (O2 and CO2) in the cold water vapour, which in important in the process of gas exchange  resulting in hypoxia (decrease O2 in blood). B - Inflammation of the airways as a result of entry of air cold and laden with foreign particles. : ٘‫ جال٭‬٬٩ ‫ ذذال‬٨ٚ٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ج‬.1 :‫ٶ‬٥‫ذ ٹإدٵ ج‬ٝ ٠٥‫ر‬ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ ؾذسج‬ٛ‫طقح‬٥‫ح ٹٮطؽ ج‬٪٩ ←‫س‬ٙ‫ ذقٴسز ذحسدز ٳؾح‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٦٥ ‫ٲٴجء‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٖحصجش ٭طٺؿس دخٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ٤٦‫ خ‬-‫ش‬ ‫ـ‬ٞ‫ح ٹٮطؽ ّٮٰ ٭‬٪٩ ←‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ ستٺغٶ‬٤٢‫ ذؾ‬٨‫طٶ ضغٲ‬٥‫رحسد ٳج‬٥‫حء ج‬٪٥‫ٶ ذخحس ج‬ٙ )CO2 ‫ ٳ‬O2(‫ٖحصجش‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫حك ٭غرس رٳذح‬ٚ‫ٳج٭خ‬ ٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫أ‬ ‫ٖشٹرس‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ‫حت‬ٝ‫ذ‬٥‫ال ذح‬٪‫ك‬٩‫ٲٴجء ذحسد ٳ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٲٴجتٺس ٭طٺؿس دخٴ‬٥‫ؾْد ج‬٥‫طٲحخ ج‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ظ‬

2. Contraction of the diaphragm muscle: A- Contraction of diaphragm muscle leads to: its dome move down to become flattened  increase the vertical diameter of thoracic cage (widening)  Decrease pressure within the lungs  rush of air into the lungs, causing inhalation. ‫كحؾض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫رحك ّن‬ٞ‫ج٭‬.0 ٤‫نٖو دجخ‬٥‫حك ج‬ٚ‫قذسٵ←ج٭خ‬٥‫ـ ج‬ٚٞ٥‫ٹضٹذ جضغحُ ج‬- ← ‫يكس‬٦ٚ٩ ‫طقرف‬٥ ٤ٚ‫ٶ جع‬٥‫ضطؿٰ ج‬:‫ٶ‬٥‫كحؾض ٹإدٵ ج‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫رحك ّن‬ٞ‫ج٭‬ ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫كذغح ج‬٩ ٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٶ دجخ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫حُ ج‬ٙ‫←ج٭ذ‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ج‬

3. Paralysis of the diaphragm muscle. A- Death, because diaphragm muscle is the main muscle of respiration mechanism. ‫كحؾض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ٶ ّن‬ٙ ٤٦‫ؽ‬.3 ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬٥‫ْح‬ٙ ‫ ذقٴسز‬٨‫طٶ ضغٲ‬٥‫شتٺغٺس ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ْن‬٥‫كحؾض ضْطرش ج‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ ّن‬٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫ ٳر‬ٜٞ‫ك‬٪٥‫ٴش ج‬٪٥‫ج‬

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4. Lack of oxygen on pyruvic acid in the yeast fungus. A- In the yeast fungus in the absence of oxygen  Alcohol fermentation of pyruvic acid occurs by reducing it to ethyl alcohol and CO2 ‫ٺشٯ‬٪‫خ‬٥‫يش ج‬ٙ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٦ّ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ـ جال‬ٞ‫٭‬.4 CO2 ‫ٶ ٳ‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٰ ج‬٥‫ جخطضج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ك‬٥ ‫ٶ‬٥‫كٴ‬١ ‫ش‬٪‫ ٹكذظ ضخ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ ٕٺحخ جال‬ٙ‫ٺشز ٳ‬٪‫خ‬٥‫يش ج‬ٙ ‫ٶ‬ٙ

5. Lack of oxygen on pyruvic acid in bacteria, fungi or animal tissue? A- In bacteria and animal tissues and in the absence of oxygen  acid fermentation of pyruvic acid occurs by reducing it to lactic acid. ٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫طشٹح جٳ ج٭غؿس ج‬٢‫ر‬٥‫يش ج‬ٙ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٦ّ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ـ جال‬ٞ‫٭‬.5 ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ٰ ج‬٥‫ جخطضج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ك‬٥ ‫نٶ‬٪‫ش ق‬٪‫ ٹكذظ ضخ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ ٕٺحخ جال‬ٙ‫ ٳ‬٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫طشٹح ٳج٭غؿس ج‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ

6. Relaxing muscles after its exhaustion as a result of a violent effort? A- At rest, after the stress of the of hard muscle work, oxygen become available to muscles  oxidation of lactic acid found in the muscles to Pyrouvic acid again , which can enter the mitochondria to turn into Acetyl Coenzyme - A, which enters the Krebs cycle to produce more energy ٘‫ؿٲٴد ّٮٺ‬٩ ‫ْنالش ذْذ جؾٲحدٱح ٭طٺؿس جدجتٲح‬٥‫سجقس ج‬.6 ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ٴؾٴد‬٪٥‫ ج‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫ أ‬٨‫ْنالش ٳّٮذتز ٹط‬٦٥ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ش جال‬ٙ‫ ٹطٴ‬ٛ‫ٶ ؽح‬٦‫ؿٲٴد ّن‬٩ ٬٩ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ ذْذ جالؾٲحد ج‬٬٩ ‫شجقس‬٥‫ّٮذ ج‬ ‫ دٳسز‬٤‫زٵ ٹذخ‬٥‫ أ ج‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٶ جعطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺطكٴ‬٥ ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٣‫ دخٴ‬٬٩ ِ‫زٵ ٹغطيٺ‬٥‫شز جخشٵ ٳج‬٩ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ْنالش ج‬٥‫ج‬ ‫رش‬١‫س أ‬ٝ‫شذظ ال٭طحؼ ىح‬١

7. Absence of co- enzyme NAD+ from the mitochondria. A- Stop the process of cellular respiration (anaerobic and aerobic) because NAD+ plays an important role in carrying protons of hydrogen and electrons removed during: (a) transforms PGAL to pyruvic acid. (b) Transform pyruvic acid to acetyl group. (c) Through the Krebs cycle during transformation of three intermediate compounds. So transfer of protons and electrons to Cytochromes to declines through the levels of different energy to produce their own energy does not occur. ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ NAD+ ‫حش‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٕٺحخ‬.7 ‫س‬٥‫ضج‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ ٳجال‬٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ ذشٳضٴ٭حش ج‬٤٪‫ٶ ق‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪‫ٲ‬٩ ‫ْد دٳسج‬٦‫ ٹ‬NAD+٫‫ أل‬٠٥‫ٲٴجتٶ) ٳر‬٥‫الٱٴجتٶ ٳج‬٥‫ٴٵ(ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٘ٝ‫ضطٴ‬ ‫رحش‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ غالظ‬٣‫شذظ جغٮحء ضكٴ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٣‫(ؼ)خال‬٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫(خ)ضكٴ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ج‬PGAL ٣‫جغٮحء(أ)ضكٴ‬ ‫خحفس ذٲح ال٭طحؼ‬٥‫س ج‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫غطٴٹحش ج‬٩ ٣‫طٮكذس خال‬٥ ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫رشٳضٴ٭حش ٳجال‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٤ٞ‫ ٭‬٨‫ٶ ال ٹط‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ٳعيٺس ٳذح‬ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ج‬

V- : How to Explain: )ًٍ‫(ػ‬ٍٝ٠ ‫ثّب رفسش ِب‬:‫خبِسب‬

1. Living organism needs to breathe: A- This is because food is only energy material, stored energy in chemical bonds of molecules of these nutrients so living organism needs to breathe to supply oxygen needed to break chemical bonds and release energy required for its vital activities. ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫كٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ٹكطحؼ ج‬ ‫كٶ ٹكطحؼ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ح‬ٙ ٠٥‫ز‬٥ ←‫ٖزجتٺس‬٥‫ٴجد ج‬٪٥‫ؿضٹثحش ٱزٯ ج‬٥ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫س ٳضخطض‬ٝ‫ٴجد ىح‬٩ ‫ح ٱٶ جال‬٩ ‫ٖزجتٺس‬٥‫ٴجد ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ‫كٺٴٹس‬٥‫ٰ ال٭ؾيطٰ ج‬٩‫الص‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ٺحتٺس ٳئىال‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫غش ٱزٯ ج‬٢٥ ٧‫الص‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ذجدٯ ذحال‬٩‫ظ ال‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٦٥

2. Respiration process varies for the combustion process: A- Respiration  It is the process of oxidation of food within the cell, in which breaking of chemical bonds existing between the carbon atoms in the food occurs by special enzymes and co- enzymes that receives removed electrons and pass them to electrons carriers.

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 In it liberation of chemical energy between organic molecules occurs gradually and slowly on stages within the cells.  - Combustion:  It is the process of oxidation outside the body where the oxidation of carbon atoms occurs by direct union with the oxygen of the air to form CO2 and releases energy in the form of heat.  In it liberation of chemical energy from organic molecules to outside of cells occurs at once. ٛ‫ٺس جالقطشج‬٦٪ّ ٬ّ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٘٦‫ضخط‬ ‫ رسجش‬٬‫ٴؾٴدٯ ذٺ‬٪٥‫ٺحتٺس ج‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫غش ج‬١ ‫ٺٲح‬ٙ ٨‫طٶ ٹط‬٥‫ٺس ٳج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٖزجتٺس دجخ‬٥‫ٴجد ج‬٪٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ٺس أ‬٦٪ّ ‫ح ٱٶ جال‬٩ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٫‫ أل‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ .‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫الش جال‬٩‫ٶ قح‬٥‫شسٱح ج‬٪‫س ٳض‬٥‫ضج‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫طٶ ضغط‬٥‫حش ج‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩‫حش خحفس ٳ‬٪‫ ج٭ضٹ‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ٧‫يْح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ج‬ . ‫خالٹح‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ دجخ‬٤‫شجق‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ‫طذسٹؽ ٳذروء ٳ‬٥‫ْنٴٹس ذح‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٺحتٺس ذٺ‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ضكشٹش ج‬٨‫ٺٲح ٹط‬ٙ‫ٳ‬ ‫ؿٴٵ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ِ ج‬٩ ‫رحؽشز‬٩ ‫ ذٴجعيس جضكحدز‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غذز رسجش ج‬١‫ ج‬٨‫ قٺع ٹط‬٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫غذز خحسؼ ج‬١‫ٺس أ‬٦٪ّ ‫ح ٱٶ جال‬٩ ٛ‫ٺس جالقطشج‬٦٪ّ ‫ح‬٩‫ ج‬ . ‫ْس ٳجقذز‬ٙ‫خالٹح ٳد‬٥‫ْنٴٹس خحسؼ ج‬٥‫ؿضٹثحش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺٲح ضكشٹش ج‬ٙ‫ ٳ‬. ‫ٶ فٴسز قشجسز‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٦‫ ٳضٮي‬CO2٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٺ‬٥

3. Preferred nose respiration instead of mouth A- This is because the nose: (a) Warm passage: because it is lined with many blood capillaries. (b) Humid: because it secrete mucous. (c) Filtrate air from foreign objects: because it contains hairs and mucus. ٨ٚ٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ظ ذحال٭٘ ذذال‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ن‬ٚ‫ٹ‬ ٧‫ جالؾغح‬٬٩ ‫ٲٴجء‬٦٥ ‫شؽف‬٩‫خحه) (ؼ)ٳ‬٪٥‫شجصٯ ج‬ٙ‫ػٺشز) (خ) ٳسىد(إل‬١ ‫ٴٹس‬٩‫ ذؾْٺشجش د‬٬‫ري‬٩ ٰ‫ٶء(ال٭‬ٙ‫ش دج‬٪٩)‫ جال٭٘ (أ‬٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ )‫خحه‬٩‫ٶ ؽْٺشجش ٳ‬٦ّ ٰ‫ٖشٹرس(القطٴجت‬٥‫ج‬

4. The presence of cartilaginous rings and cilia in the trachea: A- The presence of cartilaginous rings: make the trachea open continuously. B- The presence of cilia: which move from the bottom to the top to purify passing air by moving foreign particles to the pharynx where it can swallow. ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٺس ٳجٱذجخ‬ٙ‫حش ٕنشٳ‬ٞ٦‫ٳؾٴد ق‬ ‫ ٕشٹرس‬ٜ‫حت‬ٝ‫ د‬٬٩ ٰ‫ ذ‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ذ ٹ‬ٝ ‫ح‬٩ ٠‫حس ذطكشٹ‬٪٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬ٞ‫طٮ‬٥ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ‫ أل‬٤ٚ‫ جع‬٬٩ ٟ‫طٶ ضطكش‬٥‫شجس ٳٳؾٴد جالٱذجخ ج‬٪‫طٴقس ذحعط‬ٚ٩ ‫ٲح‬٦ْ‫طؿ‬٥ ٠٥‫ٳر‬ ِ٦‫ ضرط‬٫‫ ج‬٬٢٪‫ قٺع ٹ‬٧‫ْٴ‬٦‫ر‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٳىشدٱح ج‬

5. The alveoli are actual respiratory surfaces or adaptation of alveoli to its function: A- This is because: (a)There number is large up to 600 million alveoli per lung. (b) There wall is thin. (c) There wall is moist by water vapor. (d) Surrounded from the outside by a large network of capillaries. So alveoli is actual respiratory surfaces where both oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolves in the water vapor moistening the walls of the alveoli, then the exchange of gases occurs by diffusion through the thin walls as follows: oxygen move from the alveoli to blood capillaries while carbon dioxide moves from the blood capillaries into the alveoli . ‫طٲح‬ٚ‫ٴٍٺ‬٥ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٺس جٳ ضالت‬٦ْٙ ‫غٺس‬ٚ‫ٲٴجتٺس جعيف ضٮ‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ضْطرش ج‬ ‫حء‬٪٥‫ ذخحس ج‬٤ْٚ‫ؾذسٱح سىرس ذ‬-)‫س (ؼ‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫ؾذسٱح س‬- )‫ ستس (خ‬٤٢٥ ‫س‬٦‫ قٴٹق‬٫‫ٺٴ‬٦٩655 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫رٺش ٹق‬١ ‫ّذدٱح‬-)‫ (أ‬:٫‫ أل‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ٬٩ ٤١ ‫ٺس قٺع ٹزٳخ‬٦ْٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫ٲٴجتٺس جعيف ضٮ‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ضْطرش ج‬٠٥‫ز‬٥ ‫ٴٹس‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٪‫س مخ‬٢‫خحسؼ ذؾر‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫كحىس‬٩- )‫(د‬ ‫س‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫ش‬٥‫ؿذس ج‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ خال‬٬٩ ‫ٖحصجش ذحال٭طؾحس‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ٨‫ ضط‬٨‫كٴٹقالش غ‬٥‫ؿذس ج‬٥ ‫شىد‬٪٥‫حء ج‬٪٥‫ٶ ذخحس ج‬ٙ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ٳغح٭ٶ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫جال‬ ‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ د‬٬٩ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٶ ج‬٤ٞ‫ح ٹٮط‬٪‫ؾْٺشجش ذٺٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٶ د‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٤ ٞ‫ ٹٮط‬:‫حالضٶ‬١

88

6. After expiration part of the air remaining in the lungs continuously: A- This is because the existence of this air which is warm and rich with water vapor contributes to: (1) Worming new air inside the lungs quickly. (2) Prevent adhesion of the wall of alveoli from the inside. (3) Also, this air is rich in water vapor, which makes walls of the alveoli moist; which is important for dissolution of oxygen and carbon dioxide and thus the process of gas exchange occurs easily between alveoli and blood in surrounding capillaries. ‫شز‬٪‫غط‬٩ ‫س‬ٚ‫ٲٴجء ذق‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضء‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٶ‬ٞ‫ٺش ٹطر‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ذْذ‬ ٧‫ٶ ّذ‬٦ّ ٌٙ‫) ٹكح‬0(‫ ذغشّس ٳ‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٦٥ ٤‫ذجخ‬٥‫ؿذٹذ ج‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ثس ج‬ٙ‫)ضذ‬1( ‫ٶ‬ٙ ٨‫حء ٳٱزج ٹغٲ‬٪٥‫ٶء ٳٕٮٶ ذرخحس ج‬ٙ‫ٲٴجء دج‬٥‫ ٳؾٴد ٱزج ج‬٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ‫ٲٴجتٺس سىرس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ح ؾذس ج‬٪‫ دجت‬٤ْ‫زٵ ٹؿ‬٥‫حء ج‬٪٥‫ ٕٮٶ ذرخحس ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٲٴجء ٹ‬٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٫‫ح ج‬٪١)3(‫ ٳ‬٤‫ذجخ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫ ؾذس ج‬ٛ‫طقح‬٥‫ج‬ ‫كٺو ذٲح‬٪٥‫ ج‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ٳج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫س ذٺ‬٥‫ٖحصجش ذغٲٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ٨‫ٶ ضط‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ٳذح‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ٳغح٭ٶ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٬٩ ٤١ ٫‫ٶ رٳذح‬ٙ ‫نشٳسٵ‬٥‫ٳج‬ ‫ٴٹس‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ

7. 1 / 5 the amount of water lost per day from the human body through the lungs: A- This is because water loss from the lungs is through the evaporation of water. Water vapor is necessary and very important as it works on: (1) Moisten the walls of the alveoli. (2) Prevent adhesion of the walls of the alveoli from the inside. (3) Dissolve CO2 and O2 to allow exchange of gases between the alveolus air and blood in surrounding capillaries. ٓ١‫ك اٌشئز‬٠‫ب رزُ ػٓ ؼش‬١ِٛ٠ ْ‫دح ِٓ عسُ االٔسب‬ٛ‫خ اٌّبء اٌّفم‬١ّ‫ و‬5/1 ‫صالد‬٠ٛ‫)رشؼت عذس اٌؾ‬1(ٍٝ‫ؼًّ ػ‬٠ ٗٔ‫٘بَ عذا ال‬ٚ ٜ‫س‬ٚ‫ ظش‬ٝ‫٘زا اٌجخبس اٌّبئ‬ٚ ‫ك رجخش اٌّبء‬٠‫زُ ػٓ ؼش‬٠ ٓ١‫رٌه الْ فمذ اٌّبء ِٓ اٌشئز‬ٚ ‫صٍخ‬٠ٛ‫اء اٌؾ‬ٛ٘ ٓ١‫زُ رجبدي اٌغبصاد ث‬١ٌ O2.CO2 ِٓ ً‫ثبْ و‬ٚ‫)ر‬3( ً‫صالد ِٓ اٌذاخ‬٠ٛ‫ ػذِبٌزصبق عذس اٌؾ‬ٍٝ‫ؾبفظ ػ‬٠ )2( ‫خ‬١‫ائ‬ٌٛٙ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬٠ِٛ‫شاد اٌذ‬١‫ اٌطؼ‬ٝ‫ب ف‬ٙ‫ػ ث‬١‫اٌذَ اٌّؾ‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ائ‬ٌٛٙ‫ا‬

8. Ribs are always moving forward and the sides and the diaphragm downward during the inspiratory A. In order to expand and increase the chest cavity which lead to decrease pressure inside it, which leads to a rush of air to the inside of lungs during the inspiration. ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ جغٮحء‬٤ٚ‫كحؾض الع‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫ ٳج‬٬‫ؿح٭رٺ‬٥‫ ٳج‬٧‫ح‬٩‫ٶ جال‬٥‫ح ج‬٪‫ٴُ دجت‬٦‫ن‬٥‫ ج‬ٟ‫ضطكش‬ ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫س جغٮحء‬٦‫ٲٴجء ذذجخ‬٥‫حُ ج‬ٙ‫ٶ ج٭ذ‬٥‫ٺإدٵ ج‬ٙ*‫س‬٦‫نٖو ذذجخ‬٥‫ ج‬٤ٞ‫ٺ‬ٙ*‫قذسٵ‬٥‫طؿٴٹ٘ ج‬٥‫ٶ ٹطغِ ٳٹضدجد ج‬٢٥ ٠٥‫ٳر‬.

9. Respiratory centers located in the medulla oblongata control both respiratory rate and heart rate. A- So any changes in the rate and depth of respiration must be accompanied by similar changes in heart rate, so that the amount of air entering the alveoli is proportional to the amount of blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli, so the process of gas exchange occurs efficiently. ‫د‬٦ٞ٥‫ مشذحش ج‬٣‫ْذ‬٩‫ظ ٳ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ عشّس ج‬٬٩ ٤١ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ٤‫غطيٺ‬٪٥‫ٮخحُ ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴؾٴدز‬٪٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ض ج‬١‫شج‬٩ ٨٢‫ضطك‬ ‫ مشٳسٵ قطٶ‬٠٥‫د ٳر‬٦ٞ٥‫ مشذحش ج‬٣‫ْذ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫س‬٦‫حغ‬٪٩ ‫ ٹقحقرٲح ضٖٺشجش‬٫‫ظ الذذ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٪ّ‫ عشّس ٳ‬٣‫ْذ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ جٵ ضٖٺشجش‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ قطٶ ض‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ٨‫طط‬ٙ ‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫كٺيس ذح‬٪٥‫ٴٹس ج‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫طٶ ضشد ج‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ ِ٩ ‫طٮحعرس‬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫طٶ ضذخ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ض‬ ‫حءز‬ٚ٢‫ٖحصجش ذ‬٥‫ج‬

10. Turns glucose to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen A- This is because the output of the first stage of aerobic respiration (glycolysis) is 2 molecules from each of the pyruvic acid; NADH and ATP. In absence of oxygen, the pyruvic acid does not enter the mitochondria to complete the oxidation and instead it is reduced by hydrogen present on NADH and converted to lactic acid. ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ ٕٺحخ جال‬ٙ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ٴص ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ٹطكٴ‬.1

89

‫ ٳ‬NADH‫ ٳ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٤١ ٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0( ‫ٴص ٱٶ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫س ج٭ؾيحس ج‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٶ جٵ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫س جالٳ‬٦‫شق‬٪٥‫ ٭ٴجضؽ ج‬٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ٰ ذح‬٥‫ جخطضج‬٨‫ ٹط‬٠٥‫ ر‬٬٩ ‫غذضٰ ٳذذال‬١‫ أ‬٣‫ح‬٪٢‫ٴ٭ذسٹح العط‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ ال ٹذخ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫س ٕٺحخ جال‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ )ATP ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ٰ ج‬٥‫ٳٹكٴ‬NADH ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ٴؾٴد‬٪٥‫ج‬

11. All steps of Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur within mitochondria: A- Due to the presence of: (a) Respiratory enzymes, water, and phosphate. (b) Co- enzymes , the most important of it : NAD+ & FAD, who are reduced by hydrogen atoms, which are removed during reactions of Krebs cycle that take place inside the mitochondria and converted as follows: NAD+ + H2 → NADH + H+ FAD + H2 → FADH2 (c) Electrons carriers molecules (Cytochromes): which holds the electrons removed from the hydrogen carriers on various energy levels to pass slope on electron transport chain. ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ دجخ‬٨‫ ضط‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫شذظ ٳع‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٬٩ ٤١ ‫خيٴجش‬ ‫ٲح ذٴجعيس رسجش‬٥‫ جخطضج‬٨‫ ٹط‬٬‫زٹ‬٥‫ ج‬FAD+ & NAD+:‫ٲح‬٪‫غحّذز ٳجٱ‬٩ ‫حش‬٪‫ج٭ضٹ‬.‫حش خ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ‫حء ٳ‬٩‫ظ ٳ‬ٚ‫حش ضٮ‬٪‫ج٭ضٹ‬.‫ أ‬:‫ٴؾٴد‬٥ ‫ ٭َشج‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ :‫ٶ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪١ ٫‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳٹطكٴال‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ دجخ‬٨‫طٶ ضط‬٥‫شذظ ٳج‬١ ‫حّالش دٳسز‬ٚ‫ جغٮحء ض‬٣‫طٶ ضضج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ج‬ NAD+ + H2 → NADH+H+ FAD+H2→FADH2 ‫س‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫الش ج‬٩‫ قح‬٬٩ ‫س‬٥‫ضج‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤٪‫طٶ ضك‬٥‫ ٳٱٶ ج‬:‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش جٳ ج‬٢٥‫الش جال‬٩‫ؾضٹثحش قح‬.‫ؼ‬ ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬٦ّ ‫ٮكذسز‬٩ ‫ش‬٪‫ط‬٥ ‫س‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٩

12. During respiration electron transfer reactions does not occur during in the cytoplasm : A- This is because electrons liberated during the oxidation process has high energy and need to pass on co – enzymes with sloping energy levels called cytochromes, which only exist in the inner membrane of mitochondrial and not in the cytoplasm . ٧‫غٺطٴذالص‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫حّالش ٭‬ٚ‫ظ ال ضكذظ ض‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫جغٮحء ج‬ ‫س‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ‫حش رجش‬٪‫غحّذجش ج٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ش‬٪‫ط‬٥ ‫ٺس ٳضكطحؼ‬٥‫س ّح‬ٝ‫ رجش ىح‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫غذز ض‬١‫ٺس جال‬٦٪ّ ‫طكشسز جغٮحء‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ جال‬٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ٧‫غٺطٴذالص‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٺظ‬٥‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳ‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫و ذح‬ٞٙ ‫طٶ ضٴؾذ‬٥‫حش ٳ ج‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ٶ ذح‬٪‫ٮكذسز ضغ‬٩

13. Glycolysis Need 2 molecule of ATP: A- In order to complete the processes of phosphorylation for 2 reactions: (a) phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. (b) Phosphorylation of fructose -6 phosphate to fructose -1-6 - diphosphate. ATP٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٴص ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫س ج٭ؾيحس ج‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫ضكطحؼ‬ ٰ٦‫حش ٳضكٴٹ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ-6-‫طٴص‬١‫ش‬ٚ٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٙ)‫حش(خ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ6-‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ٶ ؾ‬٥‫ٰ ج‬٦‫ٴص ٳضكٴٹ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٙ )‫ح (أ‬٪‫ ٱ‬٬‫ٺ‬٦ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥ ‫شز‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ٺحش ج‬٦٪ّ ٧‫ح‬٪‫ الض‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ ‫غٮحتٶ‬-6-1-‫طٴص‬١‫ش‬ٙ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ج‬

14. Fatigue of the muscles when performing strenuous exercises: A- This is because when muscle perform hard exercises, it require a large amount of oxygen and thus the cell may consume all the oxygen in it, therefore, the cells convert pyruvic acid after its reduction (its union with electrons on NADH) to lactic acid (C3H6O3) and this cause muscle fatigue or muscle strain. ‫س‬ٝ‫ْنالش ّٮذ جدجء ضذسٹرحش ؽح‬٦٥ ‫قذٳظ جؾٲحد‬ ‫ٴؾٴد‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٤١ ‫ذ‬ٚ‫ذ ضغط‬ٝ ٰ‫ٺ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ‫ٶ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ٳذح‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٬٩ ‫رٺشز‬١ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ‫د‬٦‫ٺس ضطي‬ٚ‫س جٳّٮ‬ٝ‫ْنالش ضذسٹرحش ؽح‬٥‫ح ضإدٵ ج‬٩‫ ال٭ٰ ّٮذ‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫) ج‬NADH ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ٴؾٴدز‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ِ جال‬٩ ‫س (جضكحدٯ‬٥‫ ذْذ جخطضج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫ٶ ضكٴٹ‬٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥‫ؿأ ٱزٯ ج‬٦‫ ض‬٠٥‫ز‬٥‫ذٲح ٳ‬ ‫س‬٦‫ْن‬٥‫ٶ جٳ جؾٲحد ج‬٦‫ْن‬٥‫طْد ج‬٥‫ح ٹْشٗ ذح‬٩ ٠٥‫) ٳٹغرد ر‬C3H6O3(

15. Strained muscles can perform exercises again after a period of rest: A- This is because at rest enough oxygen becomes available for the muscles, so lactic acid in the muscle is oxidized to pyruvic acid again, then to Acetyl Coenzyme – A , which enters the Krebs cycle to produce more energy. 90

‫شجقس‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫طشز‬ٙ ‫شز جخشٵ ذْذ‬٩ ‫طذسٹرحش‬٥‫ جدجء ج‬٬٩ ‫ؿٲذز‬٪٥‫ْنالش ج‬٦٥ ٬٢٪‫ٹ‬ ‫شز‬٩ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ْن‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴؾٴد‬٪٥‫ ج‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫ ج‬٨‫ْنالش ٳّٮذٱح ٹط‬٦٥ ‫ٶ‬ٙ‫ح‬٢٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ش جال‬ٙ‫شجقس ٹطٴ‬٥‫ ال٭ٰ ّٮذ ج‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ‫رش‬١‫س أ‬ٝ‫شذظ ال٭طحؼ ىح‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٤‫زٵ ٹذخ‬٥‫(أ)ج‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٶ جعطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫جخشٵ غ‬

16. Some organisms and tissues of the animal make anaerobic respiration? (Advantages of anaerobic respiration) A- This is because this type of respiration produces ATP energy necessary for vital activities in absence of oxygen, so these organisms make this type of respiration in case of shortage or a lack of oxygen in spite of small energy formed. )‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺضجش ج‬٪٩ ‫ش‬١‫ال ٱٴجتٶ (جر‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫حتٮحش ٳج٭غؿس ج‬٢٥‫ؿأ ذْل ج‬٦‫ض‬ ُ‫ٮٴ‬٥‫ٶ ٱزج ج‬٥‫حتٮحش ج‬٢٥‫ؿح ٱزٯ ج‬٦‫ ض‬٠٥‫ز‬٥‫ ٳ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ٳؾٴد جال‬٧‫ٶ ّذ‬ٙ ‫كٺٴٹس‬٥‫س ال٭ؾيطٲح ج‬٩‫الص‬٥‫ ج‬ATP‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ظ ٹٮطؽ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ُ‫ٮٴ‬٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫ٳر‬. ‫ٴ٭س‬٢‫ط‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ مح‬٬٩ ٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫ ذح‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ـ جٳ ٕٺحخ جال‬ٞ‫س ٭‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩

17. Photosynthesis and respiration are 2 vital processes for energy handling (or) plant is considered producer and consumer of food. (Or) Photosynthesis and respiration are associated with each other. A- This is because: 1. what happed in the green plastid is building of energy-rich materials from simple raw materials in the process of photosynthesis. 6CO2 +12 H2O ------------------ C6H12O6 +6 H2O +6 O2 2. What happed in the mitochondria is opposite to what is happening in green plastid, where the process of respiration occur i.e. breakdown of energy-rich substances such as glucose through its oxidation and liberation of energy stored in chemical bonds as in the following equation, which describes the aerobic respiration: C6H12O6 +6 O2 --------- 6CO2 +6 H2O +38 ATP The following figure shows this relationship in the form of cycle between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. ‫نٴتٶ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ ٳجقذ(جٳ) ٹشضرو‬٫‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٖزجء‬٦٥ ‫ح‬٢٦‫غطٲ‬٩‫ٮطؿح ٳ‬٩ ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫س(جٳ) جّطرحس ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫طذجٳ‬٥ ٫‫ قٺٴٹطح‬٫‫ٺطح‬٦٪ّ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫نٴتٶ ٳج‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ج‬ ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ‫ذ‬ : ٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ‫نٴتٶ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ٠٥‫ٺس ذغٺيس ٳر‬٥‫ٴجد جٳ‬٩ ٬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٴجد ٕٮٺس ذح‬٩ ‫ٺس ذٮحء‬٦٪ّ ‫ح ٱٴ جال‬٩ ‫خنشجء‬٥‫رالعطٺذز ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٨‫حٹط‬٩.1 6CO2+12H2O------------------C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2 ٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٖٮٺس ذح‬٥‫ٴجد ج‬٪٦٥ ٧‫ٺس ٱذ‬٦٪ّ ‫ظ جٵ‬ٚ‫ٺس ضٮ‬٦٪ّ ‫خنشجء قٺع ضكذظ‬٥‫رالعطٺذز ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ح ٹكذظ‬٩ ‫ظ‬٢ّ ‫ٲٴ‬ٙ ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨‫ح ٹط‬٩ ‫ح‬٩‫ج‬. 0 :‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫خـ ج‬٦٩ ‫طٶ ضٴمف‬٥‫س جالضٺس ج‬٥‫ْحد‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫ٶ سٳجذيٰ ج‬ٙ ‫خضٳ٭س‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫غذضٰ ٳضكشٹش ج‬١‫ أ‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ج‬ C6H12O6+6O2---------6CO2+6H2O+38ATP ‫ٴٵ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫نٴتٶ ٳج‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ ذٺ‬٨‫ٶ فٴسز دٳسز ضط‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫ْال‬٥‫ ج‬٠٦‫ ٹٴمف ض‬٠٩‫ح‬٩‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ٳج‬

91

18. Need for oxygen to complete the process of aerobic respiration: A- This is because: 1. Oxygen is necessary to enter the pyruvic acid to the mitochondria to complete oxidized in the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. 2- Oxygen is the final recipient, of the electrons emerged from the electron transport chain to form water molecules and release of energy (O2 +2 H + + 2 e - → 2H2O). So without oxygen no energy liberated from transmission of electrons in the electron transport chain. :‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٧‫ح‬٪‫ الض‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫مشٳسز ٳؾٴد جال‬ :٫‫ أل‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫شذظ ٳع‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ٰ‫غذض‬١‫ ج‬٣‫ح‬٪٢‫ٴ٭ذسٹح العط‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ذخٴ‬٥ ‫ مشٳسٵ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫جال‬.1 O2+2H+2e--(‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫حء ٳج٭يال‬٪٥‫ ؾضٹثحش ج‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬٬٩ ‫ٮكذسز‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ال‬٥ ‫ جالخٺش‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٪٥‫ ٹْطرش ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫جال‬ ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جال‬٣‫ح‬ٞ‫ ج٭ط‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ضطكشس ج‬٬٥ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٫‫) جٵ ج٭ٰ ذذٳ‬2H2O

19. Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen: A - This is because the process of oxidation in the Krebs cycle occurs in the presence of a group of enzymes and co- enzyme (FAD & NAD +), which receives electrons and protons, which were removed during the oxidation of carbon atoms according to the following equations: NAD+ + H2 → NADH + H+ FAD + H2 → FADH2

٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫د ٳؾٴد جال‬٦‫شذظ ال ضطي‬١ ‫دٳسز‬ ٤‫ر‬ٞ‫طٶ ضغط‬٥‫) ج‬FAD.NAD+(‫حش‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩‫حش ٳ‬٪‫ جال٭ضٹ‬٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ٶ ٳؾٴد‬ٙ ٨‫شذظ ضط‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ‫غذز‬١‫ٺس جال‬٦٪ّ ٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ :‫ْحدالش جالضٺس‬٪٦٥ ‫ح‬ٞ‫ ىر‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غذز رسجش ج‬١‫ص جغٮحء أ‬٦‫طٶ جصٹ‬٥‫رشٳضٴ٭حش ج‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش ٳج‬٢٥‫جال‬

20. The fermentation process (anaerobic respiration) does not require oxygen A - because it take place in the presence of a group of enzymes and co- enzyme, and the final outcome of the process of anaerobic respiration are: 1. Glycolysis (as in the aerobic respiration) → 2 molecule of pyruvic acid +2 molecule of NADH + 2 molecule of ATP. 2. Reduction of pyruvic acid to lactic acid (as in bacteria and animal cells, especially muscle) or to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide (as in yeast). ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫د ج‬٦‫الٱٴجتٶ) ال ضطي‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ش(ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ :‫الٱٴجتٶ ٱٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥ ‫ٮٲحتٺس‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫كق‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫حش ٳض‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩‫حش ٳ‬٪‫ جال٭ضٹ‬٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ٶ ٳؾٴد‬ٙ ٨‫ ال٭ٲح ضط‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ‫ؾضٵء‬0 ‫ذسٱح‬ٝ ‫س‬٦‫س مثٺ‬ٝ‫ ىح‬ٜ٦‫ضٮي‬+NADH ٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0+٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٲٴجتٶ) ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١(‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ج٭ؾيحس ج‬.1 ATP٬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ْنالش جٳ ج‬٥‫كٺٴج٭ٺس ٳخحفس ج‬٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥‫طشٹح ٳج‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ح ج‬٩‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ جخطضج‬٨‫ ٹط‬٠٥‫ ذْذ ر‬٨‫غ‬.0 ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٳغح٭ٶ ج‬

21. The amount of energy released by anaerobic respiration is less than aerobic respiration: A- This is because: 1- In the case of anaerobic respiration oxidation of glucose is incomplete as in the following: C6H12O6

Anaerobic respiration Resp enz

2C3H4O3 +

2NADH+2ATP

In absence of O2 → pyruvic acid does not enter mitochondria , but it is reduced by 2 molecules of NADH to lactic acid or ethyl alcohol, which store a great amount of energy so the outputs of aerobic respiration is 2 ATP molecule only. 2- While in case of aerobic respiration → oxidation of glucose is complete → break all links between the six carbon atoms in a molecule of glucose → turning to CO2 and water and 38 ATP molecules: 92

C6H12O6+6O2

Aerobic respiration

6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP ‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤ٝ‫الٱٴجتٶ ج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ :‫ٶ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪١ ‫س‬٦٩‫ح‬١ ‫ٴص ٕٺش‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غس ج‬١‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫الٱٴجتٶ ض‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ ٫‫ أل‬٠٥‫ٳر‬. C6H12O6 Anaerobic respiration Resp enz 2C3H4O3 + 2NADH+2ATP ‫ل‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ٶ جخطضج‬ٙ NADH‫ ؾضٹثٶ‬٧‫ جعطخذج‬٨‫ ٹط‬٬٢٥‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳ‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫ال ٹذخ‬O2 ‫ٶ ٕٺحخ‬ٙ ٫‫ٳقٺع ج‬ ‫و‬ٞٙ ATP ‫ؾضٵء‬0 ‫ٲٴجتٶ ٱٴ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ٭ٴجضؽ ج‬٫‫س جٵ ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫رٺش‬١ ‫ذس‬ٞ‫ ذ‬٫‫َح‬ٚ‫كط‬٩ ٫‫ٺح‬ٞ‫ ذٺ‬٬‫زٹ‬٦٥‫ٶ ج‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ أٳ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٶ ؾضٵء ج‬ٙ ‫غطس‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ رسجش ج‬٬‫شٳجذو ذٺ‬٥‫ٺِ ج‬٪‫غش ؾ‬١ ٨‫س جٵ ٹط‬٦٩‫ح‬١ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٲٴجتٶ ض‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪‫*ذٺ ٮ‬ ATP ‫ؾضٵء‬33‫حء ٳ‬٩‫ ٳ‬CO2‫ٶ‬٥‫طكٴال ج‬٩ Aerobic respiration C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

22. In Anaerobic respiration the estimated amount of energy released by the oxidation of glucose molecule is 2 ATP despite the release of 2 NADH2 molecules which stores 6 molecules of ATP. A- Because: * In anaerobic respiration the glucose molecule splits into two molecules of pyruvic acid + two molecules ATP + 2 NADH molecules * As a result of the absence of oxygen→ pyruvic acid not to enters the Krebs cycle to complete its oxidation. * Also O2 is the final recipient of the electrons in the electron transport series, so absence of oxygen, leads to lack of access to resulting molecules of NADH. * But instead of this electrons are removed from NADH to reduce pyruvic acid and convert it into lactic acid or ethyl alcohol, which remain a great amount of energy. ٫‫طٶ ضخطض‬٥‫ج‬NADH2‫ ؾضٵء‬0 ‫ خشٳؼ‬٬٩ ٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫ ذح‬ATP٬‫ٴص ذؿضٹثٺ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٵء ؾ‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ ‫ذس‬ٞ‫الٱٴجتٶ ض‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ATP‫ؾضٹثحش‬6 NADH٬‫ؾضٹثٺ‬+ATP٬‫ؾضٹثٺ‬+٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٬‫ٶ ؾضٹثٺ‬٥‫ٴص ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫الٱٴجتٶ ٹٮؾيش ؾضٵء ج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ* ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسٯ‬٣‫غذضٰ خال‬١‫ ج‬٣‫ح‬٪٢‫ العط‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫ ال ٹذخ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٖٺحخ جال‬٥ ‫*ٳ٭طٺؿس‬ ٬٩ ‫حدز‬ٚ‫ جالعط‬٧‫ٶ ّذ‬٥‫ ٹإدٵ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ٕٺحخ جال‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ‫ٶ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫طشٳ٭ٶ ذح‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ال‬٥ ‫ جالخٺش‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٪٥‫ ٹْطرش ج‬O2٫‫ح ج‬٪١* ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫ ج‬NADH‫ؾضٹثحش‬ ٫‫ٺح‬ٞ‫ ٹر‬٬‫زٹ‬٦٥‫ٶ ج‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ جٳ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ ٳضكٴٹ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫الخطضج‬NADH‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ ٭ضُ ج‬٨‫ ٹط‬٠٥‫ ر‬٬٩ ‫ ذذال‬٬٢٥‫*ٳ‬ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫رٺش‬١ ‫ذس‬ٞ‫ ذ‬٫‫َح‬ٚ‫طك‬٩

23. Pyruvic acid does not turn to acetyl Co- enzyme- A in case of anaerobic respiration: A- This is because pyruvic acid can not enter the mitochondria in absence of oxygen, → so it is reduced by hydrogen carried on NADH to lactic acid as in animal tissue and bacteria, or ethyl alcohol and CO2, as in yeast. ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ )‫(أ‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ال ٹطكٴ‬ ٣‫ٴ‬٪‫ك‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ٰ ذٴجعيس ج‬٥‫ جخطضج‬٨‫ٶ ٹط‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ٳذح‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ ٕٺحخ جال‬ٙ ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ال ٹغطيٺِ دخٴ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫ٳر‬ ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١ CO2‫ٶ ٳ‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫طشٹح جٳ‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫ٶ ج٭غؿس ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬NADH‫ٶ‬٦ّ

24. In Anaerobic respiration glucose convert into lactic acid or ethyl alcohol: A- This is because: * In anaerobic respiration the glucose molecule splits into two molecules of pyruvic acid (three-carbon) through a series of interactions occurs in cytoplasm of the cell. * As a result of absence of oxygen → pyruvic acid does not enter into mitochondria to complete its oxidation, but it is reduced due to extract of electrons from NADH2 and turn into lactic acid or ethyl alcohol depending on the cell ‫ٶ‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ جٳ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ٴص ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫الٱٴجتٶ ٹطكٴ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ :ٰ‫ ال٭‬٠٥‫ٳر‬

93

‫ ٱزٯ‬٨‫حّالش ٳضط‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٪‫حسج ذ‬٩ )٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ (غالغٶ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٬‫ٶ ؾضٹثٺ‬٥‫ٴص ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫الٱٴجتٶ ٹٮؾيش ؾضٵء ج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ* ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٶ عٺطٴذالص‬ٙ ‫ٺس‬٦٪ْ٥‫ج‬ ُ‫ ٭طٺؿس ج٭طضج‬٣‫ٺس جخطضج‬٦٪ّ ٰ٥ ‫ ضكذظ‬٬٢٥‫غذضٰ ٳ‬١‫ ج‬٣‫ح‬٪٢‫ٴ٭ذسٹح العط‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫ ال ٹذخ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٖٺحخ جال‬٥ ‫*ٳ٭طٺؿس‬ ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٶ قغد ج‬٦ّ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ جٳ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ٳٹطكٴ‬NADH2‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٬٩ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫جال‬

25. Intermediate compounds are formed in Krebs cycle: A- This is because: * After liberation of acetyl group (two carbon atoms) from Acetyl Coenzyme – A it combined with the 4 carbon atoms compounds (oxaloacetic acid) forming citric acid (consists of six-carbon atoms). * As a result of the presence of co- enzyme (FAD & NAD+) which oxidize citric acid by removing hydrogen atoms : (1) NAD+ convert citric acid to Ketoglutaric acid then to Succinic acid. (2) FAD converts Succinic acid to malic acid. (3) NAD+ convert malic acid into oxalo acetic acid. ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ‫رحش ٳعيٺس‬١‫ش‬٩ ٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ض‬ ‫د‬١‫ش‬٩ ِ٩ ‫شذظ ٳضطكذ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٤‫(أ) ضذخ‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٴّس جالعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ٬٩ )٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ (غٮحتٺس رسجش ج‬٤‫ٴّس جالعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ ذْذ ضكشس‬٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫*ٳر‬ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ عذجعٶ ج‬٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٳٹط‬٠‫ٴ جعطٺ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل جال‬٪‫ ٳٱٴ ق‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫سذحّٶ رسجش ج‬ )1٤‫شجق‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ ذٮضُ رسجش ج‬٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ‫ ذ‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫طٶ ض‬٥‫) ج‬FAD & NAD+(‫حش‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫*ٳ٭طٺؿس ٳؾٴد‬ ٠‫غٺٮ‬١‫غح‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ٹطكٴ‬FAD‫) ذٴجعيس‬0( ٠‫غٺٮ‬١‫غح‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ غ‬٠‫ٴضحسٹ‬٦‫ٺطٴؾ‬٢٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ٹطكٴ‬NAD+‫ذٴجعيس‬ ٠‫ٴ جعطٺ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل جال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫شز جخشٵ ٹطكٴ‬٩ NAD+ ‫) ذٴجعيس‬3( ٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ج‬

26. Each of NAD+ and FAD has a vital importance in living cells: A- This is because: * Oxidation of glucose and production of energy within the cell is done by removing the electrons and hydrogen protons from the glucose molecule, by the co- enzyme FAD & NAD+ as follows * In aerobic respiration: After glycolysis → glucose converting to phosphoglyceraldehyde , which is oxidized to pyruvic acid by the help of NAD+ . * In the case of anaerobic respiration pyruvic acid is reduced by NADH to either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide * In Krebs cycle for aerobic respiration: by NAD+ citric acid is oxidized to Ketoglutaric acid, and then to Succinic acid and convert malic acid to oxaloacetic acid . By the help of FAD+ Succinic acid is converted to malic acid. ‫كٺس‬٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٺس قٺٴٹس‬٪‫أٱ‬FAD‫ٳ‬NAD+٬٩ ٤٢٥ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضٵء ج‬٬٩ ٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش ٳذشٳضٴ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫س جال‬٥‫ جصج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ٨‫ٺس ضط‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫س دجخ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٴص ٳج٭طحؼ ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٫‫ ال‬٠٥‫*ٳر‬ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪١ FAD.NAD+‫حش‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ ذٴجعيس‬٨‫طٶ ضط‬٥‫ج‬ ‫ل‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫غذ ج‬١‫زٵ ٹطأ‬٥‫ذٱٺذ ج‬٥‫ٺغش ج‬٦‫ٴؾ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ٴص ٳضكٴٹ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ذْذ ج٭ؾيحس ج‬:‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ‫الٱٴجتٶ ٳ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٦٥ ‫ش‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫ٶ‬ٙ* ٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ جٳ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ح ج‬٩‫ ج‬NADH‫ ذٴجعيس‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ جخطضج‬٨‫الٱٴجتٶ ٹط‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ‫ ٳ‬NAD+‫غحّذز‬٪‫ ذ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ج‬ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٶ ٳغح٭ٶ ج‬٦‫جٹػٺ‬ ٣‫ ٳٹكٴ‬٠‫غٺٮ‬١‫غح‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٨‫ غ‬٠‫ٴضحسٹ‬٦‫ٺطٴؾ‬٢٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫ أ‬٨‫ ٹط‬NAD+‫ ذٴجعيس‬:‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٦٥ ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ* ٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫غٺٮ‬١‫غح‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ٹطكٴ‬FAD+‫غحّذز‬٪‫ح ذ‬٩‫ ج‬٠‫ٴجعٺطٺ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل جال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ق‬

94

VI: Various questions ‫طٮٴّس‬٩ ‫س‬٦‫ أعث‬:‫عحدعح‬ 1. Write a brief summary on : (a) PGAL. (b) ATP. ATP-PGAL- :٬ّ ‫خطقشز‬٩ ‫طد ٭رزز‬١‫ج‬

A- PGAL : Structure Formation

Importance

in plant in animal Phosphogluceraldehyde is a compound consisting of three carbon atoms During the process of During the process of cellular respiration (oxidation photosynthesis, where it is the first of glucose) where glucose molecule split to 2 fixed chemical compound produced molecule of PGAL. during the process of photosynthesis 1. Used in construction of glucose, Used as High-energy compound, because : starch, proteins and fats in the plant. (a) when oxidized, PGAL turn to pyruvic acid , with 2. Used as High-energy compound liberation of 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of in cellular respiration. NADH for each molecule of PGAL. (b) In aerobic respiration: pyruvic acid enters to the mitochondria to complete oxidized and release of energy in Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. (c) in absence of oxygen : pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and CO2

٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٫‫شذٴ‬١ ‫ غالغس رسجش‬٬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ذٱٺذ ٳٹط‬٥‫ٺغش ج‬٦‫ٴؾ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫د ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ٱٴ‬ ‫ٴص قٺع ذٮؾيش ؾضٵء‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ٴٵ أغٮحء أ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫د‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫نٴتٶ قٺع ج٭ٰ ٹْطرش ج‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫جغٮحء‬ ‫ذٱٺذ‬٥‫ٺغش ج‬٦‫ٴؾ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٴص ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ج‬ ‫نٴتٶ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٬٩ ‫ٺحتٺح ٹٮطؽ‬٪‫ٺ‬١ ‫ػحذص‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫جالٳ‬ :ٰ‫ ال٭‬٠٥‫س ٳر‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫د ّح‬١‫ش‬٪١ ٧‫ٹغطخذ‬ ‫رشٳضٺٮحش‬٥‫ٮؾح ٳج‬٥‫ٴص ٳج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٶ ذٮحء ج‬ٙ ٧‫ ٹغطخذ‬.1 ‫ؾضٵء‬0 ٜ٦‫ ٳٹٮي‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ج‬PGAL ٣‫غذ ٹطكٴ‬١‫ح ٹطأ‬٩‫ّٮذ‬.1 ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٫‫ذٱٴ‬٥‫ٳج‬ PGAL‫ ؾضٵء‬٤٢٥ATP.NADH ٬٩ ٤١ ٬٩ ‫ٴٵ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫د ّح‬١‫ش‬٪١ ٧‫ ٹغطخذ‬.0 ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫ٲٴجتٶ ٹذخ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ )‫(أ‬.0 ٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫غ‬٦‫شذظ ٳع‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٬٩ ٤١ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫غذضٰ ٳج٭يال‬١‫ ج‬٤٪٢‫ٺغط‬٥ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ٺخطض‬ٙ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ ٕٺحخ جال‬ٙ ‫ح‬٩‫طشٳ٭ٶ(خ)ج‬٢٥‫جال‬ CO2‫ٶ ٳ‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ جٳ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ق‬

PGAL ٰ‫ٺر‬١‫ضش‬ )٫‫ٴ‬٢‫طٶ ٹط‬٩(ٰ‫ٴٹٮ‬٢‫ص ض‬ٝ‫ٳ‬ ٰ‫ٺط‬٪‫أٱ‬

B - ATP: * Definition: adenosine triphosphate compound, it is the currency of energy in the cell. . ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫س ج‬٦٪ّ ‫حش ٳٱٴ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ غالغٶ ج‬٬‫د جالدٹٮٴعٺ‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ٱٴ‬

* Structure: (1) Pentose sugar: ribose. (2) Nitrogenous base: adenine. (3) Three phosphate groups with two high energy bonds between them. ٬‫س ذٺ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺطٶ ج‬٥‫ ّح‬٬‫حش *ٳضٴؾذ سجذيطٺ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ ‫ٴّحش‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫) *غالغس‬٬‫حّذز ٭طشٳؾٺٮٺس(جالرٹٮٺ‬ٝ* ‫شٹرٴص‬٥‫حعٶ ٳٱٴ ج‬٪‫ش خ‬٢‫*ع‬:‫ٺد‬١‫طش‬٥‫ج‬ ‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ٴّحش ج‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ * The time of its formation: :‫ٴٹٮٲح‬٢‫ص ض‬ٝ‫ٳ‬

(A) In plants: molecules of ATP formed in the photochemical reactions of the process of photosynthesis are as follows: ‫ٶ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪١ ‫نٴتٶ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥ ‫نٴتٺس‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙATP‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ضط‬:‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ

1. When light falls on the chlorophyll , its electrons absorbs light energy and transmitted to higher energy levels i.e. chlorophyll turns light energy into chemical potential energy excited chlorophyll. ‫ذ‬ٝ ٤‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ٴسٳ‬٦٢٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٶ جٵ ج‬٦ّ‫س ج‬ٝ‫غطٴٵ ىح‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٤ٞ‫نٴتٺس ٳضٮط‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫طـ ج‬٪‫ ض‬٤‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ٴس‬٦٢٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ٤‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ٴسٳ‬٦٢٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫نٴء‬٥‫و ج‬ٞ‫ح ٹغ‬٩‫ّٮذ‬ .‫ػحس‬٩ ‫ ّٮذتز‬٤‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ٴسٳ‬٦٢٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٺحتٺس ٳٹ‬٪‫ٺ‬١ ِ‫س ٳم‬ٝ‫ٶ ىح‬٥‫نٴتٺس ج‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫قٴ‬

95

2. When electrons of chlorophyll return to their natural sites , it lose their chemical energy , part of this energy is used for splitting of water , while the main part is used in the formation of ATP molecules from ADP and phosphate groups: ADP + P energy ATP ‫ؿضء‬٥‫ح ج‬٩‫حء ج‬٪٥‫ٶ ؽيش ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضء‬٧‫ جعطخذج‬٨‫ٺحتٺس ٹط‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ذ ج‬ٞٚ‫ح٭ٲح ض‬ٙ ‫يرٺْٶ‬٥‫ح٭ٲح ج‬٢٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ٴسٳ‬٦٢٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ح ضْٴد ج‬٩‫ّٮذ‬ ‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ٴّحش ج‬٪‫ؿ‬٩‫ ٳ‬ADP ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬٩ ATP ‫ٶ ذٮحء ؾضٹثحش‬ٙ ٧‫رش ٹغطخذ‬١‫جال‬

3. This energy is used in reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates. ‫شذٴٱٺذسجش‬١ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬CO2٣‫ٺس جخطضج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٧‫ضغطخذ‬

(B) in the animal: ATP molecules are formed during the process of cellular respiration as follows: 1. When the electrons carried on the NADH and FADH2 moved to Cytochromes in electron transport series  cytochromes carries electrons and descend it on different energy levels  passage of electrons from Cytochromes molecule to another , release energy  formation of ATP molecules from ADP molecules and phosphate groups . The process is called oxidative phosphorilation. ADP + P energy ATP :‫ٶ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪١ ‫ٴٵ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ جغٮحء‬ATP ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ ض‬٨‫ ٹط‬:٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ )‫(خ‬ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ٲح ٳضٮكذس ذٲح‬٦٪‫ح٭ٲح ضك‬ٙ ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬FADH2‫ٳ‬NADH‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫س‬٥‫ٴ‬٪‫ك‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ح ضٮط‬٩‫ّٮذ‬.1 ٬٩ATP ٬٩ ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٦‫حش ضٮي‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضٵء الخش‬٬٩ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫شٳس جال‬٩ ‫ٶ ّٮذ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫س ٳذح‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ٺس ذح‬٦٪ْ٥‫ٶ ٱزٯ ج‬٪‫حش ٳضغ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ٴّحش ج‬٪‫ؿ‬٩‫ٳ‬ADP‫ؾضٹثحش‬

2. When ATP hydrolyzed to ADP, an amount of energy is released which help in chemical reactions that need energy (about 7 to 12 Kcal per mole). ATP ↔ ADP + P + 7-12 K cal 10 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬7 ٬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ذس ذكٴج‬ٞ‫س ٳض‬ٝ‫ٶ ىح‬٥‫طٶ ضكطحؼ ج‬٥‫ٺحتٺس ج‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫س ٹغحّذ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ذجس‬ٞ٩ ٜ٦‫ ٹٮي‬ADP ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ٤٦‫ٳّٮذ ضك‬.0 ٣‫ٴ‬٩ ٤٢٥ ‫رٺش‬١ ‫عْش قشجسٵ‬

2. How many ATP molecules are produced from a series of electron transfer at the oxidation of one glucose molecule? ‫ٴٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٯ‬٦‫ق‬ A- Electron transport chain does not work except in case of aerobic respiration . Aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule produce: 1- 10 molecules of NADH: (including 2 molecule at the stage of glycolysis +2 molecule on oxidation of pyruvic acid to acetyl group + 6 molecules from Krebs cycle) . 2- 2 molecules of FADH2. * Since each molecule of NADH gives 3 molecules of ATP when it pass in electron transport chain, while FADH2 molecule gives 2 ATP  the total ATP molecules produced from electron transport series on oxidation of one molecule of glucose oxidation = 10 × 3 +2 × 2 = 34 ATP. ‫ٴص ٳجقذ؟‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٵء ؾ‬١‫ ّٮذ ج‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬٬٩ ‫ ٹٮطؽ‬ATP ‫ ؾضٵء‬٨١ :‫ٲٴجتٶ ٳقٺع ج٭ٰ ٹخشؼ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ ‫ جال‬٤٪ْ‫ ال ض‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬٫‫ ج‬٨٦ْ‫ ض‬٫‫ الذذ ٳج‬٠‫ ٱٴ ج٭‬٣‫غإج‬٥‫شز ٱزج ج‬٢ٙ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0+‫س جال٭ؾيحس‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ ؾضٵء‬0 ٨‫ٮٲ‬٩(‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٵء ٳجقذ ؾ‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ NADH‫ؾضٹثحش‬15* )‫شذظ‬١ ٬‫ؾضٹثحش جغٮحء دٳسضٺ‬6+٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ FADH2‫ؾضٵء‬0 ‫ ٹخشؼ‬٠٥‫ٶ ر‬٥‫س ج‬ٙ‫*ذحالمح‬ ٫‫ جر‬ATP ‫ ٹخشؼ‬FADH2‫ح ؾضٵء‬٩‫طشٳ٭ٶ ج‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ‫شٳسٯ‬٩ ‫ّٮذ‬ATP ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬3 ‫ٹْيٶ‬NADH‫ ؾضٵء‬٤١ ٫‫* ٳقٺع ج‬ 34=0×0+3×15=‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ ؾ‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫و ّٮذ ج‬ٞٙ ‫طشٳ٭ٶ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬٬٩ ‫طٶ ضخشؼ‬٥‫ ج‬ATP‫ٴُ ؾضٹثحش‬٪‫ؿ‬٩

96

3. Explain the role of diaphragm and intercostals muscles in the mechanism of respiration in humans? Or explain the mechanism of breathing? Explain by drawing only mechanism of respiration? Intercostals muscles Diaphragm Size of the chest cavity

Inhalation Contract to rise the ribs up.

Exhalation Relaxed, to descend the ribs down.

Contract to the bottom to be flat. Relax, so it return doomed up (concave). As a result of contraction of the 3. As a result of relaxation of intercostals muscles intercostals muscles and diaphragm the and diaphragm muscle the size of the size of the chest cavity decrees. chest cavity increase. Pressure inside As a result of widening the size of the As a result of decreasing the size of the the chest cavity thoracic cage, the pressure inside thoracic cage, the pressure inside and lungs the chest cavity and lungs decrease the chest cavity and lungs increase than outside pressure. than outside pressure. Lungs size: This leads to a rush of air into the lungs This leads to a rush of air out of the causes it to expand and increase in size. lungs and decrease in size. The pleural cavity The pleural cavity narrow. The pleural cavity expands. ‫خ‬١ٌ‫ظؼ ثبٌشسُ فمػ ا‬ٚ ٚ‫خ اٌزٕفس ا‬١ٌ‫ اضشػ ا‬ٚ‫ االٔسبْ ا‬ٝ‫خ اٌزٕفس ف‬١ٌ‫ ا‬ٝ‫ع ف‬ٍٛ‫ٓ اٌع‬١‫اٌؼعالد ث‬ٚ ‫س اٌؾغبة اٌؾبعض‬ٚ‫ اضشػ د‬.1 ‫اٌزٕفس؟‬ :ْ‫ االٔسب‬ٝ‫خ اٌزٕفس ف‬١‫ى‬١ٔ‫ىب‬١ِ ‫ش‬١‫أصٕبء اٌضف‬ ً‫ع السف‬ٍٛ‫غ اٌع‬ٛ‫ ٘ج‬ٌٝ‫ رٌه ا‬ٜ‫ؤد‬١‫ع ف‬ٍٛ‫ٓ اٌع‬١‫ رٕجسػ اٌؼعالد ث‬.1 ‫ رصجؼ‬ٜ‫ (أ‬ٝ‫ؼ‬١‫باٌؽج‬ٙ‫ظؼ‬ٌٛ ‫د‬ٛ‫ ػعٍخ اٌؾغبة اٌؾبعض فزؼ‬ٝ‫ رشرخ‬.2 )‫ِمؼشح‬ ‫اسرخبء ػعٍخ اٌؾغبة اٌؾبعض‬ٚ ‫ع‬ٍٛ‫ٓ اٌع‬١‫غخ الٔجسبغ اٌؼعالد ث‬١‫ ٔز‬.3 ٜ‫ف اٌصذس‬٠ٛ‫مً ؽغُ اٌزغ‬٠ ٜ‫ضداد اٌعغػ داخً اٌمفص اٌصذس‬٠ ٜ‫غخ لٍخ ؽغُ اٌمفص اٌصذس‬١‫ ٔز‬.4 ‫ب‬ٙ‫ٓ ػٓ اٌعغػ خبسع‬١‫اٌشئز‬ٚ ‫ب‬ّٙ‫مً ؽغ‬٠ٚ ‫ٓ فزٕىّص‬١‫اء خبسط اٌشئز‬ٌٛٙ‫ أذفبع ا‬ٌٝ‫ رٌه ا‬ٜ‫ؤد‬١‫ ف‬.5 ٜ‫س‬ٍٍٛ‫ف اٌج‬٠ٛ‫زسغ اٌزغ‬٠ .6

97

‫ك‬١ٙ‫أصٕبء اٌط‬ ٍٝ‫ع ألػ‬ٍٛ‫ اسرفبع اٌع‬ٌٝ‫ ا‬ٜ‫ع فزؤد‬ٍٛ‫ٓ اٌع‬١‫ رٕمجط اٌؼعالد ث‬.1

‫ رصجؼ ِفٍؽؾخ‬ٜ‫ اسفً ا‬ٌٝ‫ رٕمجط ػعٍخ اٌؾغبة اٌؾبعض ا‬.2 ‫ػعٍخ اٌؾغبة اٌؾبعض‬ٚ ‫ع‬ٍٛ‫ٓ اٌع‬١‫غخ الٔمجبض اٌؼعالد ث‬١‫ ٔز‬.3 ‫زسغ‬٠ ٜ‫ ا‬ٜ‫ف اٌصذس‬٠ٛ‫ذ ؽغُ اٌزغ‬٠‫ض‬٠ ‫مً اٌعغػ داخً اٌمفص‬٠ ٜ‫غخ ارسبع ؽغُ اٌمفص اٌصذس‬١‫ ٔز‬.4 ‫ب‬ٙ‫ٓ ػٓ اٌعغػ خبسع‬١‫اٌشئز‬ٚ ٜ‫اٌصذس‬ ‫ضداد‬٠ٚ ‫ٓ فزٕزفخ‬١‫ داخً اٌشئز‬ٌٝ‫اء ا‬ٌٛٙ‫ أذفبع ا‬ٌٝ‫ رٌه ا‬ٜ‫ؤد‬١‫ ف‬.5 ‫ب‬ّٙ‫ؽغ‬ ٜ‫س‬ٍٍٛ‫ف اٌج‬٠ٛ‫ك اٌزغ‬١‫ع‬٠ .6

4. Where and how CO2 formed in mammals (human). Explain in detail how it can be transported to the lungs then to the outside of the body? ‫ٴٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳؾذججججججججج‬٦‫ق‬ ٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ٶ خحسؼ ج‬٥‫ٮٲح ج‬٩‫ ٳ‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٰ ج‬٦ٞ‫ ٭‬٬٢٪‫ٺ٘ ٹ‬١ ٤‫قٺ‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫) جؽشـ ذح‬٫‫ػذٹٺحش (جال٭غح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٶ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٺ٘ ٹط‬١‫ ٳ‬٬‫جٹ‬

A- CO2 formed during Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration which occurs inside the mitochondria present in all cells of the body. ٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ٺِ خالٹح ج‬٪‫ٶ ؾ‬ٙ ‫ٴؾٴدز‬٪٥‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ج‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٶ دجخ‬ٙ ٨‫طٶ ضط‬٥‫ٲٴجتٶ ج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫و‬ٞٙ ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ جغٮحء دٳسز‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٶ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٹط‬

B- How: 1) When 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (produced from glycolysis) enter to mitochondria , each molecule of them is oxidized in the presence of co - enzyme A, the products of oxidation process includes : (a) formation of 2 molecules of acetyl co enzyme – A , which enter krebs cycle to complete oxidation process. (b) Liberation of 2 molecules of CO2. (c) Liberation of 2 molecules of NADH. ‫ٶ ٳؾٴد‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪‫ٮٲ‬٩ ‫ ؾضٵء‬٤١ ‫غذ‬١‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٹطأ‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٴص) ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫س ج٭ؾيحس ج‬٦‫شق‬٩ ٬٩ ٬‫ٮحضؿٺ‬٥‫( ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0 ٣‫ّٮذ دخٴ‬.1 ٤٪٢‫طغط‬٥ ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٤‫طٶ ضذخ‬٥‫ (أ) ج‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0 ٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫(أ) ض‬٤٪‫غذز ٱزٯ ضؾ‬١‫ٺس جال‬٦٪ّ ‫(أ) ٳ٭ٴجضؽ‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ NADH٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0 ‫ (ؼ) خشٳؼ‬CO2 ٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء‬0 ‫غذز (خ) خشٳؼ‬١‫ٺس جال‬٦٪ّ

2. In each Krebs cycle oxidation of two compounds occurs , resulting in exit of 2 molecule of CO2 and as Krebs cycle is repeated twice for each glucose molecule, the output of two Krebs cycle = 4 molecules of CO2 per glucose molecule. ٬‫شضٺ‬٩ ‫شس‬٢‫شذظ ضط‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٫‫ ٳقٺع ج‬CO2‫ ؾضٵء‬0 ‫ خشٳؼ‬٠٥‫ ر‬٬ّ ‫رحضٲح ٳٹٮطؽ‬١‫ش‬٩ ٬٩ ٬‫غذز جغٮٺ‬١‫ أ‬٨‫شذظ ٳجقذز ٹط‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٤١ ‫ذجس‬٩ ‫ٶ‬ٙ.0 ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ ؾضٵء ؾ‬٤٢٥CO2‫ؾضٹثحش‬4=‫شذظ‬١ ٬‫ ٭حضؽ دٳسضٺ‬٫‫ٴص جر‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ ؾضٵء ؾ‬٤٢٥

3. By summation of the two steps, the total CO2 molecules resulting from oxidation of glucose molecule = 2 molecules (at oxidation of pyruvic acid) +4 molecules from Krebs cycle = 6 molecules of CO2. ٬٩ ‫ؾضٹثحش‬4+٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫ؾضٵء ّٮذ أ‬0=‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٵء ؾ‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ج‬CO2‫ٶ ؾضٹثحش‬٥‫ح‬٪‫ جؾ‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٹ‬٬‫خيٴضٺ‬٥‫ِ ج‬٪‫ذؿ‬.3 CO2 ‫ؾضٹثحش‬6=‫شذظ‬١ ‫دٳسز‬

C- Transfer of CO2 to the lungs then to the outside of the body: ٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ٶ خحسؼ ج‬٥‫ٮٲح ج‬٩‫ ٳ‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٰ ج‬٦ٞ‫ٺس ٭‬ٚ‫ٺ‬١*

1. at the body cells: The network of capillaries scattered among all the cells of the body  gas exchange occurs at the level of cell: CO2 (output of the process of cellular respiration) come out of the cell to blood capillaries by diffusion.

٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٺخشؼ غح٭ٶ ج‬ٙ :‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫غطٴٵ ج‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ٖحصجش‬٦٥ ٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ‫ٺكذظ‬ٙ ٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ٺِ خالٹح ج‬٪‫ ؾ‬٬‫ٮطؾشز ذٺ‬٩ ‫ٴٹس‬٩‫س ؽْٺشجش د‬٢‫ضٴؾذ ؽر‬.1 ‫ ذحال٭طؾحس‬٠٥‫ؾْٺشجش ٳر‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٶ د‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٴٵ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٬٩ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ج‬

2. Blood carrying carbon dioxide is collected in the veins of the body - which pour in the superior or inferior vena cava  right atrium  right ventricle  pulmonary artery  capillaries surrounding the lungs alveoli ---٬٪‫ جالٹ‬٬‫جالرٹ‬---‫ٶ‬٦ٚ‫غ‬٥‫ٴٵ ٳج‬٦ْ٥‫ٴسٹذ جالؾٴٗ ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٮٲحٹس‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫طٶ ضقد‬٥‫ ج‬--٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ٶ جٳسدز ج‬ٙ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ذػح٭ٶ ج‬٤٪‫ك‬٪٥‫ ج‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ِ ج‬٪‫ٹطؿ‬.0 ٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫كٺيس ذح‬٪٥‫ٴٹس ج‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ج‬---‫شتٴٵ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ؾشٹح‬٥‫ج‬---٬٪‫ جالٹ‬٬‫ريٺ‬٥‫ج‬

3. In the alveoli which are surrounded by blood capillaries, gas exchange occurs where CO2 comes out of the blood capillaries to the alveoli and it to outside the body through expired air. ‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ د‬٬٩ CO2‫ٖحصجش قٺع ٹخشؼ‬٦٥ ٣‫ٺس ضرحد‬٦٪ّ ‫ٴٹس ٹكذظ‬٩‫ذ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫كحىس ذح‬٪٥‫ٲٴجتٺس ج‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ.3 ٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ٶ خحسؼ ج‬٥‫ٺش ج‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ِ ٱٴجء ج‬٩ ‫ٮٲح ٹخشؼ‬٩‫ٲٴجتٺس ٳ‬٥‫ج‬

5. Electrons transfer Series is the final and essential step in release of ATP molecules: A - What is the meaning of electrons transfer series? B - What is the role of co- enzymes in release of ATP? C- What is the relation of oxygen with electrons transfer series? 98

ATP ‫ئبد‬٠‫ أؽالق عض‬ٝ‫خ ف‬١‫االسبس‬ٚ ‫شح‬١‫ح االخ‬ٛ‫ اٌخؽ‬ٝ٘ ‫ٔبد‬ٚ‫رؼزجش سٍسٍٗ ٔمً االٌىزش‬ ‫ٔبد؟‬ٚ‫ ثسٍسٍخ ٔمً االٌىزش‬ٕٝ‫ ِبرا ٔؼ‬-‫أ‬ ‫؟‬ATP‫ أؽالق‬ٝ‫ّبد اٌّسبػذح ف‬٠‫س االٔض‬ٚ‫ ِب د‬-‫ة‬ ‫ٔبد؟‬ٚ‫ٓ ثسٍسٍخ ٔمً االٌىزش‬١‫ ِب ػاللخ االوسغ‬-‫د‬

(1) Electron transfer series is a sequence of co- enzymes called Cytochromes or electrons carriers, situated in the inner membrane of mitochondria, it is the final stage of aerobic respiration, start at the end of Krebs cycle, in which ATP molecules are formed from ADP and phosphate group in a process called oxydetative phosphorylation. ‫ٴؾٴدز‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش) ٳج‬٢٥‫الش جال‬٩‫حش (أٳ قح‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ٶ ذح‬٪‫طٶ ضغ‬٥‫حش ٳج‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٬٩ ِ‫ ضطحذ‬٬ّ ‫ ٱٶ ّرحسز‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫) ع‬1( ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٺٲح ٳذٴجعيطٲح ضط‬ٙ‫شذظ ٳ‬١ ‫ِ ٭ٲحٹس دٳسز‬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٶ ٳضرذأ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س جالخٺشز‬٦‫شق‬٪٥‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳضْطرش ج‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ٶ ج‬٪‫ٺس ضغ‬٦٪ّ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ٴّس ج‬٪‫ؿ‬٩‫ ٳ‬ADP٬٩ATP‫ؾضٹثحش‬

(2) The role of co- enzyme in release of ATP 1. The most important Co enzymes: FAD & NAD+, are reduced by hydrogen atoms, which are removed during Krebs cycle reactions and converted to FADH2 & NDH as follows: NAD+ + H2 → NADH + H+ FAD + H2 → FADH2

‫شذظ‬١ ‫حّالش دٳسز‬ٚ‫ جغٮحء ض‬٣‫طٶ ضضج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ح ذٴجعيس ٭ضُ رسجش ج‬٪‫ٲ‬٥‫ جخطضج‬٨‫ ٹط‬٬‫زٹ‬٥‫ ج‬FAD&NAD+ :‫ٲح‬٪‫غحّذز ٳأٱ‬٩ ‫حش‬٪‫ ج٭ضٹ‬.1 :‫ٶ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪١ ٫‫ٳٹطكٴال‬

2. Molecules of electrons carriers (cytochromes): holds the electrons removed from NADH and FADH2 and pass them through the sloping energy levels in electron transfer chain  release of energy to form molecules of ATP from ADP molecule and phosphate group according to the following equation: ADP + P energy ATP This process is called Oxidative photoreaction ‫غطٴٹحش‬٩ ‫ش ّرش‬٪‫ط‬٥ FADH2‫ٳ‬NADH٬٩ ‫س‬٥‫ضج‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤٪‫طٶ ضك‬٥‫ ٳٱٶ ج‬:‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش جٳ ج‬٢٥‫الش جال‬٩‫ ؾضٹثحش قح‬.0 ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٦‫حش ضٮي‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضٵء الخش‬٬٩ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫شٳس جال‬٩ ‫ٶ ّٮذ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ٳذح‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ‫ٮكذسز‬٩‫س ٳ‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫ىح‬ :‫س جالضٺس‬٥‫ْحد‬٪٦٥ ‫ح‬ٞ‫حش ىر‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ٴّحش ج‬٪‫ؿ‬٩‫ ٳ‬ADP‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬٩ATP٬٩ ‫ؾضٹثحش‬ energy ADP + P ATP ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ٺس ذح‬٦٪ْ٥‫ٶ ٱزٯ ج‬٪‫ٳضغ‬

3. Relation of O2 with electron transport series: The oxygen is the final recipient in electron transfer series, as a pair of electrons combines with a pair of H+ and oxygen atom to form water, as in the following equation: 2e +2 H +1/2O2  H2O

‫شٳ٭حش‬٢‫ط‬٥‫ جال‬٬٩ ‫ صٳؼ‬٫‫ قٺع ج‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ‫ جالخٺش‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٪٥‫ ٱٴ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ٹْطرش جال‬:‫طشٳ٭ٶ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ذغ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫س جال‬ٝ‫ ّال‬.3 ‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ْحد‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪١ ‫حء‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ِ رسز ج‬٩ ٨‫ غ‬H+ ٬٩ ‫ِ صٳؼ‬٩ ‫ضطكذ‬ 2e+2H+1/2O2---H2O

6. By schematic draw explain the number of ATP molecules produced from oxidation of glucose molecule (1 mol) in aerobic respiration ‫)ٱٴجتٺح‬٣‫ٴ‬٩ 1(‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضٵء ؾ‬١‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫طٶ ضٮطؽ‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫ ضخيٺيٶ ٳمف ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬٨‫ذشع‬

99

7. Mention the products and the amount of energy that is liberated as a result of the entry: (1) One molecule of acetyl group resulting from the fat or protein during aerobic respiration. (2)one molecule of pyruvic acid. ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ جغٮحء ج‬٬‫رشٳضٺ‬٥‫ جٳ ج‬٫‫ذٱٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٴّس جالعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ٬٩ ‫) ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬1(٣‫طٶ ضطكشس ٭طٺؿس دخٴ‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١‫ٮٴجضؽ ٳ‬٥‫ش ج‬١‫جر‬ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫) ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬0( ‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ج‬

1 – entery of one molecule of acetyl group in the Krebs cycle produces 12 ATP molecules as follows: From the following figure : A. The result of oxidation of one molecule of acetyl group during Krebs cycle : 3 molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2 and one molecule of ATP +2 molecules of CO2. Since one molecule of NADH when oxidized to NAD+ gives 3 ATP molecules while the FADH2give 2 ATP molecule and thus the total energy that is liberated from one acetyl group 12 ATP. : ٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٬٩ :‫ٶ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪١ ATP‫ ؾضٵء‬10‫شذظ ٹٮطؽ‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ٤‫ٴّس جالعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ٬٩ ‫ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬٣‫ّٮذ دخٴ‬-1 ، ‫ ؾضٵء‬0+ATP ‫ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬+FADH2‫ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬+NADH‫ؾضٹثحش‬3 :‫شذظ ٱٶ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٣‫ خال‬٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫غذز‬١‫س أ‬٦‫كق‬٩ .‫أ‬ ATP‫ ؾضٵء‬0 ‫ ٹْيٶ‬FADH2 ‫ح‬٪‫ ذٺٮ‬ATP ‫ؾضٹثحش‬3 ‫ ٹْيٶ‬NAD+ ‫ٶ‬٥‫غذ ج‬١‫ح ٹطأ‬٩‫ ّٮذ‬NADH ٬٩ ‫ٴجقذ‬٥‫ؿضٵء ج‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ ٳقٺع ج‬، CO2 10=‫ ٳجقذز‬٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ٬٩ ‫طٶ ضطكشس‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ح‬٪‫ جؾ‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ‫ٶ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ٳذح‬

2 – Enter of one molecule of pyruvic acid in Krebs cycle produce (15 moleculeATP) as follows: :‫ٶ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪١ )ATP‫ ؾضٵء‬15(‫شذظ ٹٮطؽ‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬٣‫ ّٮذ دخٴ‬-0

A- When one molecule of pyruvic acid enter into the mitochondria it is oxidized in the presence of co- enzyme – A . Producing: (a) One molecule of acetyl co enzyme – A, group which entering the Krebs cycle to complete the process of oxidation. (b) Liberation of one molecule of CO2 . (c) Liberation of one molecule of NADH. ٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫غذز(أ) ض‬١‫ جال‬٠٦‫ ض‬٬ّ ‫(أ) ٳٹٮطؽ‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٶ ٳؾٴد‬ٙ ‫غذ‬١‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٹطأ‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٶ دجخ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬٤‫ح ٹذخ‬٩‫*ّٮذ‬ )‫ (ؼ‬CO2٬٩ ‫غذز(خ) خشٳؼ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬١‫ٺس جال‬٦٪ّ ٤٪٢‫طغط‬٥ ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٤‫طٶ ضذخ‬٥‫(أ) ج‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٴّس جعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ٬٩ ‫ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬ NADH ٬٩ ‫خشٳؼ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬

B- After liberation of acetyl group from acetyl co-enzyme – A, it enter in the Krebs cycle and produces the following: 2CO2 +3 NADH +1 FADH2 +1 ATP

:‫ٶ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٩ ‫شذظ ٳضٮطؽ‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ٤‫(أ) ضذخ‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ جالعطٺ‬٬٩ ٤‫ٴّس جالعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫*ذْذ ضكشس‬

C- By summation of (A) + (B), the outputs of entry of pyruvic acid in the Krebs cycle are equal: 3CO2 +4 NADH +1 FADH2 +1 ATP D- Since in the electron transport chain, one molecule of NADH gives three molecules of 100

ATP , while one molecule of FADH2 gives two molecules of ATP, So the amount of energy liberated = 15 ATP molecule . :‫شذظ ضغحٳٵ‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ٭ٴجضؽ دخٴ‬٫‫) جر‬0(+)1(ِ٪‫*ذؿ‬ 3CO2+4NADH+1FADH2+1ATP ‫ٺس‬٪١ ٫‫ جر‬ATP ٫‫ؾضٹثح‬FADH2‫ح ٹْيٶ‬٪‫ذٺٮ‬ATP‫ غالغس ؾضٹثحش‬NADH٬٩ ‫ٴجقذ‬٥‫ؿضٵء ج‬٥‫ ٹْيٶ ج‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جال‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ٫‫*ٳقٺع ج‬ ATP‫ؾضٵء‬15=‫طٶ ضطكشس‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ج‬

8. What is the different ways by which vascular plants take oxygen? ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ جال‬٦ّ ‫ٴّحتٺس‬٥‫ٮرحضحش ج‬٥‫ ذٲح ج‬٤‫طٶ ضكق‬٥‫س ج‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٪٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫يش‬٥‫ش ج‬١‫جر‬

a. Through the stomata of the paper: at opening of stomata of the papers, air enter into the air room  spread to all intercellular spaces  spread through the surfaces of the cell and dissolves in the water cell. ٤٦‫طٶ ضطخ‬٥‫رٺٮٺس ج‬٥‫حش ج‬ٙ‫غح‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٙ‫ح‬١ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٮٲح ٹٮطؾش ج‬٩‫ٲٴجتٺس ٳ‬٥‫ٖشٗ ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ ٹذخ‬ٛ‫طف غٖٴس جالٳسج‬ٙ ‫ْٮذ‬ٙ :‫س‬ٝ‫ٴس‬٥‫ غٖٴس ج‬٣‫ خال‬٬٩ .a ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫حء ج‬٩ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ٺس ٳٹزٳخ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ أعيف ج‬٣‫ٖحص خال‬٥‫ٮٰ ٹٮطؾش ج‬٩‫س ٳ‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٪٥‫أّنحؤٯ ج‬

b. Oxygen may enter through stomata of the green stem. ‫ أخنش‬ٛ‫غح‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬١ ‫ جرج‬ٛ‫غح‬٥‫ غٖٴس ج‬٣‫ خال‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٤‫ذ ٹذخ‬ٝ .b

c. In wooden stem, oxygen enters through lentice of stem or any cracks in the bark. ٘٦ٞ٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫حش‬ٞٞ‫ جٳ جٹس ضؾ‬ٛ‫غح‬٥‫ ّذٹغحش ج‬٣‫ خال‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٤‫ٺذخ‬ٙ ‫ خؾرٺح‬ٛ‫غح‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬١ ‫ جرج‬.c

101

d. Also, some oxygen is carried to the passages of phloem with water to tissues of the stem and root. ‫ؿزس‬٥‫ ٳج‬ٛ‫غح‬٥‫ٶ ج٭غؿس ج‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ‫يشٹ‬٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٬٩ ٤‫حء ٳٹق‬٪٥‫ِ ج‬٩ ‫كحء‬٦٥‫شجش ج‬٪٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٤٪‫ ٹك‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ذْل جال‬٫‫ح ج‬٪١ .d

e. Oxygen may enter through the roots dissolved in soil water which is absorbed by root hairs or through the cell walls by imbibition. ‫خالٹح‬٥‫ؿزسٹس أٳ ضطؾشذٰ ؾذس ج‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ج‬٥‫طقٰ ج‬٪‫زٵ ض‬٥‫طشذس ج‬٥‫حء ج‬٩ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫زجذح‬٩ ‫ؿزٳس‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ خال‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٤‫ذ ٹذخ‬ٝ .e

f. Oxygen from the process of photosynthesis ٍ‫نٴتٶ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬.f

9. What is the different ways by which vascular plants get rid of CO2? 1. Direct diffusion from plant cells exposed to air or soil to the external environment. 2. Deep cells in the plant, passed carbon dioxide to the tissues of xylem or phloem, which in turn passes it to the stomata and then to the outside air. 3. Part of CO2 gas produced by respiration is used in Photosynthesis. CO2 ٬ّ ‫ٴّحتٺس‬٥‫ٮرحضحش ج‬٥‫ـ ذٲح ج‬٦‫طٶ ضطخ‬٥‫س ج‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٪٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫يش‬٥‫ش ج‬١‫جر‬ ‫خحسؾٺس‬٥‫رٺثس ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫طشذس ج‬٥‫ٲٴجء أٳ ج‬٦٥ ‫رحؽشز‬٩ ‫ْشمس‬٪٥‫ٮرحش ج‬٥‫ خالٹح ج‬٬٩ ‫رحؽشز‬٩ ‫ٹٮطؾش‬.1ٍ ‫ؿٴ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ػٖش غ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫شسٯ ذذٳسٱح ج‬٪‫طٶ ٹ‬٥‫كحء ج‬٦٥‫خؾد جٳ ج‬٥‫ٶ ج٭غؿس ج‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫شس ٕحص غح٭ٶ ج‬٪‫ذ ض‬ٞٙ ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٪ّ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫طٶ‬٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥‫ح ج‬٩‫أ‬.0 ‫خحسؾٶ‬٥‫ج‬ ‫نٴتٶ‬٥‫رٮحءج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٧‫ظ ٹغطخذ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ ج‬CO2‫ ٕحص‬٬٩ ‫ٳؾضء‬.3

10. Clarify or explain the relationship between the process of photosynthesis and respiration in plant? ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫نٴتٶ ٳج‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٬‫س ذٺ‬ٝ‫ْال‬٥‫غش ج‬ٙ ‫ٳمف أٳ‬

1- What happens in green plastids is building energy-rich materials from simple raw materials in the process of photosynthesis: 6CO2 +12 H2O ---- C6H12O6 +6 H2O +6 O2.

‫نٴتٶ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ٠٥‫ٺس ذغٺيس ٳر‬٥‫ٴجد جٳ‬٩ ٬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٴجد ٕٮٺس ذح‬٩ ‫ٺس ذٮحء‬٦٪ّ ‫ح ٱٴ جال‬٩ ‫خنشجء‬٥‫رالعطٺذز ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٨‫ح ٹط‬٩

2- What happens in the mitochondria is the opposite of what happening in green plastids, where the process of respiration (breakdown of energy-rich substances such as glucose through its oxidation, and liberation of energy stored in chemical bonds as in the following equation, which describes the aerobic respiration: C6H12O6 +6 O2 - 6CO2 +6 H2O +38 ATP

ً‫خ ثبٌؽبلخ ِض‬١ٕ‫اد اٌغ‬ٌٍّٛ َ‫خ ٘ذ‬١ٍّ‫ ػ‬ٜ‫خ رٕفس ا‬١ٍّ‫ش رؾذس ػ‬١‫ذح اٌخعشاء ؽ‬١‫ اٌجالسز‬ٝ‫ؾذس ف‬٠ ‫ ػىس ِب‬ٛٙ‫ب ف‬٠‫ٔذس‬ٛ‫و‬ٛ‫ز‬١ٌّ‫زُ ا‬٠ ‫أِب ِب‬ :ٝ‫ائ‬ٌٛٙ‫ظؼ ٍِخص اٌزٕفس ا‬ٛ‫ ر‬ٝ‫خ اٌز‬١‫ اٌّؼبدٌخ االر‬ٝ‫خ وّب ف‬١‫بئ‬١ّ١‫اثؽٗ اٌى‬ٚ‫ س‬ٝ‫ٔخ ف‬ٚ‫ش اٌؽبلخ اٌّخض‬٠‫رؾش‬ٚ ٗ‫ك أوسذر‬٠‫ص ػٓ ؼش‬ٛ‫و‬ٍٛ‫ا ٌغ‬ C6H12O6+6O2--6CO2+6H2O+38ATP

11. Lactic acid formed in the muscles when doing a hard effort? A – Explain by drawing only how lactic acid is formed in the muscles? B - What happens when the muscles rest? T - Calculate the amount of energy that liberated from one molecule of lactic acid in this case (when the muscles rest)? : ٛ‫ؿٲٴد ؽح‬٩ ٣‫ح ضرز‬٩‫ْنالش ّٮذ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٹط‬ ‫ْنالش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ٺس ض‬ٚ‫ٺ‬١ ‫و‬ٞٙ ‫ ضخيٺيٶ‬٨‫ ٳمف ذشع‬-1 ‫ْنالش‬٥‫حرج ٹكذظ ّٮذ سجقس ج‬٩ -0 )‫ْنالش‬٥‫س(جٵ ّٮذ سجقس ج‬٥‫كح‬٥‫ٶ ٱزٯ ج‬ٙ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬٬٩ ‫طٶ ضطكشس‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ ‫ جقغد‬-3

102

1 - When muscles do hard exercises, it require a large amount of oxygen, which may consume all the oxygen present in it , so the cells convert pyruvic acid after its reduction (by union with the electrons on NADH) to lactic acid, (C3H6O3) and this is known as muscle fatigue (or acidic fermentation). ٠٥‫ز‬٥‫ٴؾٴد ذٲح ٳ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٤١ ‫ٺذ‬ٚ‫ذ ضغط‬ٝ ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٬٩ ‫رٺشز‬١ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ‫د‬٦‫س ضطي‬ٚ‫س جٳ ّٮٺ‬ٝ‫ْنالش ضذسٹرحش ؽح‬٥‫ح ضإدٵ ج‬٩‫ ّٮذ‬-1 )C3H6O3(٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫) ج‬NADH‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ٴؾٴدز‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ِ جال‬٩ ‫ٰ(جضكحدٯ‬٥‫ ذْذ جخطضج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫ٶ ضكٴٹ‬٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥‫ؿأ ٱزٯ ج‬٦‫ض‬ )‫نٶ‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٶ (جٳ ج‬٦‫ْن‬٥‫طْد ج‬٥‫ح ٹْشٗ ذح‬٩ ٠٥‫ٸ ر‬٪‫ٳٹغ‬

2 – At rest, oxygen become available, so lactic acid is oxidized pyruvic acid again and then to acetyl co - enzyme – A , which enters the Krebs cycle to produce more energy. ‫شز جخشٵ‬٩ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ْن‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴؾٴد‬٪٥‫ ج‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫ ج‬٨‫ْنالش ٳّٮذٱح ٹط‬٦٥ ‫ٶ‬ٙ‫ح‬٢٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ش جال‬ٙ‫شجقس ٹطٴ‬٥‫ ّٮذ ج‬- 0 ‫رش‬١‫س أ‬ٝ‫شذظ ال٭طحؼ ىح‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٤‫زٵ ٹذخ‬٥‫(أ) ج‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٶ جعطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫غ‬

3 - The amount of energy liberated from one molecule of lactic acid in this case (i.e. when the muscles rest); it is oxidized to Pyrouvic acid, which then enters the mitochondria to complete the oxidation. )‫ْنالش‬٥‫س(أٵ ّٮذ سجقس ج‬٥‫كح‬٥‫ٶ ٱزٯ ج‬ٙ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬٬٩ ‫طٶ ضطكشس‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ -3 ٰ‫غذض‬١‫ ج‬٣‫ح‬٪٢‫ٴ٭ذسٹح العط‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٠٥‫ ذْذ ر‬٤‫زٵ ٹذخ‬٥‫ ٳج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز جٳال ق‬١‫ أ‬٨‫ ٹط‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ش جال‬ٙ‫جٵ ّٮذ ضٴ‬

4- So the outputs of oxidation of one molecule of lactic acid in muscle include: (1) 3 molecules of CO2. (2) One molecule ATP. (3) 5molecules of NADH. (4) One molecule of FADH2. 5- So the amount of energy liberated = 1 +5 × 3 +1 × 2 = 18 ATP molecule )4(NADH‫ؾضٹثحش‬5 )3(ATP‫) ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬0(CO2‫ؾضٹثحش‬3 )1 ( ٤٪‫ْنالش ضؾ‬٥‫ ّٮذ سجقس ج‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫غذز ؾضٵء ق‬١‫ ٭ٴجضؽ ج‬٫‫*جر‬ FADH2 ‫ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬ ATP‫ ؾضٵء‬13=0×1+3×5+1=‫طكشسز‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ ٫‫*جر‬

103

12. What happens to lactic acid and NAD+ in case of abundance of oxygen? *Lactic acid is oxidized to Pyrouvic acid which enters the Krebs cycle to produce energy. * NAD+ is reduced by removal of hydrogen atoms from lactic acid and is converted into NADH. ‫؟‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٬٩ ‫شز‬ٙ‫س ٳؾٴد ٳ‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ NAD+‫ ٳ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٤٢٥ ‫حرج ٹكذظ‬٩ .0 ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫شذظ ال٭طحؼ ج‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٤‫زٵ ٹذخ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫غذز ٳٹطكٴ‬١‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ك‬٥ ‫*ٹكذظ‬ NADH ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ٳٹطكٴ‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ ٭طٺؿس ٭ضُ رسجش ج‬٣‫ٺس جخطضج‬٦٪ّ ٰ٥ ‫طكذظ‬ٙ NAD+‫ح‬٩‫*ج‬

13. What happens to pyruvic acid and NADH in the absence of oxygen? A- Contrary to what has already happened in the previous question. ‫؟‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫س ٕٺحخ جال‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙNADH‫ ٳ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ك‬٥ ‫حرج ٹكذظ‬٩ .3 ٜ‫غحذ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫غإج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٜ‫ح عر‬٩ ‫ظ‬٢ّ ‫ٹكذظ‬

VII : The questions on the drawing ُ‫ اٌشس‬ٍٝ‫اسئٍخ ػ‬:‫سبثؼب‬

(1) The figure in front of you shows the relationship between two cycles in green plants: :‫ٶ ٭رحش أخنش‬ٙ ٬‫ دٳسضٺ‬٬‫س ذٺ‬ٝ‫ْال‬٥‫ ٹٴمف ج‬٠٩‫ح‬٩‫زٵ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫) ج‬1(

1. What is the name of the 2 cycles and location of their interactions? ‫ح‬٪‫حّالضٲ‬ٚ‫ قذٳظ ض‬٫‫ح‬٢٩‫ ٳ‬٬‫ذٳسضٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ ٱحضٺ‬٨‫ش جع‬١‫ جر‬.1

2. Type the names of products 1; 2; 3. .3.0.1 ‫ٮٴجضؽ‬٥‫حء ج‬٪‫طد جع‬١‫ ج‬.0

104

3. What is the name of the compound which enters the structure (b) and when entering, and what is the amount of energy released as a result of oxidation of one molecule from it , and how many molecules of CO2 comes out as a result of this? ‫ ٹخشؼ‬CO2‫ ؾضٵء‬٨١‫ٮٰ ٳ‬٩ ‫غذز ؾضٵء ٳجقذ‬١‫ ٭طٺؿس أ‬ٜ٦‫طٶ ضٮي‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١‫ ٳ‬٤‫طٶ ٹذخ‬٩‫ٺد(خ) ٳ‬١‫طش‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫زٵ ٹذخ‬٥‫د ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨‫ح جع‬٩ .3 ٠٥‫ز‬٥ ‫٭طٺؿس‬

4. Explain how to get rid of CO2?

CO2٬٩ ‫ـ‬٦‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٺ٘ ٹط‬١ ‫ ٳمف‬.4

5. In case of lack of oxygen, what happens to the compound, which is supposed to enter the structure (b) for the production of energy? ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺد(خ) ال٭طحؼ ج‬١‫طش‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ ٹذخ‬٫‫طشك ج‬ٚ٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫زٵ‬٥‫د ج‬١‫ش‬٪٦٥ ‫حرج ٹكذظ‬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ـ جال‬ٞ‫س ٭‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ .5

6. What is the importance of light for the structure (a), and what is the place of its work specifically? ‫ٰ ضكذٹذج‬٦٪ّ ٫‫ح‬٢٩ ‫ح ٱٴ‬٩‫ٺد(أ) ٳ‬١‫طش‬٦٥ ‫نٴء‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪‫ح أٱ‬٩ .6

7. What are the outcomes of interactions that take place in the structure (a) which is necessary for reactions of structure (b). )‫ٺد (خ‬١‫طش‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥ ‫نشٳسٹس‬٥‫ٺد(أ) ٳج‬١‫طش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٨‫طٶ ضط‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫حٱٶ ٭ٴجضؽ ج‬٩ .7

8. What are the outcomes of interactions that take place in the structure (b) necessary for the reactions in structure (a). )‫ٺد(أ‬١‫طش‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥ ‫نشٳسٹس‬٥‫ٺد(خ) ٳج‬١‫طش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٨‫طٶ ضط‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫حٱٶ ٭ٴجضؽ ج‬٩ .3

9. What is the name of the co- enzymes needed to the reactions of the structure (a) and (b) . \)‫ٺد(خ‬١‫طش‬٥‫ٺد(أ) ٳج‬١‫طش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤١ ‫حّالش‬ٚ‫ط‬٥ ‫س‬٩‫الص‬٥‫حش ج‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٨‫ح جع‬٩ .9

Answer: 1. Role of photosynthesis which occurs in the structure (a) which is the chloroplasts and the role of respiration which occurs in the structure (b) which is mitochondria. ‫ب‬٠‫ٔذس‬ٛ‫و‬ٛ‫ز‬١ٌّ‫ ا‬ٝ٘ٚ )‫ت(ة‬١‫ اٌزشو‬ٝ‫ رزُ ف‬ٝ‫سح اٌزٕفس اٌز‬ٚ‫د‬ٚ ‫ذاد اٌخعشاء‬١‫ اٌجالسز‬ٛ٘ٚ )‫ت(أ‬١‫ اٌزشو‬ٝ‫ رزُ ف‬ٝ‫ اٌز‬ٝ‫ئ‬ٛ‫سح اٌجٕبء اٌع‬ٚ‫ د‬.1

2. (1) water + CO2. (2) Glucose + O2.

(3) ATP ATP)3(

O2+‫ص‬ٛ‫و‬ٍٛ‫)ع‬2(

CO2+‫)ِبء‬1(

.2

3. Pyruvic acid- enters the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen -15 molecule ATP-3 molecules of CO2. CO2‫ئبد‬٠‫عض‬3 -ATP‫ء‬ٜ‫عض‬15-ٓ١‫د االوسغ‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ ‫ب ػٕذ‬٠‫ٔذس‬ٛ‫و‬ٛ‫ز‬١ٌّ‫ذخً ا‬٠ٚ-‫ه‬١‫ف‬ٚ‫ش‬١‫ ؽّط اٌج‬.3

4. This plant gets rid of CO2 by several ways (see excretion in the plant) )‫ إٌجبد‬ٝ‫ ثؼذح ؼشق (أظش االخشاط ف‬CO2 ِٓ ‫زخٍص ٘زا إٌجبد‬٠ .4

5. In the absence of oxygen  pyruvic acid is reduced to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide (Alcoholic fermentation, which occurs in yeast and some plant tissue).

‫شح‬١ّ‫ اٌخ‬ٝ‫ؾذس ف‬٠ ٜ‫ اٌز‬ٌٝٛ‫ْ(رخّش وؾ‬ٛ‫ذ اٌىشث‬١‫ اوس‬ٝٔ‫صب‬ٚ ٍٝ١‫ض‬٠‫ي ا‬ٛ‫ وؾ‬ٌٝ‫ه ا‬١‫ف‬ٚ‫ش‬١‫زُ اخزضاي ؽّط اٌج‬٠ ٓ١‫بة االوسغ‬١‫ ؽبٌخ غ‬ٝ‫ ف‬.5 )‫ثؼط أسغخ إٌجبد‬ٚ

105

6. Light plays an important role in: (A) Formation of chlorophyll. (B) Start and activate the photochemical reactions of photosynthesis, where it excite electrons of chlorophyll  moves to higher energy levels and chlorophyll becomes excited  when the electrons return to its normal position  release large chemical energy used in: * The greater part of it is used in formation of ATP molecules required for the dark reactions. * Other part is used in splitting water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen - where oxygen is librated as a byproduct of photosynthesis, and hydrogen received by coenzyme NADP which transmits it to dark reaction in the form of NADPH2. :‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪‫ٲ‬٩ ‫نٴء دٳسج‬٥‫ْد ج‬٦‫ ٹ‬.6 ٤‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ٴس‬٦٢٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫(أ) ض‬ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ‫س أ‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٤ٞ‫طٮط‬ٙ ٤‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ٴس‬٦٢٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬١‫ ذاغحسز جال‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫نٴتٶ قٺع ٹ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥ ‫نٴتٺس‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫(خ) ذذأ ٳضٮؾٺو ج‬ :‫ٶ‬ٙ ٧‫رٺشز ضغطخذ‬١ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬١ ‫س‬ٝ‫ ىح‬ٜ٦‫يرٺْٶ ضٮي‬٥‫ٶ ٳمْٲح ج‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ح ضْٴد جال‬٩‫ػحسج ٳّٮذ‬٩ ‫ ّٮذتز‬٤‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ٴس‬٦٢٥‫ٳٹقرف ج‬ ٧‫َال‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥ ‫س‬٩‫الص‬٥‫ ج‬ATP‫ٶ ذٮحء ؾضٹثحش‬ٙ ٧‫ٮٲح ٹغطخذ‬٩ ٨َّ‫ؿضء جال‬٥‫*ج‬ ‫ح‬٩‫نٴتٶ ج‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥ ‫ٮحضؽ غح٭ٴٵ‬١ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬ٜ٦‫قٺع ٹٮي‬--٬‫ ٳٱٺذسٳؾٺ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ أ‬٥‫حء ج‬٪٥‫ٶ ؽيش ؾضٹثحش ج‬ٙ ٧‫ؿضء جالخش ٹغطخذ‬٥‫*ٳج‬ NADPH2‫ٶ فٴسز‬ٙ ٧‫َال‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ٶ ض‬٥‫ٰ ج‬٦ٞ‫ ٳٹٮ‬NADP٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٰ٦‫ر‬ٞ‫ ٹغط‬٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ج‬

7- Glucose and oxygen. 8. Carbon dioxide and water ‫حء‬٪٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫غح٭ٶ ج‬.3 +

9. Co enzymes NADP present in the structure (a); while NAD and FAD and cytochromes are found in structure (b). )‫ٺد (خ‬١‫طش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫طٴؾذ‬ٙ ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ ٳج‬fad‫ٳ‬NAD+‫ح‬٩‫ٺد(أ) ج‬١‫طش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ ضٴؾذ‬NADP ‫حش‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩.9

(2) Check the following figure and answer the following questions: : ٰ٥ ‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ جالعث‬٬ّ ‫ جؾد‬٨‫ٶ غ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫كـ ج‬ٙ‫) ج‬0(

1. Mention the name of the reaction from 1 to 12 and site of its occurrence. ‫ قذٳغٲح‬٫‫ح‬٢٩‫ ٳ‬10 ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬1 ٬٩ ‫حّالش‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫حءج‬٪‫ش جع‬١‫ جر‬.1

2. Mention the products of reaction (1) and what are the raw materials necessary for interaction (2). 0 ٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٦٥ ‫س‬٩‫الص‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫خح‬٥‫ٴجد ج‬٪٥‫ح ٱٶ ج‬٩‫ ٳ‬1 ٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ش ٭ٴجضؽ ض‬١‫ جر‬.0

3. Any interactions are anabolic interactions and which is catabolic reactions ٧‫حّالش ٱذ‬ٚ‫حّالش ذٮحء ٳجٹٲح ضْطرش ض‬ٚ‫حّالش ضْطرش ض‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ جٵ ج‬.3

4. Which reaction requires oxygen and which reactions occur in absence of oxygen and which reactions result in oxygen. ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫طٶ ٹٮطؽ ّٮٲح جال‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ٳج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ ٕٺحخ جال‬ٙ ٨‫طٶ ضط‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ٳج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ح ج‬٩‫ض‬٦‫حّالش ٹ‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ جٵح‬.4

5. What is the difference between reaction 6 and reaction 7? And between reaction 6 and 9? ‫؟‬9‫ٳ‬6٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫؟ ٳذٺ‬7٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ٳج‬6 ٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ ذٺ‬ٛ‫ش‬ٚ٥‫ح‬٩ .5

6. When reaction No. 6 occurs? Is this interaction oxidation or reduction? ‫؟‬٣‫ جخطضج‬٧‫غذز ج‬١‫ أ‬٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٤‫؟ ٳٱ‬6٨ٝ‫ س‬٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫طٶ ٹكذظ ج‬٩ .6

7. Can interaction No. 6 turns to reverse direction? If the answer is yes, when and how it happens? ‫ٺ٘ ٹكذظ؟‬١‫طٶ ٳ‬٪ٙ ٨ْ‫ح٭ص جالؾحذس ٭‬١ ‫غٶ؟ جرج‬٢ْ٥‫ٶ جضؿحٯ ج‬٥‫ ج‬6 ٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ جش ٹطكٴ‬٬٢٪‫ ٹ‬٤‫ ٱ‬.7

8. What is the name of enzyme necessary for the reaction No. 10 and No. 11? What is the name of the gland which secretes it? What is the pH appropriate for its work? 106

‫ٰ؟‬٦٪ْ٥ ‫ٮحعرس‬٪٥‫ٴمس ج‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ح دسؾس ج‬٩‫شصٯ ٳ‬ٚ‫طٶ ض‬٥‫ٖذز ج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ح جع‬٩‫؟ ٳ‬11‫ٳ‬15٨ٝ‫ س‬٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ح‬٪‫ الض‬٧‫الص‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ جال٭ضٹ‬٨‫ح جع‬٩ .3

9. What is the name of hormone that stimulates the reaction 3.4.5? ‫؟‬3.4.5٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ ض‬٬٩ ٤١ ‫زٵ ٹٮؾو‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٩‫ٲش‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ح جع‬٩ .9

Answer: (1) Name and site of interaction: Interactions Interaction (1) Light-reactions in the process of photosynthesis Interaction (2) dark reactions of photosynthesis Interaction (3) Anabolic reactions for storage Interaction (4) Interaction (5) Interaction (6) Interaction (7) Interaction (8) Interaction (9) Interaction (10) Interaction (11) Interaction (12)

Site Grana within Green plastids

hydrolysis reaction (breaking of glycogen) glycolysis phase of glucose fermentation reduction reaction (acid fermentation)

stroma of chloroplast liver and muscles in humans and mammals liver and muscle cytoplasm of the cell

muscle stress as a result of lack of oxygen oxidation reaction through Krebs cycle the mitochondrial oxidation process of aerobic respiration in all cells of the organism reduction reaction (Alcohol yeast fermentation) hydrolysis reaction of starch mouth and small intestine Hydrolysis of disaccharides. small intestine only anabolic reactions for storage green leaf of plant ٗ‫ص‬ٚ‫ِىبْ ؽذ‬ ‫ذح اٌخعشاء‬١‫اٌغشأب داخً اٌجالسز‬ ‫ذاد اٌخعشاء‬١‫ِب ٌٍجالسز‬ٚ‫اٌسزش‬ ‫بد‬١٠‫اٌضذ‬ٚ ْ‫ االٔسب‬ٝ‫اٌؼعالد ف‬ٚ ‫اٌىجذ‬

ً‫اسُ اٌزفبػ‬ ٝ‫ئ‬ٛ‫خ اٌجٕبء اٌع‬١ٍّ‫خ ٌؼ‬١‫ئ‬ٛ‫رفبػالد ظ‬ ٝ‫ئ‬ٛ‫خ اٌجٕبء اٌع‬١ٍّ‫رفبػالد اٌظالَ ٌؼ‬ ٓ٠‫رفبػالد ثٕبء ٌٍزخض‬

107

)1( 1ً‫رفبػ‬ 0ً‫رفبػ‬ 3ً‫رفبػ‬

‫اٌؼعالد‬ٚ ‫ اٌىجذ‬ٝ‫ف‬ ‫خ‬١ٍ‫ثالصَ اٌخ‬ٛ‫ز‬١‫س‬ ٓ١‫غخ ٔمص االوسغ‬١‫ذح ٔز‬ٙ‫اٌؼعالد اٌّغ‬ ‫ب‬٠‫ٔذس‬ٛ‫و‬ٛ‫ز‬١ٌّ‫ا‬ ٝ‫ب اٌىبئٓ اٌؾ‬٠‫غ خال‬١ّ‫داخً ع‬ ‫شح‬١ّ‫اٌخ‬ ‫مخ‬١‫االِؼبء اٌذل‬ٚ ُ‫اٌف‬ ‫مخ فمػ‬١‫االِؼبء اٌذل‬ ‫سلخ اٌخعشاء ٌٍٕجبد‬ٌٛ‫ا‬

)ٓ١‫ع‬ٛ‫ى‬١ٍ‫ش اٌغ‬١‫(رىس‬ٝ‫رؾًٍ ِبئ‬ )‫ص(رخّش‬ٛ‫و‬ٍٛ‫ِشؽٍخ أطؽبس اٌغ‬ )ٝ‫اخزضاي (رخّش ؽّع‬ ‫سح وشثس‬ٚ‫اوسذح خالي د‬ ٝ‫ائ‬ٌٛٙ‫خ اٌزٕفس ا‬١ٍّ‫ ػ‬ٝ‫أوسذح ف‬ )ٌٝٛ‫اخزضاي(رخّش وؾ‬ ‫ ٌٍٕطب‬ٝ‫رؾًٍ ِبئ‬ ٝ‫ ٌٍسىش اٌضٕبئ‬ٝ‫رؾًٍ ِبئ‬ ٓ٠‫رفبػالد ثٕبء ٌٍزخض‬

4ً‫رفبػ‬ 5ً‫رفبػ‬ 6ً‫رفبػ‬ 7ً‫رفبػ‬ 8ً‫رفبػ‬ 9ً‫رفبػ‬ 11ً‫رفبػ‬ 11ً‫رفبػ‬ 12ً‫رفبػ‬

(2) Products of the reaction (1) include: oxygen + ATP + NADPH2 . The raw materials required for the interaction (2) include: ATP + NADPH2 + CO2 + enzyme of dark reactions. ‫حش‬٪‫ج٭ضٹ‬+CO2+NADPH2+ATP :٤٪‫ ضؾ‬0 ٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٦٥ ‫س‬٩‫الص‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫خح‬٥‫ٴجد ج‬٪٥‫ح ج‬٩‫ ج‬NADPH2+ATP+٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٤٪‫ضؾ‬:1٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫) ٭ٴجضؽ ج‬0( ٧‫َال‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ض‬

(3) Anabolic reactions include the reactions (2; 3; 12). Catabolic reactions include the reactions (11.10.9.8.7.6.5.4). )11.15.9.3.7.6.5.4(٧‫ٲذ‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ح ض‬٩‫) ج‬10.3.0(٤٪‫رٮحء ضؾ‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ ض‬٧‫ح‬ٝ‫جس‬

(4) Interactions that require oxygen are (8.7) and the reactions that occur in absence of oxygen include (11.10.9.6.5.4.3.2) and the reactions that produce oxygen No. 1. ‫طٶ ٹٮطؽ ّٮٲح‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫) ٳج‬11.15.9.6.5.4.3.0(٤٪‫ ضؾ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ ٕٺحخ جال‬ٙ ٨‫طٶ ضط‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫) ٳج‬3.7(‫ ٱٶ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٲح ج‬٩‫ض‬٦‫طٶ ٹ‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ج‬ 1٨ٝ‫ س‬٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ٱٴ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ج‬

(5) Comparison between interaction 6 and 7: interaction 6 It is an acidic fermentation Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell Occurs in the absence of O2 It is reduction reaction of pyruvic acid Resulting in low energy 2 ATP. Cause stress to the muscles

interaction 7 It is a Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Occurs in the mitochondria. does not occurs except in the presence of O2 It is oxidation reaction of pyruvic acid. Result in high energy (38 ATP molecules) per glucose molecule. Give more energy, i. e. activate muscles.

7ُ‫اٌزفبػً سل‬ ْٚ‫سٍسٍخ ٔمً االٌىزش‬ٚ ‫سح وشثس‬ٚ‫ ػجبسح ػٓ د‬ٛ٘ ‫ب‬٠‫ٔذس‬ٛ‫و‬ٛ‫ز‬١ٌّ‫ ا‬ٝ‫زُ ف‬٠ O2 ‫د‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ ٝ‫ؾذس اال ف‬٠ ‫ال‬ ‫ه‬١‫ف‬ٚ‫ش‬١‫ رفبػً أوسذح ٌؾّط اٌج‬ٛ٘ ‫ص‬ٛ‫و‬ٍٛ‫ء ع‬ٜ‫) ٌىً عض‬ATP‫ء‬ٜ‫عض‬38(‫شح‬١‫ٕزظ ػٕٗ ؼبلخ وج‬٠ ‫ٕطػ اٌؼعالد‬٠ ٜ‫ ؼبلخ أوجش ا‬ٝ‫ؼؽ‬٠

108

7 ً‫اٌزفبػ‬ٚ 6 ً‫ٓ اٌزفبػ‬١‫اٌّمبسٔخ ث‬ 6ُ‫اٌزفبػً سل‬ ٝ‫ ػجبسح ػٓ رخّش ؽّع‬ٛ٘ ‫خ‬١ٍ‫ثالصَ اٌخ‬ٛ‫ز‬١‫ س‬ٝ‫زُ ف‬٠ O2 ‫بة‬١‫ غ‬ٝ‫ؾذس ف‬٠ ‫ه‬١‫ف‬ٚ‫ش‬١‫ رفبػً اخزضاي ٌؾّط اٌج‬ٛ٘ 2ATP ‫ٍخ‬١ٍ‫ٕزظ ػٕٗ ؼبلخ ل‬٠ ‫بد ٌٍؼعالد‬ٙ‫سجت اع‬٠

Comparison between the interaction of 6 and 9: interaction 6 It is an acidic fermentation Occurs in animal tissue and bacteria Occurs in the absence of O2 Does not result in exit of CO2 Produces a small amount of energy 2ATP.

interaction 9 It is an alcoholic fermentation. Occurs in yeast. Occurs in the absence of O2 Resulting in exit of CO2. Produces a small amount of energy 2ATP.

9 ٨ٝ‫ س‬٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ج‬ ‫ٶ‬٥‫كٴ‬١ ‫ش‬٪‫ ضخ‬٬ّ ‫ٱٴ ّرحسز‬ ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٹكذظ‬ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ ٕٺحخ جال‬ٙ ٨‫ٹط‬ CO2 ‫ٹٮطؽ ّٮٰ خشٳؼ‬ 0ATP ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٦‫ٺ‬٦ٝ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ‫ٹٮطؽ‬

6 ٨ٝ‫ س‬٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ج‬ ‫نٶ‬٪‫ش ق‬٪‫ ضخ‬٬ّ ‫ٱٴ ّرحسز‬ ‫طشٹح‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫ٶ ج٭غؿس ج‬ٙ ‫ٹكذظ‬ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ ٕٺحخ جال‬ٙ ٨‫ٹط‬ CO2‫ال ٹٮطؽ ّٮٰ خشٳؼ‬ 0ATP‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٦‫ٺ‬٦ٝ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ‫ٹٮطؽ‬

(6) reaction No. 6 occurs when muscle perform hard exercises require a large amount of oxygen  thus the cell consume all the oxygen present in it and convert pyruvic acid after its reduction (union with the electrons on NADH) to lactic acid (C3H6O3 )  muscle fatigue (or acid fermentation). ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٤١ ‫ٺذ‬ٚ‫ٺس ضغط‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ‫ٶ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ذح‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جال‬٬٩ ‫رٺشز‬١ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ‫د‬٦‫س ضطي‬ٚ‫س جٳ ّٮٺ‬ٝ‫ْنالش ضذسٹرحش ؽح‬٥‫ح ضإدٵ ج‬٩‫ ّٮذ‬6 ٨ٝ‫ س‬٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ٹكذظ ج‬ ‫ل‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫) ج‬NADH ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ٴؾٴدز‬٪٥‫طشٳ٭حش ج‬٢٥‫ِ جال‬٩ ‫س(جضكحدٯ‬٥‫ ذْذ جخطضج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٤‫ٶ ضكٴٹ‬٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥‫ؿح ٱزٯ ج‬٦‫ ض‬٠٥‫ز‬٥‫ٴؾٴد ذٲح ٳ‬٪٥‫ج‬ )‫نٶ‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٶ(أٳ ج‬٦‫ْن‬٥‫طْد ج‬٥‫ح ٹْشٗ ذح‬٩ ٠٥‫) ٳٹغرد ر‬C3H6O3(٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬

(7) Yes , at rest enough oxygen to the muscles become available  oxidation of lactic acid present to pyruvic acid again and then to acetyl co – enzyme A , which enters Krebs cycle to produce energy.

٨‫شز جخشٵ غ‬٩ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ْن‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴؾٴد‬٪٥‫ ج‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ق‬١‫ أ‬٨‫ْنالش ٳّٮذٱح ٹط‬٦٥ ‫ٶ‬ٙ‫ح‬٢٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ش جال‬ٙ‫شجقس ٹطٴ‬٥‫ ّٮذ ج‬٨ْ‫٭‬ ‫رش‬١‫س ج‬ٝ‫شذظ ال٭طحؼ ىح‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٤‫زٵ ٹذخ‬٥‫ (أ) ج‬٨‫غحّذ جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ٤‫ٶ جعطٺ‬٥‫ج‬

(8) The name the enzyme required for the interaction No (10) : (a) Ptylene : in the saliva, secreted by the salivary glands, works in weak alkaline medium. (b) pancreatic amylase: secreated by the pancreas works in alkaline medium (PH = 8). The name of the enzyme required for the interaction No. 11: maltase, secreated by special cells in the lining of small intestine. ‫زٵ‬٥‫شٹحعٶ ج‬٢‫رٮ‬٥‫ٺض ج‬٦‫ٺ‬٩‫ٴٵ مْر٘ (خ) جأل‬٦ٝ ‫ٶ ٳعو‬ٙ ٤٪ْ‫ْحذٺس ٳٹ‬٦٥‫ٖذد ج‬٥‫شصٯ ج‬ٚ‫ْحخ ٳض‬٦٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٬‫ٺ‬٥‫طٺح‬٥‫ )أ)ج‬: 15٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٦٥ ٧‫الص‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ جال٭ضٹ‬٨‫جع‬ )PH=3(‫ٴٵ‬٦ٝ ‫ٶ ٳعو‬ٙ ٤٪ْ‫شٹحط ٳٹ‬٢‫رٮ‬٥‫شصٯ ج‬ٚ‫ٹ‬ .‫س‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫ذ‬٥‫ْحء ج‬٩‫ٵريح٭س جال‬ٙ ‫شصٯ خالٹح خحفس‬ٚ‫طٺض ٳض‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ ٱٴ ج‬:11٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٦٥ ٧‫الص‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ جال٭ضٹ‬٨‫جع‬

(9) hormones that activate interactions: Interaction 3 and 5 are stimulated by hormone insulin (secreted by beta cells of island of Langerhans in the pancreas), while reaction No. 4 is activated by the hormone adrenaline (secreted by suprarenal medulla) and hormone glucagon (secreted by the alpha cells of island of Langerhans in the pancreas). ‫ؿضس ال٭ؿشٱح٭ض‬٥ ‫ خالٹح ذٺطح‬٬٩ ‫شص‬ٚ‫ (ٹ‬٬‫ٺ‬٥‫ جال٭غٴ‬٫‫ٴ‬٩‫ح ٱش‬٪‫ ٹٮؾيٲ‬5٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ٳج‬3٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ج‬:‫حّالش‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ٶ ضٮؾٺو ج‬٦ّ ٤٪ْ‫طٶ ض‬٥‫ٴ٭حش ج‬٩‫ٲش‬٥‫) ج‬0( ٬٩ ‫شص‬ٚ‫ (ٹ‬٫‫حؾٴ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٩‫َشٹس) ٳٱش‬٢٥‫ٖذز ج‬٥‫ ٭خحُ ج‬٬٩ ‫شص‬ٚ‫ (ٹ‬٬‫ٺ‬٥‫ جألدس٭ح‬٫‫ٴ‬٩‫ ٱش‬٬٩ ٤١ ‫ ٹٮؾيس‬4 ٨ٝ‫ س‬٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ذٺٮح ج‬، )‫شٹحط‬٢‫رٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ )‫شٹحط‬٢‫رٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ؿضس ال٭ؿشٱح٭ض‬٥ ‫ح‬ٚ٥‫خالٹح أ‬

109

VII - Comparisons questions ‫ اسئٍخ اٌّمبسٔبد‬:‫صبِٕب‬ 1. Compare between NAD + and NADP. 2. Compare between combustion of a piece of sugar in air and its burned inside the cells of the organism, or compare between combustion and respiration. 3. Compare between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 4. Compare between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. NADP ٚ NAD+ٓ١‫لبسْ ث‬ ‫اٌزٕفس‬ٚ ‫خ االؽزشاق‬١ٍّ‫ٓ ػ‬١‫ لبسْ ث‬ٚ‫ ا‬ٝ‫ب اٌىبئٓ اٌؾ‬٠‫ب داخً خال‬ٙ‫ٓ اؽزشال‬١‫ث‬ٚ ‫اء‬ٌٛٙ‫ ا‬ٝ‫خ اؽزشاق لؽؼخ ِٓ اٌسىش ف‬١ٍّ‫ٓ ػ‬١‫لبسْ ث‬ ٝ‫ائ‬ٛ٘‫ اٌال‬ٝ‫ائ‬ٌٛٙ‫ٓ اٌزٕفس ا‬١‫لبسْ ث‬ ٍٜٛ‫خ اٌزٕفس اٌخ‬١ٍّ‫ػ‬ٚ ٝ‫ئ‬ٛ‫خ اٌجٕبء اٌع‬١ٍّ‫ٓ ػ‬١‫لبسْ ث‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

(1) Comparison between NAD+ and NADP Point of comparison Importance

NADPٚ NAD+ٓ١‫) ِمبسٔخ ث‬1( NAD+

NADP

Co enzyme (hydrogen carrier)

Co enzyme (hydrogen carrier)

)ٓ١‫ع‬ٚ‫ذس‬١ٌٙ‫ُ(ِسزمجً ا‬٠‫ِسبػذ أض‬ Site

in the chloroplasts of plant cell ‫خ‬١‫خ إٌجبر‬١ٍ‫ذاد اٌخعشاء ٌٍخ‬١‫ اٌجالسز‬ٝ‫ف‬

Function

)ٓ١‫ع‬ٚ‫ذس‬١ٌٙ‫ُ(ِسزمجً ا‬٠‫ِسبػذ أض‬

in the mitochondria of living animal cells ‫خ‬١‫خ اٌؾ‬١ٔ‫ا‬ٛ١‫ب اٌؾ‬٠‫ب اٌخال‬٠‫ٔذس‬ٛ‫و‬ٛ‫ز‬١ٌّ‫ ا‬ٝ‫ف‬

Combine with hydrogen resulting from splitting of water molecule producing NADPH2  and thus (1) Prevent escape of hydrogen. (2) Does not combine with oxygen again to form water. (3) Allows exit of oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis.

Plays an important role in carrying protons of hydrogen and electrons removed during: (a) transforms PGAL to pyruvic acid. (b) Transform pyruvic acid to acetyl group. ‫د‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫حء ٳٹٮطؽ‬٪٥‫ ج٭ؾيحس ؾضٵء ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٲٺذٳسؾٺ‬٥‫ِ ج‬٩ ‫( ٹطكذ‬c) Through the Krebs cycle ‫شز غح٭ٺس‬٩ ‫)ٳالٹطكذ‬0(٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫)الٹٲشخ ج‬1(٠٥‫ ٳذز‬NADPH2 during transformation of three ‫ٮحضؽ‬١ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ف ذخشٳؼ جال‬٪‫)ٹغ‬3(‫حء‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ِ جال‬٩ intermediate compounds. ‫نٴتٶ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥ ‫غح٭ٴٵ‬

2. Compare between combustion of a piece of sugar in air and its burned inside the cells of the organism, or compare between combustion and respiration. ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ٳج‬ٛ‫ٺس جالقطشج‬٦٪ّ ٬‫ ذٺ‬٫‫حس‬ٝ ‫كٶ جٳ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٲح دجخ‬ٝ‫ جقطشج‬٬‫ٲٴجء ٳذٺ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ش‬٢‫غ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫يْس‬ٝ ٛ‫ٺس جقطشج‬٦٪ّ ٬‫حس٭س ذٺ‬ٞ٩

Site Need for O2

Respiration process ‫خ اٌزٕفس‬١ٍّ‫ػ‬ Occur within the celiving cells of the organism‫كٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ خالٹح ج‬٤‫ضكذظ دجخ‬ Occurs in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) or absence of oxygen (anaerobic)

Temperature Occurs at the temperature of the body with the help of enzymes. Energy

Produced energy is stored in the ATP compounds and utilized for the activities of the cell

110

combustion process ‫خ االؽزشاق‬١ٍّ‫ػ‬ Occur in the air outside the body ٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ضكذظ خحسؼ ج‬ Occurs in the presence of oxygen, and does not need enzymes. Need for very high temperature The energy result is large and can not be saved.

Importance

Necessary for the organism to break the chemical bonds in molecules of food and liberation of energy required for its vital activities.

Not necessary for the organism ‫كٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٦٥ ‫ٺغص مشٳسٹس‬٥

٧‫يْح‬٥‫ٶ ؾضٹثحش ج‬ٙ ‫ٺحتٺس‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫شٳجذو ج‬٥‫غش ج‬٢٥ ‫كٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٦٥ ‫مشٳسٹس‬ ‫كٺٴٹس‬٥‫س ال٭ؾيطٰ ج‬٩‫الص‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٳضكشٹش ج‬

Requirement need enzymes to complete the process of respiration

need spark to start the process of combustion

‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٧‫ح‬٪‫حش الض‬٪‫ٵح٭ضٹ‬٥‫ضكطحؼ ج‬

need to co enzymes or cytochromes to complete the process of respiration ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٧‫ح‬٪‫حش الض‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫حش جٳ عٺطٴ‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ضكطحؼ ج‬

Output

ٛ‫ٺس جالقطشج‬٦٪ّ ‫رذأ‬٥ ٣‫ جؽْح‬٤٩‫ٶ ّح‬٥‫ضكطحؼ ج‬

Do not need to co enzymes or cytochromes to complete the combustion process. ٣‫ح‬٪٢‫حش العط‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫حش جٳ ج‬٪‫غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ال ضكطحؼ ج‬ ٛ‫ٺس جالقطشج‬٦٪ّ

Release energy in the form of ATP Release energy in the form of heat ATP‫ٶ فٴسز‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫ ىح‬ٜ٦‫ضٮي‬ ‫ٶ فٴسز قشجسز‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫ ىح‬ٜ٦‫ضٮي‬ Liberate carbon dioxide Liberate carbon dioxide ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٶ ج‬ٜ٦‫ٹٮي‬ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٶ ج‬ٜ٦‫ٹٮي‬

(3) Comparison between aerobic and anaerobic respiration: (4) Comparison between photosynthesis and cellular respiration:

111

ُ٠ٛ‫اٌزم‬ I- Select the correct answer in each of the following:: ‫ح ٹأضٸ‬٪٩ ٤١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫قكٺكس‬٥‫أخطش جإلؾحذس ج‬ 1 – Descend of electrons from high energy levels to low energy levels and use of released energy in formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate is called …… ( Oxidative phosphorylation – electron transfer - fermentation – glycolysis) . ADP ٬٩ ATP ‫ٸ ذٮحء‬ٙ ‫س‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫نس ٳجعطخذج‬ٚ‫ٮخ‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٺس ئ‬٥‫س ّح‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ٬٩ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ ٹْشٗ ٱرٴه جإل‬-1 ) ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬- ‫ش‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬- ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫ ٭‬- ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫( ج‬555 ‫حش ذـ‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٚ٥‫ٳج‬

2 - Anaerobic cellular respiration requires the presence of …….. (Oxygen - carbon dioxide specific enzymes - ethyl alcohol) )‫ٸ‬٦‫ ئغٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ - ‫ْٺٮس‬٩ ‫حش‬٪‫ ئ٭ضٹ‬- ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ ج‬- ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫(أ‬55 ‫الٱٴجتٸ ٳؾٴد‬٥‫ٴٷ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫د ج‬٦‫ ٹطي‬-0

3 - Transformation of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid and two molecules of ATP are evidence of …….. (aerobic respiration - anaerobic respiration electron transport - Krebs cycle) ‫ظ‬ٚ‫ ضٮ‬- ‫ظ ٱٴجتٸ‬ٚ‫( ضٮ‬5555 ‫ٶ قذٳظ‬٦ّ ٣‫ ٹذ‬ATP ٬٩ ٬‫ ؾضٹثٺ‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٳض‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٬‫ٶ ؾضٹثٺ‬٥‫ٴص ئ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬٣‫ ضكٴ‬-3 ) ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬- ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫ ٭‬- ‫الٱٴجتٸ‬

4 - Glycolysis result in splitting of glucose to form …….. (2 molecules of Pyrouvic acid ; 2 mol of lactic acid ; 2 molecule co – enzyme ; one molecule of lactic acid + one molecule of ethanol "ethyl alcohol") ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ؾضب ق‬0 - ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫ؾضب ق‬0(5555 ٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ٶ ض‬٥‫ ئ‬Glycolysis ‫ٸ‬٥‫ٴ‬٢‫ٺ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٤٦‫طك‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٴص أغٮحء‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ٹإدٵ ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬-4 )" ‫ٸ‬٦‫ ئٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ " ٣‫ ؾضب ئٹػح٭ٴ‬+ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ ؾضب ٳجقذ ق‬- ‫ أ‬٨‫ جإل٭ضٹ‬ٜٙ‫شج‬٩ ‫ؾضب‬0 -

5 - Active oxygen, which is part of electron transport system, enters as an atom in molecule of ………… (Glucose - water - oxygen - carbon dioxide) )٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٸ ج‬-٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬- ‫حء‬٪٥‫ ج‬- ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٸ ؾضب(ج‬ٙ ‫زسز‬١ ٤‫ ٹذخ‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٣‫ح‬ٞ‫ ج٭ط‬٧‫ ٭َح‬٬٩ ً‫ ؾضء‬٤٢‫زٵ ٹؾ‬٥‫ٮؾو ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬-5

6 - Cytochromes are present in (cytoplasm - cytosol – shelves of mitochondria "inner membrane" – matrix l) )‫حدز جألعحط‬٩ - "‫ٸ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫ٴ٭ذسٹح " ج‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ أّشجٗ ج‬- ٣‫غٺطٴعٴ‬٥‫ ج‬- ٧‫غٺطٴذالص‬٥‫ٸ ( ج‬ٙ ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ ضٴؾذ ج‬-6

7 - The amount of ATP produced from oxidation of one molecule of glucose in Krebs cycle only (8 - 24 - 28-36) . Answer 24ATP ; because = (3NADH + 1FADH2 + 1 ATP) x 2 turns; for each molecule of glucose = 24 ATP . ) 36- 03 - 04 - 3( ‫و‬ٞٙ ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ‫ٴص ٳجقذ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضب ؾ‬١‫ أ‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫ٺس‬٪١ -7 ATP 04 = ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ ؾضب ؾ‬٤٢٥ ‫س‬ٚ٥ 0 x ) ATP 1 + FADH21 + NADH 3 ( = "ATP04" ‫* جإلؾحذس‬

8 - Number of NADH molecules resulting from oxidation of one molecule of glucose by aerobic respiration. (2 - 4-6 - 10) ) 15 - 6 – 4 - 0 ( ‫ٲٴجتٸ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٴص ٳجقذ ذح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضب ؾ‬١‫ أ‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫ ج‬NADH ‫رحش‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ ّذد‬-3

9 - Number of NADH molecules resulting from oxidation of one molecule of glucose in anaerobic respiration (2-4 - 10 - none) ) ‫ – ال ؽٺة‬15 – 4 - 0 ( ‫الٱٴجتٸ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴص ٳجقذ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫غذز ؾضب ؾ‬١‫ أ‬٬ّ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫ ج‬NADH ‫رحش‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ ّذد‬-9

10 - The following steps represent stages of glucose oxidation: (1) Krebs cycle (2) glycolysis (3) electron transfer (4) combination of acetyl with CO- enzyme – A. The arrangement of the steps is…… (a) 1.2, 3.4 (b) 4, 2.3.1 (c) 3. 2. 1. 4. (d) 2.1, 4.3. : ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ٸ أ‬ٙ ٤‫شجق‬٩ ‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫خيٴجش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ػ‬٪‫ ض‬-15 " CO-A " ‫ أ‬٨‫غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ‬٩ ِ٩ ٤‫) ئسضرحه جألعٺطٺ‬4( ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫) ٭‬3( ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫) ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬0( ‫شذظ‬١ ‫) دٳسز‬1( ) 4،3 ،0،1 - 1،3 ،0،4 - 4،1 ،0،3 - 3،4 ،1،0 ( ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫خيٴجش ٹ‬٥‫طشضٺد ج‬ٙ

112

11 - The amount of energy released as a result of full oxidation of one molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen is ……..(one ATP - 36 molecules of ATP - 38 mol of ADP - 38 ATP) ............... ‫ ٱٴ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٸ ٳؾٴد جأل‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ؿضب ٳجقذ‬٥ ‫س‬٦٩‫ح‬٢٥‫غذز ج‬١‫س ٭طٺؿس جأل‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ذجس ج‬ٞ٩ -11 ) ATP 33 - ADP ٬٩ ‫ ؾضب‬33 - ATP ٬٩ ‫ ؾضب‬36 - ATP ٬٩ ‫( ؾضب‬

12 - The carbohydrate material stored in animal tissue is known as….. ( Starch - glucose glycogen - sucrose) ) ‫شٳص‬٢‫غ‬٥‫ ج‬- ٬‫ٴؾٺ‬٢‫ٺ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬- ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬- ‫ٮؾح‬٥‫كٺٴج٭ٺس ذـ ( ج‬٥‫ جأل٭غؿس ج‬٤‫ٸ دجخ‬ٙ ٫‫طٶ ضخض‬٥‫شذٴٱٺذسجضٺس ج‬٢٥‫حدز ج‬٪٥‫ ضْشٗ ج‬-10

13 - Number of ATP molecules resulting from the splitting of four molecules of glucose is (4-8 - 12 - 16) )16 - 10 - 3 - 4 ( ‫ٴص ٱٸ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ئ٭ؾيحس أسذْس ؾضٹثحش‬٬ّ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫ ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬-13

14 - Energy required for vital activity released on conversion of : (a) NADH to NAD+ (b) ADP to ATP (c) FADH2 to FAD (d)ATP to ADP. ADP ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬ATP -‫د‬

FAD ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬FADH2 -‫ؼ‬

: ٣‫ح ٹطكٴ‬٩‫ٴٷ ّٮذ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٮؾحه ج‬٦٥ ‫س‬٩‫الص‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٦‫ ضٮي‬-14 ATP ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬ADP -‫خ‬ NAD+ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬NADH -‫أ‬

15 – Complete burning of one molecule of glucose requires rate of Krebs cycle (once twice - three times - five times) . ) ‫شجش‬٩ ‫ظ‬٪‫ خ‬- ‫شجش‬٩ ‫ غالظ‬- ٬‫شضٺ‬٩ - ‫شز ٳجقذز‬٩ ( ٣‫ْذ‬٪‫شذظ ذ‬١ ‫ ضذٳس دٳسز‬٫‫ أ‬٧‫ض‬٦‫س ٹغط‬٦٩‫ح‬١ ‫ٴص ذقٴسز‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬ٛ‫ جقطشج‬-15

16 – On conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl co-enzyme – A . Molecule of NAD+ undergo …… (Oxidation - reduction - breaking to similar molecules - break to different molecules) - ‫س‬٦‫حغ‬٪‫ط‬٩ ‫ؿضٹثحش‬٥ ‫غٺش‬٢‫ ض‬- ٣‫ جخطضج‬- ‫غذز‬١‫(أ‬.......... NAD+ ‫ؿضب‬٥ ‫ ٹكذظ‬، ‫ أ‬٨‫ جإل٭ضٹ‬ٜٙ‫شج‬٩ ٤‫ٶ أعٺطٺ‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ّٮذ ضكٴ‬-16 ) ‫س‬٦‫حغ‬٪‫ط‬٩ ‫ؿضٹثحش ٕٺش‬٥ ‫غٺش‬٢‫ض‬

17 - CO2 molecules librated due to….. ( Glycolysis - lactic acid fermentation - alcoholic fermentation - hydrolysis of glycogen) ) ٬‫ٴؾٺ‬٢‫ٺ‬٦‫ؿ‬٦٥ ‫حتٸ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤٦‫طك‬٥‫ ج‬- ‫ٸ‬٥‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬- ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ش ق‬٪‫ ضخ‬- ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ٭طٺؿس ( ج٭ؾيحس ج‬CO2 ‫ ؾضب‬ٜ٦‫ ٹٮي‬-17

18 - The process of cellular respiration starts with molecule …… (Glucose - protein - ATP NAD+) * Note that the process of cellular respiration includes aerobic and anaerobic and each part begins with glucose.

) NAD+ - ATP - ٬‫رشٳضٺ‬٥‫ ج‬- ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ٴٷ ذؿضب ( ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ ضرذأ‬-13 . ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ح ضرذأ ذؿضب ج‬٪‫ٮٲ‬٩ ٤١‫الٱٴجتٸ ٳ‬٥‫ٲٴجتٸ ٳج‬٥‫ ج‬٤٪‫ٴٷ ضؾ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٫‫* القٌ أ‬

19 - In electron transport series, high-energy electrons resulting from Krebs cycle is used in order to ………. (Produces glucose - the transformation of ADP to ATP - produces acetyl coenzyme - produce water) . ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬ADP ‫ـ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ضكٴ‬- ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫( ضٮطؽ ؾ‬555 ‫ٶ‬٢٥ ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٥‫طشٳ٭حش ّح‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٧‫ ضغطخذ‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٸ ع‬ٙ -19 ) ‫حء‬٩ ‫ ضٮطؽ‬- ٨‫ٴئ٭ضٹ‬١ ٤‫ ضٮطؽ أعٺطٺ‬- ATP

20- When the fungus yeast is put with sucrose solution in a test tube and the tube closed, and the mixture (sugar + yeast) keep at warm temperature ; gas bubbles began rising in the tube after 24 hours and sucrose disappeared from the sucrose solution. Answer the following questions: ، ‫ثس‬ٙ‫ٸ دسؾس قشجسز دج‬ٙ) ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬+ ‫ش‬٢‫غ‬٥‫ٴه (ج‬٦‫خ‬٪٥‫ٌ ج‬ٚ‫ ٳق‬، ‫ص جأل٭رٴذس‬ٞ٦ٕ‫ٸ أ٭رٴذس جخطرحس ٳأ‬ٙ ‫شٳص‬٢‫غ‬٥‫ش ج‬٢‫ِ ع‬٩ ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫يش ج‬ٙ ِ‫ ٳم‬-05 ‫أؾد‬ٙ.٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫شٳص‬٢‫غ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٚ‫ عحّس ٳجخط‬04 ‫ٶ جأل٭رٴذس ذْذ‬ٙ ‫ٖحصٹس ضطقحّذ‬٥‫حّحش ج‬ٞٚ٥‫ذذأش ج‬

A - What is process used by yeast to digest sucrose? (Photosynthesis - aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration - light reactions) ) ‫حّالش مٴتٺس‬ٚ‫ ض‬- ‫ظ الٱٴجتٸ‬ٚ‫ ضٮ‬- ‫ظ ٱٴجتٸ‬ٚ‫ ضٮ‬- ‫شٳص ؟( ذٮحء مٴتٸ‬٢‫غ‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٲن‬٥ ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫طٲح ج‬٩‫طٶ أعطخذ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥‫ح ج‬٩ -‫أ‬

113

B - Any of the following will exist in the solution after 24 hours? (Sucrose - oxygen - lactic acid - ethyl alcohol) . ) ‫ٶ‬٦‫ ئغٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ - ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل ال‬٪‫ ق‬- ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ أ‬- ‫شٳص‬٢‫ عحّس ؟ ( ع‬04 ‫ ذْذ‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ح ٹأضٸ عٴٗ ٹٴؾذ‬٪٩ ‫ أٵ‬-‫خ‬

C - What is the gas formed in the top of the tube after the incubation period? (Carbon dioxide - hydrogen - oxygen - nitrogen) ) ٬‫ ٭ٺطشٳؾٺ‬- ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ أ‬- ٬‫ ٱٺذسٳؾٺ‬- ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫كنح٭س ؟ ( غح٭ٸ أ‬٥‫طشز ج‬ٙ ‫س جأل٭رٴذس ذْذ‬٪ٝ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ط‬٪٥‫ٖحص ج‬٥‫ح ٱٴ ج‬٩ - ‫ؾـ‬

21- During cellular respiration, the largest number of ATP molecules released during …… (Glycolysis – electrons transport chain - Krebs cycle - fermentation) . • Note: In electron transfer series alone 34 molecules of ATP is liberated. - ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬- ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬- ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ( ج٭ؾيحس ج‬: ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫س ض‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬٩ ‫رش ّذد‬١‫ٴٷ أ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ -01 ) ‫ش‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ج‬ ATP ٬٩ ‫ ؾضب‬34 ‫ٲح‬٥‫ ٳقذٱح ٹطكشس خال‬٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬: ‫القَس‬٩ 

22 - Krebs cycle begins with combination of: A - molecule acetyl co enzyme A with a citric acid. B – Acetyl group (two carbons) with oxaloacetic acid. C - Oxaloasatic acid with co- enzyme - A. D - citric acid with co- enzyme - A. .٠‫ٴجعٺطٺ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل أٳ‬٪‫ِ ق‬٩ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ غٮحتٸ ج‬٤‫ٴّس جالعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ -‫خ‬ .‫ أ‬٨‫ جإل٭ضٹ‬ٜٙ‫شج‬٩ ِ٩ ٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬-‫د‬

: ‫شذظ ذحضكحد‬١ ‫ ضرذأ دٳسز‬-00 .٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ِ ق‬٩ ‫ أ‬٨‫ جإل٭ضٹ‬ٜٙ‫شج‬٩ ٤‫ؾضب أعطٺ‬-‫أ‬ .‫ أ‬٨‫ جإل٭ضٹ‬ٜٙ‫شج‬٩ ِ٩ ٠‫ٴأعٺطٺ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل أٳ‬٪‫ ق‬-‫ؼ‬

23 – During aerobic cellular respiration glucose oxidation occurs through: (a) Union of glucose with oxygen. (b) Loss of hydrogen from the glucose. (c) Union of glucose with hydrogen. (d) Loss of electrons from the glucose. :٣‫ خال‬٬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٸ‬٥‫ٴٷ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٸ قح‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ أ‬٨‫ ضط‬-03 .‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫إل‬٥ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ذ ج‬ٞٙ -‫ د‬.٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ٴص ذح‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ جضكحد ج‬-‫ ؼ‬.٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٦٥ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ذ ج‬ٞٙ -‫ خ‬.٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٴص ذحأل‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ جضكحد ج‬-‫أ‬

24 - The reason for the spread of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood is that: A - concentration of oxygen in the alveoli, higher than the atmospheric air. B - Concentration of oxygen in the alveoli, lower than blood. C - concentration of oxygen in the air higher than the concentration of carbon dioxide. D - Concentration of oxygen in the blood is less than in the alveoli. :٫‫ ٱٴ أ‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ئ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ عرد ئ٭طؾحس جأل‬٫‫ ئ‬-04 . ٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤ٝ‫كٴٹقالش أ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٺض جأل‬١‫ ضش‬-‫خ‬ .‫ؿٴٷ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٸ‬٦ّ‫كٴٹقالش أ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٺض جأل‬١‫ ضش‬-‫أ‬ .‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ دجخ‬٬٩ ٤ٝ‫ ج‬٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ذح‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٺض جأل‬١‫ ضش‬-‫ د‬.٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٺض غح٭ٸ أ‬١‫ ضش‬٬٩ ‫ٸ‬٦ّ‫ؿٴٷ أ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٺض جأل‬١‫ ضش‬-‫ؼ‬

25 – Respiration in animal cells differs from fermentation in ….: (a)increase the amount of energy released from the glucose molecule. (b) Release smaller amount of CO2. (c) Release of a larger amount of CO2. (d) Fat and protein not used as fuel. ٬٩ ٤ٝ‫ٺس أ‬٪١ ٛ‫ ج٭يال‬-‫خ‬

.‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ ‫ صٹحدز‬-‫ أ‬: ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ش‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ‫كٺٴج٭ٺس‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫٘ ج‬٦‫ ٹخط‬-05 .‫ٴد‬ٝ‫ٴ‬١ ٬‫رشٳضٺ‬٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫ذٱٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ جعطخذج‬٧‫ ّذ‬-‫د‬ .CO2 ٬٩ ‫رش‬١‫ٺس أ‬٪١ ٛ‫ ج٭يال‬-‫ ؼ‬.CO2

26 - Hydrolysis of one phosphate bond from one molecule of ATP leads to: (a) Formation of ADP and the release of energy. (b) Formation of ADP without release of energy. (c) Ribose sugar. (d) Adenine base. ‫شٹرٴص‬٥‫ش ج‬٢‫ ع‬-‫ؼ‬.‫س‬ٝ‫ ىح‬ٛ‫ ج٭يال‬٧‫ ٳجّذ‬ADP -‫خ‬.‫س‬ٝ‫ ىح‬ٛ‫ٳج٭يال‬ADP -‫ أ‬:‫ٸ‬٥‫ٹإدٷ ئ‬ATP ‫ ؾضب‬٬٩ ‫حضٺس ٳجقذز‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ ‫ سجذيس‬٤٦‫ ضك‬-06 .٬‫حّذز جألدٹٮٺ‬ٝ -‫د‬.‫حعٸ‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ج‬

27 - Fatty acids enter in cellular respiration in the form of molecule ….(a) with one carbon atom. (b) With 2-carbon atoms. (c) With 3 -carbon. (d) Contains 13-19 carbon atoms. 114

‫ غالغٸ‬-‫ؼ‬

.٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ غٮحءٷ ج‬-‫خ‬

.٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ أقحدٷ ج‬-‫ أ‬:‫ٸ ٱٺثس ؾضب‬٦ّ ‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ذٱٮٺس‬٥‫حك ج‬٪‫ جألق‬٤‫ ضذخ‬-07 .٫‫شذٴ‬١ ‫ رسز‬19 - 13 ‫ٸ‬٦ّ ‫ ٹكطٴٷ‬-‫د‬ .٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ج‬

28 - The following chart represents simplified biological cycle in an organism: if the letter (a) represents the CO2 and H2O: A - No. (1) represents the process of photosynthesis, and the number (2) represents the process of respiration, and the letter (b) represents oxygen. B - ID (1) represents the process of photosynthesis, and the number (2) represents the process of respiration, and the character (b) represents the (CO2 and H2O). C - Number (1) represents the process of respiration, and the number (2) represents the process of photosynthesis, and the letter (b) represents oxygen. D - Number (1) represents the process of respiration, and the number (2) represents the process of photosynthesis, and the letter (b) represents the (CO2 and H2O). : ٫‫ا‬ٙ H2O‫ٳ‬CO2 ٤‫ػ‬٪‫كشٗ(أ)ٹ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬١ ‫ٴ‬٥ : ‫ قٸ‬٬‫حت‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫رغيس‬٪٥‫ٴؾٺس ج‬٥‫رٺٴ‬٥‫ذٳسجش ج‬٥‫ٸ ئقذٷ ج‬٥‫طح‬٥‫خيو ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬-03 .٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٤‫ػ‬٪‫كشٗ(خ)ٹ‬٥‫ٳج‬،‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٤‫ػ‬٪‫)ٹ‬0( ٨ٝ‫ش‬٥‫ٳج‬،‫نٴتٸ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٤‫ػ‬٪‫)ٹ‬1(٨ٝ‫ش‬٥‫ ج‬-‫أ‬ .)H2O‫ٳ‬CO2( ٤‫ػ‬٪‫كشٗ(خ)ٹ‬٥‫ٳج‬،‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٤‫ػ‬٪‫)ٹ‬0( ٨ٝ‫ش‬٥‫ٳج‬،‫نٴتٸ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٤‫ػ‬٪‫)ٹ‬1(٨ٝ‫ش‬٥‫ ج‬-‫خ‬ .٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٤‫ػ‬٪‫كشٗ(خ)ٹ‬٥‫ٳج‬،‫نٴتٸ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٤‫ػ‬٪‫)ٹ‬0(٨ٝ‫ش‬٥‫ٳ ج‬،‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٤‫ػ‬٪‫)ٹ‬1( ٨ٝ‫ش‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ؼ‬ .)H2O‫ٳ‬CO2(٤‫ػ‬٪‫كشٗ(خ)ٹ‬٥‫ٳج‬،‫نٴتٸ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٤‫ػ‬٪‫)ٹ‬0(٨ٝ‫ش‬٥‫ٳ ج‬،‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٤‫ػ‬٪‫)ٹ‬1( ٨ٝ‫ش‬٥‫ ج‬-‫د‬

29 - Which of the following statements is more appropriate on glucose metabolism? A - Cause cellular respiration . B – Plants do photosynthesis to produce energy, but animals do cellular respiration. C - The amount of ATB resulting from glycolysis is more than resulting from cellular respiration. D - During cellular respiration, oxygen receives electrons from the electron transport chain. ‫ٴص؟‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫س ّٸ أٹل ج‬٪‫الت‬٩ ‫ػشٱح‬١‫ٺس أ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ْرحسجش ج‬٥‫ أٷ ج‬-09 .‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ٹكذظ ج‬-‫أ‬ .‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ‫ ذ‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫كٺٴج٭حش ض‬٥‫ ج‬٬٢٥، ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫نٴتٸ إل٭طحؼ ج‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ‫ٮرحضحش ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ ض‬-‫خ‬ .‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ػش‬١‫ٴص أ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬٬ّ ‫ٮحضؿس‬٥‫ج‬ATB‫ٺس‬٪١ -‫ؼ‬ .‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬٬٩ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٣‫رح‬ٞ‫ ذحعط‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ٹ‬،‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ أغٮحء ج‬-‫د‬

30 - When muscle cells do violent actively high proportion of .............. Accumulate in it. Especially in the case of inadequacy of oxygen. (a) Oxal acetic acid. (b) Citric acid. (c) Acetic acid. (d) pyruvic acid. (e)lactic acid. .٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٺس جأل‬٪١ ‫حٹس‬ٚ١ ٧‫س ّذ‬٥‫ٸ قح‬ٙ ‫خقٴفح‬.............. ٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٥‫ ذٲح ٭غرس ّح‬٨١‫ْنالش ذٮؾحه ّٮٺ٘ ضطشج‬٥‫ خالٹح ج‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ح ض‬٩‫ ّٮذ‬-35 .٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬-‫ ٱـ‬.٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬-‫د‬ .٠‫ل جألعطٺ‬٪‫ ق‬-‫ؼ‬ .٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬-‫ خ‬.٠‫ جعٺط‬٣‫غح‬١‫ل أٳ‬٪‫ ق‬-‫أ‬

31 - Any of the following does not describe the differences between the respiration and fermentation? (a) Respiration produces water. (b) Respiration results in energy but fermentation no. (c) Respiration needs oxygen. (d) Fermentation gives less energy. ‫ش؟‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ظ ٳج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ح ٹأضٸ ال ٹق٘ جألخطالٗ ذٺ‬٪٩ ‫ أٷ‬-31

115

.٤ٝ‫س أ‬ٝ‫ش ٹْيٸ ىح‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬-‫د‬

.٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ظ ٹكطحؼ أ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ ؼ‬.‫ش ال‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٢٥‫س ٳ‬ٝ‫ظ ٹٮطؽ ّٮٰ ىح‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬-‫خ‬

.‫حء‬٩ ٰ‫ظ ٹٮطؽ ّٮ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬-‫أ‬

32 - Note the components of the following experiment and answer for the following: : ‫ح ٹأضٸ‬٪ّ ‫ ٳأؾد‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ٴمكس ذح‬٪٥‫طؿشذس ج‬٥‫ٴ٭حش ج‬٢٩ ٌ‫ الق‬-30

1 - The purpose of the use of acoustic potash in this experiment: absorption of oxygen from the air inside. B - Absorption of moisture from the air . (c) Preventing oxygen reaching the plant. (d) Prevent CO2 reach the plant. ‫ٲٴجء‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫شىٴذس‬٥‫طقحؿ ج‬٩‫ أ‬-‫ خ‬. ٤‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫طقحؿ جأل‬٩‫ أ‬-‫ أ‬: ‫طؿشذس‬٥‫ٸ ٱزٯ ج‬ٙ ‫حٳٹس‬٢٥‫رٴضحعح ج‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ح‬٪ْ‫ جعط‬٬٩ ‫ٖشك‬٥‫ ج‬-1 . ‫ٮرحش‬٦٥ ٤‫زٵ ٹق‬٥‫ ج‬CO2 ِ‫ٮ‬٩ -‫د‬ . ‫ٮرحش‬٦٥ ٤‫زٵ ٹق‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٮِ جأل‬٩ -‫ؾـ‬

2 - The purpose of the use of aluminum foil: (a) keep the temperature inside the flask. (b) Maintain the pressure inside the flask. (c) Preventing the plant from production of CO2. (d) Prevent the process of photosynthesis. ِ‫ٮ‬٩ - ‫ ؾـ‬. ٛ‫ذٳس‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫نٖو دجخ‬٥‫ٶ غرحش ج‬٦ّ ً‫ح‬ٚ‫ك‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ خ‬. ٛ‫ذٳس‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫كشجسز دجخ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٌ٦ٚ‫ك‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ أ‬: ٧‫ٮٺٴ‬٩‫ٴ‬٥‫ جأل‬ٜ‫حت‬ٝ‫ س‬٣‫ح‬٪ْ‫ أعط‬٬٩ ‫ٖشك‬٥‫ ج‬-0 . ‫نٴتٶ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٮِ قذٳظ‬٩ -‫ د‬. CO2 ‫ ج٭طحؼ‬٬٩ ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ج‬

3 - After 24 hours from the beginning of the experiment we find that the lime water in flask No. (2) Clear while in the beaker No. (4) Turbid and we can conclude from this that: (a) the plant produces oxygen during breathing. (b) Plant produces CO2 in the dark. (c) Plants absorb CO2 in the dark. (d) Acoustic potash solution produces CO2 in the flask (1). ٫‫ أ‬٬٢٪‫ٴ٭س ٳٹ‬٥ ‫ش‬٢ْ‫) ٹط‬4( ٨ٝ‫ س‬ٛ‫ذٳس‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪‫ ذٺٮ‬ٜ‫) سجت‬0( ٨ٝ‫ س‬ٛ‫ذٳس‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ؿٺش‬٥‫حء ج‬٩ ٫‫طؿشذس ٭ؿذ أ‬٥‫ ذذجٹس ج‬٬٩ ‫ عحّس‬04 ‫نٶ‬٩ ‫ ذْذ‬-3 . ٧‫َال‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ CO2 ‫طـ‬٪‫ٮرحش ٹ‬٥‫ ج‬- ‫ ؾـ‬. ٧‫َال‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ CO2 ‫ٮرحش ٹٮطؽ‬٥‫ خ – ج‬. ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ أغٮحء ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٮرحش ٹٮطؽ جأل‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ أ‬: ٫‫ أ‬٠٥‫ ر‬٬٩ ‫ضغطٮطؽ‬ .)1( ٨ٝ‫ س‬ٛ‫ذٳس‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ CO2 ‫حٳٹس ٹٮطؽ‬٢٥‫رٴضحعح ج‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ -‫د‬ 33 - Choice and explain the cause for your selection: ‫ عرد أخطٺحس‬٤٦ّ‫ضخٺش ٳ‬

1 – Glycolysis occurs only in anaerobic respiration. (a) Statement is error (b) statement is true. . ‫ْرحسز فكٺكس‬٥‫ ج‬-‫خ‬

‫ْرحسز خيأ‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ أ‬. ‫و‬ٞٙ ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴص ضكذظ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫س أ٭ؾيحس ج‬٦‫شق‬٩ -1

2 - Changes in the rate and depth of breathing must be accompanied by similar changes in heart rate.(a)the phrase is wrong. (b) Statement is true. ‫ْرحسز‬٥‫ خ – ج‬. ‫ْرحسز خيأ‬٥‫ أ – ج‬. ‫د‬٦ٞ٥‫ مشذحش ج‬٣‫ْذ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫س‬٦‫حغ‬٪٩ ‫ ٹقحقرٲح ضٖٺشجش‬٫‫ظ ال ذذ أ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٪ّ‫ عشّس ٳ‬٣‫ْذ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫طٖٺشجش‬٥‫ – ج‬0 . ‫فكٺكس‬

3 - Respiratory system in the has no role in the process of water excretion from the body. (a) Statement is error (b) statement is true. . ‫ْرحسٯ فكٺكس‬٥‫ خ – ج‬. ‫ْرحسز خيأ‬٥‫ أ – ج‬. ٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫حء‬٪٥‫ٺس أخشجؼ ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ٰ دٳس‬٥ ‫ٺظ‬٥ ٫‫ جأل٭غح‬٨‫ٶ ؾغ‬ٙ ‫غٶ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫ ج‬-3

116

4 – In complex vascular plants, oxygen reaches to the cells in the stem and root through the spacing between these parts: (a) the words are all correct. (b) Part of the statement is wrong. (c) The words are all wrong. ‫ْرحسز‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ أ‬: ‫ جألؾضجء‬٠٦‫ ض‬٬‫رٺٮٺس ذٺ‬٥‫حش ج‬ٙ‫غح‬٪٥‫ ج‬٣‫ؿزس خال‬٥‫ ٳج‬ٛ‫غح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫خالٹح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ جأل‬٤‫ٺد ٹق‬١‫طش‬٥‫ذز ج‬ْٞ٩ ‫ٴّحتٺس‬٥‫ٮرحضحش ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ -4 . ‫ٲح خحىثس‬٦١ ‫ْرحسز‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ ؾـ‬. ‫ْرحسز ذٲح ؾضء خيأ‬٥‫ خ – ج‬. ‫ٲح فكٺكس‬٦١

5 - The plant produces energy in: (1) mitochondria. (2) Cytosole . (3) chloroplasts.(a) only [1] is correct. (b) Only [2] is correct. (c) Only [1.2] are correct. (d) Only [1,2,3] are correct. )‫ (ؾـ‬. ٰ‫] فكٺك‬0[ ‫و‬ٞٙ )‫ (خ‬. ٰ‫] فكٺك‬1[ ‫و‬ٞٙ )‫ (أ‬. ‫ٴسٳذالعص‬٦٢٥‫ ج‬-‫ـ‬3 . ٣‫غٺطٴعٴ‬٥‫ ج‬-0. ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬-1 : ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٮرحش ج‬٥‫ ٹٮطؽ ج‬-5 . ٰ‫] فكٺك‬1،0،3[ ‫و‬ٞٙ )‫ (د‬. ٰ‫] فكٺك‬0 ،1[ ‫و‬ٞٙ

34 - Breathing rate automatically increases when: (a) (pH) in blood increase. (b) Carbon dioxide in blood increase . (c) The acidity of the blood increase. (d) The % of hemoglobin in blood cells decrease. ‫ ٭غرس‬٤ٞ‫ ض‬-‫ د‬. ٧‫ذ‬٥‫ٴمس ج‬٪‫ ضضٹذ ق‬- ‫ ؾـ‬. ٧‫ذ‬٥‫ ذح‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ٹضٹذ غح٭ٸ ج‬-‫ خ‬. ٧‫ذ‬٥‫)ذح‬pH( ِٚ‫ ٹشض‬-‫ ج‬: ‫ح‬٩‫ٺح ّٮذ‬٢‫حضٺ‬٩‫ظ جضٴ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ْذ‬٩ ‫ ٹضٹذ‬-34 . ٧‫ذ‬٥‫شجش ج‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٬‫ٴذٺ‬٦‫ٴؾ‬٪‫ٲٺ‬٥‫ج‬

35 - What happens during the Krebs cycle: (a) small amount of energy librated from the cell. (b) One molecule of glucose split into two molecules of Pyrouvic acid .(c) pyruvic acid is split into carbon dioxide, NADH. (d) Water consists of hydrogen ion and oxygen. . ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ل ذٺشٳ‬٪‫ ق‬٬‫ٶ ؾضتٺٺ‬٥‫ٴص ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ ٹطؿضأ ؾضٷء ؾ‬-‫ خ‬. ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤‫ذس مثٺ‬ٝ ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٜ٦‫ ٹٮي‬-‫ أ‬: ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٣‫حرج ٹكذظ خال‬٩ -35 . ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ٳجال‬٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ جٹٴ‬٬٩ ‫حء‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٹط‬-‫ د‬. NADH ، ٫‫شذٴ‬١ ‫غٺذ‬١‫ٶ غح٭ٸ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ٹطؿضأ ق‬-‫ؾـ‬

36 - Choose from column (b) what is appropriate in column (a): : )‫ٴد (أ‬٪ْ٥‫ ج‬٨‫ح ٹالت‬٩ )‫ٴد (خ‬٪ْ٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ضخٺش‬- 36 Column A

Column B 1 - The final electron recipient in aerobic respiration. A – Oxygen is . ‫ٲٴجتٸ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬١‫أل‬٥ ‫رال ٭ٲحتٺح‬ٞ‫غط‬٩ B - Cytochromes is. 2 – End product of fermentation in yeast. C - lactic acid is . ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ش‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥ ‫٭حضؿح ٭ٲحتٺح‬ 3 - electrons carriers: ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫إل‬٥ ‫رال‬ٞ‫غط‬٩ 4 - end product of energy in anaerobic respiration .‫الٱٴجتٸ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٸ قح‬ٙ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٦٥ ‫٭حضؿح ٭ٲحتٺح‬ 5 - End product of fermentation process in the muscles. . ‫ْنالش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ش‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥ ‫٭حضؿح ٭ٲحتٺح‬ 6 - An important factor in the formation of proteins. . ‫رشٳضٺٮحش‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ٸ ض‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪‫ٲ‬٩ ‫ال‬٩‫ّح‬

117

column B 1 - Splitting glucose molecule and release of large amount of energy during respiration (38 ATB).

Column A A - The process of aerobic respiration is . )ATB 33( ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س جغٮحء ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫رٺشز‬١ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ٛ‫ٴص ٳج٭يال‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ ج٭ؾيحس ؾضٷء ؾ‬-1 B - the process is anaerobic 2 - Splitting sucrose molecule and release of large amount of energy respiration is. during respiration (38 ATB). C - The process of transfer . )ATB 33( ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س جغٮحء ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫رٺشز‬١ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ٛ‫شٳص ٳجضٮيال‬٢‫غ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ج٭ؾيحس ؾضٷء‬-0 of electrons is. 3 – Splitting 2 glucose molecule and release great amount of D - Krebs cycle is. energy during respiration (38 ATB). . )ATB 33( ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س جغٮحء ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫رٺشز‬١ ٛ‫ٴص ٳج٭يال‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضٷء‬0 ‫ ج٭ؾيحس‬-3

4 - Splitting glucose molecule and release amount of energy during respiration (2ATB). . )ATB0( ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س جغٮحء ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ٛ‫ٴص ٳج٭يال‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ج٭ؾيحس ؾضٷء‬-4

5 – Combination of oxalo acetic acid with acetyl co enzyme, and occur twice for each glucose molecule. . ‫ٴص‬٢٥‫ٴ‬٦‫ ؾضٷء ؾ‬٤٢٥ ٬‫شضٺ‬٩ ‫ ٳضكذظ‬٨‫ٴج٭ضٹ‬١ ٤‫ِ جعطٺ‬٩ ٠‫ٴ جعطٺ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل جالٳ‬٪‫ جضكحد ق‬-5

6 - Transferee of high energy compound, such as NADA. Step by step to the lower energy level of oxygen. ٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٣‫غطٴٵ ّح‬٩ ‫رحش رجش‬١‫ش‬٩ ٣‫ح‬ٞ‫ج٭ط‬-6NADA ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ال‬٥ ‫ل‬ٚ‫ٮخ‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫غطٴٵ ج‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫خيٴز خيٴز ج‬.

7 - Union of pyruvic acid with acetyl coenzyme A and the formation of citric acid. . ٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ ٳض‬A ٨‫ٴج٭ضٹ‬١ ٤‫ِ جعطٺ‬٩ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ جضكحد ق‬-7

37 - This figure illustrates some of the steps of cellular respiration - fill the boxes (a - f) with the appropriate compound : : ‫ٮحعرس‬٪٥‫رحش ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ (أ – ٳ ) ذح‬٬٩ ‫شذْحش‬٪٥‫أل ج‬٩‫ٴٵ – أ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ذْل خيٴجش ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ ٹٴمف ٱزج ج‬-37

118

38 - Complete the missing in the following table: Interaction٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ج‬ 1 - Glycolysis 2 - Pyruvic acid oxidation.

٫‫ح‬٢٪٥‫ ج‬Site

: ‫ٶ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ؿذٳ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ـ‬ٝ‫ٮح‬٥‫ ج‬٤٪١‫ أ‬-33 Products‫ٮٴجضؽ‬٥‫ج‬

Between two ................. ٬‫ٖؾحتٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ذٺ‬ membrane of …………

3 - Krebs cycle 39 – The following Schematic figure shows magnified part of lung. Answer the following questions: A – Mention the names of the parts (a), (b), (c). B - What is the number of structure (b) per one human lung? What is the importance of this? . C - What is the vital dynamic process that occurs between structures (b) and (c). D - Any of the two ends (x) or (y) for structure (c) containing a quantity of oxygen gas? Why? : ‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ جألعث‬٬ّ ‫ أؾد‬. ‫شتس‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫رش‬٢٩ ‫ ٹٴمف ؾضء‬٤‫حذ‬ٞ٪٥‫طخيٺيٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ – ج‬39 )‫ (ؾـ‬، )‫ (خ‬، )‫حء جألؾضجء (أ‬٪‫ش أع‬١‫ أر‬-‫أ‬ . ‫ ؟‬٠٥‫ٺس ر‬٪‫ح أٱ‬٩‫ ؟ ٳ‬٫‫أل٭غح‬٥ ‫ٴجقذز‬٥‫شتس ج‬٥‫ٺد (خ) ذح‬١‫طش‬٥‫ح ّذد ج‬٩ -‫خ‬ )‫ (خ) ٳ (ؼ‬٬‫ٺرٺ‬١‫طش‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫طٶ ضكذظ ذٺ‬٥‫كٺٴٹس ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ْ٥‫ح ج‬٩ -‫ؼ‬ ‫حرج ؟‬٪٥‫ ؟ ٳ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ٕحص جأل‬٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ‫ٺد (ؼ) ضكطٴٵ‬١‫طش‬٦٥ )‫ (ؿ‬٧‫ (ط) أ‬٬‫ٮٲحٹطٺ‬٥‫ أٵ ج‬-‫د‬

119

40 - The following figure represents one organelles. Answer the following questions: A - What is the name of these organelles? Where it is present ? Its importance? B - Mention the names of the numbered structures in the figure . C - What are components of the structure number (2). D - What is the function of structures (2), (3), (4)? E - What are the compounds in this organelles that work as : (1) hydrogen carriers . * As the currency of energy. And - Describe the interactions that occur in the part number (3). : ‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ جالعث‬٬ّ ‫جؾد‬. ‫ٺٴٹس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ْنٺحش ج‬٥‫ٺرد جقذ ج‬١‫ ضش‬٤‫ػ‬٪‫ٸ ٹ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫طخيٺيٸ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ ج‬-45 ‫ح‬٩ -‫ د‬.)0(٨ٝ‫ٺد س‬١‫طش‬٥‫ٴ٭حش ج‬٢٩ ‫ح‬٩ -‫ ؾـ‬. ٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫س ذح‬٪ٝ‫ش‬٪٥‫ٺد ج‬١‫طشج‬٥‫حء ج‬٪‫ش جع‬١‫ٺطٰ ؟ خ – جر‬٪‫ح جٱ‬٩‫ ٳ‬. ‫ ٹٴؾذ‬٬‫ْنٸ ؟ ٳجٹ‬٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٨‫ح جع‬٩ -‫ج‬ -‫ ٳ‬. ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٦٥ ‫س‬٦٪ْ١ * . ٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٦٥ ‫الش‬٩‫كح‬١ * : ٤٪ْ‫طٸ ض‬٥‫ْنٸ ج‬٥‫رحش ذٲزج ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ح ج‬٩ -‫) ؟ ٱـ‬4( ، )3( ، )0( ٧‫ح‬ٝ‫ جس‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ٺد ج‬١‫س ضشج‬ٚ‫ٳٍٺ‬ . ) 3( ٨ٝ‫ؿضء س‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫طٸ ضكذظ‬٥‫حّالش ج‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ف٘ ج‬

(3)

41 - Write a scientific term: : ‫ٶ‬٪٦ْ٥‫ف ج‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫طد ج‬١‫ أ‬(A) A dynamic process which restores the organism’s energy stored in food. . ‫ٖزجتٺس‬٥‫ٴجد ج‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٰ‫خض٭‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫كٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ٺٲح ج‬ٙ ‫ٺس قٺٴٹس ٹغطْٺذ‬٦٪ّ )‫(أ‬

(B) Compounds arise from the decomposition of glucose, proteins, fats, and enter in the Krebs cycle reactions. . ‫شذظ‬١ ‫حّالش دٳسز‬ٚ‫ٶ ض‬ٙ ٤‫ ٳضذخ‬٫‫ذٱٴ‬٥‫رشٳضٺٮحش ٳج‬٥‫ٴ ص ٳج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ ج٭كال‬٬٩ ‫رحش ضٮؾأ‬١‫ش‬٩ )‫(خ‬

(C) The process is the link with the PO4 ADP to form ATP. .ATP ٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ط‬٥ PO4 ِ٩ ADP ‫ٺٲح جسضرحه‬ٙ ٨‫ٺس ٹط‬٦٪ّ )‫(ؼ‬

(D) Sequences of the co- enzyme of enzymes found in the inner membrane of mitochondria. . ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫حش ضٴؾذ‬٪‫غحّذجش جأل٭ضٹ‬٩ ٬٩ ‫(د) ضطحذْحش‬

42 – Compare between : NAD + and NADP in the place and importance? ‫ٺس ؟‬٪‫ ٳجألٱ‬٫‫ح‬٢٪٥‫ قٺع ج‬٬٩ NADP ‫ ٳ‬NAD + : ٬‫ ذٺ‬٫‫حس‬ٝ -40

43 - If aerobic respiration occurs is in the following 4 steps: (a) glycolysis . (b) Conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl Co enzyme A . (c) Krebs cycle . (d) Oxidative phosphorylation. Answer the following questions: A – In any part of the cell occur every step of the four steps. B - What is the importance of ATP. C - What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. A ٨‫ٴ ج٭ضٹ‬١ ٤‫ٶ جعٺطٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ضٖٺش ق‬-‫ٴص خ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج٭ؾيحس ج‬-‫ أ‬: ‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫خيٴجش جألسذِ ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٨‫ٲٴجتٶ ٹط‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬١ ‫ أرج‬-43 : ‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ جألعث‬٬ّ ‫أؾد‬ . ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ ج‬-‫د‬ ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬-‫ؾـ‬

120

‫ٺس‬٦٪ّ ٬‫ ذٺ‬ٛ‫ش‬ٚ٥‫ح ج‬٩ -‫ؼ‬

ATP ٣‫د ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ٺس ج٭طحؼ‬٪‫ح أٱ‬٩ -‫خ‬ . ِ‫خيٴجش جألسذ‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٬٩ ‫ خيٴز‬٤١ ‫ٺس ضكذظ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ذحٵ ؾضء‬-‫أ‬ . ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ‫ٲٴجتٶ ٳ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٬‫ ذٺ‬ٛ‫ش‬ٚ٥‫ح ج‬٩ -‫ ؼ‬. ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ‫ٲٴجتٶ ٳ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ج‬

44 – In the following figure : Write the names of the numbered parts, then answer the following: A - What is the function of structure No. (1) & No. (10) In the breathing? B - What if the form of rings in the structure number (3)? What is the tissue from which this rings formed ? C – Describe the ends of structure number (8), and its importance? : ‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ جالتغ‬٬ّ ‫ جؾد‬٨‫ غ‬، ‫ٸ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫طخيٺيٸ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫س ذح‬٪ٝ‫ش‬٪٥‫حء جالؾضجء ج‬٪‫طد جع‬١‫ ج‬-44 ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫زٷ ضط‬٥‫ٮغٺؽ ج‬٥‫ح ج‬٩‫) ؟ ٳ‬3( ٨ٝ‫ٺد س‬١‫طش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴؾٴدز‬٪٥‫حش ج‬ٞ٦‫ك‬٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ح ؽ‬٩ -‫ظ ؟ خ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ )15( ، )1( ‫ٸ‬٪ٝ‫ س‬٬‫ٺرٺ‬١‫طش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤١ ‫س‬ٚ‫ح ٳٍٺ‬٩ -‫أ‬ ‫ٺطٲح ؟‬٪‫ح جٱ‬٩‫ ٳ‬، )3( ٨ٝ‫ٺد س‬١‫طش‬٥‫ ف٘ ٭ٲحٹحش ج‬-‫حش ؟ ؾـ‬ٞ٦‫ك‬٥‫ٮٰ ٱزٯ ج‬٩

45 – In an experiments to detect the process of alcoholic fermentation, a mixture of diluted molasses and yeast is put in a conical flask closed with plug passing through it U – shaped tube its end put within a cup contains solution, as in the following figure : Answer the following questions:

121

A - What is the type of solution found the cup? B - What is the name of gas evolved during the experiment? C – Is there other produce other than the gas during the experiment? How you can detect this substance? D – Write the equation of chemical reaction that occurs in this experiment? And what is the amount of energy released ? E - Is this reaction includes Krebs cycle? Why ? ‫خشٳىٶ‬٩ ٛ‫ٶ دٳس‬ٙ ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫٘ ٳج‬ٚ‫خ‬٪٥‫ٴالط ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٴه‬٦‫خ‬٩ ِ‫ ٳم‬، ‫ٶ‬٥‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٬ّ ٘‫ؾ‬٢٦٥ ‫ٺس‬٦٪ْ٪٥‫طؿحسخ ج‬٥‫ٶ أقذٵ ج‬ٙ –45 : ‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ جألعث‬٬ّ ‫ أؾد‬: ‫ٶ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ٴمف ذح‬٩ ‫ح ٱٴ‬٪١ ‫أط‬٢‫ٴؾٴد ذ‬٩ ٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ٤‫ٲح دجخ‬ٙ‫ٴٹس ٹٮطٲٶ ىش‬٦٩ ‫ٮٲح أ٭رٴذس‬٩ ‫ز‬ٚ‫غذٳد ذغذجدز ضٮ‬٩ ‫أط ؟‬٢٥‫ٴؾٴد ذح‬٪٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٪٥‫ح ٭ٴُ ج‬٩ -‫أ‬ ‫طؿشذس ؟‬٥‫طقحّذ أغٮحء ٱزٯ ج‬٪٥‫ٖحص ج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ح أع‬٩ -‫خ‬ ‫حدز ؟‬٪٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٬ّ ٘‫ؾ‬٢٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٮ‬٪‫ٺ٘ ٹ‬١ ‫طؿشذس ؟‬٥‫ٖحص أغٮحء ج‬٥‫حدز أخشٵ خالٗ ٱزج ج‬٩ ‫ ضٮطؽ‬٤‫ؼ – ٱ‬ ‫ٮحضؿس ؟‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ ‫ح‬٩‫طؿشذس ؟ ٳ‬٥‫زٵ ٹكذظ ذٲزٯ ج‬٥‫ٺحتٶ ج‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫ ج‬٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ْحد‬٩ ‫طد‬١‫ أ‬-‫د‬ ‫ ؟‬٠‫ ألؾحذط‬٤٦ّ ‫شذظ ؟‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٬٪‫ ٹطن‬٤‫ ٱ‬- ‫ٱـ‬

46 – The experiment represented by the following scheme shows the process of respiration in non-green parts (seeds) of plant. Explain your observation in each of the following cases: A - Tube (X) contains dry seeds , and tube (y) contains calcium hydroxide solution. B - Tube (X) contains seeds previously soaked in water , and the tube (y) contains sodium chloride solution? C - The tube (X) contains seeds was put in boiling water for half an hour. And the tube (y) contains calcium hydroxide solution? D - The tube (x) contains seeds previously soaked in water, and the tube (y) contains calcium hydroxide solution. ٤١ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ح ضالقَس‬٩ ‫ أؽشـ‬. )‫رزٳس‬٥‫خنشجء (ج‬٥‫ٮرحضٺس ٕٺش ج‬٥‫ٶ جألؾضجء ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٶ ضٴمف‬٥‫طح‬٥‫طخيٺيٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫س ذح‬٦‫ػ‬٪٪٥‫طؿشذس ج‬٥‫ ج‬-46 : ‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫كحالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٥‫قح‬ . ٧‫غٺٴ‬٥‫ح‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ٱٺذسٳ‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ‫س ٳجأل٭رٴذس (ؿ) ضكطٴٵ‬ٙ‫ جأل٭رٴذس (ط) ضكطٴٵ ذزٳس ؾح‬-‫أ‬ ‫ ؟‬٧‫قٴدٹٴ‬٥‫ٴسٹذ ج‬٦١ ٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ‫ ٳجأل٭رٴذس (ؿ ) ضكطٴٵ‬، ‫ح‬ٞ‫غر‬٩ ‫حء‬٪٥‫ٴّس ذح‬ٞ‫ٮ‬٩ ‫ جأل٭رٴذس (ط) ضكطٴٵ ذزٳس‬-‫خ‬ ‫ ؟‬٧‫غٺٴ‬٥‫ح‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ٱٺذسٳ‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ‫ذز ٭ق٘ عحّس ؟ ٳجأل٭رٴذس (ؿ) ضكطٴٵ‬٪٥ ‫ٶ‬٦ٖ٪٥‫حء ج‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ ٳمْٲح‬ٜ‫ جأل٭رٴذس (ط) ضكطٴٵ ذزٳس عر‬-‫ؼ‬ . ٧‫غٺٴ‬٥ ‫ح‬٢٥‫ ٱٺذسٳعٺذ ج‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ ٳجأل٭رٴذس (ؿ) ضكطٴٵ‬، ‫حء‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ْٲح‬ٞ‫ ٭‬ٜ‫ جأل٭رٴذس (ط) ضكطٴٵ ذزٳس عر‬-‫د‬

47 - Follow the steps of arrival of oxygen molecule to each of: (a) epidermal cells of the skin. (b) Epidermal cells of the plant. . ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ خالٹح ذؾشز ج‬-‫ خ‬. ‫ذ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ خالٹح ذؾشز ج‬-‫ أ‬: ٬٩ ٤١ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ ؾضب أ‬٣‫ ضطرِ خيٴجش ٳفٴ‬-47

48 - What the route of CO2 molecule present in a cell in the small intestine till its exit out of the body. . ٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س ٳقطٶ خشٳؾس‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫ذ‬٥‫ْحء ج‬٩‫ٺس ذحأل‬٦‫ٶ خ‬ٙ ‫ ٹطٴجؾذ‬CO2 ‫س ؾضبء‬٢٦‫زٵ ٹغ‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ‫يشٹ‬٥‫ح ج‬٩ -43

49 – Mention the place and work of each of: (a) CO-A . ( b) Cytochromes . (c) Cartilaginous rings. 122

. ‫ٺس‬ٙ‫ٖنشٳ‬٥‫حش ج‬ٞ٦‫ك‬٥‫ ج‬-‫ؼ‬

‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ ج‬-‫خ‬

CO-A -‫ ج‬: ٬٩ ٤١ ٤٪ّ‫ ٳ‬٫‫ح‬٢٩ ‫ش‬١‫ أر‬-49

50 - The following scheme illustrates some changes that occur during the process of aerobic respiration in muscle cells of humans: A - at any step (arrow) the process of deamination occurs ? B - At any step of the scheme greatest amount of phosphorylation processes occurs? C - The 2 compounds NADH & FADH2 play an important functional role in the process of breathing. At any site (rectangle) of the scheme shows this role.? D - The process of anaerobic respiration by conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid represent by one of the steps. What is this step? E - Any site in this scheme is missing than what is present in plant cells? F- Any site in this scheme receives cytochrome and hydrogen? G – Write the names of compounds in the rectangle (1) and (2). H - Where the stage (1) to (4) occurs in the living cell? I - What is the name given to the Stage (3)? : ٫‫أل٭غح‬٥ ‫ٺٶ‬٦‫ْن‬٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫طٶ ضكذظ أغٮحء‬٥‫طٖٺشجش ج‬٥‫ٶ ٹٴمف ذْل ج‬٥‫طح‬٥‫خيو ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬-55 ‫ٺحش‬٦٪ّ ٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ‫رش‬١‫خيو ضكذظ ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ذأٵ خيٴز‬-‫ٺٮٺس ؟ خ‬٩‫ٴّحش جأل‬٪‫ؿ‬٪٥‫ٺس ٭ضُ ج‬٦٪ّ ‫خيو ضكذظ‬٪٥‫ ) ذح‬٨‫ٶ جٵ خيٴز (عٲ‬ٙ -‫أ‬ ‫خيو ٹَٲش ٱزج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ )٤‫غطيٺ‬٩( ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ ذحٵ‬. ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪‫ٲ‬٩ ‫ٺح‬ٚ‫ دٳسج ٳٍٺ‬٫‫ْرح‬٦‫ ٹ‬NADH & FADH2 ٫‫رح‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ ج‬-‫شز ؟ ؼ‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ج‬ ‫خيٴز؟‬٥‫ح ٱزٯ ج‬٩ . ‫خيٴجش‬٥‫ ذحقذٵ ج‬٤‫ػ‬٪‫ ض‬٠‫طٺ‬١‫ل جال‬٪‫ٶ ق‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫س ذطكٴٹ‬٦‫ػ‬٪٪٥‫الٱٴجتٶ ج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ -‫ د‬.‫ذٳس‬٥‫ج‬ ‫ ؟‬٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫خيو ٹغط‬٪٥‫ِ ذٲزج ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ ذحٵ‬-‫ٮرحضٺس ؟ ٳ‬٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥‫ٴؾٴد ذح‬٩ ‫ح ٱٴ‬٪ّ ‫خيو ٹٖٺد‬٪٥‫ِ ذٲزج ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ أٵ‬-‫ٱـ‬ ‫كٺس ؟‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ )4( ‫ٶ‬٥‫) ج‬1( ٬٩ ‫س‬٦‫شق‬٪٥‫ ضكذظ ج‬٬‫ أٹ‬-‫ ـ‬. )0( ‫) ٳ‬1( ‫ٶ‬٪ٝ‫ س‬٬‫ٺ‬٦‫غطيٺ‬٪٥‫ٴؾٴدز ذح‬٪٥‫رحش ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫حء ج‬٪‫طد أع‬١‫ أ‬-‫ص‬ ‫) ؟‬3( ٨ٝ‫س س‬٦‫شق‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٜ٦‫زٵ ٹي‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ح جألع‬٩ -‫ه‬

A (8) Electron Transport Chain

(1) Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates

b

d

(2) Hydrolysis of proteins c

e f

(3) Krebs cycle

h

g

(5) ATP I (6) Energy Storage

j (7) Release of energy

123

(4) Final products

51 – Select the locations in which the following vital processes occurs: 1 – Split molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. 2 - Oxidation of molecule of pyruvic acid to acetyl group. 3 - Krebs cycle. 4 - Electron transport chain. : ‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫كٺٴٹس ج‬٥‫ٺحش ج‬٦٪ْ٥‫طٶ ضكذظ ذٲح ج‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ قذد ج‬-51 . ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٬‫ٶ ؾضٹٺ‬٥‫ٴص ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ أ٭ؾيحس ج‬-1 . ٤‫ٴّس أعٺطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫غذز ؾضبء ق‬١‫ أ‬-0 .‫شذظ‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬-3 . ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جأل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬-4

5 - In any form energy is liberated? And what is the amount of energy liberated from one molecule of glucose.? ‫؟‬. ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضبء ٳجقذ‬٬٩ ‫طكشسز‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ ‫ح‬٩‫س ؟ ٳ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ضطكشس جٳ ضٮغحخ ج‬٤٢‫ٶ جٵ ؽ‬ٙ -5

6 - Explain how water is formed? ‫حء ؟‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٺ٘ ٹط‬١ ‫ أؽشـ‬-6

52 - Where and how carbon dioxide is formed in mammals? Explain how CO2 transfer to the lungs and from it to outside the body? ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٮٲح ج‬٩‫ ٳ‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٶ أ‬٤ٞ‫ ٭‬٨‫ٺ٘ ٹط‬١ ٤‫قٺ‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ػذٹٺحش؟ أؽشـ ذح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٶ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٹط‬٫‫ ج‬٬٢٪‫ٺ٘ ٹ‬١‫ ٳ‬٬‫ أٹ‬-50 ‫ ؟‬٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫خحسؼ ج‬

53 – Mention the names of products of photosynthesis? What happen to each of these products within the plant? What importance of photosynthesis for mammals? ‫نٴتٶ‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺٰ ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٺس‬٪‫ح جٱ‬٩ ‫ٮرحش؟‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٮٴجضؽ دجخ‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٬٩ ٤٢٥ ‫ ٹكذظ‬٫‫ ج‬٬٢٪‫حرج ٹ‬٩ ‫نٴتٶ ؟‬٥‫رٮحء ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫حء ٭ٴجضؽ‬٪‫ش أع‬١‫ أر‬-53 ‫ػذٹٺحش؟‬٦٥

54 – What is meant by each of the following terms and then detect one function for each of them: (a)ATP. (b) NAD. (c) FAD (d) CO-A. CO- A -‫ د‬FAD -‫ؼ‬

NAD -‫خ‬

ATP -‫ أ‬:‫ٮٲح‬٩ ٤٢٥ ‫س ٳجقذز‬ٚ‫ قذد ٳٍٺ‬٨‫كحش جألضٺس غ‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ٺس ج‬٦ّ ٣‫ح ضذ‬٩ ‫طد‬١‫ أ‬-54

55 - How the plant gets rid of carbon dioxide produced from the process of respiration? ‫ظ ؟‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٬٩ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ ٕحص غح٭ٶ أ‬٬٩ ‫ٮرحش‬٥‫ـ ج‬٦‫ٺ٘ ٹطخ‬١ -55

56 - Explain the meaning of oxidative phosphorylation. . ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ْٮٶ ج‬٩ ‫ أؽشـ‬-56

57 - Explain with drawing an experiment to indicate liberation of carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration in the non-green parts of plant, explaining your observation and the most important conclusions? ٠‫ؾحٱذجض‬٩ ‫ٴمكح‬٩ ‫خنشجء‬٥‫ٮرحضٺس ٕٺش ج‬٥‫ٶ جألؾضجء ج‬ٙ ‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ خال‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ غح٭ٶ ج‬ٛ‫ ج٭يال‬٫‫رٺح‬٥ ‫ ضؿشذس‬٨‫شع‬٥‫ِ ج‬٩ ‫ أؽشـ‬-57 ‫ جألعطٮطحؾحش ؟‬٨‫ٳجٱ‬

58 - Explain each of the following: 124

(a) Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen. (b) Enter of inspired air to the body through the nose is better from the health point of view. (c) The organism resort to anaerobic respiration. ٬٩ ٤‫ن‬ٙ‫ جأل٭٘ ج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ٨‫ؿغ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ ٱٴجء ج‬٣‫ دخٴ‬-‫ خ‬. ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫شذظ ٳؾٴد جأل‬١ ‫د دٳسز‬٦‫ ال ضطي‬-‫ أ‬: ‫ح ٹأضٶ‬٪٩ ‫ال‬١ ‫غش‬ٙ -53 . ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫كٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ؿٴء ج‬٥ -‫ ؼ‬. ‫قكٺس‬٥‫ٮحقٺس ج‬٥‫ج‬

59 - Explain an experiment to prove that green plants breathe. . ‫ظ‬ٚ‫ٮرحش جألخنش ٹطٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ أؽشـ ضؿشذس ضػرص ذٲح ج‬-59

60 - Calculate the number of ATP resulting from: (a) Splitting of glucose in the cytosole . (b) Anaerobic respiration in bacteria of yogurt. (c) Krebs cycle reactions. )‫ (ؼ‬. ‫ضذحدٵ‬٥‫طشٹح ج‬٢‫ٶ ذ‬ٙ ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ (خ) ج‬. ٣‫غٺطٴعٴ‬٥‫س ج‬ٞ‫ٮي‬٩ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ (أ) أ٭ؾيحس ج‬: ٬ّ ‫ٮحضؽ‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫د‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ أقغد ّذد‬-65 . ‫شذظ‬١ ‫حّالش دٳسز‬ٚ‫ض‬

61 - Explain an experiment to shows alcoholic fermentation in the plant? ‫ٮرحش ؟‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٶ‬٥‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ جؽشـ ضؿشذس ضٴمف ذٲح قذٳظ ج‬-61

62 – Compare between: A - Alcoholic fermentation and acid fermentation . B - What happens during the interactions of the Krebs cycle and what's happening during electron transfer . .٫‫طشٳ‬٢٦٥‫ ج‬٤ٞ‫حٹكذظ جغٮحء ٭‬٩‫شذظ ٳ‬١ ‫حّالش أغٮحء دٳسز‬ٚ‫ ض‬٬٩ ‫ح ٹكذظ‬٩ -‫ خ‬. ‫نٶ‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٶ ٳج‬٥‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ أ – ج‬: ٬‫ ذٺ‬٫‫حس‬ٝ -60

63 – G.R.: A - Walls of the trachea contain cartilage rings. B - Gas exchange of respiratory in the plant is often directly. C – Alveoli considered as respiratory surfaces ? -‫ ؼ‬. ‫رحؽشز‬٩ ‫س‬ٞ‫رح ذيشٹ‬٥‫ ٕح‬٨‫ٮرحش ٹط‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ٕحصجش ج‬٣‫ ضرحد‬-‫ خ‬. ‫ٺس‬ٙ‫حش ٕنشٳ‬ٞ٦‫ٶ ق‬٦ّ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫ ضكطٴٵ ؾذس ج‬-‫ ج‬: ٤٦ّ -63 ‫غٺس ؟‬ٚ‫ٲٴجتٺس أعيف ضٮ‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ضْطرش ج‬

64 - The following is a set of terms, choice from it which what is appropriate for each of the following phrases : Terms: (1) aerobic respiration (2) aerobic respiration (3) carbon fixation (4) hydrolysis of water by light. Phrases: (a) green algae liberate O2 in this process. (b) C- C and C – H bonds formed in the green algae in this process. (c) after a violent effort lactic acid formed in muscle cells of human as a result of this process. (d) Carbon dioxide librated from humans has great importance for green plants in this process. (e) Glucose, on which the man feed liberate the largest amount of energy as a result of this process. : ‫ٺٲح‬٦‫طٶ ض‬٥‫قٺشز ج‬ٞ٥‫ْرحسجش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ال‬١ ‫ح ٹٮحعد‬٩ ‫ٮٲح‬٩ ‫ ضخٺش‬، ‫كحش‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪‫ٺ‬ٙ -64 .‫نٴء‬٥‫حء ذٴجعيس ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٺ‬٦‫) ضك‬4( ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫) ضػرٺص ج‬3( ‫ظ ال ٱٴجتٶ‬ٚ‫) ضٮ‬0( ‫ظ ٱٴجتٶ‬ٚ‫) ضٮ‬1( : ‫كحش‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ج‬ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫خنشجء‬٥‫د ج‬٥‫يكح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ C – H ‫ ٳ‬C-C ‫شٳجذو‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ (خ) ضط‬. ‫ٺس‬٦٪ْ٥‫ٶ ٱزٯ ج‬ٙ ‫غؿٺٮح‬١‫ ج‬ٜ٦‫خنشجء ضي‬٥‫د ج‬٥‫يكح‬٥‫ (أ) ج‬: ‫ْرحسجش‬٥‫ج‬ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ػح٭ٶ أ‬٥ )‫(د‬. ‫ٺس‬٦٪ْ٥‫ٲزٯ ج‬٥ ‫ٮطٺؿس‬١ ٫‫ٶ خالٹح ّنالش جأل٭غح‬ٙ ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ْٮٺ٘ ٹط‬٥‫ؿٲٴد ج‬٪٥‫ (ؼ) ذْذ ج‬. ‫ٺس‬٦٪ْ٥‫ٱزٯ ج‬ ٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ‫رش‬١‫ أ‬ٜ٦‫ ٹي‬٫‫زٵ ٹطٖزٵ ذٰ جأل٭غح‬٥‫ٴص ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ (ٱـ) ج‬. ‫ٺس‬٦٪ْ٥‫ٶ ٱزٯ ج‬ٙ ‫خنشجء‬٥‫ٮرحضحش ج‬٦٥ ‫ٮغرس‬٥‫رٺشز ذح‬١ ‫ٺس‬٪‫ أٱ‬٫‫زٵ ٹخشؾس جأل٭غح‬٥‫ج‬ . ‫ٺس‬٦٪ْ٥‫ٲزٯ ج‬٥ ‫ٮطٺؿس‬١ ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ج‬

125

65 - The following figure shows steps of an experiment represented in 3 cases: : ‫س ٹػالظ قحالش‬٦‫ػ‬٪٩ ‫ٶ خيٴجش ضؿشذس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ ٹٴمف ج‬-65

A – Write the observation and conclusions in cases (1) and (2) and (3). B - Compare between the three cases. . )3( ‫) ٳ‬0( ‫) ٳ‬1( ٧‫ح‬ٝ‫ جألس‬٬ّ ٠‫ ٳجعطٮطحؾحض‬٠‫القَحض‬٩ ‫طد‬١‫ أ‬-‫أ‬ . ٰ‫ػالغ‬٥‫كحالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ ذٺ‬٫‫ش‬٦ٝ -‫خ‬

66 - Using the following tools : "flask - sugar solution - water - amount of yeast": A – Prove by an experiment rising of carbon dioxide and formation of alcohol as a result of breathing of the yeast, with drawing the device used and write all the data on the drawing. B – Mention another type of fermentation and explain its importance in industry and daily life. ‫غٺذ‬١‫طؿشذس ضقحّذ ٕحص غح٭ٶ ج‬٥‫ أغرص ذح‬-‫ أ‬: " ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ذسج‬ٝ – ‫حء‬٩ – ‫شٵ‬٢‫ ع‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ - ‫خشٳىٶ‬٩ ٛ‫ "دٳس‬: ‫ جألدٳجش جألضٺس‬٧‫ ذحعطخذج‬-66 ٬٩ ‫ش ٭ٴُ أخش‬١‫ جر‬-‫ خ‬. ٨‫شع‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫س ج‬ٙ‫ح‬١ ‫طحذس‬١‫ ٳ‬٠٥‫ز‬٥ ٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ِ سع‬٩ ، ‫خٺشز‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫ ٭طٺؿس ضٮ‬٣‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٳض‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ج‬ . ‫ٺس‬٩‫ٺٴ‬٥‫كٺحٯ ج‬٥‫قٮحّس ٳج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٺطس‬٪‫ش ٳجؽشـ أٱ‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ج‬

67 - Explain the following: (a) Part of the remains in the lungs after exhalation. (b) Glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic respiration. (c) ATP molecule is the international currency of the cell. (d) Presence of a large number of alveoli in each lung, could reach about 600 million alveoli. . ‫ال ٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ٲٴجتٶ ٳج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫طٶ ج‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج٭ؾيحس ج‬-‫ خ‬. ‫ٺش‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ ذْذ ج‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٲٴجء‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫٘ ؾضء‬٦‫ ضخ‬-‫ أ‬: ‫ح ٹأضٶ‬٩ ‫غش‬ٙ -67 ٫‫ٺٴ‬٦٩ 655 ‫ٶ ٭كٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ذ ضق‬ٝ ‫ٴجقذز‬٥‫شتس ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫رٺش‬١ ‫ ٳؾٴد ّذد‬-‫ د‬. ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٦٥ ‫ٺس‬٥‫ذٳ‬٥‫س ج‬٦٪ْ٥‫ػحذس ج‬٪‫ ذ‬ATP ‫ ٹْطرش ؾضبء‬-‫ؼ‬ . ‫س‬٦‫قٴٹق‬

68 – Correct the mistake in the following terms without changing what is beneath the line: A - Anaerobic cellular respiration required the presence of ethyl alcohol. B - Intermediate compounds in the Krebs cycle oxidized by adding oxygen. C - One molecule of glucose oxidized during aerobic respiration to produce Part 2 of ATP D - Citric acid formed by combination of acetyl Co enzyme A with pyruvic acid. E - During the process of inspiration in humans, the diaphragm remains as it is. : ‫ح ضكطس خو‬٩ ‫ ضٖٺش‬٫‫ٺس دٳ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ْرحسجش ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫خيح‬٥‫ فٴخ ج‬-63 . ‫ٶ‬٦‫ جألٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬٢٥‫الٱٴجتٶ ٳؾٴد ج‬٥‫ٴٵ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ض‬٦‫ ٹ‬-‫أ‬ .٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫س جأل‬ٙ‫شذظ ذحمح‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ‫ٴعٺيٺس‬٥‫رحش ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫غذ ج‬١‫ ضطأ‬-‫خ‬ ATP ٬٩ ‫ ؾضب‬0 ‫ٺٮطؽ‬٥ ‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٴص أغٮحء ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫غذ ؾضب‬١‫ ٹطأ‬-‫ؼ‬ . ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ِ ق‬٩ A ٨‫ٴ ج٭ضٹ‬١ ٤‫ ذحضكحد جعٺطٺ‬٠‫غٺطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٹط‬-‫د‬ . ‫ح ٱٴ‬٪١ ‫ٶ‬ٞ‫كحؾض ٹر‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ٫‫ٶ جأل٭غح‬ٙ ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ أغٮحء‬-‫ٱـ‬

126

69 – The following figure shows a series of electrons transfer : (a) Rewrite the original names instead of letters (a) to (f). (b) Write the final chemical equation. (c) Energy released in this descending path of the electrons is used in a process called .......... To form ……….molecules ......... from …………Molecules and ........... (d) What is the structure of ATP molecule. ‫س‬٥‫ْحد‬٪٥‫طد ج‬١‫ (خ) أ‬. )‫ٶ (ٳ‬٥‫كشٳٗ (أ) ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٺس ذذال‬٦‫حء جألف‬٪‫طحذس جألع‬١ ‫ (أ) أّذ‬: ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ جأل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ ٹٴمف ج‬-69 ٬٩ ......... ‫ ؾضٹثحش‬٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ط‬٥ .......... ‫ٶ‬٪‫ٺس ضغ‬٦٪ّ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫أل‬٥ ‫ٮكذس‬٪٥‫غحس ج‬٪٥‫ٶ ٱزج ج‬ٙ ‫س‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ (ؼ) ضغطخذ‬. ‫ٮٲحتٺس‬٥‫ٺحتٺس ج‬٪‫ٺ‬٢٥‫ج‬ .ATP ‫د ؾضب‬١‫ ٹطش‬٨٩ )‫ (د‬........... ‫ ٳ‬.......... ‫ؾضٹثحش‬

70 - The following figure represents some of the stages of cellular respiration. Answer the following questions: (a) Write the names of structure existing in the rectangle No. (1) & (2). (b) What is the name given to the stage of the steps between (1), (2)? (c) Where the stages from (1) to (2) occurs in the living cell. (d) What is the name given to Stage (3)? (e) What is the stage occurs after the stage (3) in the process of cellular respiration? What its importance? (f) What happens in the end for hydrogen removed during Stage (3)? ‫ٴؾٴدز‬٪٥‫رحش ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫حء ج‬٪‫طد جع‬١‫ (أ) أ‬: ‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ جألعث‬٨ّ ‫ أؾد‬٨‫ أدسعس غ‬. ‫ٴٵ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫شجق‬٩ ‫ ذْل‬٤‫ػ‬٪‫ٶ ٹ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫طخيٺيٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ ج‬-75 )0( ‫ٶ‬٥‫) ج‬1( ٬٩ ‫س‬٦‫شق‬٪٥‫ ضكذظ ج‬٬‫ جٹ‬-‫) ؟ ؼ‬0( ، )1( ٬‫خيٴجش ذٺ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٜ٦‫زٵ ٹي‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ح جألع‬٩ -‫ خ‬. )0( ، )1( ‫ٶ‬٪ٝ‫ س‬٬‫ٺ‬٦‫غطيٺ‬٪٥‫ذح‬ ‫ٴٵ ؟‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٶ‬ٙ )3( ‫س‬٦‫شق‬٪٥‫طٶ ضكذظ ذْذ ج‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫شق‬٪٥‫ح ج‬٩ -‫) ؟ ٱـ‬3( ٨ٝ‫س س‬٦‫شق‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٜ٦‫زٵ ٹي‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ح جألع‬٩ -‫ د‬. ‫كٺس‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫) ؟‬3( ٨ٝ‫س س‬٦‫شق‬٪٥‫ ج‬٣‫ خال‬٣‫ضج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٦٥ ‫ٮٲحٹس‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫حرج ٹكذظ‬٩ – ‫ح تذضس ؟ ٳ‬ٙ ‫ح‬٩‫ٳ‬

127

71 – Arrange the following acids to get Krebs cycle, indicating the number of carbon atoms in each acid: Ketogluteric acid - malic acid - citric acid – oxalo acetic acid - succinic acid. : ‫ل‬٪‫ ق‬٤١ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫رٺٮح ّذد رسجش ج‬٩ ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬٦ّ ٤‫طكق‬٥ ‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫حك ج‬٪‫ سضد جألق‬-71 . ٠‫غرٮ‬١‫غح‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ – ق‬٠‫ٴ جعطٺ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬- ٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬- ٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ – ق‬٠‫ٴضحسٹ‬٦‫ٺطٴؾ‬١ ‫ل‬٪‫ق‬

72 - Replaced the numbers by appropriate words in the following figure: : ‫ٮحعرس‬٩ ‫حش‬٪٦٢‫ٺس ذ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ح‬ٝ‫ جألس‬٣‫ أعطرذ‬-70

128

73 - The following table shows the approximate percentage of respiratory gases in the inhalation and exhalation air and the remaining in the lung. Explain how differences occur in these components by what is happening in the lungs.? Oxygen CO2 %

Inspired air 21 % 0.03 %

Expired air 16 % 4%

Alveolar air 14 % 5.5 %

‫ٺس قذٳظ‬ٚ‫ٺ‬١ ‫غش‬ٙ . ‫شتس‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٶ‬ٞ‫طر‬٪٥‫ٺش ٳج‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ ٳج‬ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ٶ ٱٴجء ج‬ٙ ‫غٺس‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٖحصجش ج‬٦٥ ‫شٹرٺس‬ٞ‫ط‬٥‫ثٴٹس ج‬٪٥‫ٮغد ج‬٥‫ جألضٶ ٹٴمف ج‬٣‫ؿذٳ‬٥‫ ج‬-73 ‫؟‬. ٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ح ٹكذظ‬٪‫ٴ٭حش ذ‬٢٪٥‫ٶ ٱزٯ ج‬ٙ ‫حش‬ٙ‫جألخطال‬

74 - The following figure represents a summary of the steps aerobic respiration. In shape inside each rectangle represents the number of carbon atoms in each compound.: (A) What is the term which describes the sequence of reactions to convert the compound 6 C to 3 C? (B)Write the intermediate compounds between the two organic compounds 6C and 3C? (C) There are two compounds each 6 C. What is the name of compound (S)? (D) Any material represented by the letter T? (E) Using the letter (p) and arrows shows on the draw how fats and proteins enter the cycle of reactions . (F) Reduction enzymes have a role in the interaction of the electron transport chain, what is the importance of these enzymes? ‫ح‬٩ )‫ (أ‬:. ‫د‬١‫ش‬٩ ٤١ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ ّذد رسجش ج‬٤‫ػ‬٪‫شذِ ٹ‬٩ ٤١ ٤‫ دجخ‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ . ‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫خيٴجش ج‬٥ ‫خـ‬٦٩ ٤‫ػ‬٪‫ ٹ‬٠٩‫ح‬٩‫زٵ أ‬٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ ج‬-74 ٬‫رٺ‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ال‬١ ٬‫ٴعٺيٺس ذٺ‬٥‫رحش ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫طد ج‬١‫ ؟ (خ) أ‬3 C ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬6 C ‫د‬١‫ش‬٩ ٣‫طكٴ‬٥ ‫حّالش‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫زٵ ٹق٘ ضطحذِ ج‬٥‫ف ج‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ج‬ ٧‫؟ (ٱـ) ذحعطخذج‬T ٗ‫كش‬٥‫ٲح ج‬٦‫ػ‬٪‫ٴجد ٹ‬٪٥‫) ؟ (د) أٵ ج‬S( ‫د‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨‫ح أع‬٩ 6 C ‫ح‬٪‫ٮٲ‬٩ ‫ال‬١ ٬‫رٺ‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ ؟ (ؼ) ٹٴؾذ‬3C ‫ ٳ‬6C ٬‫ْنٴٹٺ‬٥‫ج‬ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ٲح دٳس‬٥ ٣‫حش جألخطضج‬٪‫ (ٳ) أ٭ضٹ‬. ‫رشٳضٺٮحش‬٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫ذٱٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ال‬١ ‫حّالش‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ٶ دٳسز ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٺ٘ ٹذخ‬١ ٨‫شع‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٬‫ ذٺ‬، ٨‫كشٗ ُ ٳجألعٲ‬٥‫ج‬ ‫حش ؟‬٪‫ جأل٭ضٹ‬٠٦‫ٺس ض‬٪‫ح أٱ‬٩ ، ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جأل‬٤ٞ‫س ٭‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ ع‬٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ض‬

129

75 - Using the following illustrative forms, select any flask will contain more amount of alcohol after several hours . Mention the process - and then explain the reason for your choice? ‫غش عرد‬ٙ ٨‫ٺس – غ‬٦٪ْ٥‫ش ج‬١‫ أر‬. ‫ػش ذْذ ّذز عحّحش‬١‫ أ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ٺس‬٪١ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ عٴٗ ٹكطٴٵ‬ٛ‫ قذد أٵ دٳس‬، ‫طٴمٺكٺس‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ح‬٢‫غطْٺٮح ذحألؽ‬٩ -75 ‫ ؟‬ٟ‫جخطٺحس‬

76 - The following figure shows the respiratory system in humans: Complete the following table by identify the parts a, b, c, d, and describe the role each of them in the process of breathing ‫ٺس‬٦٪ّ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ٮٲح‬٩ ‫ال‬١ ‫ ف٘ دٳس‬٨‫ غ‬، ‫ د‬، ‫ ؼ‬، ‫ خ‬، ‫ٶ جألؾضجء أ‬٦ّ ٗ‫طْش‬٥‫ٶ ذح‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ؿذٳ‬٥‫ ج‬٤٪١‫ أ‬: ٫‫ٶ جأل٭غح‬ٙ ‫غٶ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ ٹرٺ‬٨‫شع‬٥‫ ج‬-76 : ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ج‬ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫دٳسز‬

٨‫جألع‬

‫ؿضء‬٥‫ج‬ ‫أ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ؼ‬ ‫د‬

77 - Select the appropriate answer: 1 – The organism that converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide is a .............(a) spirogyra. (b) Youglina. (c) Yeast. (d) Amoeba. ‫ٺٮح‬٦‫ٺٴؾ‬٥‫(أ) جألعرٺشٳؾٺشج (خ) ج‬............. ‫ ٱٴ‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ٶ ٳغح٭ٶ أ‬٦‫ جٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬١ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫زٵ ٹكٴ‬٥‫كٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫حت‬٢٥‫ ج‬-1 . ‫ٺرح‬٩‫(د) جأل‬ ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫(ؼ) ج‬

2 - the material does not supply the cell with energy is .........( a) fat (b) proteins (c) water (d) carbohydrate ‫شذٴٱٺذسجش‬٢٥‫(د) ج‬

‫حء‬٪٥‫(ؼ) ج‬

‫رشٳضٺٮحش‬٥‫ (خ) ج‬٫‫ذٱٴ‬٥‫(أ) ج‬......... ‫س ٱٶ‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ذح‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ذ ج‬٪‫طٶ ال ض‬٥‫حدز ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬-0

130

3 - The following equation represent : (a) hydrolysis (b) aerobic respiration (c) photosynthesis. (d) Aerobic respiration. Enzyme glucose lactic acid + 2 ATP . ‫ظ ٱٴجتٶ‬ٚ‫(د) ضٮ‬

‫(ؼ) ذٮحء مٴتٶ‬

‫ظ ال ٱٴجتٶ‬ٚ‫(خ) ضٮ‬

‫حتٶ‬٩ ٤٦‫ (أ) ضك‬: ‫ٶ قذٳظ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٥‫طح‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ْحد‬٪٥‫ ضؾٺش ج‬-3 ATP 0 + ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٨‫ج٭ضٹ‬ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؾ‬

78 - Explain by experiment each of the following: A – Liberation of CO2 through aerobic respiration. B - The process of alcoholic fermentation. : ‫ح ٹأضٶ‬٪٩ ٤١ ‫طؿشذس‬٥‫ ٳمف ذح‬-73 . ‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ خال‬CO2 ٛ‫ ج٭يال‬-‫أ‬ . ‫ٶ‬٥‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ -‫خ‬

79 – G.R. for each of the following: 1 - inner mitochondrial membrane contains shelves . 2 – Molecules of ATP are the energy coin. 3 - Walls of trachea lined with cilia . 4 - Relaxes of intercostals muscles and diaphragm during exhalation. : ‫ح ٹحضٶ‬٪٥ ٤٦ّ -79 . ٗ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح ذٰ جّشج‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٶ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٖؾحء ج‬٥‫ ج‬-1 . ‫س‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ ّٮ‬ATP ‫ ٹْطرش ؾضب‬-0 . ‫ريٮس ذحٱذجخ‬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫ ؾذس ج‬-3 . ‫ٺش‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫كحؾض أغٮحء‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫ٴُ ٳج‬٦‫ن‬٥‫ جسضخحء ّنالش ج‬-4

80 - Correct the underlined: A - the number of alveoli in the lung reach 200 million per lung. B - Cellular respiration requires ethyl alcohol. C – Complete combustion of glucose molecule requires rate of Krebs cycle once. D - Citric acid formed by combination of acetyl Co enzyme A with pyruvic acid. E – Oxidation of one molecule of glucose during aerobic to produce 2 molecules of ATP. : ‫ح ضكطس خو‬٩ ‫ فكف‬-35 . ‫س‬٦‫ قٴٹق‬٫‫ٺٴ‬٦٩ 055 ‫ٴجقذز ٭كٴ‬٥‫شتس ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ّذد ج‬٤‫ ٹق‬-‫أ‬ . ‫ٶ‬٦‫ جألٹػٺ‬٣‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ٴٵ ٳؾٴد ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ض‬٦‫ ٹ‬-‫خ‬ . ‫شز ٳجقذز‬٩ ٣‫ْذ‬٪‫شذظ ذ‬١ ‫ ضذٳس دٳسز‬٫‫ ج‬٧‫ض‬٦‫س ٹغط‬٦٩‫ح‬١ ‫ٴص ذقٴسز‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬ٛ‫ أقطشج‬-‫ؼ‬ . ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ِ ق‬٩ A ٨‫ٴ ج٭ضٹ‬١ ٤‫ ذحضكحد أعطٺ‬٠‫غطشٹ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٹط‬-‫د‬ ATP ‫ ؾضب‬0 ‫ٺٮطؽ‬٥ ‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٴص أغٮحء ج‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫غذ ؾضب‬١‫ ٹطأ‬- ‫ٱـ‬

81 - Mention the place and function of each of the following: (a) the alveoli (b) the diaphragm. . ‫كحؾض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫(خ) ج‬

‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ (أ) ج‬: ‫ٶ‬٦‫ح ٹ‬٪٩ ٤١ ‫س‬ٚ‫ ٳٳٍٺ‬٫‫ح‬٢٩ ‫ش‬١‫ أر‬-31

82 – Draw a skim for cycle of : (a) Glucolysis. (b) Krebs cycle (c) Anaerobic respiration ‫ال ٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫(ؼ) ج‬

‫شذظ‬١ ‫(خ) دٳسز‬

‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ش ج‬٢‫ (أ) أ٭ؾيحس ع‬: ٬٩ ٤١ ‫ذٳسز‬٥ ‫خيو‬٩ ‫ ٳمف‬-30

83 - The following diagram shows the data on the number of mitochondria in 3 types of cells: (a) Any type of cells will require more glucose to perform its functions. (b) Explain why skin cells has the least number of mitochondria of the three types of cells studied. ‫ػش‬١‫ٴص أ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫د ؾ‬٦‫خالٹح عٺطي‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ُ‫ (أ) أٵ ٭ٴ‬: ‫خالٹح‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ُ‫ أ٭ٴج‬3 ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ٴ٭ذسجش‬١‫ٮٺطٴ‬٥‫ ّذد ج‬٬ّ ‫ٶ ٹٴمف ذٺح٭حش‬٥‫طح‬٥‫رٺح٭ٶ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ ج‬-33 . ‫ذسٳعس‬٪٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ُ‫ػالظ أ٭ٴج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴ٭ذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤ٝ‫ْذد جأل‬٥‫ذ ج‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫خالٹح ج‬٥ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫حرج عٺ‬٪٥ ٬ْ٪‫ (خ) ض‬. ‫س‬ٚ‫ألدجء ٳٍحت‬

131

84 - Complete the following table, which compares the number of ATP molecules produced during aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. Then answer the following questions : : ٰ٥ ٰ‫ٺ‬٥‫طح‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ جألعث‬٬ّ ‫ أؾد‬٨‫ غ‬. ‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ال ٱٴجتٶ ٳج‬٥‫ٴٵ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٮحضؿس خال‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫ ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬٫‫حس‬ٞ‫زٵ ٹ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ؿذٳ‬٥‫ ج‬٤٪١‫ أ‬-34 Cellular respiration …………………………………………. Lactic acid Ethanol Glucose Glucose Glycolysis ………….. Fermentation 2 Lactic acid + …..ATP

Glycolysis …………..

…………………………… Glucose Glycolysis ………….. Kerb’s cycle & Electron transferee

Fermentation 2 Ethanol + …..ATP

…………….+ H2O + …..ATP

A – G.R.: Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen? B - Complete: a glucose molecule contains to .......... Carbon atoms, and pyruvic acid contains .............. Carbon atoms, and acetyl group contains ....... Carbon atoms. C - Write a brief on the role of oxalo acetic acid in Krebs cycle. ‫ ؟‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫شذظ ٳؾٴد أ‬١ ‫ قذٳظ دٳسز‬٧‫ض‬٦‫ ال ٹغط‬: ٤٦ّ -‫أ‬ ‫ ٳضكطٴٵ‬، ٫‫شذٴ‬١ ‫ رسجش‬.............. ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ٳٹكطٴٵ ق‬، ٫‫شذٴ‬١ ‫ رسجش‬.......... ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ٴص‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ٹكطٴٵ ؾضب ج‬: ٤٪١‫ أ‬-‫خ‬ . ٫‫شذٴ‬١ ‫ رسجش‬....... ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٤‫ٴّس جألعٺطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ . ‫شٹرظ‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ٠‫ٴ أعٺطٺ‬٥‫غح‬١‫ل جألٳ‬٪‫ دٳس ق‬٬ّ ‫خطقشز‬٩ ‫طد ٭رزز‬١‫ أ‬-‫ؼ‬

85 – The following figure shows the volume of air in the lungs in a given time. By reference to that form in front of you: A - Calculate the number of breaths per minute. B – Calculate the volume of air in the lungs after a deep breath. C - Explain the role of intercostals muscles in the process of breathing. D – Explain the change in the form of respiratory rate in the chart after a period of exercise? :٠٩‫ح‬٩‫ أ‬٬‫رٺ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤٢‫ؾ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫شؾٴُ ئ‬٥‫ ذح‬٬‫ْٺ‬٩ ٬٩‫ٸ ص‬ٙ ٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٲٴجء ذح‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ قؿ‬٬‫ ٹرٺ‬٨‫شع‬٥‫ ج‬-35

132

‫أ‪ -‬أقغد ّذد ‪٩‬شجش ج‪٥‬طٮ‪ٚ‬ظ ‪ٙ‬ٸ ج‪٥‬ذ‪ٝ‬ٺ‪ٞ‬س‪............‬‬ ‫خ‪ -‬أقغد قؿ‪ ٨‬ج‪٥‬ٲٴجء ج‪٪٥‬ٴؾٴد ذح‪٥‬شتطٺ‪ ٬‬ذْذ ج‪٥‬طٮ‪ٚ‬ظ ج‪٪ْ٥‬ٺ‪.ٜ‬‬ ‫ؼ‪ -‬أؽشـ دٳس ّنالش ‪٩‬ح ذٺ‪ ٬‬ج‪٥‬ن‪٦‬ٴُ ‪ٙ‬ٸ ّ‪٦٪‬ٺس ج‪٥‬طٮ‪ٚ‬ظ‪.‬‬ ‫د‪ٙ -‬غش ضٖٺش ؽ‪ْ٩ ٤٢‬ذ‪ ٣‬ج‪٥‬طٮ‪ٚ‬ظ ‪ٙ‬ٸ ج‪٥‬شع‪ ٨‬ج‪٥‬رٺح٭ٸ ذْذ ‪ٙ‬طشز ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪٥‬ط‪٪‬شٹٮحش ج‪٥‬شٹحمٺس ؟‬

‫‪133‬‬

‫ب‬ٕٙ‫ش ِغبة ػ‬١‫أسئٍخ غ‬ Nada Question

1. Give the scientific term that represents each of the folDecreaseing: 1. Extraction of energy from bonds of food molecules manufactured by plants or eaten by animals. (-------------------------------) 2. Compounds that store energy extracted from food molecules. (---------------------) 3. The universal currency of energy in living cells. (-------------------------) 4. The 3 sub-units that form ATP molecule. (----------------------------------------------) 5. The amount of energy released when a molecule of ATP is hydrolyzed. (--------------) 6. The substance commonly used by the majority of livings during the cellular respiration. (---------------------------) 7. The non organ part of the cytoplasm. (---------------------------) 8. The stage of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytosole. (-------------------) 9. The stages of cellular respiration that takes place inside the mitochondria. (----------------------------------------------) 10. The electron carrier molecules. (----------------------------) 11. The break down of the glucose molecule. (---------------------------) 12. Co-enzymes which act as Hydrogen carriers. (-------------------------------------) 13. The stage of respiration that take place in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. (----------------------------------) 14. The products of Glycolysis. (------------------------------------------------------------) 15. The products of Pyruvic acid oxidation. (-----------------------------------------------) 16. The 1st. compound formed during Krebs cycle. (---------------------------------------) 17. The 2- Carbon compound that joins Krebs cycle. (---------------------------------------) 18. The 1st. 3- Carbon compound formed during cellular respiration. (-------------------) 19. The net energy released during Glycolysis in ATP molecules. (-------------------------) 20. In its presence, Pyruvic acid molecules pass to the mitochondria. (---------------------) 21. The form to which proteins and fats are broken down to join Krebs cycle. (---------) 22. The 4- Carbon compound that reacts with acetyl co-A during Krebs cycle. (---------) 23. The 3 intermediate compounds that citric acid passes to form Oxaloacetic acid. (--------------------------------------------------------------) 24. No. of times of Krebs cycles per a Glucose molecule. (-------------------------------) 25. The products of a Krebs cycle. (-------------------------------------------) 26. No. of ATP molecules released during a Krebs cycle. (-------------------------) 27. No. of NADH molecules released during a Krebs cycle. (-------------------------) 28. No. of FADH2 molecules released during a Krebs cycle. (---------------------------) 29. No. of CO2 molecules evolved during a Krebs cycle. (------------------------------) 30. The last receptor of Hydrogen in the electron transport chain. (---------------------) 134

31. No. of ATP molecules formed from one molecule of NADH at the cytochromes. (--------------------------) 32. No. of ATP molecules formed from one molecule of FADH2 at the cytochromes. (--------------------------) 33. The total No. of ATP molecules formed from the complete oxidation of a Glucose molecule. (-------------------------------) 34. No. of ATP molecules released from a Glucose molecule in case of muscular fatigue. (-------------------------------) 35. Type of anaerobic respiration in case of muscle fibers and some bacteria. (--------------------------------------------) 36. Type of anaerobic respiration in case of Yeast fungus, and some plant cells. (--------------------------------------------) 37. The 3 reasons that make the nasal respiration preferable than the buccal one. (----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------) 38. The common passage for food and air. (--------------------------------------) 39. The voice box. (---------------------------------------) 40. The structures that line the trachea, and beat upwards. (-------------------------------) 41. The end of fine bronchioles. (------------------------------) 42. No. of alveoli per lung. (---------------------------) 43. The actual respiratory surface in the Human respiratory system. (---------------------) 44. The respiratory muscle. (----------------------------------) 45. Two groups of internal and external chest muscles that move the ribs. (----------------------------------------------) 46. The percentage of lungs aeration to its capacity. (-------------------------------) 47. The nervous centre that regulates the changes in the rate and depth of respiration, and heart beats. (-------------------------------------) 48. Volume of water excreted daily as vapour from the Human body through lungs. (-------------------------------) 49. Volume of water lost daily from the Human body. (---------------------------------) 50. Openings that is present in the bark of woody stems. (--------------------------) 51. The type of fermentation that form an acid instead of an alcohol. (------------------) 52. The muscles that contract during inspiration. (---------------------------------) 53. The muscles that relax during expiration. (--------------------------------) 54. Passage ways through which O2 gas reaches the cells of a vascular plant. (--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------) 55. A group of plants that its seeds have the ability to respire anaerobically if they are kept under anaerobic conditions. (-----------------------) 2. Give reasons for: 1. The glucose molecule is considered as an excellent example to study the steps of breaking down the food molecules. 2. ATP molecules can be considered as the universal currency of energy in the cell. 3. Krebs cycle and electron transport take place both inside the mitochondria. 135

4. During the stages of cellular respiration co-enzyme that act as Hydrogen carriers are needed. 5. Krebs cycle happens twice per a Glucose molecule. 6. Krebs cycle needs no Oxygen. 7. The 1st. compound formed during Krebs cycle is 6- Carbon compound. 8. Krebs cycle is also called Citric acid cycle. 9. Cytochromes are present at the inner membrane of the mitochondria. 10. Oxygen is considered the last receptor of Hydrogen in the electron transport chain. 11. Anaerobic respiration is called acidic fermentation in case of seeds of Angiosperms. 12. Anaerobic respiration is called alcoholic fermentation in case of Yeast fungus. 13. It’s preferable for air to enter through the nose. 14. The trachea wall contains a series of cartilage ¾ rings. 15. The inner surface of the trachea is lined with cilia. 16. The thin alveolar walls are considered the actual respiratory surface in Man. 17. Atmospheric air is sucked inside the lungs in case of inspiration. 18. Air is forced out of lungs in case of expiration. 19. Aeration of lungs is a variable value. 20. At the end of expiration, a part of air is always left in the lungs. 21. The respiratory system in Man plays an important role in the excretion of water. 22. Its essential for the alveolar membranes to be moistened with water. 3. Draw a labeled diagram to represent: 1. The structure of a mitochondrion. 2. Glycolysis. 3. Krebs cycle. 4. The electron transport chain. 5. Calculation of ATP molecules released during the aerobic cellular respiration. 6. Anaerobic respiration. 7. The respiratory system in Man. 8. Mechanism of respiration in Man. 4. What do you know about? 1. Cellular respiration. 2. Electron transport chain. 3. Muscular Fatigue. 4. Alcoholic fermentation. 5. Adaptation features of the trachea to perform its function. 6. The actual respiratory surface in Man. 7. Aeration of the lungs. 8. The role of the respiratory system in Man in the excretion of water. 9. The relation between photosynthesis, and respiration in plants. 5. Describe the experiment, and draw the apparatus used: 1. Illustration of the alcoholic fermentation. 136

2. Release of CO2 during respiration of non-green parts in plants. 3. Release of CO2 during respiration of green parts in plants. 6. Compare between: 1. Inspiration and expiration. 2. Aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration. 3. Acidic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. 7. Write down the chemical equation that represents: 1. Cellular respiration. 2. Reduction of NAD+ 3. Reduction of FAD. 4. Anaerobic respiration in case of Yeast fungus. 5. Anaerobic respiration in case of muscle fibers. 6. Formation of water molecules at the end of the electron transport chain. 7. Oxidation of Pyruvic acid molecules during the 1st. stage of Krebs cycle. 8. Joining of an acetyl co-A to Krebs cycle. 8. Calculate the total quantity of energy released during stages of the aerobic cellular respiration. 9. Describe in details the steps of Glycolysis, and its products. 10.What is the role played by ATP molecules in living cells, mention its structure, and describe how does this role be played?

♣

‫♣ إٌذ‬

I- COMPLETE : 1 - Fatty acids involved in cellular respiration in the form of a .................. . . ..................‫ٸ فٴسز ؾضب‬ٙ ‫ٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ذٱٮٺس‬٥‫حك ج‬٪‫ جألق‬ٟ‫ ضؾطش‬-1

2 - Glucose molecule splits into two molecules .................. In .................. . . .................. ‫ٶ‬ٙ .................. ٬‫ٶ ؾضٹثٺ‬٥‫ٴص ئ‬١‫ٴ‬٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ٹٮؾيش ؾضب ج‬-0

3 - Number of ATP molecules produced from aerobic oxidation of glucose molecule ............. Molecule. . ‫ ؾضب‬............. ‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬٧‫ ٱذ‬٬٩ ‫طٶ ضٮطؽ‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫ ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬-3

4 - Anaerobic cellular respiration requires the presence of .................. . . .................. ‫الٱٴجتٶ ٳؾٴد‬٥‫ٴٵ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫د ج‬٦‫ ٹطي‬-4

5 – Conversion of one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid and formation of 2 molecules of ATP indicate the occurrence of …………respiration . . ................. ‫ظ‬ٚ‫ٶ قذٳظ ضٮ‬٦ّ ٣‫ ٹذ‬ATP ٬٩ ‫ ؾضب‬0 ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٳض‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٬٩ ٬‫ٶ ؾضٹثٺ‬٥‫ٴص ئ‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬٣‫ ضكٴ‬-5

6 - The amount of energy released as a result of complete oxidation of glucose molecule in the presence of oxygen is ................. . . ................. ‫ ٱٴ‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٶ ٳؾٴد جألٳ‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ؿضب ج‬٥ ‫س‬٦٩‫ح‬٢٥‫غذز ج‬١‫س ٭طٺؿس جأل‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ذجس ج‬ٞ٩ -6

137

7 – Complete burning of glucose molecule requires Krebs cycle by rate ................... . . ................... ٣‫ْذ‬٪‫شذظ ذ‬١ ‫ ضذٳس دٳسز‬٫‫ أ‬٧‫ض‬٦‫س ٹغط‬٦٩‫ح‬١ ‫ٴص ذقٴسز‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬ٛ‫ ئقطشج‬-7

8 - Conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl Coenzyme- A, NAD molecule undergo................. . . .................. NAD ‫ؿضب‬٥ ‫ أ ٹكذظ‬٨‫ ئ٭ضٹ‬ٜٙ‫شج‬٩ ٤‫ٶ أعطٺ‬٥‫ ئ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ّٮذ ضكٴ‬-3

9 - The process of cellular respiration starts with one molecule .............. . . .............. ‫ٴٵ ذؿضب‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ ضرذأ‬-9

10 - Krebs cycle begins by combination of ................. With .................. . . .................. ِ٩ ................. ‫شذظ ذاضكحد‬١ ‫ ضرذأ دٳسز‬-15

11 – Dissociation of one phosphate bond in one molecule of ATP leads to the formation of ............... and release of ................ . . ................ ٛ‫ ٳئ٭يال‬............... ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٶ ض‬٥‫ ٹإدٵ ئ‬ATP ‫ ؾضب‬٬٩ ‫حضٺس ٳجقذز‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ ‫ سجذيس‬٤٦‫ ضك‬-11

12 - Fatty acids enter in cellular respiration in the form of the molecule ..............which is compound ................ Carbon. . ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ ج‬................ ‫د‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫ ٳٱٴ‬.............. ‫ٶ ٱٺثس ؾضب‬٦ّ ‫ٴٵ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ذٱٮٺس‬٥‫حك ج‬٪‫ جألق‬٤‫ ضذخ‬-10

13 - Glucose is oxidized in aerobic cellular respiration through ……….....Glucose and ................. . . ................. ‫ٴص ٳ‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬............... ٣‫ خال‬٬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ٴٵ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ أ‬٨‫ ضط‬-13

14 - Krebs cycle begins with the union of acetyl group with 4 C compounds to form .................. . . .................. ٬‫ٴٹ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫د سذحّٶ ج‬١‫ش‬٩ ِ٩ ٤‫ٴّس جألعطٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫شذظ ذاضكحد‬١ ‫ ضرذأ دٳسز‬-14

15 – Glucose is oxidized in ................Stages .............. , ................ ,.................. . . ..................، ................ ، .............. ‫ ٱٶ‬٤‫شجق‬٩ ................ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ٴص‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ أ‬٨‫ ٹط‬-15

16 - Glycolysis occurs in .................while Krebs cycle and electron transfer occurs in ................ . . ................ ٤‫طكذظ دجخ‬ٙ ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫شذظ ٳ٭‬١ ‫ح دٳسز‬٩‫ أ‬................. ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ٹكذظ ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬-16

17 - Carbohydrate material stored in tissue inside the animal is known as ................ . . ................ ‫كٺٴج٭ٺس ذـ‬٥‫ جأل٭غؿس ج‬٤‫ٶ دجخ‬ٙ ٫‫طٶ ضخض‬٥‫شذٴٱٺذسجضٺس ج‬٢٥‫حدز ج‬٪٥‫ ضْشٗ ج‬-17

18 – Anaerobic cellular respiration requires the presence of .................... . . .................... ‫الٱٴجتٶ ٳؾٴد‬٥‫ٴٵ ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫د ج‬٦‫ ٹطي‬-13

19 – Descend of electrons from high energy levels to low energy levels and use of released energy in formation of ATP from ADP .................. . ‫ ذـ‬ADP ٬٩ ATP ‫ٶ ذٮحء‬ٙ ‫س‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫نس ٳئعطخذج‬ٚ‫ٮخ‬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٺس ئ‬٥‫س ّح‬ٝ‫غطٴٹحش ىح‬٩ ٬٩ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫ ٹْشٗ ٱرٴه جإل‬-19 . ..................

20 - Number of ATP molecules resulting from aerobic breakdown of glucose molecule is ................ Molecule, while in case of its destruction anaerobically ................Molecule. . ‫ ؾضب‬................ ‫ٰ الٱٴجتٺح‬٩‫س ٱذ‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪‫ ؾضب ذٺٮ‬................ ‫ٴص ٱٴجتٺح‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬٧‫ ٱذ‬٬٩ ‫طٶ ضٮطؽ‬٥‫ ج‬ATP ‫ ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬-05

21 - Muscle cells that perform hard actively form high percentage of .................. . . .................. ٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٥‫ ٭غرس ّح‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ذٮؾحه ّٮٺ٘ ض‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫طٶ ض‬٥‫ْنالش ج‬٥‫ خالٹح ج‬-01

22 - Acid fermentation done by several types of ................. Resulting in a ................... Instead of alcohol. . ٣‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ذذال‬................... ٰ‫ٮ‬٩ ‫ ٹٮطؽ‬................. ٬٩ ُ‫ ذٰ ّذز أ٭ٴج‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫نٶ ض‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬-00

23 - The number of alveoli in each lung ................. . . ................. ‫ٴجقذز‬٥‫شتس ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫كٴٹقالش‬٥‫ٔ ّذد ج‬٦‫ ٹر‬-03

24 - The trachea contains .................Incomplete ................ Make them .................... . . .................... ‫ٲح‬٦ْ‫ ضؿ‬................ ‫س‬٦٩‫ح‬١ ‫ ٕٺش‬................. ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫ ضكطٴٵ ج‬-04

138



II- G.R. 1 - Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen? ‫ ؟‬٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫شذظ ٳؾٴد جألٳ‬١ ‫د دٳسز‬٦‫ ال ضطي‬-1

2 - Some organisms resort to anaerobic respiration? ‫الٱٴجتٶ ؟‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٺشز ئ‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ح‬١ ‫حتٮحش‬٢٥‫ؿأ ذْل ج‬٦‫ ض‬-0

3 - It is necessary for the animal to get O2 from the surrounding environment continuously. . ‫شز‬٪‫غط‬٩ ‫س‬ٚ‫كٺيس ذق‬٪٥‫رٺثس ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ O2 ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ ٹكق‬٫‫نشٳسٵ أ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ -3

4 - During respiratory electron interactions do not occur in the cytoplasm. . ٧‫غٺطٴذالص‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٫‫طشٳ‬٢٥‫حّالش جإل‬ٚ‫ظ ال ضكذظ ض‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ أغٮحء ج‬-4

5 - Trachea lined with cilia . . ‫ريٮس ذأٱذجخ‬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫ ج‬-5

6 - The walls of the alveoli are actual respiratory surfaces. . ‫ٺس‬٦ْٙ ‫غٺس‬ٚ‫ٲٴجتٺس أعيف ضٮ‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ضْطرش ؾذس ج‬-6

7 – It is preferable to enter air from the nose of the body. . ٘‫ جأل٭‬٬٩ ٨‫ؿغ‬٦٥ ‫ٲٴجء‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ دخٴ‬٤‫ن‬ٚ‫ ٹ‬-7

8 - Gases exchange in the plant is often occurs directly. . ‫رحؽشز‬٩ ‫س‬ٞ‫رح ذيشٹ‬٥‫ ٕح‬٨‫ٮرحش ٹط‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ٕحصجش ج‬٣‫ ضرحد‬-3

9 - Presence of shelves in Mitochondria. . ‫ٮذسٹح‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ) ٗ‫ٴ‬ٙ‫ش‬٥‫ ٳؾٴد جألّشجٗ ( ج‬-9

10 – Persistence of some air in the lung after pulmonary ventilation. . ‫شتٴٹس‬٥‫طٲٴٹس ج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫شتس ذْذ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٲٴجء‬٥‫حء ذْل ج‬ٞ‫ ذ‬-15

11 - Walls of the alveoli are very thin. . ‫س ؾذج‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٝ‫ٲٴجتٺس س‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ؾذس ج‬-11

12 - Trachea supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings and lined with cilia. . ‫ريٮس ذأٱذجخ‬٩‫س جإلعطذجسز ٳ‬٦٩‫ح‬١ ‫ٺس ٕٺش‬ٙ‫حش ٕنشٳ‬ٞ٦‫س ذك‬٪ّ‫ذ‬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٺس‬٥‫قرس ج‬ٞ٥‫ ج‬-10

13 - Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen. . ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫د ٳؾٴد جألٳ‬٦‫شذظ ال ضطي‬١ ‫ دٳسز‬-13  III- SELECT THE CORRECT ANSWER : ٓ١‫س‬ٛ‫ٓ اٌم‬١‫ؾخ ِٓ ث‬١‫إخزبس اإلعبثخ اٌصؾ‬

1 - pyruvic acid is reduced to form ……… (PGAL, CO2and ethanol, Fractoz-6phosphate, malic acid) ) ٠‫ٺ‬٥‫ح‬٪٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬، ‫حش‬ٚ‫ٴع‬ٙ 6 ‫طٴص‬١‫شج‬ٙ ، ٣‫ ٳجإلٹػح٭ٴ‬CO2 ، PGAL ( ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٺ‬٥ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ٹخطض‬-1

2 - Glucose is oxidized in case of cellular respiration through ……(Union of glucose with oxygen, glucose loss of hydrogen, union of glucose with hydrogen, glucose loss of electrons). ‫ٴص‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ئضكحد ج‬، ٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٦٥ ‫ٴص‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ذ ج‬ٞٙ ، ٬‫غؿٺ‬١‫ٴص ذحألٳ‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ( ئضكحد ج‬٣‫ خال‬٬٩ ‫ٴٵ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ٶ قح‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫غذز ج‬١‫ أ‬٨‫ ضط‬-0 . ) ‫طشٳ٭حش‬٢٥‫إل‬٥ ‫ٴص‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ذ ج‬ٞٙ ، ٬‫ٲٺذسٳؾٺ‬٥‫ذح‬

3 - Respiration in animal cell differ from fermentation in ………(a) increase the amount of energy released from the glucose molecule. (b) Release larger amount of CO2. (c) Fat and protein not used as fuel. . CO2 ٬٩ ‫رش‬١‫ٺس أ‬٪١ ٛ‫خ) ئ٭يال‬. ‫ٴص‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬ٞ٦‫ٮي‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫يح‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٪١ ‫ أ ) صٹحدز‬: ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ش‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ‫كٺٴج٭ٺس‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫٘ ج‬٦‫ ٹخط‬-3 . ‫ٴد‬ٝ‫ٴ‬١ ٬‫رشٳضٺ‬٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫ذٱٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ ئعطخذج‬٧‫ؾـ) ّذ‬

4 - CO2 molecule librated as a result of ………(a) Glycolysis . (b) Lactic acid fermentation. (c) Alcoholic fermentation. (d) Hydrolysis of glycogen. . ٬‫ٴؾٺ‬٢‫ٺ‬٦‫ؿ‬٦٥ ‫حتٶ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤٦‫طك‬٥‫ د) ج‬. ‫ٶ‬٥‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ؾـ) ج‬. ٠‫طٺ‬١‫ال‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ش ق‬٪‫ خ) ضخ‬. ‫ٴص‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ أ ) ئ٭ؾيحس ج‬: ‫ ٭طٺؿس‬CO2 ‫ ؾضب‬ٜ٦‫ ٹٮي‬-4

139



IV- WHAT IS MEANT BY : ِٓ ً‫د ثى‬ٛ‫ِب اٌّمص‬ 1 – Oxidative phosphoralation. 2 – Cytosole. 3 – Acid fermentation. . ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ جج‬-1 . ٣‫غٺطٴعٴ‬٥‫ ج‬-0 . ‫نٶ‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬-3  V- EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING - : ٝ‫أر‬٠ ‫فسش ِب‬

1 - after the process of exhalation , part of air remains continuously. . ‫شز‬٪‫غط‬٩ ‫س‬ٚ‫ٲٴجء ذق‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ؾضء‬٬‫شتطٺ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٘٦‫ٺش ٹطخ‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ٨‫ ضط‬٫‫ ذْذ أ‬-1

2 – Relaxation of intercostals muscles and diaphragm during exhalation. . ‫ٺش‬ٙ‫ض‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫كحؾض أغٮحء‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫ٴُ ٳج‬٦‫ن‬٥‫ ئسضخحء ّنالش ج‬-0  VI- COMPLETE : ًّ‫أو‬

1 - Muscle cells that perform violent actively form high percentage of .................... . . .................... ٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٥‫ ٭غرس ّح‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ذٮؾحه ّٮٺ٘ ض‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫طٶ ض‬٥‫ْنالش ج‬٥‫ خالٹح ج‬-1

2 - When ATP hydrolyzed to ADP release an amount of .................. equal to ................. . . ................. ‫ذس ذـ‬ٞ‫ ض‬.................. ٬٩ ‫ذجس‬ٞ٩ ٜ٦‫ ٹٮي‬ADP ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬ATP ٤٦‫ح ٹطك‬٩‫ ّٮذ‬-0

3 - during the process of inspiration in the human the diaphragm .................. . . .................. ‫كحؾض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ا‬ٙ ٫‫ٶ جإل٭غح‬ٙ ٜ‫ؾٲٺ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ أغٮحء‬-3

4 - from the health point of view respiration through the nose is preferable than mouth because ................... , ................... , .................. . . .................. ، ................... ، ................... ٫‫ أل‬٠٥‫ ٳر‬٨ٚ٥‫ٺظ ج‬٥‫ جأل٭٘ ٳ‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ن‬ٚ‫قكٺس ٹ‬٥‫ٮحقٺس ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ -4

5 – Electron transferred in series occurs........By a group of carriers as ................. , ............ . . ............ ، ................. ٤‫ػ‬٩ ٤ٝ‫ٮٴج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ ذٴجعيس‬............... ‫س‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٶ ع‬ٙ ‫طشٳ٭حش‬١‫ جإل‬٤ٞ‫ ٭‬٨‫ ٹط‬-5

6 - Some type of bacteria performs type of fermentation called .............. This type of fermentation is used in some industries as cheese and yogurt. . ‫ضذحدٵ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ر‬٦٥‫ ٳج‬٬‫ؿر‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫قٮحّحش‬٥‫ٶ ذْل ج‬ٙ ‫ش‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ُ‫ٮٴ‬٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٧‫ ٳٹغطخذ‬.............. ‫ٶ‬٪‫ش ٹغ‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ُ‫طٺشٹح ذٮٴ‬٢‫ر‬٥‫ ذْل ج‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ ض‬-6

7 - ................. Molecule expressed molecule of food on explaining steps of food hydrolysis and this molecule gives in aerobic respiration …………molecules of ATP, While its use in anaerobic respiration in ...................... Or ................ gives the number ................. Of ATP. ٬٩ ‫ٲٴجتٶ ّذد‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ؿضب‬٥‫ٖزجء ٳٹْيٶ ٱزج ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤٦‫ٖزجء ّٮذ ئٹنحـ خيٴجش ضك‬٥‫ ؾضب ج‬٬ّ ‫ْرش‬٪٥‫ ٱٴ ج‬................. ‫ ٹْطرش ؾضب‬-7 ‫ا٭ٰ ٹْيٶ ّذد‬ٙ ................ ‫ أٳ‬...................... ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٧‫ح ئرج أعطخذ‬٩‫ أ‬................... ‫ ٹغحٳٵ‬ATP ‫ٳقذجش‬ . ATP ‫ ٳقذجش‬٬٩ .................

8 - Most of the respiratory enzymes and coenzymes present in the cell in ................... . . ................... ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ٺس‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫طٲح ضٴؾذ‬ٞٙ‫شج‬٩‫غٺس ٳ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫حش ج‬٪‫ جإل٭ضٹ‬٨َْ٩ -3

9 – The substance that can not provide energy to living cell is ................. . . ................. ‫كٺس ٱٶ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦‫خ‬٦٥ ‫س‬ٝ‫ش ىح‬ٙ‫ ضٴ‬٫‫ٮٲح أ‬٢٪‫طٶ ال ٹ‬٥‫حدز ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬-9

10 - The number of ATP molecules in Krebs cycle ............... And the number of NADH molecules................ And the number of FADH2 molecules ................ . . ................ FADH2 ‫ ٳّذد ؾضٹثحش‬................ NADH ‫ ٳّذد ؾضٹثحش‬............... ‫شذظ‬١ ‫ٶ دٳسز‬ٙ ATP ‫ ّذد ؾضٹثحش‬-15

140

11 – Glycolysis of one molecule of glucose occurs in ...............to ............... While respiration occurs in .................in two stages ................ , ................... . ، ................ ‫ح‬٪‫ ٱ‬٬‫طٺ‬٦‫شق‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ................. ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ظ ٹكذظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ح ج‬٩‫ أ‬............... ‫ٶ‬٥‫ئ‬............... ‫ٶ‬ٙ ‫ٴص‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ئ٭ؾيحس ؾضب ج‬٨‫ ٹط‬-11 . ...................

12 - Respiratory cycle includes two processes ................ and................... And are affected by ............ , .................. . . .................. ، ............ ‫ ٳضطأغش ذـ‬...................، ................ ‫ٺطٶ‬٦٪ّ ‫غٺس‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ذٳسز ج‬٥‫ ج‬٤٪‫ ضؾ‬-10

13 - The greater the metabolic activity in the cell, the increasing the number of ................. Or ................. . . ................. ‫ أٳ‬................. ‫ٶ ّذد‬٥‫طح‬٥‫ٺس صجد ذح‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ح صجد ٭ؾحه جألٹل‬٪٦١ -13

14 – Bronchioles end with sacs called ................ Its walls are ............. . . ............. ‫ ٳٱٶ رجش ؾذس‬................ ‫ٶ‬٪‫ٺحط ضغ‬١‫ٶ أ‬٥‫ؾْٺشجش ئ‬٥‫شّحش ج‬ٚ‫ ض‬ٛ‫ ضٮطٲٶ أد‬-14

15 - Gas exchange in the plant occurs by ............ Because most of the tissues are in direct contact ......... . . ......... ‫رحؽش‬٩ ٣‫ٶ ئضقح‬٦ّ ‫د جأل٭غؿس‬٦ٕ‫ أ‬٫‫ أل‬............ ‫س‬ٞ‫ٮرحش ذيشٹ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٖحصٵ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫طرحد‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ ٹط‬-15

16 - Fermentation occurs in animal tissue by conversion of glucose to .................. . . .................. ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٴص ئ‬٢٦‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ ذطكٴٹ‬٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫ٶ أ٭غؿس ج‬ٙ ‫ش‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ ٹط‬-16

17 - During anaerobic respiration in yeast plant pyruvic acid is transformed to.................. . . .................. ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٺشز ئ‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ٶ ٭رحش ج‬ٙ ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ أغٮحء ج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ ق‬٣‫ ٹطكٴ‬-17 

VII- Compare between: 1 - Alcoholic fermentation – acid fermentation . . ‫نٶ‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٶ – ج‬٥‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬- 1

2 - What happens to pyruvic acid in aerobic and anaerobic respiration in plants and animals. . ٫‫كٺٴج‬٥‫ٮرحش ٳج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ٲٴجتٶ ٳجالٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫رٺشٳ‬٥‫ل ج‬٪‫ك‬٥ ‫ح ٹكذظ‬٩ -0

3 – Fermentation in the muscles and fermentation in yeast. . ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ش‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ْنالش ٳج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫ش‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬-3

4 - Gas exchange and cellular respiration? ‫ٴٵ ؟‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٖحصٵ ٳج‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫طرحد‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ ذٺ‬٫‫حس‬ٝ -4

5 - Aerobic respiration - anaerobic respiration. . ‫الٱٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٲٴجتٶ – ج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬-5

6 - Cellular respiration - gas exchange. . ‫ٖحصٵ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫طرحد‬٥‫ٴٵ – ج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬-6 

VIII- Other questions: 1 - Write a brief summary on each of the following : (ATP, NAD+, And FAD). . ) ATP , NAD+ , FAD ( : ٬٩ ٤١ ٬ّ ‫خطقشز‬٩ ‫طد ٭رزز‬١‫ أ‬-1

2 - Explain with drawing structure of mitochondria and what is their importance. . ‫ٺطٲح‬٪‫حٱٶ أٱ‬٩‫ٮذسٹح ٳ‬١‫ٺطٴ‬٪٥‫ٺد ج‬١‫ ضش‬٨‫شع‬٥‫ِ ج‬٩ ‫ ئؽشـ‬-0

3 - Explain by drawing only with writing data sectors in the chest cavity of man. . ٫‫إل٭غح‬٥ ‫قذسٵ‬٥‫طؿٴٹ٘ ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬ٙ ‫يحّح‬ٝ ‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫طحذس ج‬١ ِ٩ ‫و‬ٞٙ ٨‫شع‬٥‫ ٳمف ذح‬-3

4 - Mention adaptation of the respiratory tract of humans. . ٫‫إل٭غح‬٥ ‫غٶ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٦٥ ‫ٺس‬ٚ‫ٴٍٺ‬٥‫س ج‬٪‫الت‬٪٥‫ش ج‬١‫ ئر‬-4

5 - What is the function: the larynx - the nose. . ٘‫كٮؿشز – جأل٭‬٥‫ ج‬: ‫س‬ٚ‫ح ٱٶ ٳٍٺ‬٩ -5

6 - Explain the mechanism of respiration in humans with the drawing? 141

‫ ؟‬٨‫شع‬٥‫ِ ج‬٩ ٫‫ٶ جإل٭غح‬ٙ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٢‫ح٭ٺ‬٢‫ٺ‬٩ ‫ جؽشـ‬-6

7 - Mention the place and function of each of the following : the alveoli - the diaphragm. . ‫كحؾض‬٥‫كؿحخ ج‬٥‫ٲٴجتٺس – ج‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫ ج‬: ٬٩ ٤١ ‫س‬ٚ‫ ٳٳٍٺ‬٫‫ح‬٢٩ ‫ش‬١‫ ئر‬-7

8 – What is the value of water in the wall of alveoli? ‫ٲٴجتٺس ؟‬٥‫كٴٹقالش ج‬٥‫حء ذؿذس ج‬٪٥‫حتذز ج‬ٙ‫ح‬٩ -3

9 - What is the role of respiratory system in excretion of water? ‫حء ؟‬٪٥‫ٶ ئخشجؼ ج‬ٙ ‫غٶ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫حٱٴ دٳس ج‬٩ -9

10 - What is the role of the medulla oblongata in the process of respiration? ‫ظ ؟‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٶ‬ٙ ٤‫غطيٺ‬٪٥‫ٮخحُ ج‬٥‫ح ٱٴ دٳس ج‬٩ -15

11 By using the following tools ( flask -sugar solution - water - yeast) how to prove liberation of carbon dioxide and formation of alcohol is a result of respiration of yeast with drawing the device used for this? ‫غٺذ‬١‫طؿشذس ضقحّذ ٕحص غح٭ٶ أ‬٥‫ٺشز ) ألغرص ذح‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ذسج‬ٝ – ‫حء‬٩ – ‫شٵ‬٢‫ ع‬٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬٩ – ‫خشٳىٶ‬٩ ٛ‫ جألدٳجش جألضٺس ( دٳس‬٧‫ ذاعطخذج‬11 ‫ ؟‬٠٥‫ز‬٥ ٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ؿٲحص ج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ِ سع‬٩ ‫ٺشز‬٪‫خ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥ ‫ ٭طٺؿس‬٣‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٳض‬٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫ج‬

12 – Prove by an experiment that : 1 - dry seeds has no active respiration. 2 - Germinating seeds has active respiration. 3 - When germinating seeds respire CO2 librated. : ٫‫طؿشذس أ‬٥‫ أغرص ذح‬-10 . ‫غٲح‬ٚ‫س ال ٹٮؾو ضٮ‬ٙ‫ؿح‬٥‫رزٳس ج‬٥‫ ج‬-1 . ‫ظ‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ٮحذطس ٭ؾيس ج‬٥‫رزٳس ج‬٥‫ ج‬-0 . CO2 ‫غٲح‬ٚ‫ ضٮ‬٬٩ ٜ٦‫ا٭ٰ ٹٮي‬ٙ ‫ٮحذطس‬٥‫رزٳس ج‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫ح ضطٮ‬٩‫ ّٮذ‬-3

13 – Shows by an experiment each of the following : 1 – Liberation of CO2 during aerobic respiration. 2 - The process of alcoholic fermentation.

: ‫ح ٹحضٶ‬٪٩ ٤١ ‫طؿشذس‬٥‫ ٳمف ذح‬13 . ‫ٲٴجتٶ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ خال‬CO2 ٛ‫ ئ٭يال‬-1 . ‫ٶ‬٥‫كٴ‬٢٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٦٪ّ -0

14 - Explain an experiment with drawing and writing data to clarify that the green plant breathes and expels carbon dioxide. . ٫‫شذٴ‬٢٥‫غٺذ ج‬١‫ظ ٳٹيشد غح٭ٶ أ‬ٚ‫ٮرحش جألخنش ٹطٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫س إلٹنحـ أ‬٦٩‫ح‬١ ‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫طحذس ج‬١‫ ٳ‬٨‫شع‬٥‫ِ ج‬٩ ‫ جؽشـ ضؿشذس‬-14

15 What do you known about the molecule ATP, NAD+, FAD, COA, oxidative phosphorylation, acid fermentation,Cytochromes). . ) ‫حش‬٩‫شٳ‬١‫غٺطٴ‬٥‫ ج‬، ‫نٶ‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ش ج‬٪‫طخ‬٥‫ ج‬، ‫غذٹس‬١‫طأ‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫غ‬ٚ٥‫ ج‬، COA ، FAD ، NAD+ ، ATP ) ‫ ؾضب‬٬ّ ٗ‫حرج ضْش‬٩ 15

142